Ten-Year Height Growth Variation in Cake States Jack Pine

TEN-YEAR HEIGHT GROWTH VARIATION IN CAKE STATES JACK PINE

by James P, King4

Jack pine (Pin~banksiana Lamb.) is one of two western Wisconsin plantings, while seedlings the major pulpwood producing species in the Lake from the Hugo Sauer Nursery were used to estab- States. ~t is found on a variety of sites, but its out- lish four Wisconsin and five Michigan plantations, 1 standing characteristic is its ability to make early At each location a four-replicated, randomized, rapid growth on dry sandy soils. complete-block design was used. Each replication In 1951 the Lake States Forest Experiment Sta- contained a square 64-tree plohf each experimen. tion and the University of Minnesota initiated a tal seed source plus one ''ioca2" seedlot of stock seed source study of Lake States jack pine. Feder- furnished by a counmereial nursery in the same al, State, and private forestry agencies collected area as the test plantation. Because of shortages seed from 29 stands in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and within various seedlots, substitution had to be Michigan. The seedlings were used to establish 17 made in several plantings, Nevertheless, there were permanent test plantations in the three States. still 26 sources comlmon to all plantings. The loca- Several reports have already come from this &ion of these 26 sources is shown in table 1 and study. Rudolf and Jensen (1955-1958) described figure I. first- and second-year survival and second-year height growth and causes of mortality in all 17 plantings. Stoeckeler and Rudolf ( 1956 ) described Table f ,--Seed source location data seed source differences in fall coloration in the Hugo Sauer Nursery at Rhinelander. Differences between sources in susceptibility to white-pine Seed : Degrees of- weevil on the Chippewa National Forest planta- source : County : tions in northern Minnesota were reported by Batz- number ; : Latitude : Longitude er (1961). Arend et al. (1961) summarized seed source differences in 5-year height growth and MINNESmA white-pine weevil incidence in three plantings in Cass 47.40 Lower Michigan. Rudolph ( 1964) reported on dif- Cass 47,05 ferences in lammas growth and prolepsis of se- Xtasca 47.55 lected origins in four Minnesota and two Wiscon- Lake 47.75 sin plantings. Seed source differences in needle Cook 48 .OO cast infection in a southern Wisconsin and a west- St .Louis 48.03 ern Upper Michigan planting were described by Pine 45.95 King and Nienstaedt ( 1965 ). Pine 46.30 This paper describes the height growth at the Becker 47.08 end of 10 growing seasons in 11 of the 17 planta- Cass 46.75 tions. Beltrami 47.48 Xtasca 47.75 Methods In 1951 seed was collected from 29 jack pine WISCONSIN stands in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. Each 1605 Bayfield 46.75 90.95 collection was made from dominant and codomi- 1606 Forest 46.02 88.93 nant trees in a stand considered good for its lo- 1608 Burnet t 45,92 92.03 cality. 1609 Marinet te 45.28 88.00 In the spring of 1952, seed from all 29 stands 1610 Oneida 45.75 89.93 were sown in both the General Andrews State 1611 Wood 44.45 89.72 Nursery at Willow River, Minn., and in the Hugo Sauer Nursery at Rhinelander, Wis. MICHIGlW In 1954 two-year-old seedlings were used to establish 17 test plantations throughout the three 1612 Gogebic 46.22 89.20 States. Seedlings from the General Andrews Nur- 1613 Ontonagon 46.56 89.02 sery were used in the six Minnesota plantings and 1614 Alger 46.24 86.62 1615 Chippewa 46.26 84.84 1616 Mani stee 44.26 86.26 1Associate Plant Geneticist, Institute of Forest 1617 Ogernaw 44.34 84.12 1 Genetics. North Central Forest Experiment Station, 1618 Alpena 45.00 83.54 1 Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Rhinelander, Wis. 1621 Luce 46.60 85.38 1 I FIGURE1 -- Localion of seed sources used iri re- gional study, Shadeti areas show main Iia- tural range of jai%k pine (Rudolf anti ScElv-

enike 1963) a

FIGURE2. - Location of plantations measured in the fall of 1963. Shaded areas show main natural range of jack pine (Rudolf and Schoenike 1963).

In the fall of 1963, 11 of the test plantations systematically selected and measured. ( table 2, figure 2 ), then 10 years old, were mea- Only the 10-year height (measured to the near- Sured for height, dbh, form? ramicorn branching, est 0.5 foot) of the 26 sources common to the 11 forking, and the presence or absence of seven In- plantations and the local commer~ialseedlot will sects and two diseases; 16 trees on each plot were be presented here. Table 2,--Location of jack pine test plantations measured in 1963

Degrees of- : yr '8, Plantation : : Agency by : second number : County : ~orestf' : which established : stocking :1 Eat* 'ong*:(percent~2/

MINNESOTA 1 Lake Superior NF U.S. Forest Service 4'7.6 91-4 97 2 Beltrami Chippewa NF U.S. Forest Service 47.4 94-6 88 WISCONSIN 7 Burnett Burnett CF Burnett County 45.6 92.8 93 8 Washburn Mosinee IF Mosinee Pulp & Paper Mills Co. 46.2 92.0 97 9 Bayfield Chequamegon NF U.S. Forest Service 46.3 91.3 92 10 Wood Nepco IF Nekoosa- Edwards 44.2 89,8 9 3 Paper Co. 11 Forest Argonne EF U.S. Forest Service 45.7 89.0 98 12 Marinette Marinette CF Marinette County 45.6 88.0 95

MICHIGAN 13 Ontonagon Ottawa NF U.S. Forest Service 46.3 89.3 94 16 Crawford Au Sable SF Mi chi gan 44.5 84.7 97 Conserv. Dept . 17 Grand Fife Lake SF Michigan 44.6 85.4 99 Traverse Conserv. Dept.

-- 1/ NF = National Forest; CF = County Forest; IF = Industrial Forest; EF-= Experimental .Forest; SF = State Forest. 2/ Refers to percent of planted spots with thrifty trees (including replants) at end of-second growing season (Rudolf and Jensen 1958).

Results plantings with means ranging from 9.58 to 10.86 feet. The mean height of the plantation at 10 years in the field varied from 9.58 feet on the Chippewa There were significant seed source differences National Forest in northern Minnesota to 15.15 feet in 10-year height at every planting except the on the Marinette County Forest in northeastern Chippewa National Forest. The sources ranged Wisconsin as shown in the following tabulation: from a low of 25 percent below the plantation mean to 17 percent above the plantation mean Aue. height ( table 3 ). P Eantution growth (feet) Minnesota At the two plantings in Lower Michigan and Superior NF four of the Wisconsin plantings (Mosinee IF; Che- Chippewa NF quamegon NF; Nepco IF; Marinette CF), all three Michigan Lower Michigan sources ( 1616, 1617, and 1618) Ottawa NF were in the five tallest sources. At the Burnette and Au Sable SF the Ottawa NF plantings the five tallest sources in- Fife Lake SF cluded two from Lower Michigan. Wisconsin Burnette CF In the two northern Minnesota plantations and Mosinee IF one of the Wisconsin plantings ( Argonne EF ) the Chequamegon NF sources from north central Minnesota ( 1589, 1590, Nepco IF 1591, 1597, 1600, and 1601) did better as a group Argonne EF than the Lower Michigan sources ( 1616, 1617, and Marinette CF 1618). A combined analysis of data from these The six plantings in northern Wisconsin made three plantings showed no significant seed source x plantation interaction. The Argonne planting is the best growth averaging from 11.81 to 15.15 feet. The two plantings in northern Minnesota and On a site that is colder and has a much shorter the two in Lower Michigan were the four shortest growing season than the immediately surrounding area. Thus it appears that the fast-growing Lower Table 3.--Height growth of jack pine seed sources as a percent of the plantation mean

MINNESOTA

WISCONSIN 112 108 10311 95 100 105 97 103 101 104 100 93

MICHIGAN 104 lo&' 96 96 97 105 93 92 96 95 116 116 109 110 108 105

LOCAI, NURSERY 92 88 -1/ Stand collection from nearest the planting site. ** F value shows a significant difference between at least two seed sources at the 1-percent level. (Tabular F .O1 = 2.07 with 25 and 75 degrees of freedom.)

Michigan sources (1616, 1617, and 1618) are not most notable source of this interaction was the suited to areas that are colder than the average change in height growth of the northern Minnesota northern Wisconsin temperatures. (1592, 1593, 1594, and 1602) and Lower Michigan sources ( 1616, 1617, and 1618 ) between the Min- In each of the six Wisconsin plantings and the nesota and Wisconsin-Michigan planting sites. planting in the western portion of Upper Michigan ( Ottawa NF ), the best -test source -exceeded the However, other sources contributed to the in- local commercial nursery stock by 12 to 28 percent teraction as well. For example, when three Wis- in height growth. Only on the Superior NF in' Min- consin plantings (Burnette CF; Mosinee IF; Che- nesota and the Fife Lake SF in Michigan did the quamegon NF) and the planting in western Upper commercial nursery stock fail to differ signifi- Michigan ( Ottawa NF) are considered, the Lower cantly from the best source in the planting. Michigan sources ( 1616, 1617, and 1618) are the In every plantation in Wisconsin and in two best Goup and the northeastern Minnesota sources of the three Michigan plantations the seed source ( 1592, 1593, 1594, and 1602) the poorest group, collection from nearest the planting exceeded the but there is still a highly significant amount of in- commercial nursery stock in height growth (al- teraction present (F = 2.37 with 75 and 225 de- though in some plantings this difference was not grees of freedom). But since these interactions seldom involve the very best sources, they are of significant ). Since these seed source collections were from stands considered good for their area little practical consequence. whereas the commercial nursery stock was from An interesting result of these interactions is unselected stands, even phero- their effect on correlations between seed source typic selection may be worthwhile in this specles. performance and seed source climatic and geo- When data from the 11 plantations were corn- graphic factors. Were an experimenter computing bined into a single analysis, there was a significant correlations between lOyear height growth and mount of seed source x plantation interaction seed source latitude based on the Lower Michigan ( interaction variance/error variance F ratio plantations, he would find negative correlation 2-61 with 250 and 750 degrees of freedom). The (r = -.60 with 24 degrees of freedom ). 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