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Deaf As Other: a Levinasian Reading of the History of Deaf Ministry in the Catholic Church in South Africa from 1948 to 1994

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Deaf As Other: a Levinasian Reading of the History of Deaf Ministry in the Catholic Church in South Africa from 1948 to 1994 Deaf as Other: A Levinasian reading of the history of Deaf ministry in the Catholic Church in South Africa from 1948 to 1994 Mark James Supervisor: Professor Philippe Denis A dissertation submitted to the School of Religion, Philosophy and Classics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg in fulfilment of the academic requirements for the degree of Doctor of Theology (History of Christianity). August 2019 PLAGIARISM DECLARATION This dissertation is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy in the School of Religion, Philosophy, and Classics at the University of KwaZulu- Natal, Pietermaritzburg I declare that this dissertation is my own unaided work. All citations, references, and borrowed ideas have been duly acknowledged. None of the present work has been submitted previously for any degree or examination in any other University. Student Name: Mark James Student Number: 204519188 Signature Date: 10 July 2019 Name of Supervisor: Professor P. Denis Signature Date: 10 July 2019 ii iii Dedication This research is dedicated to the Catholic Deaf communities in South Africa, eSwatini and Lesotho for your commitment to your faith. You have taught me the meaning of the responsibility that comes with proximity. In remembrance of my grandparents, Joseph and Eunice Hirst, and my parents, Ken and Margaret James. iv Acknowledgements I wish to express my thanks and appreciation to all the people who provided the support and encouragement needed to help me complete this dissertation. I am indebted to all the Catholic Deaf community who assisted me in my research, most especially those who agreed to be interviewed. The witness of your lives is truly inspirational. I also want to thank the hearing participants who were interviewed and who, through their lives, have displayed a selfless dedication to serve God and Deaf people. My thanks extend to Bernard Connor OP who introduced me to the writings of Emmanuel Levinas and whose life embodied the being-for-the-Other. I thank Fr Sikhosiphi Mgoza OP and Fr Stanslaus Muyebe OP and the Dominican friars of the Vice-Province of Southern Africa for the permission as well as allocating the necessary financial resources to enable me to complete this research. I thank Philippe Denis OP for his invaluable advice as my supervisor. His knowledge of history and his dedication to promoting the study of the history of Christianity in South Africa is truly inspiring. I thank my fellow students in the History of Christianity post-graduate seminar for sharing their own research and making insightful and helpful suggestions about how to improve my work. In collecting the information for this dissertation, I am thankful to the archivists and librarians who assisted me in locating the material I needed. I thank Sr Christa Bucher OP from the Kingwilliamstown Dominican Sisters Archive for her invaluable assistance. I thank Catherine Paige and Bro Rex Harrison OMI for their help at the Catholic History Bureau in Johannesburg, Günter Simmermacher, the editor of The Southern Cross in Cape Town, Sr Francis Krige OP v who even helped scan and photocopy material for me at the Cabra Dominican Sisters’ Archive, Norma Oosthuizen from the Archive of the Archdiocese of Durban, Helena Glanville from the Archive of the Diocese of Port Elizabeth, Zofia Solej from the Historical Papers Archive in the William Cullen Library and Janet Zambri at the University of the Witwatersrand Library in Johannesburg. I would also like to acknowledge the help of Brenda Smit-James who proofread my text and suggested ways on how to improve it. I am thankful to an editor, who edited the final text, but who chose to remain anonymous. Thank you for your invaluable assistance. Finally, I thank the Bishop José Ponce de Léon, Bishop of the Diocese of Manzini, eSwatini and Fr Sakhile Ndwandwe for accommodating me and allowing me the space and the time to finishing writing this dissertation, especially in the year before its completion and final submission. Mark James OP 23 June 2019 vi Abstract This study is an attempt to write an interruptive and a heterological history of how the Catholic Church’s approach to deaf ministry both served and failed the Deaf Other. For centuries, Catholic ministry sought to enable deaf people, or sometimes referred to as the hearing impaired, to function optimally in a hearing world. The purpose of this study is to understand how it was that this construct emerged and then to deconstruct it using the philosophy of the French philosopher, Emmanuel Levinas. Using this Levinasian lens, it will be necessary to gauge the extent to which Catholic Deaf education and ministry were experienced by Deaf people as totalising and oppressive; and the extent to which they empowered some Deaf people to transform and to shape their lives in a more liberating way. Levinas agreed with Aristotle that language is constitutive of what it means to be human. However, he was concerned about language as revealing an ethical relationship between people. What constitutes our humanity is our willingness to take responsibility for the Other. For Levinas, responsibility is response-ability. Our responsiveness to the needs of others may mean the need to learn another language or to be open to communicate in a way which goes beyond the limit of verbal language or speech and the voice. Levinas never imagined, however, that his philosophy would be used in the context of Deaf people. The ministries of two Catholic Deaf priests, Fr Cyril Axelrod CSsR and Fr John Turner CMM, inspired lay Deaf people in South Africa, some of them Catholics, to challenge these totalising attitudes towards Deaf people. They countered audism and phonocentrism by setting up Deaf organisations like the Deaf Community of Cape Town (DCCT) and DeafSA to improve the situation for Deaf people. These Deaf people have shown that they are not defective human beings. They are not second-class citizens neither are they handicapped. Rather, they are people who have come to know themselves as Deaf and have inspired other Deaf people to appreciate their innate dignity as people created in God’s image and likeness. The findings of this research, firstly, was that the use of sign language by Catholic Deaf priests revitalised the ministry. Secondly, there needs to be more self-critical approaches to ministry to avoiding a totalising approach. Thirdly, there was often an inadequate support for marginalised Deaf people and priests in the church’s ministry. Fourthly, the breathing vii spaces created by Deaf people themselves largely contributed to the development of a more inclusive church where Deaf people could feel at home. Fifthly, the philosophy of Levinas proved useful in developing a post-audist reading of Deaf life and experience. Sixthly, hearing people have much to gain and learn from Deaf people in relation to what it means to be human. viii List of abbreviations AAD Archive of the Archdiocese of Durban AACT Archive of the Archdiocese of Cape Town ADPE Archive of the Diocese of Port Elizabeth ANC African National Congress ASL American Sign Language BSL British Sign Language CDSA Cabra Dominican Sisters' Archive CHB Catholic History Bureau CM Congregation for the Mission CMM Congregation of Mariannhill Missionaries CODESA Convention for a Democratic South Africa CODA Child(ren) of Deaf Adults CSsR Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer DCCT Deaf Community of Cape Town DeafSA Deaf South Africa DEAF Deaf Equal Awareness Foundation DET Department of Education and Training HSRC Human Sciences Research Council KDSA Kingwilliamstown Dominican Sisters’ Archive NGO Non-governmental organisation OMI Oblates of Mary Immaculate OP Order of Preachers OSD Order of St Dominic OSM Order of the Servants of Mary PAC Pan-Africanist Congress RA Redemptorist Archive SACBC Southern African Catholic Bishops' Conference SAIRR South African Institute of Race Relations SANCD South African National Council for the Deaf SASL South African Sign Language ix SASLRP South African Sign Language Research Programme SASO South African Students' Organisation STJI St Joseph’s Theological Institute Archive SLED Sign Language Education and Development SPM The Sound Perception Method UDF United Democratic Front UWA The University of the Witwatersrand Archive at the William Cullen Library x Contents Plagiarism Declaration ii Ethical Clearance certificate iii Dedication iv Acknowledgements vi Abstract vii List of Abbreviations ix Contents xi Chapter 1: Deaf as Other: Outlining the study 1 1.0. Introduction 1 1.1. Deaf as Other 2 1.2. Catholic ministry to the deaf in South Africa 5 1.2.1. Catholic deaf education 5 1.2.2. Deaf Chaplaincy ministry 7 1.3. The relationship to Deaf Studies 10 1.4. The development of sign language in South Africa 14 1.4.1. Bilingual Deaf education in South Africa 16 1.5. Why a Levinasian reading? 17 1.6. Reflexivity in research 21 1.7. Methodology 26 1.7.1. Archival research 26 1.7.2. Oral history research 29 1.8. The ethical challenges 36 1.9. Outline of chapters 38 1.10. Conclusion 40 Chapter 2: The philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas as a key to the Deaf Other 41 2.0. Introduction 41 2.1. A brief biography of Emmanuel Levinas 43 xi 2.2. Travelling in a foreign and strange land 44 2.3. A plain reading: ‘Liberating imprisoned spirits’ 50 2.4. A plain reading is an argument from totality and the same 52 2.5. The plain reading is ontological and violent 53 2.6. Totality as an unjust reading 55 2.7. Desire 56 2.8. Singularity of each person 57 2.9. The face of the Other that commands from height and vulnerability 59 2.10. The ethical relation as epiphany and election 61 2.11.
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