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Yann Cantin Les Sourds-Muets De La Belle Epoque, Une Communauté En Mutation

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Yann Cantin Les Sourds-Muets De La Belle Epoque, Une Communauté En Mutation ECOLE DES HAUTES ETUDES EN SCIENCES SOCIALES ÉCOLEÉCOLE DES DESHAUTES HAUTES ÉTU DESÉTU DESEN SCIENCES EN SCIENCES SOCI SOCIALESALES ÉcoleÉcole doctorale doctorale en sciences de sciences sociales sociale (ED (ED 286) 286) École doctorale de sciences sociale (ED 286) CentreCentre de Recherches de recherches Historiques historiques (UMR (UMR 8558) 8558) Centre de recherches historiques (UMR 8558) ÉmilienÉmilien RUIZ R UIZ Yann Cantin TLesROPT Sourds-MuetsROP DE DE FONCTIONNAIRE FONCTIONNAIRE de la Belle Epoque,S ?S ? ContributionContributionune communauté à une à une histoire en histoire mutation. de l’Étatde l’État parpar ses seseffectifs effectifs (France, (France, 1850 1850-1950-1950) ) Thèse présentée pour l’obtention du doctorat en histoire, tel-00863780, version 1 - 19 Sep 2013 présentée et soutenue publiquement le 10 décembre 2014, tel-00863780, version 1 - 19 Sep 2013 devant un jury composé de : Thèse présentée pour l’obtention du doctorat en histoire, soutenance le 16 septembre Thèse présentée pour l’obtention du doctorat en histoire, soutenance le 16 septembre 2013 devant un jury composé de : •2013Philippe devant BOUTRY,un jury composé professeur de : des universités - Panthéon Sorbonne Paris 1 (Rapporteur) • Jean GARRIGUES, professeur des universités - Université d’Orléans ñ Marc Olivier BARUCH, directeur d’études – EHESS (directeur de la thèse) •ñ MarcGabrielle Olivier HOUBRE, BARUCH, directeurmaîtresse d’études des conférences – EHESS (HDR) (directeur - Paris de Diderot la thèse) Paris 7 (Rapporteure) ñ Philippe BEZES, chargé de recherche au CNRS – CERSA, Université Paris II •ñ PhilippeGerard B JORLAND,EZES, chargé directeur de recherche d’études au CNRS - EHESS – C (DirecteurERSA, Unive de thèse)rsité Paris II ñ Claire LEMERCIER, directrice de recherche au CNRS – CSO, Sciences Po. (rapporteure) •ñ ClaireDidier LEMERCIER SÉGUILLON,, directrice maître de de recherche conférences au CNRS - Université – CSO de, Sciences Paris Ouest Po. (rapporteure)Nanterre La Défense ñ Frédéric MONIER, professeur des universités – Université d’Avignon (rapporteur) ñ Frédéric MONIER, professeur des universités – Université d’Avignon (rapporteur) ñ Paul-André ROSENTAL, professeur des universités – Sciences Po. et INED ñ Paul-André ROSENTAL, professeur des universités – Sciences Po. et INED ñ Béatrice TOUCHELAY, professeure des universités – Université de Lille 3 ñ Béatrice TOUCHELAY, professeure des universités – Université de Lille 3 !1 A mes enfants, et à mon grand-père Sourd Pierre Cantin, né en 1904. !2 Remerciements Je tiens à remercier mon directeur de thèse, monsieur Gerard JORLAND, sans qui cette thèse n’aurait pu voir le jour. Et je n’oublie pas Mesdames Andréa BENVENUTO et Marie COURTANT , chargées d’accessibilité à l’Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, dont les soutiens administratifs, notamment dans l’obtention des bourses et dans la réservation des interprètes, m’ont permis de franchir les quatre années de thèse avec plus de facilité. Ensuite, je ne saurai pas assez remercier Angélique, mon épouse. C’est elle qui m’a poussé à sauter le pas. Son soutien et sa patience face aux aléas inhérents à la thèse ont été plus que précieux. Ma pensée va également à mes enfants Aliénor et Judikaël qui m’ont toujours vu assis face à l’ordinateur, travaillant des textes. Je cite ma fille : « Tu travailles toujours avec l’autrefois ! ». Je pense également à mes parents, ma soeur et sa famille, qui n’ont jamais cessé de s’inquiéter pour mes études, me demandant régulièrement de l’état d’avancée de ma thèse. A mes amis, François SAVARD et Antoine VALETTE qui m’ont permis de sortir un peu de l’état quasi-monastique dans laquelle je me suis trouvé dans la période de la rédaction, en me faisant respirer un bon bol d’air frais. Leurs encouragements moraux ont été plus que nécessaires, ils ont été même vitaux, dans la solitude de l’écriture de la thèse ! Et surtout, un merci aux correcteurs de chapitres Leila MARCOT et son équipe « Les Paroles Voyageuses », Sandrine RINCHEVAL, Colombe BRASACQ, Benoit VIGIER, Arnaud BALARD, Olivia BAUDRY, Christophe GASTARD, Mike OLLIVIER, Vincent BADIOU, Fanny CATTÉ, et Matthias SCHAFFAUCHER, qui ont accepté au pied-levé de corriger des chapitres ou des parties de chapitres. Leurs observations dans mon travail d’écriture m’ont été précieuses, m’incitant à me reformuler. Mais, c’est surtout Hélène MASSIAC qui a abattu un travail crucial en peu de temps dans la correction générale de la thèse, m’apportant des formulations nécessaires pour faire mieux transmettre des idées ! Une pensée aussi à la communauté des carnetiers et carnetières sévissant à la fois sur Hypotheses.org et sur Twitter. Un merci particulier à @mXli1 (Emilien Ruiz), @drmlj (Delphique Regnard), @enklask (Benoît Kermoal), @FHeimburger (Franziska Heimburger) @inactinique (Frédéric Clavert), @infusoir (Mélodie Faury), @Mareike2405 (Mareike König), @mapav8 (Marie-Anne Paveau), @misanthropolog (Stéphanie Messal), @msonnet (Martine Sonnet) et @SimonGrivet (Simon Grivet), d’avoir répondu à mes appels pour trouver une référence exacte ou un meilleur outil d’analyse ! !3 ———————————————————————————— SOMMAIRE ———————————————————————————— Introduction générale ………………………………………………………………………………..6 Première partie : La partie visible de la communauté Sourde …………………………………14 Chapitre I : Existe-t-il une communauté sourde ? ………………………………………………..15 Chapitre II : Les associations, moteurs de la communauté sourde ………………………………65 Chapitre III : Comment faire connaître la communauté sourde ? ………………………….….. 150 Seconde partie : Dans le secret d’une communauté particulière ………………………….. 220 Chapitre IV : Quelle vie professionnelle chez les Sourds ? …………………………………… 221 Chapitre V : Au coeur de la communauté, les familles ………………………………………… 280 Conclusion générale……………………………………………………………………………….324 Annexes documentaires …………………………………………………………………………..331 Archives originales ……………………………………………………………………………….364 Sources Imprimées ………………………………………………………………………………..365 Bibliographie ……………………………………………………………………………………. 377 Table des figures ………………………………………………………………………………… 390 Table des matières ………………………………………………………………………………..392 !4 INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE «La Grande Guerre arrête, occupe d’abord leurs regards, masse opaque qui de toutes parts accumule les ombres. Avant la Grande Guerre, qu’est-il arrivé ?»1 Qu’est-ce que la Belle Époque exactement ? Bien peu peuvent le dire en détails. Ceux qui ont vécu cette époque ne sont plus vivants de nos jours, et il ne nous reste, de leur passage en ce monde que leurs écrits, photographies, films, ou autres œuvres d'artistes. On a ainsi retenu de la Belle Époque, la Tour Eiffel, le courant artistique de l’Art nouveau, les premières automobiles et Max Linder. Mais, qu’en est-il de l’envers de ce décor ? On pense immédiatement à Germinal de Zola, à l’affaire Dreyfus, aux grèves réprimées, aux ravages du phylloxéra dans le vignoble français, aux scandales politiques comme l’affaire des décorations et bien d’autres encore. Ces années ne correspondent pas uniquement à une période idyllique magnifiée par ce terme « Belle Epoque » les opposant ainsi à la guerre de 1914 et ses horreurs. On ne peut pas plus les réduire à une période de misère noire2 avec un patronat tout puissant, et une absence de protection sociale. Ces clichés empêchent de comprendre une société complexe, aux variations locales infinies. Ce que l’on sait de la Belle Époque, de nos jours, nous est transmis par de nombreux films muets. Mais, l’on sait moins que c’est une période de transitions, où la longue paix qui suit la guerre franco-prussienne de 1870 jusqu'en 1914, a favorisé le développement d’une nouvelle société facilité par un nouveau régime politique. La IIIe République a encouragé de nouvelles orientations 1 Daniel HALEVY, La fin des notables, Paris, Hachette, 2005 p.7. (Edition originale : Editions Bernard Gasset, 1930.) 2 Michel WINOCK, La Belle Epoque, Paris, Editions Perrin, 2003, p. 9. !5 idéologiques et sociétales, avec des lois sur la liberté de la presse, la protection sociale, le travail et la vie associative. Ces dispositions législatives représentent, toujours actuellement, les fondements de la vie sociale en France. Mais, ce que l’on sait moins, c’est qu’à l’époque, ces dispositions marquent un bouleversement profond dans les habitudes, en permettant à la liberté d’expression de prendre toute sa place. Elle donne ainsi naissance à toute une nouvelle génération d’intellectuels et d’écrivains d’un genre nouveau. La guerre de 1914-1918 représente un seuil qui marque une démarcation entre deux périodes : celle qui laisse fleurer le bonheur de vivre, et une autre qui est un siècle de guerres, et de crises économiques. Halévy pointe la présence de cette démarcation dans les esprits qui commence à s’installer à son époque. Et, de nos jours, à plus d’un siècle de distance, alors que l’on fête le centenaire de 1914-1918, comprendre cette société qui comporte bon nombre de différences fondamentales par rapport à la notre, reste assez difficile. En effet, la guerre de 1914-1918 représente une borne temporelle importante, non pas seulement en France, mais dans la plupart des pays, où son impact se ressent encore de nos jours. Qui sont ces Silencieux ? Or, cette difficulté de compréhension devient encore plus grande en ce qui concerne les Silencieux de la Belle Époque, à l’image du chat de Schrödinger3.. D’après Schrödinger, physicien autrichien auteur d'une théorie sur les paradoxes quantiques, la matière peut être à la fois une onde et une particule, et cette dualité
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