DOCSLIB.ORG

Ethno-Political Inequalities and Intra-State Conflict

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ethno-Political Inequalities and Intra-State Conflict Kent Academic Repository Full text document (pdf) Citation for published version Abbs, Luke (2018) Ethno-Political Inequalities and Intra-State Conflict. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis, University of Kent,. DOI Link to record in KAR https://kar.kent.ac.uk/69137/ Document Version UNSPECIFIED Copyright & reuse Content in the Kent Academic Repository is made available for research purposes. Unless otherwise stated all content is protected by copyright and in the absence of an open licence (eg Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher, author or other copyright holder. Versions of research The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users are advised to check http://kar.kent.ac.uk for the status of the paper. Users should always cite the published version of record. Enquiries For any further enquiries regarding the licence status of this document, please contact: [email protected] If you believe this document infringes copyright then please contact the KAR admin team with the take-down information provided at http://kar.kent.ac.uk/contact.html Ethno-Political Inequalities and Intra-State Conflict Luke Abbs Conflict Analysis Research Centre (CARC) The University of Kent A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctoral of Philosophy in International Conflict Analysis Table Contents Abstract 3 Acknowledgments 5 1. Introduction 7 1.1. Motivation 7 1.2. Contributions to the Wider Literature 13 1.3. Scepticism of Grievance Approaches by ‘Feasibility Perspectives’ 13 1.4. Additional Problems with Existing ‘Feasibility’ Approaches 16 1.5. Ongoing Problems with the Institutional Grievance Perspective 17 1.6. Theoretical Framework 20 1.7. Introducing the Empirical Chapters 28 2. The Language of the Unheard: Ethno-Political Exclusion and Ethnic Riots in Africa 47 Chapter Abstract 47 2.1. Introduction 48 2.2. Existing Literature on why Ethnic Riots occur 52 2.3. The Importance of Ethnic Politics and Proximity 54 2.4. Ethno-Political Contexts in which Ethnic Riots Occur 57 2.5. Research Design 62 2.6. Results 67 2.7. Conclusion 74 Chapter Appendix 84 3. The Hunger Games: Food Prices, Ethnic Cleavages and Nonviolent Unrest in Africa 123 Chapter Abstract 123 3.1. Introduction 124 3.2. Ethnic Divisions and Nonviolent Mobilisation 126 3.3. Grievances and Nonviolent Action 127 3.4. Resources, Opportunities and Nonviolent Action 130 3.5. Local Structures and the Emergence of Nonviolent Action 131 3.6. Food Prices Spikes and Overcoming Obstacles to Nonviolent Mobilisation 133 3.7. Research Design 136 3.8. Results 144 3.9. Conclusion 150 Chapter Appendix 160 1 4. Ethnicity, Pro-Government Militias and the Duration of Civil War (co-authored with Govinda Clayton and Andrew Thompson) 175 Chapter Abstract 175 4.1. Introduction 176 4.2. The Drivers of Conflict Duration 178 4.3. Pro-Government Militias 180 4.4. Ethnic Pro-Government Militias 182 4.5. Ethnic Pro-Government Militia and the Duration of Civil War 185 4.6. Research Design 192 4.7. Results 197 4.8. Results II: Coethnic Pro-Government Militias in Sudan 205 4.9. Conclusion 209 Chapter Appendix 220 5. Conclusion 250 5.1. Ethno-Political Inequalities and Ethnic Riots in Africa 250 5.2. Ethno-Political Inequalities and Nonviolent Action 251 5.3. Ethno-Political Inequalities, Ethnic PGMs, and Civil War 252 5.4. Future areas of Research 253 5.5. Policy Implications 257 2 Abstract: This thesis investigates the relationship between ethnic-based political inequalities and political conflict. Building on recent theoretical and methodological advancements, I develop three empirical chapters that investigate distinct, yet unrelated mechanisms linking ethno-political configurations to disparate forms of contentious action. These chapters each utilise quantitative methods, and new subnational-level and actor-level data, to uncover a number of important findings regarding types of conflict behaviour not captured by civil war analyses. The first empirical chapter focuses on ethnic riots, a type of non-militarised violence involving violent clashes between civilians of rival ethnic groups. I argue that this previously overlooked form of political violence is likely to emerge when there is: politically dominant ethnic groups coexisting with a group facing systematic political discrimination or a loss of power. I find support for this argument through the first cross-national and subnational analysis of ethnic riots in Africa. The second empirical chapter focuses on the incidence of mass nonviolent action, which involves the mobilisation of large numbers of diverse people. I argue that cleavages within and across ethnic groups often undermine this kind of political mobilisation, but that cross cutting grievances can overcome this issue and facilitate resistance. Testing this argument sub-nationally, I find support for my argument that the relationship between ethno-political inequalities and nonviolent action is dependent on the existence of cross-cutting grievances, as this provides opportunities for disparate groups to unite against the state. The final empirical chapter (co-authored with Govinda Clayton and Andrew Thompson) explores the relationship between ethnic militias, either recruited from politically dominant or disadvantaged ethnic groups, and civil war duration. We thereby move beyond assumptions that the government-side is unitary. We argue that coethnic PGMs (i.e. those recruited from the same ethnicity as the ruling elite) are associated with longer conflicts, as they have strong 3 incentives to maintain ethno-political power and further polarise ethnic divisions. We find strong support for these claims in a global time-series cross sectional analysis. 4 Acknowledgements I would like to thank all those who have made this dissertation possible and have supported me throughout the process. This thesis not only echoes hard work and years of study, but is a clear reflection of the help, support and guidance of many people. Firstly, I would like to provide a wholehearted gratefulness to my supervisor Govinda Clayton, who has been a friend, a constant source of inspiration, and a mentor since my undergraduate years. Govinda has been one of few people in my life to provide me with an opportunity to excel and has always provided sound advice, support, and excellent suggestions - I will always miss our office meetings! Secondly, my achievements quite simply would not have been possible without the unconditional love and support from my parents – Allen and Michelle. My parents have always encouraged me to learn and use knowledge as a means to change my own circumstances and better the circumstances of others around me. I have come a long way from my time growing up in ‘The Groves’, and I will be forever grateful to my parents for helping me navigate the various challenges and obstacles that I have faced throughout my life. I extend this heartfelt thank you to the other important women in my life – my future wife Hayley (and her family) who has supported me through the good and bad, often at hand with a cup of tea and accompanied with a smile! To my sister Mia, and my grandmother, Gloria, who have constantly been a source of love and inspiration, and to the rest of my family (Roy, Terry, Christine, Lee, Julie, Leslie, my cousins), and friends (Deepak, James, Fares, and co). You have all helped me maintain a social life, kept me level-headed, and have added many wonderful memories and genuine richness to my life. Thirdly, I would like to thank the many colleagues at Kent for their support and valuable comments throughout the process. A special thank you goes to the hardcore CARCers Daniel 5 Kirkpatrick and Rob Nagel who have taken a distinct interest in my work, and to others – Philip Cunliffe, Hugh Miall, Edward Morgan-Jones, Lucy Barnes (now at UCL), Feargal Cochrane, Neo Loizides, Charles Devellennes, Toni Haastrup and Nadine Ansorg, who helped me develop each of the papers. This is extended to the professional services both past and present that have looked after me during my time at Kent including: Suzie Westwood, Gemma and Rob Chapman, Dora Perera, Nicola Huxtable, Siobhan Dumphy, Sara Witchell, Jessica Shepheard, and Kafui Osuteye. Lastly, I have to thank a number of excellent scholars and associates that have offered comments and advice at various conferences and workshops. This includes, but is not limited to: Kristian Skrede Gleditsch, Joakim Kreutz, Kristin Bakke, Halvard Buhaug, Jonas Nordkvelle, Roos van der Haer, Jessica Di Salvatore, Gokhan Ciflikli, Roman-Gabriel Olar, Margherita Belgioioso, Lars-Erik Cederman, Francis Stewart, Tobias Bohmelt, Kaisa Hinkkainen, Federica Genovese, Vincenzo Bove, Hannah Smidt, Corrine Bara, Enzo Nussio, Todd Smith, Idean Salehyan, Omar McDoom, Charles Butcher, and Ches Thurber. A final thank you goes to those at the Sie Center at Denver who provided many through-provoking discussions and an inspirational environment during my three-month fellowship in the wonderful state of Colorado. A special thank you goes to Chris Shay for making my stay so memorable, and all the other Sie members including: Erica Chenoweth, Deborah Avant, Marie Berry, Cullen Hendrix, Oliver Kaplan, Laura Hosman, Paul Kemp, Jonathon Pinkney, Maria Lotito, Steven Zech, Michael Kalin and Pauline Moore. 6 Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1. Motivation Inequality is often raised as an important determinant of political conflict. Contemporary research suggests that group-based inequalities are most likely to have a detrimental effect on conflict behaviour (see Stewart, 2002; Stewart, 2008).1 This type of group-based inequality is referred to as ‘horizontal inequalities’ (HIs). HIs are inequalities between groups of people who share a common ethnic identity and heritage. In contexts where high levels of HIs exist, group grievances can be greatly enhanced and more easily politicised. This often facilitates collective mobilisation and political conflict (Stewart, 2010b). HIs are distinguishable from ‘vertical inequalities’ which are disparities between individuals or households, rather than groups.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • List of Persons and Entities Under EU Restrictive Measures Over the Territorial Integrity of Ukraine
    dhdsh PRESS Council of the European Union EN List of persons and entities under EU restrictive measures over the territorial integrity of Ukraine List of Persons Name Identifying Reasons Date of listing information 1. Sergey Valeryevich DOB: 26.11.1972. Aksyonov was elected 'Prime Minister of Crimea' in the Crimean 17.3.2014 AKSYONOV, Verkhovna Rada on 27 February 2014 in the presence of pro-Russian POB: Beltsy (Bălţi), gunmen. His 'election' was decreed unconstitutional by the acting Sergei Valerievich now Republic of Ukrainian President Oleksandr Turchynov on 1 March 2014. He actively AKSENOV (Сергей Moldova lobbied for the 'referendum' of 16 March 2014 and was one of the co- Валерьевич signatories of the ’treaty on Crimea´s accession to the Russian AKCëHOB), Federation’ of 18 March 2014. On 9 April 2014 he was appointed acting Serhiy Valeriyovych ‘Head’ of the so-called ‘Republic of Crimea’ by President Putin. On 9 AKSYONOV (Сергiй October 2014, he was formally ‘elected’ 'Head' of the so-called 'Republic Валерiйович Аксьонов) of Crimea'. Aksyonov subsequently decreed that the offices of ‘Head’ and ‘Prime Minister’ be combined. Member of the Russia State Council. 1/83 dhdsh PRESS Council of the European Union EN Name Identifying Reasons Date of listing information 2. Rustam Ilmirovich DOB: 15.8.1976 As former Deputy Minister of Crimea, Temirgaliev played a relevant role 17.3.2014 TEMIRGALIEV in the decisions taken by the ‘Supreme Council’ concerning the POB: Ulan-Ude, ‘referendum’ of 16 March 2014 against the territorial integrity of Ukraine. (Рустам Ильмирович Buryat ASSR He lobbied actively for the integration of Crimea into the Russian Темиргалиев) (Russian SFSR) Federation.
    [Show full text]
  • Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict
    Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict Threats to European Security Stockholm International Peace Research Institute SIPRI is an independent institute for research into problems of peace and conflict, especially those of arms control and disarmament. It was established in 1966 to commemorate Sweden’s 150 years of unbroken peace. The Institute is financed mainly by the Swedish Parliament. The staff, the Governing Board and the Scientific Council are international. The Governing Board and the Scientific Council are not responsible for the views expressed in the publications of the Institute. Governing Board Professor Daniel Tarschys, MP, Chairman (Sweden) Sir Brian Urquhart, Vice Chairman (United Kingdom) Professor Catherine Kelleher (United States) Dr Oscar Arias Sánchez (Costa Rica) Dr Gyula Horn (Hungary) Dr Lothar Rühl (Germany) The Director Director Dr Adam Daniel Rotfeld (Poland) Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Pipers väg 28, S-170 73 Solna, Sweden Cable: SIPRI Telephone: 46 8/655 97 00 Telefax: 46 8/655 97 33 Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict Threats to European Security SIPRI Research Report No. 5 Stephen Iwan Griffiths OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1993 Oxford University Press, Walton Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford New York Toronto Delhi Bombay Calcutta Madras Karachi Kuala Lumpur Singapore Hong Kong Tokyo Nairobi Dar es Salaam Cape Town Melbourne Auckland Madrid and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a trade mark of Oxford University Press Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © SIPRI 1993 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press.
    [Show full text]
  • Renewed Circassian Mobilization in the North Caucasus 20-Years After the Fall of the Soviet Union
    Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe Vol 11, No 2, 2012, 103-135 Copyright © ECMI 21 December 2012 This article is located at: http://www.ecmi.de/publications/detail/issue-22012-vol-11-254/ Renewed Circassian Mobilization in the North Caucasus 20-years after the Fall of the Soviet Union Lars Funch Hansen* University of Copenhagen The renewed ethnic mobilization among Circassians in the North Caucasus region in Russia that has unfolded since the latter half of the 2000s is illustrated by the establishment of new civil society organizations and a substantially increased number of internet-based initiatives. All of this reflects a new and increased form of agency and unity among the Circassians in which youth activism has played key role. It also illustrates how Circassian civil society actors and cyber-activists have not only been able to establish a counter-public sphere or develop a new space for action, but also increasingly have been able to move key issues from Circassian spheres into the wider public sphere of mainstream Russian media and politics. The upcoming 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, in particular, has functioned as a lever in this process, which has also resulted in increasing support among Circassians for calls for recognition of the nineteenth century forced expulsion of the majority of the Circassians from the Caucasus as an act of genocide. In this manner, a mega-event such as the Sochi Olympics has contributed to generating a more radical or politicized understanding or framing of the Caucasian exodus that, since the fall of the Soviet Union, has generally been known as “our national tragedy”.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact on Ethnic Conflict in Abkhazia and South Ossetia
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School February 2019 Soviet Nationality Policy: Impact on Ethnic Conflict in Abkhazia and South Ossetia Nevzat Torun University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Other International and Area Studies Commons, and the Political Science Commons Scholar Commons Citation Torun, Nevzat, "Soviet Nationality Policy: Impact on Ethnic Conflict in Abkhazia and South Ossetia" (2019). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7972 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Soviet Nationality Policy: Impact on Ethnic Conflict in Abkhazia and South Ossetia by Nevzat Torun A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts School of Interdisciplinary Global Studies College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Earl Conteh-Morgan, Ph.D. Kees Boterbloem, Ph.D. Bernd Reiter, Ph.D. Date of Approval February 15, 2019 Keywords: Inter-Ethnic Conflict, Soviet Nationality Policy, Self Determination, Abkhazia, South Ossetia Copyright © 2019, Nevzat Torun DEDICATION To my wife and our little baby girl. I am so lucky to have had your love and support throughout the entire graduate experience. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I want to thank Dr. Earl Conteh-Morgan, my advisor, for his thoughtful advice and comments. I would also like to thank my thesis committee- Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Information and Guidance Ukraine: Background Information, Including Actors of Protection and Internal Relocation
    Country Information and Guidance Ukraine: Background information, including actors of protection and internal relocation Version 1.0 August 2016 Preface This document provides country of origin information (COI) and guidance to Home Office decision makers on handling particular types of protection and human rights claims. This includes whether claims are likely to justify the granting of asylum, humanitarian protection or discretionary leave and whether – in the event of a claim being refused – it is likely to be certifiable as ‘clearly unfounded’ under s94 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. Decision makers must consider claims on an individual basis, taking into account the case specific facts and all relevant evidence, including: the guidance contained with this document; the available COI; any applicable caselaw; and the Home Office casework guidance in relation to relevant policies. Country Information The COI within this document has been compiled from a wide range of external information sources (usually) published in English. Consideration has been given to the relevance, reliability, accuracy, objectivity, currency, transparency and traceability of the information and wherever possible attempts have been made to corroborate the information used across independent sources, to ensure accuracy. All sources cited have been referenced in footnotes. It has been researched and presented with reference to the Common EU [European Union] Guidelines for Processing Country of Origin Information (COI), dated April 2008, and the European Asylum Support Office’s research guidelines, Country of Origin Information report methodology, dated July 2012. Feedback Our goal is to continuously improve the guidance and information we provide. Therefore, if you would like to comment on this document, please email the Country Policy and Information Team.
    [Show full text]
  • Europa's Bane Ethnic Conflict and Economics on the Czechoslovak Path from Nationalism to Communism, 1848-1948 Mathias Fuelling Utah State University
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-2016 Europa's Bane Ethnic Conflict and Economics on the Czechoslovak Path From Nationalism to Communism, 1848-1948 Mathias Fuelling Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Fuelling, Mathias, "Europa's Bane Ethnic Conflict and Economics on the Czechoslovak Path From Nationalism to Communism, 1848-1948" (2016). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 4724. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4724 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EUROPA’S BANE ETHNIC CONFLICT AND ECONOMICS ON THE CZECHOSLOVAK PATH FROM NATIONALISM TO COMMUNISM, 1848-1948 by Mathias Fuelling A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in History Approved: ________________ Tammy Proctor __________________ Major Professor Jonathan Brunstedt Committee Member ______________ ________________ Tammy Proctor Evelyn Funda Committee Member Committee Member __________________________________ Dr. Mark McLellan Vice President for Research and Director of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2016 ii Copyright © Mathias Fuelling 2016 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Europa’s Bane Ethnic Conflict and Economics on the Czechoslovak Path from Nationalism to Communism, 1848-1948 by Mathias J. Fuelling, Master of Arts Utah State University, 2016 Major Professor: Dr. Tammy Proctor Department: History Nationalism has appropriately been a much studied, as well disparaged, phenomenon.
    [Show full text]
  • Secession and Survival: Nations, States and Violent Conflict by David S
    Secession and Survival: Nations, States and Violent Conflict by David S. Siroky Department of Political Science Duke University Date: Approved: Dr. Donald L. Horowitz, Supervisor Dr. David L. Banks Dr. Alexander B. Downes Dr. Bruce W. Jentleson Dr. Erik Wibbels Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Political Science in the Graduate School of Duke University 2009 abstract (Political Science) Secession and Survival: Nations, States and Violent Conflict by David S. Siroky Department of Political Science Duke University Date: Approved: Dr. Donald L. Horowitz, Supervisor Dr. David L. Banks Dr. Alexander B. Downes Dr. Bruce W. Jentleson Dr. Erik Wibbels An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Political Science in the Graduate School of Duke University 2009 Copyright c 2009 by David S. Siroky All rights reserved Abstract Secession is a watershed event not only for the new state that is created and the old state that is dissolved, but also for neighboring states, proximate ethno-political groups and major powers. This project examines the problem of violent secession- ist conflict and addresses an important debate at the intersection of comparative and international politics about the conditions under which secession is a peaceful solution to ethnic conflict. It demonstrates that secession is rarely a solution to ethnic conflict, does not assure the protection of remaining minorities and produces new forms of violence. To explain why some secessions produce peace, while others generate violence, the project develops a theoretical model of the conditions that produce internally coherent, stable and peaceful post-secessionist states rather than recursive secession (i.e., secession from a new secessionist state) or interstate dis- putes between the rump and secessionist state.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine 16 February to 15 May 2015
    Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 16 February to 15 May 2015 CONTENTS I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 II. RIGHTS TO LIFE, LIBERTY, SECURITY AND PHYSICAL INTEGRITY 6 A. Armed hostilities 6 B. Casualties 7 C. Alleged summary, extrajudicial or arbitrary executions 8 D. Illegal and arbitrary detention, and torture and ill-treatment 9 E. Trafficking in persons 13 III. FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS 14 A. Freedom of movement 14 B. Freedom of expression 15 C. Freedom of peaceful assembly 17 IV. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RIGHTS 18 A. Right to an adequate standard of living 18 B. Right to social protection 19 C. Right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health 21 V. ACCOUNTABILITY AND ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE 21 A. Accountability for human rights violations in the east 22 B. Accountability for human rights violations committed during the Maidan protests 23 C. Accountability for the 2 May violence in Odesa 25 D. Investigation into Rymarska case 26 E. Administration of justice 27 VI. LEGISLATIVE DEVELOPMENTS AND INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS 29 VII. HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE AUTONOMOUS REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA 33 VIII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 36 2 I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. This is the tenth report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) on the situation of human rights in Ukraine, based on the work of the United Nations Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine (HRMMU)1. It covers the period from 16 February to 15 May 2015. 2. The reporting period
    [Show full text]
  • Russia INDIVIDUALS
    CONSOLIDATED LIST OF FINANCIAL SANCTIONS TARGETS IN THE UK Last Updated:01/07/2021 Status: Asset Freeze Targets REGIME: Russia INDIVIDUALS 1. Name 6: ABISOV 1: SERGEY 2: VADIMOVICH 3: n/a 4: n/a 5: n/a. Title: Minister DOB: 27/11/1967. POB: Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine a.k.a: (1) ABISOV, Sergey, Vadymovych (2) ABISOV, Sergiy, Vadimovich (3) ABISOV, Sergiy, Vadymovych (4) ABISOV, Serhiy, Vadimovich (5) ABISOV, Serhiy, Vadymovych Nationality: Ukrainian Address: Crimea.Position: Minister of the Interior of the Republic Other Information: (UK Sanctions List Ref):RUS0061 Date designated on UK Sanctions List: 31/12/2020 (UK Statement of Reasons):By accepting his appointment as so-called ‘Minister of Interior of the Republic of Crimea’ by the President of Russia (decree No.301) on 5 May 2014 and by his actions as so-called ‘Minister of Interior’ he has undermined the territorial integrity, sovereignty and unity of Ukraine. Dismissed as so-called 'Minister of Interior of the 'Republic of Crimea' in June 2018.Aide to the 'Chairman' of the Council of ministers of the so-called 'Republic of Crimea'. (Gender):Male Listed on: 31/07/2014 Last Updated: 31/12/2020 Group ID: 13071. 2. Name 6: AIRAPETYAN 1: LARISA 2: LEONIDOVNA 3: n/a 4: n/a 5: n/a. DOB: 21/02/1970. POB: (possibly) Antratsit, Luhansk oblast, Ukraine a.k.a: (1) AIRAPETYAN, Larisa (2) AIRAPETYAN, Larysa (3) AYRAPETYAN, Larisa, Leonidovna (4) AYRAPETYAN, Larysa (5) HAYRAPETYAN, Larisa, Leonidovna (6) HAYRAPETYAN, Larysa Address: Ukraine.Other Information: (UK Sanctions List Ref):RUS0062 Date designated on UK Sanctions List: 31/12/2020 (Further Identifiying Information):Relatives/business associates or partners/links to listed individuals: Husband – Geran Hayrapetyan aka Ayrapetyan (UK Statement of Reasons):Former so-called “Health Minister’ of the so called ‘Luhansk People's Republic’.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnic Fears and Ethnic War in Karabagh
    Ethnic Fears and Ethnic War In Karabagh Stuart J. Kaufman University of Kentucky October 1998 The ethnic conflict between Armenians and Azerbaijanis over the region of Nagorno-Karabagh first exploded into violence—or at least, into the newspapers—with the Sumgait pogroms of 1988, during which hundreds of Christian Armenians were killed or injured at the hands of mobs of Muslim Azerbaijanis. The conflict placed the “nationality question” back near the top of the Soviet Union’s political agenda, and it can be seen in retrospect as the death knell of the Soviet Union itself, representing the first indication of the capacity of nationalist conflicts inside the USSR to undermine Soviet rule. It also developed into the bloodiest and most destructive of the ethnic wars in the Gorbachev years, producing by one estimate some 10,000 dead after 5 years of conflict, and over 1 million refugees on the Azerbaijani side alone. 1 The Karabagh conflict therefore bears studying as an important episode in its own right. It also bears studying as a case study in the theory of ethnic or nationalist conflict. Mark Saroyan, one of the most talented students of the Transcaucasus and its turmoil, posed the question of interpretation this way: “The Armenian Protests: Is it Passion or Politics?” Though Saroyan’s polemic was aimed primarily at journalists, it was reprinted for a scholarly audience because most scholars agreed with the question, the majority also agreeing with Saroyan’s answer that the conflict—and many others like it—was driven not by “deep-seated and seemingly immutable hostility,” but rather by a rational drive to achieve ordinary political goals: “a rational response to contemporary institutional constraints.”2 1 Suzanne Goldenberg, Pride of Small Nations: The Caucasus and Post-Soviet Disorder (London: Zed Books, 1994), p.
    [Show full text]
  • From Tulsa to Ferguson: Redefining Race Riots and Racialized Violence
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Dissertations and Theses City College of New York 2016 From Tulsa to Ferguson: Redefining Race Riots and Racialized Violence Hesley R. Keenan Jr. How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cc_etds_theses/650 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] From Tulsa to Ferguson: Redefining Race Riots and Racialized Violence Hesley R. Keenan Jr. Adviser: Martin Woessner September 1, 2016 The purpose of this thesis is to reclassify many so-called race riots at the turn of the twentieth century as racial cleansings. Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION: FROM RACE RIOTS TO RACIAL CLEANSINGS ...................... 3 II. FEAR OF SMALL NUMBERS ......................................................................................... 26 III. A THREAT MORE IMAGINED THAN REAL ............................................................. 48 IV. STATE OF LYNCHERDOM ............................................................................................ 86 V. HOW MUCH IS THAT FOOTSTOOL WORTH? ....................................................... 108 VI. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 127 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Malay Rejection on Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
    Malay Rejection on Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Suyatno Ladiqi1, Aizatul Anis binti Zuhari2 {[email protected], [email protected]} University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia1,2 Abstract. After the change of the new government on last year on 14th General Election in May 2018, Malaysia is facing with a new administration, ideas and form of government after sixty years in the hand of previous government called as the Barisan Nasional (BN). After given the mandate by the Malaysian, the new government under the role of Pakatan Harapan (PH) wanted to ratify the international convention known as International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) under the United Nation (UN) that promotes states to eliminate all form of discrimination in the government ruling. However, the ratification of ICERD has created major wrath of the Malays and Bumiputras due to inconsistency in certain aspects of special privilege and rights of the Malays and Bumiputras embedded in Article 153 of the Constitutions. ICERD imply negatively to the ‘Social Contract’, Islam as the national religion of the state and the constitutional monarchy system in Malaysia. This can be sum up as the effort of the Malay to protect its ‘Ketuanan Melayu’ as their identity. This paper is meant to study the pros and cons of the ICERD towards the people and also to analyze the reactions of the Malays especially towards the ICERD issues. Keywords: Ketuanan Melayu, ICERD, Article 153 of the Constitutions, Malaysia. 1 Introduction What is ‘Ketuanan Melayu’? “ Tak kan Melayu hilang di dunia”- Hang Tuah (The Epic of Hang Tuah) Never should the Malay feel lost (Hilang) in the world is the famous saying from the prominent ‘Laksamana‘ known as Malay warrior who lived in Malacca during the 15th century had motto possess the cosmopolitan spirit of the wise and pacifist Tuah (Farish Noor, 2009).
    [Show full text]