AlexanderAlexander andand HellenisticHellenistic GreeceGreece KeyKey TermsTerms toto RememberRemember

•• CynicsCynics •• EpicureansEpicureans •• GordianGordian KnotKnot •• HellenisticHellenistic •• ImperiumImperium •• SkepticsSkeptics •• StoicsStoics HellenisticHellenistic :Greece: OverviewOverview • The Rise of – Macedonia: Not a Greek , but King Philip greatly admires Greek culture – Philip steps into chaotic situation to conquer Greece – Plans to launch an invasion of Persia • Alexander Conquers the World – Alexander seeks to spread Greek culture, imperium throughout Persian Empire – sweep through Persia and , invade India before turning back around • The Hellenistic Empire – Mixture of Greek and Middle Eastern cultures – Assimilation of non-Greeks into Greek Empire • The End of the Adventure – Death of Alexander – Inheritances; division of Empire; legacies TheThe GreekGreek Situation,Situation, ca.ca. 340340 BCEBCE AlexanderAlexander ofof MacedonMacedon

•• StudiedStudied withwith AristotleAristotle •• GreatlyGreatly admiredadmired GreekGreek cultureculture •• AscendedAscended thronethrone ofof Macedon/GreeceMacedon/Greece afterafter fatherfather’’ss assassinationassassination •• LikeLike father:father: wantswants toto conquerconquer PersiaPersia •• UnlikeUnlike father:father: wantswants moremore Greek with likeness of Alexander I; the odd horns would later cause him to be called a demon in the Qu’ran AA GoodGood StartStart……

Pella: Macedonian Greek capital city The Battle of the Granicus, 334 BCE MovinMovin’’ onon……

• 330 B.C.E.: Takes Persepolis, defeats Persians • 329 B.C.E.: Invades Hindu Kush, land of Indians • 327 B.C.E.: Conquers Bactria, marries Roxane • 326 B.C.E.: Forward march halted by troop mutiny AlexanderAlexander thethe Great’sGreat’s Empire Empire BuildingBuilding GreekGreek CitiesCities inin thethe EastEast TradeTrade inin thethe HellenisticHellenistic WorldWorld MarryingMarrying GreekGreek andand EasternEastern culturescultures…… literallyliterally

•• AlexanderAlexander setset precedentprecedent forfor intermarryingintermarrying withwith conqueredconquered peoplespeoples withwith 327327 B.C.E.B.C.E. marriagemarriage toto RoxaneRoxane (at(at left)left) •• FebruaryFebruary 324324 B.C.E.:B.C.E.: MassMass weddingwedding ofof 9191 GreekGreek officers,officers, 9,0009,000 soldierssoldiers toto locallocal womenwomen , Egypt • Center of all Hellenistic culture. – Thriving commerce – Mixture of eastern/western cultures melded Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria • Hellenism – A new Hellenistic culture emerged over time • Added Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences • Alexandria was the Hellenistic capital – International trade flourished there – Magnificent monuments dominated the city • Museum of Alexandria • Alexandrian Library HellenisticHellenistic SystemsSystems ofof ThoughtThought

NameName SkepticsSkeptics EpicureansEpicureans StoicsStoics

Can No.No. No.No. No.No. humans know truth? What to Accept it, don’t Enjoy Accept it, but do? try to change yourself—drink, never stop things. sex, food, trying to achieve entertainment. harmony. Hellenistic Philosophy

Skeptics or Cynics () – ignore social conventions & avoid luxuries – citizens of the world – live a humble, simple life (Zeno) – Live virtuously in harmony – Human desires, power, $$$ = dangerous! () – Main goal of humans is to achieve harmony of body/mind – You don’t have to give up worldly pleasures—enjoy them in moderation! – Eat, drink & be merry! Hellenistic Science & Tech

• Astronomy: Aristarchus v. – Aristarchus = earth is 300x larger than Earth & heliocentric theory – Ptolemy = geocentric theory

– Eratosthenes = circumference of earth is between 28-29,000 mi. Actual circumference is 24,860! PtolemaicPtolemaic View View of of the the Universe Universe Hellenistic Mathematics

• Geometry: – The Elements • Physics: – 3.14…..... Importance? – Law of the lever – Compound pulley Hellenistic Art • Qualities: Emotion & motion

vs. Hellenistic Art

vs. TheThe DeathDeath ofof AlexanderAlexander

• Alexander died in 323 B.C.E., just as he was getting ready to invade Arabia and then . • Causes are unclear – poison? Malaria? Alcoholism? • Probably at least indirectly result of campaigning for thirteen straight years. TheThe CarvingCarving--upup ofof AlexanderAlexander’’ss EmpireEmpire

AntigonusAntigonus IndiaIndia

PtolemyPtolemy SeleucusSeleucus LegaciesLegacies ofof HellenisticHellenistic Empire;Empire; SummarySummary

•• AlexanderAlexander’’ss empireempire thethe nextnext inheritorinheritor ofof ancientancient MiddleMiddle EasternEastern empiresempires •• ButBut fusesfuses GreekGreek andand EasternEastern influencesinfluences toto createcreate aa uniqueunique cultureculture •• DreamDream ofof conqueringconquering ““knownknown worldworld”” takentaken upup byby RomansRomans •• DividedDivided HellenisticHellenistic successorsuccessor kingdomskingdoms notnot strongstrong enoughenough toto resistresist RomanRoman advanceadvance TheThe “Known” “Known” World World – – 3c 3c B.C.E. B.C.E.