Recommendations and Reports of the CCIR (Geneva, 1982): Volume
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PHYS 633: Introduction to Stellar Astrophysics Spring Semester 2006 Rich Townsend ([email protected])
PHYS 633: Introduction to Stellar Astrophysics Spring Semester 2006 Rich Townsend ([email protected]) Governing Equations In the foregoing analysis, we have seen how a star usually maintains a state of hydrostatic equilibrium. We have seen how the energy created in the star through nuclear reactions, or released through contraction, makes its way out in the form of the star’s luminosity. We have seen how the physical processes responsible for transporting this energy can either be radiation or convection. And, finally, we have seen how nuclear reactions within the star, and transport processes such as convective mixing, can alter the stars chemical composition. These four key pieces of physics lead to 3 + I of the differential equations governing stellar structure (here, I is the number of elements whose evolution we are following). Let’s quickly review these equations. First, we have the most general (spherically-symmetric) form for the equation governing momen- tum conservation, ∂P Gm 1 ∂2r = − − . (1) ∂m 4πr2 4πr2 ∂t2 If the second term on the right-hand side vanishes, then we recover the equation of hydrostatic equilibrium, expressed in Lagrangian form (i.e., derivatives with respect to the mass coordinate m, rather than the radial coordinate r). If this term does not vanish at some point in the star, then the mass shells at that point will being to expand or contract, with an acceleration given by ∂2r/∂t2. Second, we have the most general form for the energy conservation equation, ∂l ∂T δ ∂P = − − c + . (2) ∂m ν P ∂t ρ ∂t The first and second terms on the right-hand side come from nuclear energy gen- eration and neutrino losses, respectively. -
Used Time Scales GEORGE E
PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, VOL. 55, NO. 6, JIJNE 1967 815 Reprinted from the PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEI< VOL. 55, NO. 6, JUNE, 1967 pp. 815-821 COPYRIGHT @ 1967-THE INSTITCJTE OF kECTRITAT. AND ELECTRONICSEN~INEERS. INr I’KINTED IN THE lT.S.A. Some Characteristics of Commonly Used Time Scales GEORGE E. HUDSON A bstract-Various examples of ideally defined time scales are given. Bureau of Standards to realize one international unit of Realizations of these scales occur with the construction and maintenance of time [2]. As noted in the next section, it realizes the atomic various clocks, and in the broadcast dissemination of the scale information. Atomic and universal time scales disseminated via standard frequency and time scale, AT (or A), with a definite initial epoch. This clock time-signal broadcasts are compared. There is a discussion of some studies is based on the NBS frequency standard, a cesium beam of the associated problems suggested by the International Radio Consultative device [3]. This is the atomic standard to which the non- Committee (CCIR). offset carrier frequency signals and time intervals emitted from NBS radio station WWVB are referenced ; neverthe- I. INTRODUCTION less, the time scale SA (stepped atomic), used in these emis- PECIFIC PROBLEMS noted in this paper range from sions, is only piecewise uniform with respect to AT, and mathematical investigations of the properties of in- piecewise continuous in order that it may approximate to dividual time scales and the formation of a composite s the slightly variable scale known as UT2. SA is described scale from many independent ones, through statistical in Section 11-A-2). -
August 2002 7:45 PM THURSDAY 8Th August 2002 Greenhills Community House NERG Inc
NERG NEWS Incorporated 1985 in Victoria Reg No A0006776V - http://nerg.asn.au August 2002 7:45 PM THURSDAY 8th August 2002 Greenhills Community House NERG Inc. At the meeting this month: PO Box 270 Greensborough • Annual General Meeting Victoria 3088 • Inside a Panel Antenna What’s on this month? This month there will be loads to see and do. For a starters it’s August so it’s time for the AGM and the election of office bearers! - That should only take up the first few minutes of the meeting so don’t be late or you’ll get elected to something . Get your agenda items and nominations in quickly. • Birthday Celebrations Next a talk by a well-known club member on the inside secrets of a high gain "panel" • Membership fees are due antenna for mobile phone towers. Later the NERG Birthday Party finishes off Membership Fees Due Now International Lighthouse & the night with the traditional Chocolate Cake A quick reminder to all NERG members that st Lightship Weekend and other goodies. 2002 fees are due from the 1 August. Fees This event runs from 10 am (local EST) are $30 single, $40 family, $20 concession, th th Finally, a reminder that memberships fees Saturday 17 to 10 am Monday 19 August, rising much less than inflation! overlapping the Australian RD contest. are due and Marg will happily accept all Send payment to our treasurer (address on contributions to keep the club going another back of NERG NEWS) or drop in to our next NERGs plans will be discussed at the year. -
Mike Zornek • March 2020
Working with Time Zones Inside a Phoenix App Mike Zornek • March 2020 Terminology Layers of Wall Time International Atomic Time (ITA) Layers of Wall Time Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) International Atomic Time (ITA) Layers of Wall Time Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) Leap Seconds International Atomic Time (ITA) Layers of Wall Time Standard Time Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) Leap Seconds International Atomic Time (ITA) Layers of Wall Time Standard Time Time Zone UTC Offset Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) Leap Seconds International Atomic Time (ITA) Layers of Wall Time Wall Time Standard Time Time Zone UTC Offset Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) Leap Seconds International Atomic Time (ITA) Layers of Wall Time Wall Time Standard Offset Standard Time Time Zone UTC Offset Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) Leap Seconds International Atomic Time (ITA) Things Change Wall Time Standard Offset Politics Standard Time Time Zone UTC Offset Politics Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) Leap Seconds Celestial Mechanics International Atomic Time (ITA) Things Change Wall Time Standard Offset changes ~ 2 / year Standard Time Time Zone UTC Offset changes ~ 10 / year Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) 27 changes so far Leap Seconds last was in Dec 2016 ~ 37 seconds International Atomic Time (ITA) "Time Zone" How Elixir Represents Time Date Time year hour month minute day second nanosecond NaiveDateTime Date Time year hour month minute day second nanosecond DateTime time_zone NaiveDateTime utc_offset std_offset zone_abbr Date Time year hour month minute day second -
1 Diocese of Harrisburg Geography of Pennsylvania
7/2006 DIOCESE OF HARRISBURG GEOGRAPHY OF PENNSYLVANIA Red Italics – Reference to Diocesan History Outcome: The student knows and understands the geography of Pennsylvania. Assessment: The student will apply the geographic themes of location, place and region to Pennsylvania today. Skills/Objectives Suggested Teaching/Learning Strategies Suggested Assessment Strategies The student will be able to: 1a. Using student desk maps, locate and highlight the 1a. On a blank map of the U.S., outline the state of state, trace rivers and their tributaries and circle Pennsylvania, label the capital, hometown and two 1. Locate and identify the state of Pennsylvania, its major cities. largest cities. capital, major cities and his hometown. On a blank map of the U.S. outline the state of 1b. Using the globe, determine the latitude and longitude Pennsylvania; within the state of Pennsylvania, outline of the state. the Diocese of Harrisburg. Label the city where the cathedral is located. 1c. Using a Pennsylvania highway map, design a road tour visiting major Pennsylvania cities. 1b. Using the desk map, identify the latitude line closest Using a Pennsylvania highway map with the counties to the hometown and two other towns of the same within the Diocese of Harrisburg marked, do the parallel of latitude. Identify the longitude nearest the following: first, in each county, identify a city or town state capital and two other towns on the same with a Catholic church; then design a road tour visiting meridian of longitude. each of these cities or towns. Using a desk map, place marks on the most-western, the most-northern, and the most-eastern tips of the Diocese 1d. -
Reception of Low Frequency Time Signals
Reprinted from I-This reDort show: the Dossibilitks of clock svnchronization using time signals I 9 transmitted at low frequencies. The study was madr by obsirvins pulses Vol. 6, NO. 9, pp 13-21 emitted by HBC (75 kHr) in Switxerland and by WWVB (60 kHr) in tha United States. (September 1968), The results show that the low frequencies are preferable to the very low frequencies. Measurementi show that by carefully selecting a point on the decay curve of the pulse it is possible at distances from 100 to 1000 kilo- meters to obtain time measurements with an accuracy of +40 microseconds. A comparison of the theoretical and experimental reiulb permib the study of propagation conditions and, further, shows the drsirability of transmitting I seconds pulses with fixed envelope shape. RECEPTION OF LOW FREQUENCY TIME SIGNALS DAVID H. ANDREWS P. E., Electronics Consultant* C. CHASLAIN, J. DePRlNS University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium 1. INTRODUCTION parisons of atomic clocks, it does not suffice for clock For several years the phases of VLF and LF carriers synchronization (epoch setting). Presently, the most of standard frequency transmitters have been monitored accurate technique requires carrying portable atomic to compare atomic clock~.~,*,3 clocks between the laboratories to be synchronized. No matter what the accuracies of the various clocks may be, The 24-hour phase stability is excellent and allows periodic synchronization must be provided. Actually frequency calibrations to be made with an accuracy ap- the observed frequency deviation of 3 x 1o-l2 between proaching 1 x 10-11. It is well known that over a 24- cesium controlled oscillators amounts to a timing error hour period diurnal effects occur due to propagation of about 100T microseconds, where T, given in years, variations. -
What Time Is It?
The Astronomical League A Federation of Astronomical Societies Astro Note E3 – What Time Is It? Introduction – There are many methods used to keep time, each having its own special use and advantage. Until recently, when atomic clocks became available, time was reckoned by the Earth's motions: one rotation on its axis was a "day" and one revolution about the Sun was a "year." An hour was one twenty-fourth of a day, and so on. It was convenient to use the position of the Sun in the sky to measure the various intervals. Apparent Time This is the time kept by a sundial. It is a direct measure of the Sun's position in the sky relative to the position of the observer. Since it is dependent on the observer's location, it is also a local time. Being measured according to the true solar position, it is subject to all the irregularities of the Earth's motion. The reference time is 12:00 noon when the true Sun is on the observer's meridian. Mean Time Many of the irregularities in the Earth's motion are due to its elliptical orbit. In order to add some consistency to the measure of time, we use the concept of mean time. Mean time uses the position of a fictitious "mean Sun" which moves smoothly and uniformly across the sky and is insensitive to the irregularities of the Earth’s motion. A mean solar day is 24 hours long. The "Equation of Time," tabulated in almanacs and represented on maps by the analemma, provides the correction between mean and apparent time to allow for the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit. -
Operation Guide 3448
MO1611-EA © 2016 CASIO COMPUTER CO., LTD. Operation Guide 3448 ENGLISH Congratulations upon your selection of this CASIO watch. Warning ! • The measurement functions built into this watch are not intended for taking measurements that require professional or industrial precision. Values produced by this watch should be considered as reasonable representations only. • Note that CASIO COMPUTER CO., LTD. assumes no responsibility for any damage or loss suffered by you or any third party arising through the use of your watch or its malfunction. E-1 About This Manual • Keep the watch away from audio speakers, magnetic necklaces, cell phones, and other devices that generate strong magnetism. Exposure to strong • Depending on the model of your watch, display text magnetism can magnetize the watch and cause incorrect direction readings. If appears either as dark figures on a light background, or incorrect readings continue even after you perform bidirectional calibration, it light figures on a dark background. All sample displays could mean that your watch has been magnetized. If this happens, contact in this manual are shown using dark figures on a light your original retailer or an authorized CASIO Service Center. background. • Button operations are indicated using the letters shown in the illustration. • Note that the product illustrations in this manual are intended for reference only, and so the actual product may appear somewhat different than depicted by an illustration. E-2 E-3 Things to check before using the watch Contents 1. Check the Home City and the daylight saving time (DST) setting. About This Manual …………………………………………………………………… E-3 Use the procedure under “To configure Home City settings” (page E-16) to configure your Things to check before using the watch ………………………………………… E-4 Home City and daylight saving time settings. -
Implementing a NTP-Based Time Service Within a Distributed Middleware System
Implementing a NTP-Based Time Service within a Distributed Middleware System Hasan Bulut, Shrideep Pallickara and Geoffrey Fox (hbulut, spallick, gcf)@indiana.edu Community Grids Lab, Indiana University Abstract: Time ordering of events generated by entities existing within a distributed infrastructure is far more difficult than time ordering of events generated by a group of entities having access to the same underlying clock. Network Time Protocol (NTP) has been developed and provided to the public to let them adjust their local computer time from single (multiple) time source(s), which are usually atomic time servers provided by various organizations, like NIST and USNO. In this paper, we describe the implementation of a NTP based time service used within NaradaBrokering, which is an open source distributed middleware system. We will also provide test results obtained using this time service. Keywords: Distributed middleware systems, network time services, time based ordering, NTP 1. Introduction In a distributed messaging system, messages are timestamped before they are issued. Local time is used for timestamping and because of the unsynchronized clocks, the messages (events) generated at different computers cannot be time-ordered at a given destination. On a computer, there are two types of clock, hardware clock and software clock. Computer timers keep time by using a quartz crystal and a counter. Each time the counter is down to zero, it generates an interrupt, which is also called one clock tick. A software clock updates its timer each time this interrupt is generated. Computer clocks may run at different rates. Since crystals usually do not run at exactly the same frequency two software clocks gradually get out of sync and give different values. -
A Century of WWV
Volume 124, Article No. 124025 (2019) https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.124.025 Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology A Century of WWV Glenn K. Nelson National Institute of Standards and Technology, Radio Station WWV, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA [email protected] WWV was established as a radio station on October 1, 1919, with the issuance of the call letters by the U.S. Department of Commerce. This paper will observe the upcoming 100th anniversary of that event by exploring the events leading to the founding of WWV, the various early experiments and broadcasts, its official debut as a service of the National Bureau of Standards, and its role in frequency and time dissemination over the past century. Key words: broadcasting; frequency; radio; standards; time. Accepted: September 6, 2019 Published: September 24, 2019 https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.124.025 1. Introduction WWV is the high-frequency radio broadcast service that disseminates time and frequency information from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), part of the U.S. Department of Commerce. WWV has been performing this service since the early 1920s, and, in 2019, it is celebrating the 100th anniversary of the issuance of its call sign. 2. Radio Pioneers Other radio transmissions predate WWV by decades. Guglielmo Marconi and others were conducting radio research in the late 1890s, and in 1901, Marconi claimed to have received a message sent across the Atlantic Ocean, the letter “S” in telegraphic code [1]. Radio was called “wireless telegraphy” in those days and was, if not commonplace, viewed as an emerging technology. -
BT-Based Landlines 2019-06-07
utilityoptions BT-based Landlines Call costs are in pence per minute (ppm) and base call costs are in pence (p), all excluding VAT. A connection call charge of 1p + base call cost, or an access charge (for 087, 084, 09 and 118 numbers) of 7ppm (included in the call costs quoted), applies. Calls are billed by the second, and are rounded to the nearest 0.1p. Destination Call cost Threshold Threshold Base call (ppm) From (sec) To (sec) cost (p) UK Local 1.4 UK National 1.4 UK National 1.4 1471 Call Return 0 19.16 Speaking Clock 0 65.9 Operator Services 0 130.34 Emergency Call 0 200 Non Emergency Number 0 32.34 Call Return 1.5 1571 Call Return 1.5 Vodafone 6.2 Orange 6.2 O2 6.2 T-Mobile 6.2 Hutchison 3G Mobile 6.2 Inquam Mobile 50.52 BT Mobile 50.52 UK Mobile fm10 41.76 12.22 VPN - Office 2 Office 0 Mobile fw1 34.54 12.22 Mobile fw2 32.74 12.22 Mobile fw3 25.02 Mobile fw4 35.32 12.22 NGN Freephone 0 NGN Local 0845 6.5 NGN National 0870 3.1 Mobile fw5 33 12.22 NGN Rate: i16 - Internet Services 11.02 NGN Rate: i15 - Internet Services 9.5 Page 1 of 38 Destination Call cost Threshold Threshold Base call (ppm) From (sec) To (sec) cost (p) NGN Rate: i17 - Calls To Internet Services 10.9 NGN Rate: ff10 - Calls To Paging Services 0 56.22 NGN Rate: ff3 - Calls To Paging Services 0 55.12 NGN Rate: ff5 - Calls To Paging Services 0 131.16 NGN Rate: ff8 - Calls To Paging Services 0 41.04 NGN Rate: ff9 - Calls To Paging Services 0 93.62 NGN Rate: G21 - Calls to 03 and 05 numbers 3.78 NGN Rate: ff1 - Calls To Premium Rate Services 0 50.92 NGN Rate: ff11 -
September 2019
JUDICIAL COUNCIL OF CALIFORNIA 455 Golden Gate Avenue . San Francisco, California 94102-3688 www.courts.ca.gov REPORT TO THE JUDICI AL COUNCIL For business meeting on: September 23–24, 2019 Title Agenda Item Type Judicial Workload Assessment: 2018 Judicial Action Required Workload Study Updated Caseweights Effective Date Rules, Forms, Standards, or Statutes Affected September 24, 2019 None Date of Report Recommended by September 10, 2019 Workload Assessment Advisory Committee Hon. Lorna A. Alksne, Chair Contact Judicial Council staff Kristin Greenaway, 415-865-7832 Kristin Greenaway, Supervising Research [email protected] Analyst Office of Court Research Executive Summary The Workload Assessment Advisory Committee (WAAC) recommends that the Judicial Council adopt the proposed Judicial Workload Study updated model parameters that are used as part of the formula for assessing judicial need in the trial courts. The council previously approved the Judicial Workload Study in 2001 and 2011; the current update accounts for changes in the law and practice that have affected judicial workload since the last study update in 2011. The recommendation also reflects direction from the Judicial Council, at its July 18, 2019 meeting, to perform additional analysis to ensure the model best represents courts of all sizes. Further, WAAC recommends that the council approve an updated Judicial Needs Assessment per Government Code section 69614(c)(1) based on the new judicial workload measures and the established methodology for prioritization of judgeships. The updated needs assessment would replace a preliminary version that was completed in 2018 using workload measures developed in 2011. Recommendation The Workload Assessment Advisory Committee recommends that the Judicial Council: 1.