DOCSLIB.ORG

IRES Knocks out Rabies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
IRES Knocks out Rabies RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS VIRAL PATHOGENESIS IRES knocks out rabies Non-segmented negative-strand from poliovirus or human rhinovirus Infection of neurons with RNA RNA viruses that can infect neurons type 2 (HRV2) enables downregula- viruses is initially controlled by in the central nervous system include tion of phosphoprotein expression interferon-β (IFNβ) and subsequently measles virus, mumps virus, Borna at the level of translation and can by virus-specific antibodies and virus, the emerging deadly Nipah render rabies virus avirulent. T-cell derived IFNβ. The rabies virus and Hendra viruses and rabies virus. Although rabies and other phosphoprotein, which is an essential Until now there has been no method non-segmented negative-strand cofactor of the viral polymerase and available to control the expression RNA viruses can replicate in all also has a role in encapsidation of of individual genes of these viruses. cell types, positive-strand RNA replicated genomes, functions to According to a report published in viruses, such as poliovirus and dampen the host response by coun- the Journal of Virology, replacing the HRV2, have a restricted host range. teracting the production of IFN. The transcription signals of the rabies There is evidence that IRESs in the most striking finding from this study virus phosphoprotein gene with 5′-untranslated regions of positive- is that translational attenuation of internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) strand RNA viruses are subject to phosphoprotein through insertion of cell-type inhibition and can mediate IRESs from poliovirus or HRV2 lim- cell-type specificity. To test whether ited the ability of recombinant rabies Corbis IRESs can affect gene expression of viruses to counteract the production non-segmented negative-strand RNA of IFN, as shown by the failure of viruses, Marschalek et al. replaced recombinant viruses to prevent tran- the transcription signals of the rabies scription of the host Ifnβ gene. The phosphoprotein gene with IRESs authors propose that the phosphopro- from poliovirus and HRV2. tein has a vital role in controlling the Using a dual reporter system that host innate immune response. inserts different luciferase reporters Although there are several upstream and downstream of the post-exposure vaccines for rabies, IRES they were able to monitor infection is almost always fatal if the the translation initiation of the virus reaches the brain. These stud- IRES elements in different cells. ies reveal that translational control Unexpectedly, they found that the of individual genes is a promising HRV2 IRES was active in all cell strategy to attenuate replication and types, including neurons. Previous virulence of live non-segmented reports had indicated that HRV2 negative-strand RNA viruses and could not replicate in neurons, unlike might provide a basis for a new the neurotropic poliovirus. In spite of vaccine formulation. this, both types of recombinant virus Susan Jones that expressed the phosphoprotein under the control of the IRES were ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER Marschalek, A. avirulent in neonatal mice, whereas et al. Attenuation of rabies virus virulence and replication by picornavirus IRES elements. J. Virol. wild-type rabies virus was 100% 10 Dec 2008 (doi:10.1128/JVI.02055-08) lethal. NATURE REVIEWS | MICROBIOLOGY VOLUME 7 | FEBRUARY 2009 © 2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Rotavirus Vaccine for the Prevention of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis Among Children
    March 19, 1999 / Vol. 48 / No. RR-2 Recommendations and Reports Rotavirus Vaccine for the Prevention of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis Among Children Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Continuing Education Examination Education Continuing Inside: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Atlanta, Georgia 30333 The MMWR series of publications is published by the Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333. SUGGESTED CITATION Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rotavirus vaccine for the prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis among children: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1999;48(No. RR-2):[inclu- sive page numbers]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention....................Jeffrey P. Koplan, M.D., M.P.H. Director The material in this report was prepared for publication by National Center for Infectious Diseases.................................. James M. Hughes, M.D. Director Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases ................. Brian W. J. Mahy, Ph.D., Sc.D. Director National Immunization Program ...........................................Walter A. Orenstein, M.D. Director Epidemiology and Surveillance Division ...........................John R. Livengood, M.D. Director The production of this report as an MMWR serial publication was coordinated in Epidemiology Program Office.................................... Stephen B. Thacker, M.D., M.Sc. Director Office of Scientific and Health Communications ......................John W. Ward, M.D. Director Editor, MMWR Series Recommendations and Reports................................... Suzanne M. Hewitt, M.P.A. Managing Editor Valerie R. Johnson Project Editor Morie M. Higgins Visual Information Specialist Vol. 48 / No. RR-2 MMWR i Contents Clinical and Epidemiologic Features of Rotavirus Disease.............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Antibody-Mediated Enhancement of Rabies Virus
    542 Nature Vol. 290 16 April 1981 rearranged, K-chain gene, for example; region than the salivary gland mRNA. It is Are these findings at all relevant to the only one of these is destined to appear in possible that this affects the translation rabies 'early death' effect? Rabies viruses the mRNA, the remainder being removed efficiences of the mRNA (see 'Discussion' were thought to be serologically identical, by differential splicing. in Young et al.). Although the explanation but a number of rabies-related viruses are Why does the mouse go to all this for this fascinating genetic mechanism is now knownl2 , and antigenic variation trouble? Any explanation should consider the subject of future work, it is, of course, between rabies virus strains has been estab­ the fact that a-amylase mRNA accounts likely to be tied up with the primary lished I3 • Mice inoculated with Lagos Bat or for 2 per cent of the cytoplasmic mRNA in question - what determines the different Mokola viruses, two of the rabies-related the salivary gland, but only 0.02 per cent in level of a-amylase in two different tissues? viruses, and subsequently challenged with liver. This level may reflect the transcrip­ In the rat (and other mammals) the rabies virus, also died more quicklyl4. tion rate from the two genes; the 'salivary situation may be even more complicated. These findings suggest that it is not gland' promoter would then be consider­ MacDonald and his co-workers (Nature essential to have homologous neutralizing ably stronger than the 'liver' promoter. 287, 17; 1980) have analysed the rat antibodies to produce the rabies 'early Alternatively, the rate of RNA processing a-amylase genes and these studies point to death' effect, but that cross-reacting sera andlor export to the cytoplasm may be at least five non-allelic a-amylase genes or may also be active in this system as in the different for the two mRNAs.
    [Show full text]
  • Attenuation of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus by Genome-Scale Codon-Pair Deoptimization
    Attenuation of human respiratory syncytial virus by genome-scale codon-pair deoptimization Cyril Le Nouëna,1, Linda G. Brocka, Cindy Luongoa, Thomas McCartya, Lijuan Yanga, Masfique Mehedia, Eckard Wimmerb,1, Steffen Muellerb,2, Peter L. Collinsa, Ursula J. Buchholza,3, and Joshua M. DiNapolia,3,4 aRNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and bDepartment of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 Contributed by Eckard Wimmer, June 18, 2014 (sent for review February 14, 2014) Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important viral acid coding is unaffected, CPD strains provide the same reper- agent of serious pediatric respiratory-tract disease worldwide. A toire of epitopes for inducing cellular and humoral immunity as vaccine or generally effective antiviral drug is not yet available. the WT pathogen. Recently, the CPD approach has been used We designed new live attenuated RSV vaccine candidates by successfully to attenuate poliovirus, influenza A virus, Strepto- codon-pair deoptimization (CPD). Specifically, viral ORFs were recoded coccus pneumonia, and HIV type 1 (5, 10–13). by rearranging existing synonymous codons to increase the content In the present work, four CPD RSV genomes were designed, of underrepresented codon pairs. Amino acid coding was com- synthesized, and recovered by reverse genetics. The CPD pletely unchanged. Four CPD RSV genomes were designed in recombinant (r) RSVs were attenuated and temperature- which the indicated ORFs were recoded: Min A (NS1, NS2, N, P, sensitive in vitro. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the CPD M, and SH), Min B (G and F), Min L (L), and Min FLC (all ORFs except rRSVs were attenuated and immunogenic in mice and African M2-1 and M2-2).
    [Show full text]
  • Characterizing and Evaluating the Zoonotic Potential of Novel Viruses Discovered in Vampire Bats
    viruses Article Characterizing and Evaluating the Zoonotic Potential of Novel Viruses Discovered in Vampire Bats Laura M. Bergner 1,2,* , Nardus Mollentze 1,2 , Richard J. Orton 2 , Carlos Tello 3,4, Alice Broos 2, Roman Biek 1 and Daniel G. Streicker 1,2 1 Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; [email protected] (N.M.); [email protected] (R.B.); [email protected] (D.G.S.) 2 MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; [email protected] (R.J.O.); [email protected] (A.B.) 3 Association for the Conservation and Development of Natural Resources, Lima 15037, Peru; [email protected] 4 Yunkawasi, Lima 15049, Peru * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The contemporary surge in metagenomic sequencing has transformed knowledge of viral diversity in wildlife. However, evaluating which newly discovered viruses pose sufficient risk of infecting humans to merit detailed laboratory characterization and surveillance remains largely speculative. Machine learning algorithms have been developed to address this imbalance by ranking the relative likelihood of human infection based on viral genome sequences, but are not yet routinely Citation: Bergner, L.M.; Mollentze, applied to viruses at the time of their discovery. Here, we characterized viral genomes detected N.; Orton, R.J.; Tello, C.; Broos, A.; through metagenomic sequencing of feces and saliva from common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) Biek, R.; Streicker, D.G. and used these data as a case study in evaluating zoonotic potential using molecular sequencing Characterizing and Evaluating the data.
    [Show full text]
  • Rabies Information for Dog Owners
    Rabies Information for Dog Owners Key Facts Disease in dogs: • During initial days of illness, signs can be nonspecific, such as fever, anxiety and consumption of foreign items (e.g. blankets) • Progresses to more severe signs, such as: • Behavioral change (e.g. aggression, excitability) • Incoordination, loss of balance, disorientation, weakness • Hypersalivation • Seizures • Death results within 10 days of first signs of illness Rabies in dogs is not treatable. Vaccination is key to prevention: • Rabies vaccines are protective if given before exposure to the rabies virus. • Proof of dog vaccination is mandated by many jurisdictions and required for international travel. • Dogs not current on vaccination that are likely exposed to the rabies virus may be required to be euthanized or undergo a long and expensive quarantine. What is it? Rabies is caused by infection with the rabies virus. In North America, the most common wildlife rabies The virus lives in various species of mammals and species (termed reservoirs) vary regionally and is most commonly spread through bites from one include raccoons, skunks, foxes, coyotes, and animal to another or to a human (i.e. in an infected bats. Each year in the United States over 4,000 animal’s saliva). rabid animals are reported, including several Disease in dogs may begin with vague signs of hundred rabid dogs and cats, other domestic illness, but rapidly progresses to severe neurologic species (e.g., horses, cattle, sheep, goats) and signs (e.g. aggression, incoordination). Typically, thousands of wildlife animals. death occurs within 10 days of the first signs of illness. Where is it? The rabies virus is present in nearly all parts of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Rabies Virus ♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣ (But Were Afraid to Ask) Benjamin M
    ANNUAL REVIEWS Further Click here to view this article's online features: t%PXOMPBEmHVSFTBT115TMJEFT t/BWJHBUFMJOLFESFGFSFODFT t%PXOMPBEDJUBUJPOT Everything You Always Wanted t&YQMPSFSFMBUFEBSUJDMFT t4FBSDILFZXPSET to Know About Rabies Virus (But Were Afraid to Ask) Benjamin M. Davis,1 Glenn F. Rall,2 and Matthias J. Schnell1,2,3 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology and 3Jefferson Vaccine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107; email: [email protected] 2Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111 Annu. Rev. Virol. 2015. 2:451–71 Keywords First published online as a Review in Advance on rabies virus, lyssaviruses, neurotropic virus, neuroinvasive virus, viral June 24, 2015 transport The Annual Review of Virology is online at virology.annualreviews.org Abstract This article’s doi: The cultural impact of rabies, the fatal neurological disease caused by in- 10.1146/annurev-virology-100114-055157 fection with rabies virus, registers throughout recorded history. Although Copyright c 2015 by Annual Reviews. ⃝ rabies has been the subject of large-scale public health interventions, chiefly All rights reserved through vaccination efforts, the disease continues to take the lives of about 40,000–70,000 people per year, roughly 40% of whom are children. Most of Access provided by Thomas Jefferson University on 11/13/15. For personal use only. Annual Review of Virology 2015.2:451-471. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org these deaths occur in resource-poor countries, where lack of infrastructure prevents timely reporting and postexposure prophylaxis and the ubiquity of domestic and wild animal hosts makes eradication unlikely. Moreover, al- though the disease is rarer than other human infections such as influenza, the prognosis following a bite from a rabid animal is poor: There is cur- rently no effective treatment that will save the life of a symptomatic rabies patient.
    [Show full text]
  • Hepatitis B Vaccine – Frequently Asked Questions (Information from the CDC)
    AAMC Standardized Immunization Form 2020 Hepatitis B Vaccine – Frequently Asked Questions (Information from the CDC) 1. What are the hepatitis B vaccines licensed for use in the United States? Three single-antigen vaccines and two combination vaccines are currently licensed in the United States. Single-antigen hepatitis B vaccines: • ENGERIX-B® • RECOMBIVAX HB® • HEPLISAV-B™ Combination vaccines: • PEDIARIX®: Combined hepatitis B, diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis (DTaP), and inactivated poliovirus (IPV) vaccine. Cannot be administered before age 6 weeks or after age 7 years. • TWINRIX®: Combined Hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccine. Recommended for people aged ≥18 years who are at increased risk for both HAV and HBV infections. 2. What are the recommended schedules for hepatitis B vaccination? The vaccination schedule most often used for children and adults is three doses given at 0, 1, and 6 months. Alternate schedules have been approved for certain vaccines and/or populations. A new formulation, Heplisav-B (HepB-CpG), is approved to be given as two doses one month apart. 3. If there is an interruption between doses of hepatitis B vaccine, does the vaccine series need to be restarted? No. The series does not need to be restarted but the following should be considered: • If the vaccine series was interrupted after the first dose, the second dose should be administered as soon as possible. • The second and third doses should be separated by an interval of at least 8 weeks. • If only the third dose is delayed, it should be administered as soon as possible. 4. Is it harmful to administer an extra dose of hepatitis B vaccine or to repeat the entire vaccine series if documentation of the vaccination history is unavailable or the serology test is negative? No, administering extra doses of single-antigen hepatitis B vaccine is not harmful.
    [Show full text]
  • Wastewater Based Epidemiology Perspective As a Faster Protocol for Detecting Coronavirus RNA in Human Populations: a Review with Specific Reference to SARS-Cov-2 Virus
    pathogens Review Wastewater Based Epidemiology Perspective as a Faster Protocol for Detecting Coronavirus RNA in Human Populations: A Review with Specific Reference to SARS-CoV-2 Virus Milad Mousazadeh 1,2,†,‡ , Razieh Ashoori 3, Biswaranjan Paital 4 , I¸sıkKabda¸slı 5,‡ , Zacharias Frontistis 6 , Marjan Hashemi 7 , Miguel A. Sandoval 8,9,‡ , Samendra Sherchan 10, Kabita Das 11 and Mohammad Mahdi Emamjomeh 12,* 1 Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; [email protected] 2 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran 3 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; [email protected] 4 Redox Regulation Laboratory, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, India; [email protected] 5 Environmental Engineering Department, Civil Engineering Faculty, Ayaza˘gaCampus, Istanbul˙ Technical University, Istanbul˙ 34469, Turkey; [email protected] 6 Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, 50132 Kozani, Greece; Citation: Mousazadeh, M.; Ashoori, [email protected] 7 Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical R.; Paital, B.; Kabda¸slı,I.; Frontistis, Sciences, Tehran, Iran; [email protected] Z.; Hashemi, M.; Sandoval, M.A.; 8 Laboratorio de Electroquímica Medio Ambiental LEQMA, Departamento
    [Show full text]
  • Preventing Polio WHO Myanmar Newsletter Special , 5 August 2019
    Preventing polio WHO Myanmar newsletter special , 5 August 2019 What is polio? Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly infectious disease that is caused when the polio virus invades the nervous system of an infected person. Polio can cause paralysis and even death. Who is most at risk for polio? Poliovirus usually affects children under 5 years of age who are unvaccinated or under-vaccinated. The virus can also affect or be carried by adolescents and adults. photo credit: Ms Lei Lei Mon, WHO Myanmar The child or individual suspected of polio may A child receives oral polio vaccine at Thandaung township, complain of sudden onset of weakness of arms Kayin State, 21 July 2019 and/or legs. Oral polio vaccine is the vaccine Is there a cure for polio? recommended for polio eradication Can it be prevented? There is no cure for polio. The disease can severely paralyze, or even kill, an infected child. Is the polio vaccine safe? Oral polio vaccine is one of the safest vaccines Polio can be prevented by immunizing a child with ever developed. It is so safe it can be given to sick approrpiate vaccination. There are currently two children and newborns. Since 1961, when oral effective polio vaccines, the inactivated poliovirus polio vaccine was introduced, two billion children vaccine (IPV) and the live attenuated oral polio have been immunized against polio globally. vaccine (OPV). This is estimated to have saved at least 16 million children from permanent paralysis by polio, world- wide. It is also safe to administer multiple doses of polio vaccine to children.
    [Show full text]
  • Eye-Opening Approach to Norovirus Surveillance
    LETTERS Rapid collaboration between pub- DOI: 10.3201/eid1608.091380 of norovirus infections in society. lic health authorities in the Philippines We therefore present a new approach and Finland led to appropriate action References to estimate the number of cases and at the site of origin of the rabies case spread of norovirus infections in the 1. Meslin FX. Rabies as a traveler’s risk, es- within a few days. In a country in pecially in high-endemicity areas. J Travel community. which rabies is not endemic, diagnos- Med. 2005;Suppl 1:S30–40. We plotted the number of queries ing rabies and implementing control 2. Srinivasan A, Burton EC, Kuehnert MJ, for *vomit* (asterisks denote any pre- measures in healthcare settings are of- Rupprecht C, Sutker WL, Ksiazek TG, et fi x or suffi x) submitted to the search al. Rabies in Transplant Recipients Inves- ten diffi cult because of limited experi- tigation Team. Transmission of rabies vi- engine on a medical website in Swe- ence with this disease. The last human rus from an organ donor to four transplant den (www.vardguiden.se). This num- rabies case in Finland was diagnosed recipients. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1103– ber was normalized to account for in 1985, when a bat researcher died 11. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa043018 the increasing use of the website over 3. Metlin AE, Rybakov SS, Gruzdev KN, after being bitten by bats abroad and Neuvonen E, Cox J, Huovilainen A. An- time and aggregated by week, starting in Finland (5). For imported cases, pa- tigenic and molecular characterization of with week 40 in 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview, Prevention, and Treatment of Rabies
    Overview, Prevention, and Treatment of Rabies Andrea Julia Nigg, Pharm.D., and Pamela L. Walker, Pharm.D. Each year, approximately 55,000 individuals worldwide die from an infection due to the rabies virus. Rabies is a life-threatening disease caused by an RNA virus that is usually transmitted to humans through bites from rabid animals. More recently, reports of transmission by means of organ transplantation have been reported. Since human rabies is nearly 100% fatal if prophylactic measures are not followed, an increased awareness of who should receive prophylaxis and when prophylaxis should be administered is necessary. Preexposure prophylaxis entails the administration of the rabies vaccine to individuals at high risk for exposure to rabies viruses (e.g., laboratory workers who handle infected specimens, diagnosticians, veterinarians, animal control workers, rabies researchers, cave explorers). Preexposure prophylaxis involves a three-dose series of the rabies vaccine that may confer some protection from the virus while simplifying postexposure prophylaxis regimens. Postexposure prophylaxis consists of a multimodal approach to decrease an individual’s likelihood of developing clinical rabies after a possible exposure to the virus. Regimens depend on the vaccination status of the victim and involve a combination of wound cleansing, administration of the rabies vaccine, and administration of human rabies immune globulin. If used in a timely and accurate fashion, postexposure prophylaxis is nearly 100% effective. Once clinical manifestations of rabies have developed, however, treatment options for rabies are limited, and to date, only seven individuals have survived rabies virus infection. Treatment of clinical rabies consists of medical support in an intensive care unit, using a multifaceted approach that includes supportive care, heavy sedation, analgesics, anticonvulsants, and antivirals.
    [Show full text]
  • A Scoping Review of Viral Diseases in African Ungulates
    veterinary sciences Review A Scoping Review of Viral Diseases in African Ungulates Hendrik Swanepoel 1,2, Jan Crafford 1 and Melvyn Quan 1,* 1 Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; [email protected] (H.S.); [email protected] (J.C.) 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +27-12-529-8142 Abstract: (1) Background: Viral diseases are important as they can cause significant clinical disease in both wild and domestic animals, as well as in humans. They also make up a large proportion of emerging infectious diseases. (2) Methods: A scoping review of peer-reviewed publications was performed and based on the guidelines set out in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews. (3) Results: The final set of publications consisted of 145 publications. Thirty-two viruses were identified in the publications and 50 African ungulates were reported/diagnosed with viral infections. Eighteen countries had viruses diagnosed in wild ungulates reported in the literature. (4) Conclusions: A comprehensive review identified several areas where little information was available and recommendations were made. It is recommended that governments and research institutions offer more funding to investigate and report viral diseases of greater clinical and zoonotic significance. A further recommendation is for appropriate One Health approaches to be adopted for investigating, controlling, managing and preventing diseases. Diseases which may threaten the conservation of certain wildlife species also require focused attention.
    [Show full text]