Refashioning Iran Orientalism, Occidentalisln and Historiography
Mohamad Til akoli-Targhi 11.~~o(i(/te Profe~!>or ofHistoriograpll)' CllId Middle Easlem History !IIi/lOh Stale UII ivers it) , Normal, Illil/oi.1
agrave © Mohamad Tavakoli-Targhl 2001
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ISBN 0-333-94922---6
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources, A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Tavakoli-Targhi, Mohamad, 1957- Refashioning Iran: Orientalism, Occidentallsm, and historiography / Mohamad Tavakoli-Targhi. p. em, - (St. Antony's series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-333-94922---6 (cloth) 1. Iran-Historiography. 2. Orientalism-Iran. 3. Nationalism -Iran. 4. Historiography-Iran. 5. Historiography-India. I. Title. II. 5t Antony's series (Palgrave (Firm)) 05271,5.1382001 95s'.007'2---dc21 2001035430
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 321 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire For lennifel~ Azadelz, and A(sal1eIJ Contents
Prefac€' and Ackl10wledgments IX
IVaI!'.'> all ROlllallizm;on 11/111 Date· xvi
Modernity, Heterotopia, and HOlUeles Texts 1 Modernity and heterotopia 1 Discur ive affinitie of nationalism and Orientalism -l Homeless texts B Decolonizing historical imagination IS
2 Orientalism's Genesis Amne ia 18 /\ genealogy of Orientalism 111 The Columbus of Oriental tudies 20 Jones and the affinity of languages 23 lntertextuality and postcolonial historiography 31 .3 Pcrsianate Europology 3S Perspectival knowledge 3S Persianate vOY(ilsJellrs 31'\ The anthropology of modern Europe 44
4 Imagining European Women 54 FaTallgi women S4 Comparing women 61 Libertine women 6S Narrative plots and the scapegoating of women 70 Seeing one. elf being seen 74 S Contested Memories 77 ~arrative emplotment 77 Islamicating history 7R Recentering Iran 1-;6 6 Crafting National Identity 96 Envisaging Llistory 96 Restyling Persian 104 7 Patriotic and Mauiotic ationalism 113 V(/tall-centered discour e 113
vii VIii ,l)lIlmls
Nationalized subjec.tivity 116 :-.lational-public sphere 118 Maternal homeland (17Iadar-i valan) 122 1atr[otlc scntiment\ 127
B Po tscript 3S
144
Se/ecl BibJiograph)' 187
Index 211 Notes
Preface and Acknowledgments
1. I)ariush Shayegan, Clt/tllml Schlzopllf(!IIia: lsll1l/lic Societies COllfrontlllg the West, traus.john Howe (Londo/1: Saqi Boob, 1992),12. 2, Riza Davari AIdilkani, 51Iilllllll117'/ az Tar/kll-! GhariJLlliligl-i Ma: Val-! KUl1Imi-i Ta{{/kJwr dar [nlll (Tehran: Surush, 136311984)),88. 3. Juan Cole, "Invisible Occidentallsm: I;tghteenth-Century Indo-Persian Con structions of the 'West," lrallillll IlId!e~, 25: 3--4 (1992), 3-16; MehrLad BoroujcrdLlmllil11l Intel/ectllals alld lIle We t; nil' Tormented Triul/lph Or .. olil'isl/I (Syrac~ e, l\Y: )"T
Chapter 1 Modernity, Heterotopia, and Homeless Texts
I. ,ec Lorraine Da ton, "Ilistoricill Ephtemology," in Qilestioll~ or Evidence: l'rllOf, Practice, iJnd Per-wasion I1rro~~ tile l>/scipJinO's, ed. james Chandler, Arnold DaVidson, and Harry Harootunian ( hie-ago: University of Chicago Press, 1991),282-9, 2, On the Huss rlian concept of "sedimentation" 5(' Frnesto Laclau, ,"ie.1' Ref?e( tiom 011 the Rel'ollilioll arOur Tillie (London: Verso, 1990), 3-i. ~. For in tance see Ilenedict Ander~()n, Imag/Iled CIJIIlII1lIllWeS; Re(l('cti()l1.~ on tlIe Origills I1Ild 5prerlll or Nationalism, rev. edn (New York: Verso, 1991); l'artha .hatlerjee, TlIe 1 atioll IIl1d Us Fmglllent~: Colol/ial allrl Po,"twIOlliu/ HiS/rlrie.1 (Princeton, N]: I'rinceton University Press, 1993). 4. Reinhart KoselJeck, Fliture'. I'll~t: 01/ tlte Semantics or lJi\toriml Tillie, trans. Keith Tribe (Cambridge, />.lass.: IT Press, 19H5), 276. Friedrich iet7.... <:hc, B<')'ond lood (ll/d £l'il, trilns. 1arianne 'owan (1955; South Bend, Ind.: Clateway, 191i7), 210-1 J, 146-50. 6. Karl Marx, "Speech at the AnnIversary of the People'S Paper," in The Marx IonSds R('ruler, 2nd edn, ed. Roberl Tucker (. ew York:W. W. 'orton & Com pany, 197H), 577-8. 7. KoseJle 'k, Futures }'mt, 287. 8. For instance ee Enrique Ous'el, "Eurocentrism and 'vjout'mity," Roum/ary, 2: 20/3 (1993), 65-76; idem., The Ullder;ide or .Wodmllt)'." Apel, Riweur, H.urty, j'n)'lor, IIlId the Philosoph)' ofL/beratioll, tram. Eduardo Mendieta ( ew jersey: Humanities Press, 1(96); Dipesh Chakrabarty, "Postcoloniality and the Arlifice of Hi tory: Who Speak~ for 1ndian' Pasts?" R('pre~elltlltiOIl, 37 (Winter 1992), 1-26.
144 N()te~ l-!S
9. Max \Veber, Till' Prot~tmll Etltic IlIIel tile Spirit OrCaPllLllism (. ew YOrk: Scribner. 1958), 25; .lOrgen Haberma~, TIle Plillosuplli«11 Discoul) o( Modem it}': Twell"(! Lc'CtJlre\, trans. Frederick G. Lawrence (Cambridge. Mas .: MIT Pres, 19 7),1. 10. ror instance ~ee Bernard Lewi , "The Impact of the West," in Ilrl' [I/wrgell(e orAfoell!fIJ Tllrke,I' 2nd edn, London: Oxford nivef it)' Pre~\. 1961).40-73; Leonard Binder. "The, 'alUral Hi tOl) ot Development fheol)·. with a Dhcordant 'ote on the liddle East." in Islamic" Liberalism: A CdtiiJli(' of /)('l'elo{lII/('JIt Ideology (Chicago: Univer\ity of Chicago Press, 1988), 24-84: Habermas. PIIJlo50plricIII DI. WLifle Ilt Model7lity, 2. I I. G. E. von ,runebaum. Modem 1~/tI/1I: The Searcll for euUural Identity (Berke ley, Cal.: University of California I're!>S. 1962),248 8. 12. Stuart Hall, "The \'Ii st and tile Re,t: Oiscour~e and Power." in Modemit)': All fntroductifJII 10 .\Iodt'm So([{'/iel, ed. Wart HaJJ. David Held. Don H Ibert. and Kenneth nlOl11pson (Cambridge, Ma S.: mach' II, 1996). 184-227: J M. Roberts, Tltl? Triumpll 01 tllf We\t (London: BBC Publication, 1985), particu larl, 194-202. I:"l. Hall," the We t and the Rest," 187. 'f he dichotomy, lhe West and the Rest, \Va' originall, forillulated by Marshall Sahllns in his Clilture (/Ild I'mclical ReClsOII (Chicago: Univer lty of Chjcago ress. 1976). H. Iiali. 'The We t and the Re I." 221. IS. Michel foucault, "Of Other SpaL(~s", Viacrilic.\, 16: I (Spring 1986), 22- ; quotes on 2-1 and 27. 1(;. Stephen Toullllln, CIJ~II/opoli~: TIll! Hlddm Agmda of Modl'mil '. 2nd cdo (Chicago: University of Chlcago Press. 1992), 28. 17. Toulmin, Coslllop(/Ii~, 28.
1,. for instance see Judith ShkJar, I IOl/tcsqlliell (Oxford: xlord niv r~ity Pres, 1987). 3U. 19. The firs! edition of Tire Persiall Lf'//NS was publisht'd in 1721. In I.ettt'r 91, documenting this ('vocative ontext, '!ontesquieu noted: "There has appeared a personage got up as a Persian ambassador. who l1a~ in 01 ntl) played a trick 011 the two greatest kings in tile world." <;ee TIl(' I'erlioll Lmer . trans. . J. Bells Wew York: Penguin, 1973). 172-3. 20. Marla Ro a l\fenocaJ, The ,lmbic Role in AI('dl....·al Literary History: ,I Forgottl!/ I/t'fitage (Philadelphia: Universit) of Pennsylvania Press. 1987).2. 21. I\nn Stoler, RII((' alld tile Etilicaliol/ Of /)1' \ irl': fOUCIlult's HI)/ory of ('xualitl' IIlid tile ColOllial Order of17lillsqOurham, 'C: Duke Univer Ity I'ress, 1995), 15. On "laboratory of modem!t "see Paul Habinow, Frl'l1c/I Modem: 801111\ unci Fon1lS of tile Social £III'lrolllll('//t (Cambridge, "lass.: Press. 1989), 289 and 317. 22. for example see Rabino\\'. I-rmcll Modem; Sldn ) MJnt7.. IVI?C'tlli!\\ awl Power ( ew York: Viking, 1985); Timothy Mitchell. Colollizing egypt rBerkele~·. Cal.: Univefslly of California Pre,>\ 1991); Uda)' Mehta, l.ib/!m/llll alld Elllpirf: Cl Stud)' 111 Nine(eclTtlr-(CIlIIIfY Uriti oil Uber<11 TiloIlS/H ( Illcago: Univer slty of Chicago Press, 1999); icholas B. Oirks, "Introduction: Colonialis n anti C IHure," in <":0/0111011.\1/1 mill Cllltl~re (Ann rbor: Univer~it of Michigan Pre,,>, 1992). 2:t toler. RacE' IIlId tile Educatiol/ at IJe\lr/!. 16. 24. Rabino\\'. [rellch Modem. 289. 25. Ander on, imagined CVI11I11/11lltie\, 47-65; quote on 50 (emphasis in original). 26. Stoler, Rllce! lind tile EdumUolI of Delir/!, 195. 146 ,I\T(}(f\
27. According to Toulmin, ""In four fundamental ways ... 17th-centur' phi1()~o phers set asjdf the long-standing preoccupation of Renais ance humanism. In particular, they disclaimed any seriom interest in four different kinds of practical knowledge: the oral, the particular, the locaL and the limely" (CO\ mopolis, 30). 21'. !-or an critique of modern Indian historiography ~ee Chakrabarty, ""I'ost coloniaJily and the Artifice of History," 1-26, 29. johanne Fabian defines the denial of coevalness as "a persistent alld }'stelll aUe tendellcy to place tile refercllt(.) o(anthropolo;.:y in a Time otller tilim till.' 1'1'1' sellt o(tile producer or antllropological Iii, cOllr~e [emphasis in origina I). " See his Time alld the Otiler: fiow AII/ilropolos;, Makes lis OIJjeet (N('w York: Columbia University Press, \983),31- 30 For iIlStance see ,,),hmad Ashraf. "Historical Obstacle' to the Development of a Bourgeo! ie in Iran," in Stl/dies ill the Ecollolllie fiistory of tile Middle Ea t: From tile J
" fukhustin Mam-j Falsafah-'I Jadld-i Charbl bah Zaban-! Far i/' fraIl Namch, 9: I (Winter 1991), 9R-IOR. 42. Faraydun Adamlyat, Andislwh.'i TarralJi va HI/kuma/-i QamUl: 'Asr-i Sipah\l/lar nehran: Khwarazmi, J35 1/1972), 17 and 18. 4:'{. On GolJineau' anti- emllism see Peter Pulzer, '1 he Rise or Political AII/i Semi/i5111 ill (,ennon)' lind til/stria ( ew ork: Wiley, 1964). 44. Arl hur. (;omle de de Gobineau, I.es rclt~iom t't plli/osopllil" till 11.1 I'A I'ie i'IItrale (ll'aris: GaUimard, 19571), 9l:l, 110-4; idem, Troi5 aIlS ('II l15ic, d,' ]&55 a 185R (Paris: E. Leroux, 1905). 45. Kamran l\rjoma11d, "The Emergence of Scientific Modemity in Iran: COl) troversies Surrounding Astrology and Modem A<;tronomy in Mid-Nineteenth Century," franillll Sll/rlie.I, 30: 1-2 (Winter/Spring 1997), 15. 46. Ibid., S-24. ,17. l3ayat, Imn\ Fir,11 Revolutioll, 37. 48, Arjomand, "Fmergence of Scientific Modemity," 17. -19. Edward Said, Oriell/alism (New York Pantheon Books, 1978),2-3. .-0, fl. Bau, ani. "The Qajar Period: an Epoch of Decadence?/i ill (lajar lral1: I'olit· icol, Social, ami Clllwral Changc), 1800-1925, ed. Edmond Bosworth and Carloe Hillenbrand ( osta 1esa, Cal.: Mazda, 1992), 2S.')-60. 51. See Said, Orielltll/isl1I, 322. 52. Michel Foucault, "What i~ Enlightenment," in Ell/in, SII!J;,;clivify, rind TfII/h, ed. Paul Rabinow, trans. Rohert l-lucley and others (Kew York ('w Press, 1994),303-19; quotes on 312,309-10, and 309-10. 53. Mahdi Akhavn Salis, "Akhir-l Shahnamilh'" In IIk/lir-i Slmlllltlllmll, 8th edll (Tehran: Intisharat-j Murvilrid, 1,{63/1984). 79-86, quote on 85, 54. "Anjuma.n-i Ma'arif," Miftah al-Zarar, 2: 12 (22 Marcll 1899),182-3. 55. Fran~ois Bernier. 'Tralnl.1 ill the MUSIII Empire, AD 1656-1668, trans. Archibald Comtallle, rev. by Vincent Smith (I.ondon: Oxford University Press, 1914; New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers, 19R9l, 324-5. Danlshmand Kllan, abo known as Muhammad ShaH, was born in Jran and went to urat, India, in 1646. Shah Jahan appointed him as a flakb hi (military paymaster) and granted him the title of Danisllmalld Khan, AJamglJ appointed him as Gov ernor of Shah Jahan I\bad or New DeIhl. where he died in 1670, William Harvey was a lecturer at the Royal College of Ph)' Icians and discovered the circulation of blood. Jean Pecquet discovered the con\"ersion of ch~ Ie into blood. 56. Raymond. chwab, rhe Oriel/tal R,'lwissnllce: EllroJlI"~ DisClJl'NY 0rJllrlia (llld 011' fa,lt, 1680-1880, tran _Gen Patterson-Black and Victor Reinking (New York: Columbia University P(ess, 1984), 142-6. 57, Bernier. Travels ill tile MOSlil Empir!!, quotes on 324-5 and 352-3. 58. Samsam al·Davdah Shahnavaz Khan. Ma'asir aI-VII/lira, ed. Maulavi ' bd aI-Rahim and MauJavl Mirza Ashraf 'Ali (Calcutta: siatlc Soc!et)1 of Bengdl, 1892) 2: 30-2; quotes on 32. 59. Fran<;ois Bernier to M. Caron (10 March 1663) in Fran~ois Marlin, Fml1l;ois Martill Mell1oirt'5: Trcll'el.1 to A(rica, PNsiil & !tulia, trans. Aniruddha Ray (Calcutta: Subilrnarekha, 1990), 5'\6-66' quote on 548. 60. This I'('rsian translation of the Ul'lilli~f/llds was rendered into French ilnd Latin by AnquetiJ-DuperrolJ in 1801-2, 61, Martin, FTIll/rob Martill Ml1moire , 441-2. 148 Note~
62. Pietro del1a Valle, Vil/ggl di PiI'fro rlelll/ Valle iI pellegrino (Roma: Appresso Vitale MaseardL 1650; Brighton, 18431. 32~; cited in /\rjomand, "Emergence of S ientllie Modernity," p. 7; John D. Curney, "Pietro Della Valle: the Umit of Perception," Blllletill of the dlOol o{ Orielltal 11/11 llfrlcllII Stlldie~ (1986), 103-16, particularl. 112. O~. On the 7.ij-i Muhammad Shahl ~ee William Hunter, "Some Account of the ,istronomlcal labou[~ ofJaha inha, Raja of Ambhert', or jayanagar," Asiatic Society,S (1799), 177-210, rllis article includes the Persian preface of the Zi j and its Englisll lranslatlon, 64. I'hillJpe de La Hire (1640-1718), 7alm/al! astnJllollllcue ... (I'aris: Apud S. Michal1et. 1687; Pari~: Apud joannem Baudot, 1702). 65. Muhammad 'Ali Mubashshir Khan, Manahij III-lsflkhmj (Unpubli~hed manu cript: Kitabkhanah-'i Aslan-i Qud -i Ralavi, # 12302). On the influence of de 1a H.ire see Virendra Natl1 Sharma, "Z'ij Muhammad Shahi and 1I1e Tables of de La Hire," Indioll [ounlal o(History o{Sclef/Cf, 25: 1--4 (1990), 36--41. 66. Many copies of Zij-i Muhammad h lill are available ill Iranian libraries_ One of the earliest editions is reported "to be extant" in the library of Madrasab-'i 'Ali-i SipaJlsalar, which was renamed after the 1979 Revolution a, Madrasah-'i 'Ali-i Shahid Mutahhari. See . M. Razaullah An ari, "Introduc tion of Modern Western Astronomy in India lIuring 18-19 f:enturie I" in Hlstor)' of AstrOl/omy In {lidia, ed. _ N. Sen and K. S. Shukla (New Delhi: Indian 'ational cienc" Academy, 198.5),363-402; quote on .164. 67, 'Ahhas Mazda, "Nufuz-i Sahk-i l mpa'l dar -aqashi-i Iran", Payam-I NUll, 2: 10 (1325 11 9-1-6]), S9-72, particularly 61; Husayn Mahhubi Ardakani, Tarlkh-i Muassa at-I Talllaclrhm/-i lar/it! Dar Imll (Tehran: /\njumall-i Danish iuyan-i Danishgah-i Tihran, 13.54-136811975-19891), 1: 234. The claIm of Muhammad Zaman's travel to Europe i~ refuled by the Russian Orientalists igor AkimushkJn. See AbolaJa Soudavar, "European ancllndlan Influence ," in Art o{ tl/{: Pers;rll/ Courts: Seilxtiol1s frolll the Art (11/(1 Hiltory Tn/st Collectiun (New York: RiLLoli International Publications, 1992), 365-79, particularly Ln, #16, 379. for a critical evaluation of the controvers. over Muhammad Zaman's career see A, . 1 anov, "[ Tadirah-'j I)awran Muhammad Zaman." in IJavazdrJ/J Rllkh: Yadlligar! 117 VawllLtlal1 Natjasll-i Nadiml1krJr-1 [mil, trans. Ya'qub zlland (Tehran: Intisharat-i Mawla, 1377/1998),313-28. 68, Mir 'Abll ai-LallI Shushtari, TJlh(at al-'A/alll va Layl al-Tuh{ah, ed. Samad Mu ahhid ([Rombay: ~.n., 1847J; -Iehran: Tahuri, 1363/1984),363-7. See also: amon, mous, " n Account of the Life and Character of 'lofu7el Hus~ein Khall, the Vakeel. or ,\mbassador, of lhe Nabob Vizj!.'r As~of-Ud Dowlah, at Calcutta, During the Govemment of MarqUis Cornwalli~," Tile Asiatll All/lllell Re,g/\tc:r, (1803), Character., 1--8, quote on I. 69, "An Account of the We and Character of Totuzel Hus<,ein Khan," 1. 70, nuben Burrows Ivas supp(}~ed to write "notes and explanations" to Tafazzul ilusayn Khan'~ translation of ewton'~ Principia. ccordIng to the Asiatic JIIl/I11al Reg/\tl'r, ·'The trail lation was finished, but it has not bc\'.n printed; and we believe Mr. Burrows never added the annotation he mentions." See " ..<\11 Account of the Lifl" and Character of Towel Hussein Khan," Chdracters, 7. Mir '/\bd aI-Latif Shushtari noted that TafazzuJ Husayn Khan aquired his knowledge of European philosoph (1Iikil1niyllt-i ranl11g) from Mr Burrows (TII/I{trt al-'Alam, 371). On Ruben Burrows see Asiatic Resl'Qrches, 2 (1790), -1-89. Note~ 149
71. Tafa72ul Hu ayn Khan, who "wrote the Per ian language with uncommon elegance," had been appointed by Ilastings to accompan~ David Anderson to MalJajee . cindiah. According to David Ander~on, Husayn Khan learned English from "my brother. ~Ir. Blaine" and European mathematics and astroJlom)' "from his communication with the learned Mr. Broome." In 1792, upon it friend' request, Anderson had asked TaIaz7UJ Husa n Khan to inquire about "the ancient astronomy of lhe Hindus." All quotes aTl~ fwm a INler by David Anderson published in "An Account of the LU'e and Cha(acter of Tofuzcl Hussein !
82. William Hunter, U Account of the Aslronomical L<1bou r of ]aya Sinha, Rajah of Alllhl1C're, or Jayanagar," Asiatic R".lenrc/lI;s Or Tra/1sar.tiullS o( the Sodet)' IIlI/ill/ted il/ 8('ogal, 5 (1799), 177-211. 150 Notes lB. Other texl on modern dences, particularly a_,tronomy, ind1lt1e Muham mad ISIll3'i1 Landani's In_~hll al-adrak fi haTh al-at7nk, available at Dar al-1Jlulll Nadwat al-lJlallla, radiI' 3, no. 4; Muhammad)')'ub's Risalah dar 71111-i Nlljlllll (1801/1216), available al the Kiluda TIakhsh Oriental Public Library, (Ace, 334); Sayyid Ahmad 'Ali', Mllqaddamat-i /l1II-i Hn)'at (Calculla: n,p.. ll.d.), and Rathan Singh Zaklltul Lakhnavi'~ Hadill'li] al-Nlljw/I (1838). El-i. Muhammad Rafi" ai-Din Khan, 'UlIJdat al-Mulk, Ra{i' ill-Basar (Calcu tta: C. V. William I'r 5S, 1841), 85. ror a discussion of Martyn see 'Abd al-Hadi lla'iri, Ilkill/still Hllyomyil1a-yi r\m!i IwhSCl(QI1-i Iran ba 1)11 Rural/-'i Tal/lilddlill-i Bllrzlwl'Clzi-i GlltJrb (Iehran: Amir Kabu, 1367), 507-l-5, 86. For Martyn', PersliJn translation of the New Testament ee Kirilb al-Mllqad lias va Hilwa Klltllb-i al-'Aild-i al-Jadid-i Kllllda\llmd VI1 RnlwllnTldlll/-'i Ma 'ha-'i Masil1/The Nell' fe lalllellt a(Ollr I.urd Saviollf 11'.1/\ Cllrist] (London: TIle Brit ish and foreign Bible ociN,. 1876). 87. Afza1-ul-U1ama Muhammad Yousuf Kokan, limbic alld Persia II ill Carnaric, 1710-] 960 (Madras: Hafi7-3 llollse, 1974), 3-iQ----4, 88. Ibid., 3-i0-4 and 345-8. 89. Malcolm, Hi tof')' u(Penil1, 2: 5536-537), 90. .lame, B. !'raser, Nrml1tiw ofa {ollmey into Klwm,wlII ... (Lonuon: I.ongman, 1825>. respectivelv 152-3,282, and 484. 91. Muhammad Qazi b. KaSl1if ai-Din Muhammad Aruakani, TIII/filll.'i Mllha/ll lTIadi.vall, (Mashh Chapter 2 Orientalism's Genesis Amnesia 1. On "genesis amnesia" see Pierre Bourdieu, Olltline ot II Theory ot I'mctice. trans. Richard Nice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), 79. 2. Raymond Schwab, Tile Oriental RCllaiswl/lce: Europe", Discover!' of India alld the East, 1680--1880, tran. ene Patters ,~, Bernard Lewis, TIle Mil 'lim DisC01'CIY 01" Ef/ropl' (New York: W. "'1/. Norton, 1982), 142, 168, and 170, In Lewis's aceau nt, Uli]t Is not until the 1820s that or the first time we find in Egypt translatioll. of Western books ... " (170). ·t flemard Lewis, 1~1(//1/ lind tlte Wesl (Nel'.... York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 123-~. :i. G. E. Von Grunebaulll, Modem Islam: The Search {or CI/ltuml Jrlcllti '(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962), 233---4 and 23-1-5. 6. Edward Said, Oriel/ta/islII (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978), respect- Ively 204, 160, SO, 20-1. 7. Lcwi~, /slaml1/ld tlte We. I, 125. R. . aid, OrientalislfI, 2. 9, Max MOUer, "Preface to the Sacred Books of the East," ill The Upalli.l/wds, trans. 1-. Max MUlier (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1879; Delhi: Motilal I:lanarsi d as.'> , 1965), xvii. 10. Schwab, Tile Oriental Renaissa1/ce, 'J 58. II. ror an erudite accowlt ot' Allquetil-Duperron'S resid nce in India ~ee Jivanjl Jamshedji 1'vlodl, "Anquetil Du Perron of Paris-India as Seen by Him (1755 60)," in Anql/etillJu Pl>rroll and Oastur DamiJ (Bombay: rimes o(lndia, 1916)/ 1-69. 12. In conventional accounts of this relalionshlp Anquetil Is often licmi7ed while his educators are demeaned. For In tanee ~ee Martin 11aug, Till' Parsi,l: Essays 011 Their Sacred Language, Writings and IMiJiol1, rev. 1<, W. \ est (lIos ton, Mas\.: Houghton, Osgood, 1R78; "Jew Delhi: Cosmo ublications, 1978), 17-18. For a critical analy 1<; of l-\nqUl:'lit-Duperron's exaggeratiom and self-gloriflcation see Ji anji Jamshedji Modi, "Anquetil I)u Perron of Paris and Dastur Drab of ural," in Anquetil Du Perron lind Dllstl/r Damb, 7U--I·!l. 13. Schwab, Ti,e Oriental RCllai.jSI/JIct', 7. 14. According to Schwab, "An Oriental !(enals ance - a second Renaissance, in conlrast to the first: the expre~sion and the th me are familiar to the Romantic writers, for whom the term is interchangeable with Indic Renais sance. What the cxpres~ion r fers to is the revival of an atmosphere in the ni11eteenlh cntury brought about by Ule arrival of SansJcrH texts in Europe, which produced an effe t equal to that produced ill the fifteenth century by the arrival of Greek manuscrIpts and Byzantine commentator after the fall of Constantinople," S e Schwab, Tile Oriental Rmais Ilnce, 11. 1,~, Abu al-Faz.! Allami. The A-in-i Akhari, trans. II. Bloc;hmani edited by D. C. Phillott (Calcutta: [Royal] Asiatic Society of l3engal, 1872-7; Oell1i: Low Price PublicaUom, 1989), 1: 110-12. 16. I-or Persian translation of 5amkrit works see Fathullah Mu]tabal, "Persian Hindu Writings: Their cope and Relevance." in Aspect of Hindu Mllslim Cllinlml Relatiom (New Delhi: laUonal Book Bureau, 1978); Shllram Sharm, A IJescriptive J3ibliogmplly or Sl/l7\krit Works ill Peniall (H, derabad: AbuI Kalam Azad Oriental Research Institute, 198Z); N. S. , hukla, uPer~ian Trans· lations 0 Sanskrit Works." Illdologimi Stl/dies,.{ (1974), 175-91. 17, Cited In Mujtabai, Aspects li(Hindu MI/slim ClIllI/fell Rell/tion~, 66, 18. Quoted from a tatemenl b Emperor /\kbar appearing in Mir Jamal ai-Din Jill ayn InjLI Shira7i, Farl1tlllg-i jaJul/Igiri, cd. Rahim 'Aflfj (Mashhad: Danish gah-i Mashhad, 1354/1975),4. The full text of kbar's statement appears in 152 Not~1 J. J. Modi. "Notes on AlIljuetile Du Perron (1755-61) on King Akbar and Dastur Meh rii Rana" in Uilltril/lltiOl/s on Akbar and the Parsees, eel. fl. 1'. Ambashthya (Pat nil: Janaki Prakashan, 1976), 1-16, particularly 6. 19. V.•. Ghate, "Persian Grammar in Sanskrit," TIl(' inrlion Al/riqwlI}' (jalluary 1(12), -1--7. 20. Mirza Kilall ibn I-akhr a -Din Muhammad, Jilllflll ai-Hind, ed. ur ai-Hasan An\ari Nel LOn with Borrow, & means to translate the Prillcipla into Nabick." See "ro vVilJiarn Stellil!l," in Letters of Sir Wiilimll 10l"/es, no. 520, 838-40. On Taf Bahram. wa, /l a confidenUal servant of C:arim Khan IZand) ..... (Jones, "Remark by the Pre Ident," Work.I, supplement I: -143--4). 35. for instance Shushtari noted that Jone\ had written a ("ommen ary on Muhammad 'Ali IlaLin a nd aSKed him "to note the deficiencies and exec'ss" (Tllllflit al"..{/(/IIi, :~70). 36. See Letterl of Sir William }onel, Ln. 110. I, 659. '/IIi Ibralli m Khan provided Jones with a cop of TI/llral III-Hind, which he used in writing /IOn tile Musical Modes of the I-Ijndus." in lVorks. I: 413-!3. See :-Jur al-llasan Amari, "Muqaddimah··i mu ahhah." In f'1I1r{i/t nt-IIi/iii, -II. 37. Ln a letter to Charles Wilkins dated 17 Septemher 1785, )Ol1es wrote, "'In the meantime, pray tell Mohhammed Ghauth, that ... I wish him 10 set about the Inscription from Gaia, whicl1 you ,0 onderflllly deciphered ... " (LrI tcn ofSir HlJllialll !olles, 682). .18. He was the author of Siyar 1I1-llIIita'aklllrlll, which was published a, II Tmlls !atiOlI or till! Sf'ir Mutaqlurrill; or View uf Modem Times (Cal utta, 1799; C..alculla: T. D. Chatterjee, 1902). 39. 011 the last five scholars see Junes's letter to "Ihe first 1IlarqUls of Corm,'al lis, Governor-Gener,11 of Bengal In ouncil," date I 13 April 1788, in J.elter~ or Sir Willialll !Ollfj. letter no. 487, p. 802. ..0. See Letters ofSir William IOllfS, letter no. 46.5, p. 62. -41. Jane, to ChClt!es Wilkins. 17 September 1785, in ! elters ofSir William !Ollf'.~, 683. 42. Mlrza Itesa Modeen, Slrigurf Nellnall ! Ve(a(it, ()r Excellml Jlltelllg('//ce COil (emillg Ellrope; Heing tire ! CClwls or Mirza lIe_In Modl!('lI, i11 Grc;<1t Britaill and Frallce, trans. jame.s Edward Alexander (london: Parbury, Allen. 1827), 65-6. 43. ~ee Mjrza Itesa Modeen, iliglllt Nrll/lIIll, 6-1-5, +4. The ediior ofJones', Wor has identified the "foreign nobleman" as Baron Reviskl. _ee jones, Wurks, I: Ln. 129, 45. \NlIliam jones, A Gramlllar ot tllf! Pl'r ian LallSllage (Lundon: W. and . Hich ardson, 1771), xvi-xvii. 154 Notl',1 4b, According to Arberry, "[arl in 1768 jone~ made the aquaintance of COllnt ReviC7kj, al that tillle resident ill London, and was delighted to hail him a fellow-admirer of Persian poetry." See A J- Arberry, "The FOWlder: William .lones," jn Oricl1wl E~s{/)'s: POr/mig or even, cllOlar\ (London: Geoge lien &: Unwin, 1960),48--86, quote on SO. I'or jones's correspondences with Revic 7.ky, see Letters ofSir Wi/limn!olles, letlers 110. 2 (1768), 4-5; no..1 (April 1768), 6--) 2; no. 4 (1768), 12-13; no. 9 (Nov. 1768), 20; no, 28 (1770),49-51; ne . ]0 (May 1770).52-4; no. 32 (1770), 56--62; no. 46 (1771),82-7; no. 58 (1771), 105-9; no, 101 (1775). 179-80. Also see Garland Cannon, Orientnl InIlI'S: A Bio~mphy or Sir William !Ollf',\. J746-1794 (New York: Asia Publishing House, 1964), H-l , 47, Canllon. Orit.'1llal!lllIes, 10-13; S. f\i. Mukherjee, 'ir IVilliCll71 jOlles: A Stilet)' III Eis1ltf'ellth-Clillhll)' Rrltisll Attitlldes to [llclia (Cambridge: Cambridge Univer sity Press, 1968), 22-3. It is probable tllat the '0 call d "S rlan teacher" of Jones was no otller than Mirza l'tisam aI-Din. 48. jones, A Crollll//eir o(tl1e PersialJ LmIS/Jag/;" xiv. 49. On the limitation of JaIl S'\ knowled Te of Per 'ian se~ Garland H, CannOIl, "Sir William jones's Persian Linguistics," Orl(:lltal oriet)', 78 (1958), 262-7:), Also reprinted in Thomas A. Sebeok, Pe)rtmib uf LillgIlLe,ties: .4 Biograpllicul ollree Book tor 1111: Hi-I/OT}' or We tern Ul1gllis/ie" 77.J6-1963 (Westport, Conn.: Greenlvood Pre s, 1966), 36-57. SO, Jone', A Crollllllar 0(1111' Pasinn L(lIIl/lUge, w. SI. William Jones, Letlre (] lv[olLSieur J1 H du 1"", dam larjllel/c est COl11pris l'exC/lI/eli de sa trellillclim! des livre, attribllfs a :Comastre (London, 1771). For 'ummarie, of thl cnntrov~rsy see AIthUI D, Waley, "Anquetil I)uperron and Sir William Jones," History Todoy 2 Uanuary 1952), 23-33; Ilaug, Tile Pemis, 18-23; Max Muller, "Introduction" in rile Zelld-,ivestll, xiv-xxv; Ldward G, Brown, A Literary Hisror)' or Persia: Frail/ tile Earliest Times IIIl/il f-'irdllw,li (New York: Cilaries Scribner's Son, 1902).44-59; Cannon. Orielltal IVlle\,14-15. 52. Jones, "The History of the !'erm\n l.anb'lJage," in Works. 11: ' 03-28. quote on 306. ,'i:t Jones continued, "BUl let the rosy-cheeked French III an, to give him his own Epithet, rcst happy' in the cOIl/emplatiOIl of ilis p('{sollal beelut)', eJlld the vast extent or hi.1 lenmlng: it I sufficient for us to have cxposed his fol1le~, detected his imposture, and retold his in ectives, without inm!ting a fallen adver\ary, or attempting, like tile Hero in Dryd,'IJ's Ode, to \Iay thl'l/ai/"l." ~eeJones, "The History of thc Persian Language," inWol'k.l, 11: 307. 54. John Hlchardson. "A Dissertation on the Languages, Literature. and Man ners of East('rn' atiom, II in hi.'> 11 IJ;ct!ollnly: Pf'r~iall, Arabi.-, clllef English, r~v. harles \ Iilkins (London: J, L Cox, 1829), i-lXXXii, quote on p. vb. 55 RichMdson. "A Di sertation," ivb-vb. 56, In 1675 Pierre Besnie.r wrote, "Beside the Latin make a friendly llleeting between the Eastern, and ""estern languages; as to the first alone it owns birth and rise. so the olhers do to it, .. r consider the Latin under three different regards, as the daughter of the languages of the 1:.151, as lile Mother of those ill the We, t, and a:, the Sister of the more Tortherne." Sec Pierre Besnier. II Philvwphica/ £~sny for tJl(: RculliolJ ofLallgwlges, tram. Henry Rose (Oxford: J. Good. 1675; Menston: The Scholar Press, 19711, 14. Noles IS5 57. Jones, "On the PersIans," In; cited i I Max ;YfUller, Tile .~acml Lallgl/asl's o{ Ille F.ast, translated by variol/s Oriental Sf/wlan, I'd. F. Yla,\ MUIle.r (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1965),4: xx. 58. ~Iax MOiler, Tlte Saered Lult.'(uagf'\ at tile East, 1: xx. Hans Aar~leff also views Jones as the founder of modern philology. Sec his Tile Study 0f'LallgllaXi' ill Ellglaml, 1780-186U (Minneapolis: Unlver ity of Minnesota Press, 19H3). 124. 59. MIJller, Tile ~acrerl Lallguage.\ oftile E,m, 4: xx-xxi. 60. TIle history or linguistlcs texts allen opens ...... ith entries on William Jone.,. For instance ee Sebeok, Portraits o(Lillglli.\/io. The first t11fee articles In thiS olume are di.>voted to Jones. 61. Siraj al·Din Khan Arzll, Mutillllir [MI/.\lJ1irj, €'d. Rehana Khatoon (Karachl: The Institute of Central and West Asian Studies, 1991). According to Rehana Khatoon. "Khan-i Arzu i al~o the fir~t scholar In both the East and IhE Wl'St who introduced the thear of simjlarlties of two language~ Itavilfuq-i li.\(///(/Yl1j, meaning that San krit and Pe.rsian are ~i~ter languagl.'s. His ideas in this regard are contained in his monumental work being discussed here, Le. the Mllthmir. Tile work has not yel been thorough I)" studied and made a suhject of serious asse ment; lajnd thls has prompted me to undertake and prepare a critical edition of the Mul/lI/lir," ee Rehana Khatoon, "Introduction," in Mllt/lIllir, ·B. 62. MOiler, "Introduction," in TII(' 'ilaed Ll/n:'1IilS~1 Of tl/l' I:.as{, iv: xx. 63. The term till'll{uq literally means concordance or COnt.."Urrcnce. 64. Arzu, Mllt/llnir, 221. 65. Ar7u offered a detai!i.>d defiIlilion of (iIl'Url!) al-lisllllil '11 uuder Ihe concept at ang. See his C/rlmg/r-i Hidayat, published with Ghiyas al-Dln Rampuri\ Giliya~ al-Lllghar, ed. Mansur Sirvat (Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1984), pp. J017-18. The edHor of this edition. without any explanation, has eliminated /\rw's introduction to Cltimgll-; Hi /ilyat. 66, For example see Arw, <.;hiragil.; Hidayal, 1050. 1061, JOG8, 109J, 1119, 1020-21, and 1214. 67. Julia Kristen, LlIIlgUllg/' 1/1(' Ullkllown Cllld InUialioll ililo I.ingllislifS, trans. Anne M. Menke (New York: olumbia University I're~s, 1989), J 96. 68. According to Muhammad Javad Mashkur, "In Pahia i writing there is a certain number of pure Semitic word.\.. These words whit:h are the most frequent o(;cun;ence, arc pronouns, particles, numerals, and auxiliary verbs. They arc mostly Aramaic, that is of emlllc origin,.,. Tllis Semitic element is called HlIzvaresh. The Semitic words were used in writing only as repre sentalives of Persian words that were ~poken; for (','ample, when the writer of a text wrote the emilie word 'Iahma' (bread) it was reaei 'nan' Wllich wa~ its Iranian equivalent." S e Farha/Is-I Huzvarisl1 Im-)'i Pail/al'i (Tehran: Bunyad-l FMhang-i Iran, 13-16/1967), 303. 69. .lone, "The Sixth DI cour e," 81. 70. Arw, MIII/JI/lir, U. 71. Arzu, fIIl/chlllir, 20. 7l. "Iralllyarl lI1ara /Jail flill/Ii lIizhad l udall bah 11Iiqdarl IIl1/tallmll/." Cited in Sayyad Muhammad i\!Jam's "I>ish guftar" in Siraj ai-Din 'Ali Khan TZU, Dad-i Silk/mil, ed. Sayyid Muhammad Akram (Rawalpindi: Iran Pakistan Institute of Persian. tudies, 197·+), 1\'XXiv. 156 Noli'S 73. i\kralll, "Pish /luflar" ill Dad-i SlIk/ltm. xxiv. 74. Abu al-Barakat 1ullir Lahuri. KllrrJlIIlJl1h, ed. ayyid 1uharnmad Akram (Islamabad: Iran Paki5t,m Instltutc of Persian Studie , 1977),26. 75. Mun!r. Kllnla/nail, 27. 76. Students and disciples of f\rzu included l'ik Chand Ballar, Rai Rayan Anand Ram Mu1.hlis (d. 1751), Bindraban Das Khushgu, Mir Taqi Mir «(.1722 1810). ~'lir7.a Muhammad Rafi' Sauda (I 713-80), Na!rn ai-Din Shah Mubarak Ahru (1692-1747), Sharaf ai-Din dazlllun (.1689-1745), and Mu tafa Khan Yakrang. 77. Muhammad Hu~ayn Azad, Ab-i Jla,vat, 121; cited in Muhammad Sadlq's A Hist0l)' o{Until LitC'wtllre (Deilli: Oxford University Pres, 1984), 91. Earlie] than Azad, Qudartullah Qadiri remarked, "Just as all theologians are the tineal descendant of Abu Hanifa, similarly it would be quite approrriale to (on ider all Hindi IUrdul poets as his [.\I"7\1'sJ descendant ." Cited in Sadiq's A HillUIY or Urdll Litemtllre, 91. 7it In a letter tn Joh n Shore dated 24 June 17H7, joncs wrote, "the Dabistan also I have read through twice with great attention ... On the whol(', it i\ the most amusing nd instructive hook r ever read in Persian." SeQ Letters at' . ir Willialll jOl1e" no. 461. 739. 79. See Chapter 5. 80. Jones, "The Sixth I iscoursc." 77-1:1- 81. Jones, "The Si. tll Dbcourse," 78. 82. }'HHler. like Jones, was interested in "the first ancestors of the Lnd iall'., the Per~ians, the Greeks, the Roruam, the Slave, the Celts and the Germans [onc! living together within the samQ enclosure, nay under the arne roof." SeC'Max MOiler, L('clllTI'.\ 1111 the Sciel/ce o{l.clIlguagC' Delivered at tile Royal In,!i tutillll orGr('(/t Britain ill April, Moy, and IlI1lC' 1861 (London, I t\62), 213, In. Jones, "The Sixtll Discourse," Sf!. H4. .Jones, "The Sixth Dlscour. e: 90. For a dbcussion of controversies over the universal deluge before Kayumars see Chapter 5. 8.'>, jones, "l11e Sixt h Discour~e," 92. 86. .IonQs, "The SiXUl Discourse," 79, The significance of such an as enion had been Lnought to J011es's attenlion by Lord Monboddo Game Burnell wll0 in a leller dated 20 june 1789, wrote, "if you can discover tIle central coun try from which all thnse IlatiollS, which you !lave named, have derived theiT afflnily in language, manners alld arts, which you observe, it will be 91. ,'\rzu, MldhmiT, 175-9. 92. Discussing the "phenomenon of reificatio l,n Georg Lukacs explained tilat "lilts basi-l> is that a relation between people takes on the character of a thing and thus acquires a 'phantom objectivity', an autonomy lhat seems so stricLly rational and aJI-embracing as tu cOllceal I ry truce OriLI flUu!amclltal l1alllre: the relation between people" (emphasis added). Sec his Histo/y ill1d ellIS, COllscioI/sness: S/IIdie~ ill M(lfxisr Waleclio, tran . Rodney UVlng~tone iCambrictge: MIT !'ress, 1971),83. 93, Thb aJ1aly. is is based on a comparison with Shiy Par had\ Tarikh·i Fa,vz Bilkhsh (Oxford: Bodleian, Caps.Or. . 2), 94. William r-rancklin, rile Hi,torr u( II/(: Reipi of Shah'/lllIlIllI, 111(' Prl'.,ellt t/llperor ofHillLlostmll1 (London, 1798). The claim i~ ba,>ed on 'ihuJam 'Ali Khan's Ayi'iI/'Alamslltlili (Oxford: Bodleian Library, Elliot 3). 95. Mv analysis i based on an xaminaLlon of a collection of documents belonging to Samuel lurner, which are held at the Bodjei~n Ubrary (~helfmark 2822, Ms. Pers.aA). A Frencll traJl~lation of the ACCOII/Il (i.on don: ';V. Bulmer, 18(0) wa~ pUbli hed in the ame year, /!/IIbaSSllde 1111 Tilibel et all BOlltall I'aris: F. Bus ion, J '(){»). In the following year it was also tran lated into German, Gesafld~ cllllfL\I'eise IlII dm 11O( des k,IIOU lam(/ dllTcli BOlitali lIlld dill'll tliei! vun Tibet (Ilamburg: B. c. Hoffman, 1801). 96, WiJllam Moorcroft, Tmvd, ill tire Himalayall provillccs u(Hilli!lI\tali alld rill' Palljab; ill i-adakli <11711 Kasi/mir; irl Pt'slwlI'ilr. Kablll, KlIIlIllIl, (//11.1 Rukham. _. (rom 1819 to 1825 (London: John Murray, 1841). 97_ See j\'lir ·\z7.at Allah, Ahvll!-i SIl{ar-i BlIkllrlm (Oxford: Bodleian Library. Bod!. OR. 745). 98. Among other English language texts that are based on Persian works is Captain William Ilenr le(,Jll~n, Rama,)eemlll, or a Vllcalm!ary oftile PeCl/liar UJIlgllage Used by che Th/lgs (Calcutta, 1836), which i~ based on M/I.\la!almt-i 'l'//Ilgall of 'Ali Akbar. '1<). On Sir Gore Ouselcy's travel to Iran, E'C f)enis Wright, TIle Ellgli.'h Amun,gst till' Persians /)llril1,,\ the QajaT Pcriod, 1787-192 I (London: Heinemann, 1977), 12-17. 100. For a fraction of Ivlirza Salih's report see Mirza Salih ::'hirazi, "SaJar Nilmah:i bfahan, Kashan, Qum, Tihran," in .\1ajnllt'all-'i Safar namall-hayi Mir,,;a Salill SIIirazl (Tehran: Nashr-i Tarikh-l Iran, 136-1), 5-36. The official Illilwwl/llar of Ulis dclagatioo wa~ Mirza Zaki Must'awfi-i Divan-i Ala. et' 'Abd aJ-Razzaq Maftun DUllbuli, Ma'a,tir-I SlIlllIlIiynlr (reprint of 1825/1241 edition; Tehran: Ibn Slna, 1351/1972),247_ lUI. VVilliam Pnce, A Gramillar o( IIII' Thre(' Prillcipal Oriental Lal/gllngt'5, HillilooStJ.1IIi, Persillll, ami Arabic 0/) a P!all /:.'lItirC'ly I'Jew, alld Perrectli' F.a,\y; ro \,Vllicl/ is lIdded. It Set ofPe"il1l1 Dialogues COlllpo,ed (or tire A Ilt!lUr. by Mirza ,'vfolla/Nmed Smdili, of SIIiraz,: Accompanied witli 104. The extract in Ouseley's Tnll,t'l\ ill VarlOIlS COlllllrit'1 of tile fast, I: ,wii. is identical to thl;: opening of Mirza Sallh's text as appeared in Price'~ II GrcnmJlar ort/il,' Three Prillcipal Orimtal LlIIlguage.\, 142-3. 105. The colophon of the manuscript, '1I'a/ Vii lavab, held at the Bodleian Library, which. belong to the Ouseley Collection, notes that it was II'l'illen ior Sir William Ousely (Oxford: Bodleian Lihrary, Ouselcy 390). 106. Price, A Grammar ot' t/ie Tilree Principal Oriental Languages, vii. In a note Price remarked: "'inre that period Mirza Saulih came to FJlgland with Col. Darsy, in order to leam the English Language, returned to Persia in IR 19, and lately arri ed on a special Mi sion from the King of Persia to his Majesty George the I'ourth. On 01)1 presenting him with a copy of his own dialogues, he expres~ed himself much plea ed, and prOmised to compose a new set" (Yi). 107. Will iam Price, jllumal ot rile Brili~h EIIIIJllS5)' to Persia; Embellished with NLllllcriolis Viewl Takell ill India (lnd Persia: .4 Iso, !l IJ/sscrtafiOIl UpOI1 the AlltiC/llities orPcmpolis, 2 v()l~ (London: Thomas I'horpe, 1932). lOR. Ouseley, Tmvei.l ill Various C01lntries o(tl1e East, 111: 363. 109. fhid., II: 16. 110, Deni. Wright. The PeTSiam 1I101i,rst ti,e ElIglish: Episodes iii Allglo--Pcrsirm History' (London: L B. Taun., 1985), 73. Ill. John Binder and I)avid Wellbery (eds.), TIre End ofRht'toric: History, Tlumry, IIl1d Pm((jcc (Stanford, Cal.: Stanford Universit, Press, 1990), 16. Chapter:) Persianate Europology I. As jalal AI-i AI11))ad (1923-69) has pointed out, "'East' and 'West' are not geographical concepts." See his I'lagued Ii)' th~' Wt'lt (Ci/lllrlJwdegi), trans. Palll Sprach1l1an (Delmar, NY: Caravan Books, 1982), 4. inlilarly. tuarl llall explains that "Our ideas of 'East' and 'We,t' have never been free of myth and fantasy, and even today tlley are no! pri maIi! idea about place and geography." SeC' hh "The West and the Rest: Discoune and I'ower," In Mot/emily: All Tlltroductioll to Mor/em Sucieties, ed. Stuart Hall, et al. (Cam· bridge, Ma,,: Blackwell Publishers, 1996), 184-----227 quote on 185. 2 MUl1slli I'ti am ai-Din, Sl7Igilf IItllllall-'i l'i!ayal (unpUblished manuscript: British Museum: O.c. 13663), 58a. J James Bailie Fraser, Narrative o(the R~sid('/1ce Of the lJersi(ll1l'rill(e~ ill LondOIi ill 183. and 1836 . .. (London: Richard Bentle , 18311), 83. 4. fraser, 'arratiw of fhe Rel/dtllce, 83. ,. R, C. Money, jllurJlal 0(11 TOllr in PeTlia Durillg IIII' Year.1 IH24 &. 1825 (London: Teape and Son, 1928), 110-11. 6 Farall.o/Fnrollsi,ltan E.uropc/Frank.la,ndl as it emerged in eighteenth. and ninet(!enth-century Persian, Arahic, and Turkish writings is epistemologic ally different from its classical equivalenl, RUlli (Rome/ByzantiJ1C'). 7. On IT ultUl'dllooking" ce, ara uleri, Tlw RhelOric o(£lIglisll Illdia (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 18-19. 8. Najar Khoolee Meerza, jOIiTlIrlI o( a Residencl' ill Englawl ... , 2 vols, tran . Assad y, Ka. at (london: William Taylor, 1839), vol. 1, xlii-xiv. 9. On the ideological comlrucllon of otherness see liomi Hhabha, "The Other QuestIon ... ," Scret'n, 24: 6 (1983). 18-36. Nutes 15'! 10. My analysis of self-fashionIng i. partly informed b Stephen Greenblatt, RellaL,s(wn' Self-RefashiolliIlS; From More to Sllakfspearl' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 19RO), particularly 9. 11. Iy definition of mimicry parallels that of Luce lrigaray, for whom mimicry is a \tratcgy in which women intentionally perform the feminine posture assigned to them in a phallocentric discour e. See Luce lrlgaray, Thi, .. I'.Y which is 1I0t Olle (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University ['res" 1985),76. 12. On me/Illw/Jd(lr dUring the Safavid period 'ee John Chardln 11643-17131, {Ioyagl?s dLi C/I('I'alit'«('/I Per.il:', ellllltTe, lIetl,~ de rOri('lIt, I'd. Langles (Paris, Hill), v: 372; Engelbert Kaeillpfer 11651-1716], AmOlill./ltllll1 "xotlwrllm pOlftiw PhYSiw-lIIedlrarlllll (asclwli V (Lemgo iate: Typis impcnsis Henriei Wil helmi leyeri, 1712),82; Nichola San on [1600-1667], VOyllge ()1I Relatioll de retat pre fill dll royallme de Pen:,: avec rille dlssertatiol/ rIIrlelise s/lr Irs lIIoem.>, reliKiml &. gOllvememellt rle cel l'tm (Paris: Chez 13 veuve M. CramoLsi, 1695),38. 13. James Justinian Morier, A Second/ollmer 7JlrollglJ l'er.~i{/, Armenia. and A~ia Minor . .. (London: Longman, Hur t, Ret's, Ormt', and Brown, 1818), 46. Morier's reference to Tissaphcrnes was based on Xenophon's Anabasis. 14. See J, 1'. Ferrier, Caraval/ JOllml'}'s lind W1I1derlll$s In Persia, Af.iI:}/(lllhlwJ, Tllrk i\ll/Il, a/1(1 BcI()(}cl7istilll, 2nd edn, trans. William Jesse; cd. H. D. Seymour (London: John Murray, 1S57), 47, IS. Sir Thomas Herbert, Travel., in Persia, 1627-1629, abr. and ed, Sir William Foster (ori~nall, published in 1634; New York: 1(, \1. McBride, 1929; lew York: Books for Libraries Pres, 1972). 62. 16. Sir John Malcolm, ::,kelclrcs o( Persia (rOln IIII' JO/InUlI o( a Traveller ill tilt:' Ellst (PhHadephia: Carey, Le,l, & Carey, 1828), 52. Fath'ali Khan I uri, Nayib-i IshiI.. Aqasi \ as lhe head melmlCll/dar for Sir John Malcolm. See 'Abd al-RaZl.aq Maftun Dunbuli, MII'(1~lr-1 Sultanlyalr (Tabriz: s.n" 1825/1241; Tehran: Ibn Sina, 1351/1972), 64; Hasan I-fusayni Fasa'i, Fllrsl1(/IIwlr-'i Nilsir/' ed. Mansur Rastigar F a'i (Tehran: Amir Kahir, 1988), I: 678; Lis3n ai-Mull Slpihr, J asikh al-'l'ol'Clrikl1: 5alatil1-1 Qajarlyall, ed, M, H. Bihbudl (Tehran: Kitabfunl.~hi 1s!ami, 13S3),198. ] 7. Ivlalcotm, Sketrhe.\ o(Persia. 53. , 8. Cited in Malcolm, Sk"tclle,,' of Per,in, 52. 19. For an example of the responsibiJjties of a lIlehl1ltll/dar see "Dastur al:amal-i 'Ali Jah Muqqarlb al-Hazral al-Kbaqaniyah 'A 'kar Khan Sartlp Mihmandar-i .Hna!H Khayr Allah Mandl VaLLr-i Mukhtar-i Dawlat-i 'flliyab:j 'Usmani [4 Zilqa'dah 1296 H. Q.]." in GII1.idall:1 A\I1C1d-i Siyasi-i Iran va 'Uslllal1i: Dmvralr_,1 Qa;ariyah l"el1ran: lJattar-l Mutali'at-i Siyasi va Barn al-i\.ijJall va bastah bah Vizarat-i Umur-i Kharijah-'i JumluJri-1 Islami-i Iran, ]370/1991), 144-56. On tile office of aklll.Jilmawi' see Michael I-ls!Jer, "The OHice of Akhbar Nawis; the Transition from Mughal to British rorm~." Modern A,ian 511111ie8,27: 1 (1993), 4S--82. On intelligence gathering $ec C. 1\. lJa ly, "Know, ing the Countl)~ Empire and Information in Indi,1," Modem Asinll 5(lIdie~, 27: 1 ("1993),3-43. 20. It is reported that In 1238, during the reign of Henry 11f, an envoy was sent to England by 'Ala' aI-Din Muhammad "to seek English help against tile Mongol hord ... " tsce Wright, The Persl l/l~ Al11o/l~st the Englisll, I). 21. Uruj Bayk, DOll jl/au ot" Per,ia::-l Ili"all Catholic, 1560-1604, trans. Guy I.e Strange ew York: Harper & Brothers, 1926), According to Uruj Bayg lia at, 160 Notes Hu.ayn 'AIl Ba, g and Anton, Sherley were jointly accredited a the Persian ambassadors to th follOWing: "the Roman PonUIf, the Emperor of Germany, the King of Spain, the King of france, the Klng of Poland, til Sign lory of Venice, the Queen of England and th King of Scotland" (/)0/1 jUlln o(l'('r\il1, 233). For further Information ee ajafquli Hissam Vlu'iui, fllrikll-I RlIl'abit I Sirasi (Tehran: Nasl1 r-'lIm. Un6/1987), 181-7; Wright, rhe PersiaII.' Amollgsttht' ~;l1glis/l, 2-3. 22. The delegation led by Robert Sher!cy, like the earlier one led by his brother. was attompankd b a Persian co-ambassador, Changiz £layg hamIu. Changiz Bayg Shamlu retl.lrned tel Iran in L613. See I.e trange, "Notes," ill DOll IUIIIl ofPersia, ~ 10, fn 7. 23. E. P. Shirk), 'rhe SI/('r/(')' J)rotll<'f,I; /I Hi., lorimI MCI/loir or the l.ives o( Sir TllOmas Sherley, Sir AliI/am)' Sherley, St/Util;'1 ill HOIIOUT o(Ralph Ru sri, ed. Christopber hackle (London: School of Oriental and Mrican Studi('s, 1989), 49-65. 37. James' it Fraser. armtive or Cl loume)' ill to KlromsIlII ill tire "ears 1821 1822 ... (London, Longman, 1825; Delhi: Oxford Universlt Press, 1984), 484. Marier's \loomed Ispahanl appears to be the same person as Mir Muhammad Hu~a, n Isfahani wllo, according to llUshtarl, had traveled to Europe (Tulr(at al.'All1In, 367-8). 38. Fea er, NClrmtil'e urn ]rlllnl(')', 41>4. ~i9. Mlr7.,a,~e_ dll prince pU7il/n l1Iirw Alxml TIlIe!J KI/(/Il. ell Asle, en ll{rilJuf, ell Eumpe; (;cl'iu, pnr lrti-II/(lme, C'l puhlies, pOllr la premihe tili,~, en {ml/II/is, par Chnrll'\ ,Vfalu (Paris. Impr. de P.F. Dupont fils, 1819). 44. Richard Herber, "Travels of Mirza Abu Talib ... ," TIu' QllClrterly Rf"Vicll' \1810), 80... 93i quotes on 82, 80, 82, and 92. 4S, The leU"r was reproduced in many newspapers and magazines. A copy of it appeared in L Bran on, elect Reviews I/nd Spirit IIf tin' Foreign Magazinel (PhiJadephia: The Lorenzo Pres., 1810), 335-6. 46. "Memoir of His [.xceJlency lvUrza Al Aboo Hassan, Envo Ext raordinary from the King of Persia to the ourt of Great Britain," Sdecl Rel'if'1v~ alief SpiriL~ of tile! Foreij;17 Magazine.\,. 334. 47. "'bid.," 3:14. 48. Lord Radstock's hiography of Mirza Abu ai-Hasan was complet~d On Janu ary 10, 1810 and was privately circulated. It was reprinted on the occasion of l"vlirZ<1 Abu aJ-Ha~an Khan's secane! ElIJopean lam as "A Slight Sketch 0 the Character, Person, &c. of Aboul Hassen, Envoy Extraordinary hom the King of Persia to the Court ofGreat Britain, in the Year 1809 and 1810," The Gelltlel/lrlll'~ Magazil1e (February, 1820), 119-122. 49. I?Uohnsoll, "Dinner ill IIo110Uf of the Per ian Ambassador," Tile EXllminer, 107 t)anual'y 14,1810), 17-18. :;(). uguslU~ Alldrea de 1 ercial, " 1emoirs of the Per ian Ambassador," Tile Londol/ Uterory (;aL!'ffe, jrmfllal ofBel!fs Lettrr5, Arts, S(i('//ces, etc, 120 (May 8, IS19). 299-300, q'uote in 299. 5 i. Ibid.. 299. lG2 Nott's ,')2. Mirza Abu al-Ilasan nehi, Haymt Nal11al1: Satar J lamall-'i Mirza Abll Il/-Hasall Khan Jlcili bait Lal/dall, I'd. Ha an Mursalvand (rehran: iu'a shah-I Khad amat-i Farhangi-i Rasa, '136';1/1985). for a translation of hi~ travelogue see A Per, ian at the Caliri ufKlllg George, 1809-10: The jOllmaT orMifl.a Ablll Hmall Khall, trans. by Margaret Morri loake (London: Barrie 'Jenkins, 1988). 53. Fraser, Narrative ora jOllmey, quote5 on 15 I. 5-J-. James Alexander, Travel, (rom Ilidia to El1gl,md .,. (London: Parbury, I\lIen, 1827l. 203--4. S5. Fraser, Narrative o(a journey, 152. 56. Mujtaba Minuvi, ,. Awalin Karvan-I Ma'rifat," in Tarikll \'(/ Farlwng (Tehran: / the same channel, a continuation of it, for we arc anxious to read lhe obser vation of ~o intelligent a Persian upon the arts, s ienees, and manners of our countrymen" (365). From thh note It appears that Mirza alih' GIWlr ish-i Safi" was originally published pri()r to October 182-l, a fact unknown to Qajar historiam. 67. For instance see 'Iwrh-I Ha/-i I kmufar va i\apll'ulI-i Awal (Tehran: Iranian National Library, no, F/1680; no. P/1714); Tarikil-; NapirUII-1 Awal (Teluan: Iranian alional Libra)', no. F/l61S; F/l71-1: F/1057). 68. Mirz.a Riza Muhancti Tabrizi, Tar/kil-i Ttmallli I'll Kharabi-i Drllv/at-i RUlli (Kitabkllanah·'j MJlli, no. [/77). 69. IUza Quli Nlirza, SatiIT! llllllali-i Riza Qull Mirza IJiI>'ib al-/ralall Namli··i Fath Ali SI",II, ed. Asghar I'armaniarma'l Qajar (Tehran: Asatlr, 1982), respectjvely 524, 524-5, 530. 70. Mirza Abu Talib, tv/a,lir, respectively 263-S4, 276, 265, 275 and 275. 71. Ibid., all quotes on 263. 72. Ibid., 263. 73. I;or a valuable stud of 11I1~ sec Peter Ileath, AI/ego!)' alld l'/JI/osoplr}' ill Avice-WIll (lUll SiJJa) WUIr rl Tram/atioll of tlU? Book of tlte Prophet M!/I1l/l1Imad\ Ascent to Heaven (Philadelphia: l)niver ity of Pennsylvania Press, 1992),52-79. 74. Mirza Abu Talib, Masir, 26.1. 75. Ibid., re peclively 263, 264, 264. 76. Ibid., 264. 77. Koselleek, FilII/res l'a 1,278 and 279. 78, Mirl-3 Abu Tallh, Masir, all on 265. 79. ibid.. quotes on 265. 80. Immanuel Kant, "The Contest of Faculli ," in KaJJl: Polilical Writillg, ed, lIans Reiss; trans. H. B.. isbel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 19701,176-90; quote on 181. RI, for the "age of revolution," ce.E. J. Hobsbawm, TIle Age o(Rel'o/lItioll, 1 89- 1848 (I ew York: Mentor II oks, 1962). 82. Mirza Abu I'alib, Masir, 266. 83 Ibid.. 366, 266--7, 267. 84. Ibid., 267-8 and 268. 1{5. Ibid., 268. 86, Ibid" 259 and 269. 87. Ibid., 270-1. 88. Ibid., 271. 89, Ibid., 272. 90. Ibid., 272-3. 91. Ihid., 273, 274,275. and 276, Chapter 4 Imagining European Women l. Respectively in !vi irl-a Abu al-Ilasan Kl13n Ilchi, Hayr(ll all/ah: SaraI' Namall· 'I ,Iv/iru] AIJII al-Hase/II khalillclli bait Lam/all, ed. Hasan Mursavard (Tehran: :V(U'3S isah-'j Khadamal-ll'arhangi-i I(asa, 136-1/1985 ; Mirza f'tisam al·Din, IIIgirtNa1l/1111 (British tibral) , London, OR5848), 83b; and Mirza Abu'l alib, MIl.lir,166. 164 Notes 2. Respectively In Riza Quli Mirza, 5a(nr Nall/II/I-'i Rim QIIII Mirza I aqib o/-Iya/all Yllvnll-'j Fatll 'Ali Slwll, ed. Asghar Farmanfarrnal Qajar (Tehran:. aUr, 19S2). 418; Mirza Abu Tallb, MII~ir, 169; Riza Quli tvlirza, SlIrlir NaJlla/l, 322, :~, Qur'an, "The Beneficent," Iv: 72-4. Also see, Qur'an: Baqarah 25, afat, 48-49, l)akbaIl, 54, Tur 20, Rahman 56-61,70-6; Vaqi'ah 22-3, 35-ft For a valuable study of paradise In the Qur'an s('e: Farna Sabbah, WOJIIC'II ill MII,11i1ll UllcOllsciolJ , lrans, Mary .10 Lakeland ( ew York: Pergamon Pre~~, 1984},91-7. 4. lte'a Modeen Irtham ai-Din]. 5lJigllrf NawlllI-i Ve/IIN, or Excellel/t II/teffiser/a;, CUlleen/illg Europe, tTan . James Edward lexander (London: ParlJurr, Allen, 1827), 45-6; when necessary, all translated materials 11a e been modified. For my modifications 1 consulted the Per ian manuscript~ al aliona! ArChives of India' Oriental Colle tions, Bodleian Librar" and the British Lihra/)', Oriental Collections, ORSIH8, 5. Sir ;ore Ousdey was Mirza Abu ai-Hasan Khan's 1IIe!1I1ll1lldar who accom piloied him ha k 10 Irall. 6. Mirza Abu aJ-llasao lGlan,!\ I'ersian at tire Clwrt orKillS George: the Joun/al of lvilrzlJ Abul /lrlSllll Khall, 1 '09-JO, tram. Margaret Morris loake (London: Harrie 6< Jenkins, 1988), 78. In a recently publisl1ed PE'Tsian texl of Abu ai-Hasan Khan's travelogue. the editor, Hasan Mursalvand, has edited \It thi verse and a f II' other sentence~ arguing. "/1 few phrases which olIer an anti-moral description of lIla/lnt,'flll-i Llll1dlwl!the moon-Iaceds of London] have heen taken out," 'ee Mirla Abu ai-Hasan Khan lIehl, Haym! Namah, 1Ho 7. I'tisan ai-Din, SlrigirfNaJl1f1Ir, 66A. 8, Rila Quli Mirza, afar Nomalr, 393. 9. 1Ilirza Abu Talib, !'v(llsir, respective] 24-1, 160, 160, 160. 10. bid" all quotes on 315. 11. i\lhinia, Dowager Counless of Uu kinghamshire, d, 1816. 12, Mirzil Abl\ al·Hasan, A Persiall, 98-9. 13. An'()fding to 'Iargaret Cloake. Mis~ Pole was a daughter of William Wei lesley Pole, the younger brol her of th MarquiS Wellesley (A Prrsiml, WO). 14. '...lirza Abu al-HasilJ1. A Pel.lirJII, 136. Mirza Abul Hasan mentioned "Mi ~ Pole" many tlmes throughout his travelogue (A Per.\;all, 104, [38,148, 157, 262v 21'3, 288) .. 15, Ibid., 290-291; idem, Hllyrl/I Namalr, 354. 16. l Hrza Abu a1-lla5iln, Hurrat, :~54. This ver does lOt appear in Persial/. 17. I(iza Quli Mirza, atllr NalllalJ, :160-1. 18. Mirza Abu Tallb, M(/'!r, 74 and 163. 19, Mirza Abu ill-Hasan, A l'ersiall, 76. 20. William Wil)degrave l NCllIlllh-'i Mmlltl,Hllli dar Zalllall-i MII//(/lIIl11ad Shah Qajar, ,"d. ~ath ai-Din Faltahj (''',"hran: Cl1apkhanah-i Bank-i Bazargani-'i Iran, 13-l7/l96t:l), 970, 23. Mirza Abu Talib, MtJl'ir, quotes on 189. 24, Conccmlng the title of tlle"Persian Prince," Abu Talib wrote, "when I ~\ient to Court, or paid my re~pects to one of the Princes or minister. of the state, the circum tance was ajway~ reported by the newspapeIS of the following day. In all these adverti~ement , they did me the honour of naming me the Persian Prince. I declared I never a ~llllled the litle; but J was so much better kn wn by it than b) my own name, tllat I found it in vain to contend with godfather'" (TfllI'e!S, Ill; Ma ir,195), 25, Ylirza Abu ralib, AJ'15i1', 189. 26. Mirza Abul Hasan, .-\ Persian, 274; idem, Haymt, .B9. 27. On the I'.uropean perception of "harem" see: Leila Ahmad, "Western Ethno centrism and Perceptions or the Ilarem,'" Fell1illi~1 Stlldies, t\: 3 (1982),521-34; Suzanne Rodin Pucci, "The Discrete Charm of the Exotic: HctjOl1 of the Harem ill I'.ighteenth-Centur France," In Emli iSI/I ill tire tlilisillell/nellt, ed. (~. C Rousseau and Roy Porter (Manchester: Manchester University I're..\\, 1990),14S-H. 21). James Justinian Marler. S<'(oll,1 !UUr!l1!Y t11r())j,~/1 Persia, nnenia, mid A,fa MilJ(/r, to CQI1~tol1lil/ople. /ktween IIIl'rmr\' 1810 lIlld 1816 ... (London: Long man, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 181t:l), 39--40. 29. Edward Said, Oriel/tali\1I1 (London: Routledge c- Kegan Paul, 1978), 190. .10. G. S. Rou~~eall and Roy !'orter, "Introduction: Approachll1g Enli~htemJlenl ExoticJSlll." in Exotic;'111 ill tile EnlisilrelJll1elll, ed. C. S. Rousseau and Roy Porter (Manche ter: vlan hester Univer.,ity Press. 1990), 1-22. quote on 10. 31. !'li~am al-Din, Sllisrlr(i'-,;fllnalr. respectively 157-9, 159, 168. 32. Mirza Abu Tal.ib. Malir, all on 226. 33. Mina Sallh, (;u/.lJrisll, 333--4. 4. Mi,ia I·\bu al-Ha an, A l'er.lian, 98; idem, Harrat, 163. 35. "Letter from the Persian Envo.. Mirza buJ Hassan to the Lord, or Gentle man, without name, who lately write Letter to him and ask vel', much to give AmweT," Morning 1'051 (May 29, 1810); reprinted in A I'ersiml, 246-7; Deni Wright. The I'('rsimls ll/llOng,lt the Eng-/1s/l: Episodes i/l AITSlo-PI'r.5ioll f-iht(}1) (London: l. B, Tauris, 1985),226-7. 36. 1\1ir<.a Abu aJ-llaS3n, A Pe/"sial1, 135 . .17. Bibi KhaI1um Astarabadi, Mdl/)'i/J al-Ri/a/ fVi[e~ or Mell), ed. Afsaneh Najma badi (!\ew York: igarish va igarislJ-i Zan, 1992),57. 3 '. !'tis3m aJ-Din, Siligir{ amah, respectively 149- 0 E, 131 l; 137 I:; IN, . U. 187. 39. lbrallim Sahhafbashl Tjilwni, '11{11r NUllloh-'i ibrallim Saltl1af/;as/11 Tilmllli, ed. luhammad Mu~hiri (Tehran: hirkat-i Mu'aJlifan va MutarjILnan-i Iran, I3S7/l 978), 81. 40. Gannrudl, Sl1alJ Nal11ah, 983. 41. For a concise account of thIS mission see Wright, rite Per, iall; 17I111mgst tlte Eng/hll, 104-9. 42. Ibid., 49. 43. PalmerslOll to Ajudanbashi, July 1L 1839 (Iranjan Foreign Unistry Arch ive, document no. 500). 1\lw see INright, TIle PersiaI/.I Among t the f.llgii II. 109. 1f,(i Note, H. Wright observed that I'almerston' "high handed treatment" of thh Iranian delegate "rankled de€p in Persian minds and remained a bitter memory' for many YQars to come" (Tile Persia/1s Imongst IIII' EII.~/iSIt, 109). 45. Iqbal al-Dawlah was the author of a bilingual Persian-E.nglish book. Iqbal-i Farrlrl8: Dar Sltalll71lllt:1 Siyor-i AIII-i Form1s-1 ba FarlllJllg (Calcutta: Matba-i Tibbi, ] 834). HQ had gone to l'.ngland to protest the British policy in Awadh. 46. Garmrudi, Sltah Cltllllll, respectively on 951, 951, 955-6, and 956. 47. GilImrudl, Sltab Namoll, respectively on 256, 959.961, and 962. 48. James B. fraser (1783-1856) served as melrJllilmlar for this delagalion. 49. Garmrudi, Sltab NaIllClIt, 964 and 982. so. "Story of Shaykh Sall'an" is a star within the chaiJl of narratives known as Mal1tiq al-Ta)'r. For English translations ee Farid ai-Din 'Altar, Tire COII(er ellCe oft!l/, Hird~, Mallthl/lt-Tair: A Pllilosophlcal Religiolls Po/,m III Prose. trans. C. . Nott (1st edn, 1954; New York: amuel Weiser, 1974),34--44; idem, The COllfer('llce or the Bird, trans. Afkham Darbandl and Dick Davis lew York: PengUin Books. 1984), 57-75. For the Persian original sec S/w)'kll-i San'lIIl, ed. b Sadlq Gawharin (Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1345); 'Attar, J'vlanUI} a/ TaFr, ed. Ahmad Kbusnuivi (Isfahan: Sana'!. 1978), 66-85. For further Information on 'Attar and hi mystical poetry see: Margaret Smith, The Per ~/(/n My,tic) 'Attar (London: John Murray, 1932). 51. 'Attar, Tile COII{i'rl'llCl' urtile Bin/I, respectivel on 34, 34-5, 37. 39, and 39. 52. Sahhafbashi, Safar Nal7la17, 62. .'>3. For a detailed study of Karim Khan's thought see: Ilangol Bayal, M)'Slicism anrl Di. ~ml: Sociorel!.giOIl nwug17t ill Qajar Iran (Syracuse: SyraclIs University ['ress, 1982), 63-86; Abbas Amanat, Re urreetioll alld Renewal: Till' Making 0/ the RaN M01'cmellt III Imll, 1844-1850 (Ithaca, Y: Cornell Univer,ity Pre". 1989),286-94. -4. Quot~d in Bayat, MYI/ici.\/1/ and Di.\-It'IIl, 85. 55. TIlis inclividuaJ appears to lie either IUza Quli Mirza or his brother Najar Quli and Taymllr Mirza who settled in Iraq where Hajj Muhammad Karim Khan Kirmani was attending seminars offered by h.1 master ay id Ka£iJn Rashli (d. 18H). 56. Muhammad Karim Khan Klrmani, Risalail-i J IIsiriyall Dar Tailqiq-I lv!l{arl-i Jlsl7l(l/li (Kirman] Sa'adat, 1375/1955), 388-9. for an altemativ(' rendering see Bayal's M)' ticislIl and Disselll, 388-9. 57. Quoted in Bayat, MysticislIl wd Dissent, 85. 58, Kirmani, Ri 'a/ail NaslriYllh, 389. 59. Kirman, RIslllall lasiriyall. 389 and 390. It is Important to note that Euro peanization of education led to a different anxiety among ~uropean cleric. for example see "The Hev. A. Duffl'sl ... Addres to the General s embly or the Church of Scotland," 7711' A.lialic Jounlal mid MOlllhly } 64. Mirza bu Talib, Masif, 83; idem, Trawls, 64. 65. "Sketche of Society," The London Litemry GauUt', al/i! !olll1lal or B(,/Ie~ Lettm, Arts, Science etc. (May 8, 1819), 299: 3. 66. The Momillg Herald (29 arch 1810); Mirza Abu al-Ha. an, A Pa.\1r1ll, 188. 67. Charles de Secondat Monte quieu, TlJe P('f~ial/ Let/ers, trans. C. J. Bells ( -ew ork: !'enguin flooks, 1973), letter 'xx.83. 68. Mirza Sallh .l1irazi, GlIwrisll, 20l. Chapter 5 Contested Memories 1. My usage of narrative "empJotment" is Informed by Hayden White, Meta Ilis/olY: TIll.' Hiltorical llllagil1a!iorl ill Nirwltell/II-emll/I)' Ellrope \Haltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973), 7. 2. The lenns Fltr\, 'Alalll, and MaillS wNe used interchangeably in Arabic and Persian historical works to refer to tile people reSiding in the Iranian plateau. For general definition of these terms see F. Gabrieli, "Adjalll," In The Ency Iv pl/edia ot' 1~/a7/1 (I.eiden: Brill. 1960-), I: 206; h. Pellat, "ai-fur ," in The Encyclopaedia ofilhlJn, 2: 9S0--1; M. Morony, "Madjus," in Till' Ellcyclupaedia ofNaln. 5: 110--18. 3. Zoroastrianism and Mazdaism are used interdlangeabl' in this arlide. Mazdean (Mazda?asnian) and Mazdaism are both derived from the name of the supreme god, Jazda wise} or Ahura Mazda (wise lord). Se Mary Boyce, ZOfV 11. For a Zoroa~ltian view of Kayumars ee 1\\'lsln: N(/Illah-'1 Millllvi-i A.l'III-i ZlIfltl5ht, ed. ]alil DlIstkhwah (Tehran: Murvarid, 1343 t 1964]), 259. On Ka)'lI111arS, \1asbL and ~vla hyanah, see Farnbagh Dadagi, Elu/ldllhi"/l lere atiOn]. cd. h. Mihrdad Bahar rrehran: Tus, 1369 1,1990]), 40-1, 52-3, 66, 69-70,80-3, 139, 146, 155; "BlIndahhh or the Original Creation," In /'a/llal'i 7i'XI.\, ed. E. W. \''l/esl (Oxford: Clarendon Pre~s, 1880), 18-19. 52---7. ] 2. for differing accounts of Kayllmars in Islamicate hisloriCilI sources ~E'e \-1 0 hamad TavakolJ-1 arglli, ''Tarik!, pardazj va Iran ara)'i: bazsaz.i-i hllviyat-i Irani dar guzilrish-i tarikh," Imll ,vOl1ll'll, 12: ~ (fall 1994), 583-628/ especially 593-4, 620-3. 13. Tabari. Th~ llis/ory o{ (11- r!1iJl1ri (Tarlkh al·ruslll wa'I-llluluk), vol. 1: Gel/eral [11{rodIiC/iUII nl/ll Frum lhe Creation 10 the Flood, tran~. ane! annotated by FranL Rosenthal ( ew York: leI' York University Press, 1989), I: .118. 14. For such characterizations see Ahnlad M. H. Shboll], AI-Ma.\'lIdi & I-/Is TVorld: ,.1 Mllllii/l HWl1il/J;st lVul his interesl il1 NOI/·Musliml (London: Ithaca Press, 1979), 108-9: and TarH Kllalidi, Arabic Historical T/lIIl1Sht 111 tile Classical P~riorl (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 78-RO. IS. Ahmad b. !\bI Ya'qub Ya'qubi, 7'£lrikh 171-}'(l'lflll1l (l3eirut: Dar al·5adlr. 1960), 1: IS : Engli h trafl~lation citeo in Kha]ldJ, J1m/J/c Hbtoriml T/1fJ light, J15: for Persian translation \ee Tilrikh-I Ya'qllbi, trans. Muhammad Ibrahim Ayati, p, 193; cited also in Tavakoli-Targhi, "Tarikl1l'ardazi," 621. lG. Ya'qllbi, Twikll, I: 159; idem, Tarikli·1 J'n'qllbl, 194; English translation in Tarif Khalidi's Amblc His/orical 1'I1OIIXhl,116. 17. Tabari, Thf' Hislory, I: 326, J: 3J9; 1: 319, for Tabari', earlier reference to Kayumar see The HI,\tory, I: 185-6 and J18. .18. On "calligation" see W. H. Walsh, All Illtrodrietioll Iv I'hilmopli)' of HIslory (I.ondon: Hutchinson's University Library, 1951), 59-64; Louis 0, Mink, ''The Autonomy of IlistoriCilI Under tanding," History al/(I I'h(!Ory, 1 (1966), 24-47. 19. Tabar!, Tile I1islorr, 1: 318-19. 20, "Hundahisl1 or tbe Orlgina] Creation." ill West (ed.), Pahlcwl Texts, 53; Jv!i1)re!ad l3ahar (cd.), BllI1dahish, 155. 21. See f\bu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad Biruni, The Cllmllology or Anelell! Natlom: All [I/glis/I VersiOIl Oft/Ie Amhic text 0(1111' I/wr-l/I-Baklra o(Albinmi or VeltigC's o( the PCL\t, trails. C. Edward achau (Lonooll, 1879; frankfurt: Minerva GMUII, 1969), 107. 22. Ibid., 108. For Arable text see al-Asar al-Baqiyah 'an-ii-Qunlll al.Klm/iya, ed. C. Edward Sacl1au (LC'ip7.ig: Otto Harrassowit7, 192.1), 99-100. 2,{, Taba.ri. 7711! History, I: 325-7. 24. Tabari, The IIi tory. I: 369. The same opinion was reported b. Birllni, rile Cllronology of AI/clem Nntioll.~, 27----8. For the Arabic original see a/·J\.lar !l1-Haqlyall, 23--4. 25. Qur'an, 37: 75-7. 26. rabarl, The Hillory, I: ~~69, 27. '127 al·Din Ibn Alhir, al-Kamil Ii Tarikh (I-leuut: Dar Sader, 1965-7); idem, Tarikh-i Kami/, trans. Ivluhamrnad Husayn Rawhani (Tehran: A. alir, 1. 70), respe tl ely 15, 7R-9, and 51. 28. Tabar!, T/le J-fI'lory. I: 186 and 3HI. 29. Birunl. lie Clrnmolo'{}' ofAndenr Nations, 2li; idem, al·J\sor al.Uaqi)'ah, 2-1. ,VOI<, I 169 .lO. Explaining al-Mas'udl's synchronization of Persian and biblical history, Shboul wrote: "Persian scllolars ill the ighth and ninth centuries attempted to link the Furs [Persians] with isaac, son of braham, and thus find a way of attacking the Arabs, especially the Southern (Qahtanis) who could not claim, uch til'S with the PalIiar~'h." See Shboul, ol-,v[as'I1r1i & Hi Worltl, 109. 31. For example of Kayllmars Cl.'> a Syriac name ~ee Mit Khwand, Tarlkil-! R(ll\' L'tllll-~nfll, d. 'Abba l'arviL (Tehran: MarkaLi, 1338/1 959), 1: 493; Khwancl Mir, ! /(lbil) (/1. i)'ar Ii Itkhbar A(rad al-Ba.~h'lr, ed. Jala! al·Din Huma'i (Tehran: Khayyam, 1333/1954), ] 75. _{2. For the political We in Islamdom in "the Earlier Middle period" see MarshalJ G. S. Hodgson, TIIi' Velltllre of[I/mll: COI1Kimel' Ollr! History ill tJ World Civi/iLCI' liml (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974). 2: 12-61, quote OIl 12. :n. Abu Hamid Muhammad Ghazzali. Gilazali') ROIlk OfCOllllcii {or Killg. (NasiJwl (//-MIII/lk), trans. F. It C. Bagley (I.ondon: Oxford University Press, 1964).4 -, 45, -18; idellJ, Nnsihlll (l1·Mulllk, ed. Jalal ai-Din Huma-i {Tehran: Babak. B61 .81,81.89. ~4. 111 pre-Islami l'el~ial1 statecraft, .Itate and religion were viewed as t\vins. Tansar, an arch-cleric of the court of i\rdishir, wrote: "Religion and state were born of one womb, joined together and never to be sundered. irtul' and corruptlon, health and ~icku('ss are uf the same nature for both." See Tile Letter o{ TC1I/sar. trans. M. Boyce (Rome: In tituto Halla no per iI Ml'dio ed Estre010 Oriente, 1968), 33--4. 35. ChaaaH, Coulleil ror Kll1g~, 51,53,46-7; idcm, Naslhat n/-lvllllllk, 96. 96, 82-83. In one of the rna nuscripts mentioned by .Ialal ai-Din Iluma'i, the II t of tyranoical kings also includes the last Sasanld king, ··Yazdigird.j bizihkar" (Yazdigitd the Sinner). 36. CllazzalJ, COIIII II (or King,l. 56; Idem, Nasillar a[·~'{IIJllk. lOG-I. 37. ~()r an illustr<\tion of the "circle of justin'" see Rashid al-l in Pazl Allah Tabib, Savallih nl-Atkar-i Rn~ltldi, cd. luhllllllad Taqi Dani.shpa7huh (Tehran: Intisharat·j Dan ishgah-i Tillran, 1358/1979), 1 J3. 18. R. Stephen Humphreys, "Qur'anic Myth and Narrative tructure in tarly islamic Historiography," in Trndll/oll alld lnll()l'olioll III Late Iinliquity, ed. F. M. Clover and H. S. HumplHeys (Madison: University or Wisconsin Pre~s, 1989), 271-90, quote on 278. ,\9. 'Abd Allah Bayz3\i, N/zIIIII (11- Tmvurikll. ed. Ballman Mira Karinll (Tehran: 'Jlmi, 1313). 9. -10. Bayzavi" lizillll al-rawarlkh. 4 . 41. Hamd Niall MU$tawfi Qa7.vini, Trlrikll·i (Juzie/all, ed.·1\ d al·Husa n Nava'i (Tehran: I\mlr )(,lbir, 1:162). ·L. Mil' Kl1wand, Rawzat al-Sufil, SOt. -1:t Mit Klwvand, Hi tOI)' ofIIII' Early Killg. ofJ'er\'ia (roll) K'liOIl)(lT.1 tlw First o{iiIi' Pe 'lld(ufil/Il D)'I/(/.\I)', to til(' (;(mqllt's( of Imll by Alexander rile Great Trallslrlted (roil) the Origlllrlt Persillll ofMirkilOI1r/ Elltitled IIle RaUZCl!-lIs·Sa(n, trans. David Shea (l.onclon:john Murray and Parbur . Allen, 18S2). 51. 44. Ibid.. p. S J. Shea incorrectly translates "/Ili/'r/ilot" a' "equality and benevo lence." In th above quotallon J have altered "the carpet of equality and benevolencc" iIllO "the carpet of justice" (b(/)IJI-i /I'I1/'riiJal). For the PerSian original see ir Khwand, RawLu( III-Sara, 494. 170 Notes 4.'>. tOr a valuable sllldy of the concept of justice ('ad/) see A, K. Lamblon, "JustiCE:> in the Medieval Persian' heory of King hip," Stlllill Islamiw, 17 (1962), 91-119, See also Majid Khadduri, Tile Islrunic COl1ceptlon oOllsticc (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Universit, Press, 191)4), 46. Qu(an, 3: 26. 47. In addition GbazzaH cited Qur'an, 59: 59: "Believers, obey God and obey the Apostle and tbo e in authorit amongst you./1 See rhazzaH. CO/lncil for Killg.I, 45-6; idem, !\'(Hillar ai-lvIIi/Ilk, 82. ·tEL Discussing administrative theories and mirrors for princes, Ann Lambton wwte, /I Although the concept of the Sultan [ruler.l in the mirrors owes much to the asanian theory, the purpose of tbe Sultan's government is still the formal e~tablishmenl of the religion of Islam and conditions in which bis subjects can fulfil their destin ." See A. K. S. lambtol1, TIleor)' 0/1(1 Pmctice III Medieval Peciclll GOllemlllent (London: Variorum Reprints, 19RO), 417. -19. On Azar Kayvan and Ills disciples ee jivanji Jam. hedji Modi, "A Parsee lligh Priest (Dashlr Azar Kalwan, 1529-1614 AD) with ills Zoroastrian Dis ciples in Patna, in the 16th and 17th Centuries AC," Till' jOllmal ofthe K. K Coma Orielltal Institl/lt', 16 (1930), 1-.85; Muhammad l'vfu'ill," zar Kayvan va payravan-i au," Majallah-'[ /)ani~hkodall"iAdabiYClt-i Tillmn, 4: 3 (Farvardin 13~6 IMarch 1957.1), 25-42. so, See M, A. Alvi and A. Rahman, /-°ntllullall SI/iTClLi: A Si.~t('('//tll-Cent(lfY /"diml delltlst (New Delhi: atiunallnsitute of Sciences of India, 196fl), 2, 29-30. 5 \, J S5. A'in-i HilS/JailS, ed. M~nikji Limjl Ilush~ng lIatarYiI D~lvi'h Faui (Tehran: Mirza. l3al\f~m Nasrabadl, 1296/1878). 56. ee S. H. Nasr, "The Spread of tile Illumination!>t School of Suhrawardi," Tlw!slall/irQI/I/,.I",I)', 14: 3, J 1'1-21, quote on 116. 57. On tbe religious poliCi of Akbar see Makhanlal Roy Choudhury, The Dill-i· I1C/1li Of, Till! Religion urAkbar (Palna, India: Palm University, 1952); Khaliq Ahmad Nizami, Akbn,. C/lld Religion (Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delhi, 1989); B, P. Amba'\hthya, Conlributiolls 011 Akbaf and IIJe fJaw'/,s (Palna, India: Janakl Prakashan, 1976; Aaa Alavi, Socio-Rl'ligiolis Ulltluok or Abul Fllzi (1) Ihi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-l Delhi, 1983). S8 According to Suhrawardl, "there were among the ancient Per~ians a com munity of men who were gllidcs towards the Truth and were gUided by HiIll in the Right Path, andent ages unlike tho'e who are called the Magi. II i their high and illuminated Wisdom, to which lb.e 'Pi ri lUal experience of Plato and his pretie E'ssor~ arc also witness, and which we have brought to lire in our bool.. caUed Hikmat aI-I hraq." ,Hed in Se)'yed Ilm,ein Na r, "Sl1ihab aI-Din uhrawa(di Maqlul," in t-l History o(M/lslim Pililosvlrp}', ed, M. M. Sharif (Wiesbaden: alto Hana sowitz. 1963),372-98, quote on 375 fl, note 11. for a wstematic study of Suluawardi's Illuminatlon!>t philo soph see Hosseln Zial, K//olV!t'dge C/nd JIlwllil/otirll/: .4 Stlld)' 0/ SlIllfIlIvardl's J-likl//(/lal-I,lltmq (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 19901. .59. for a definitIon of "Zoroa~trjall 1 hraqi" see Corbin, "Azar (Adar) Kayvan.," 183. For a discussioll of the I.\ltmql (lIluminat'iomst) aspect of this school see 'vluhammad Mu'in, "Hikmat-i Islnaq va Farhang-i Iran", in Majl7/1/alt Mogol(l/-1 DlIktllr ,v[/llrmnlllocl Mu'ill, ed. 1ahdukht Mu'in (Tehran: Mu'a\si 5 such mont hs, one year: a million of ~uch year, onc (ani; a million fafd, one vanl; a million van/, one lIIan/; one mUlion lilt1ft!, one jllel; three thousand jm/, one vad; and two thou and vad, OIlC lad." Sec Dabi tllll, 8; file Dabi~tall, 19. One Satllrn year is qual to 3U solar 'ears. Jt was argued that the Abadiyan, the original kings and propheh 01 Iran, ruled for 100 Lad year~ (sad md al-i kaymll;). Jayan, the second dynasty, ftIJeo for one aSj!ar klli'l'wli year (yak aspar sal·i kllyvalli). The third dynasty, Sha'iyall, ruled for one ,II/Illiaf-i kllyvalli year (yak sill/Illar sal-I karl'IIlIi). i'asa'iyan, the fourth dyna ty, fuled for nine ~all1lll years. According to this reckoning, salmll = 100,000 years; 100 5allll/1= I lilumar; 100 s/l1l1l1ar= 1 "~p,u; 100 (/\par= l/-ad. 66. Charles Lyell, Prillcipl,,~ ofGeolag)' (London: John Murray, 1830). 67. Dabistall, 13. For Tabari', reckoning of tillle from the creation of i\dam to thE:' Ilijra of luhammad, see Tabari, Tile His/ory, I: 184-5. 68. Bahram ibn Farl1ad, Slwristnn, 4. 69. Ibid., 2. 70. "Bihisab-i asl-j falsafi afrad·i jnsanl ra biuayatl zamani oist./1 See Slwril/an, 6 and 10. The sallle is also argued in Dabistrl!l (Dabl ·tllll, 9). 71. For Hegel's dlsClmion of thL<, significant concept see, The Pl1ill)sopllY 0/ Hi,ltory', trailS. J. Sibrc(' (Buffalo: f'r0ll1('theu5 Books, 1991), l78--9, Hegel had become familiar with tills ~ignjfJcant Mazdean concept of lime via Anquetil-Dupeuon' Z('r/(I-,tve~ta, 72. BallIam ibn Farhad, Shari.ltan, +-2 . 73. Ibid., re,pecllvel on 22,6, 11-12, ~2. 7--1. Mahabad's "achievements," according to Di/Vi.l/all, were numcrou!>: "He ord red peT ons to uesc('od into dcc'p waters and bring forth the heUs, pearls, corals, ('te PeoplE:' were mllll1landed to shear tJ1C fleece of ~heep and other animals: b him also were in ented the art of spinning, weaving, cutting up, ewing, and clothing. He next organized cities, villages, and streets; erected palaces and colonnades; introduced trade and commerce: ,nd divided mankind into four classes." See The Dabistrll/, 21; for the ersian text see Dab/ltllll. 9. 75. Bahram ibn !-arl1ad, Sl1llrisrclI/, respectively on 13, U-14. 14, 14. 76, Tabari. The Hi tory, 348, 350. Transliteratiolh altered. 77. Bahram ibn Farhad, 5//(/ri\tall, 15 and 89; QlIr'rlll, 7: 59. The Qur'anic ver~ continues, "He said: 'Serve God, my people, for you have no god but Hjm. Beware the torment of a fateful day'." 78. Abu [--\al11fa ad-Dinawarl, Ki/ab a/-Akbar at-Tiwal, ed. Vladimir Guirgass (Lelden: r" J. Brill, J888). 9; idem. Tmilllllol1-'i IIklr/;/lf (/1- IIwa/, trans. Sadiq NiI5h'at (Tehran: Inti harat-i Bunyad-i Farhang-j Iran. 1346 j1967j), 6; cited In Edward G. Browne, A Li/erary Hist0l}' I)f PC'fS/a from tile Earliest Time III/iii Firdawsi ( lew York: Charle Scribner' Sons, 19(2), I; 113. 79 Mir Khwand, History or the Early Killg or Penil1. 118 and 100; idem, Rawzat ai-SOfa, 526 and 517, 80. See Qur'al1, 2: 101-2: "And now that an apostle has come to them from Co(1 confirming their own. cripture, some of those to whom the Scriptures were given cast off lhe Book of God behind their backs, as though they know nothing, and accept what the de ib tell of Solomon's kingdom. Not that Solomon IVa, an unbeliever: it is the devils who are unbelievers." Noles 173 81. Mir Khwand, I-fislor)' or (/l(' £lIrly Killgs or Pedll, 100; idem, Rll\vTnI Ill-Sari/, 5] 7. R2. See The: tpic or Kings: 051/(///-1\'£111111 tlie Natiollal Epic of Penia 0' Far/mvsi, trans, by Reuben Levy (Chicago: rile University of Chicag'o Press, 1967), 9-1 I; for the Persian text see firdawsi, S/Ifl/11111111a!l, ed. Sa'id Ham i<.tiyan (Tehran: Qatrall, 137411995J), I: 42-50. 83. JIl't'sta, ed. Jalil [)ustkhwah (Tehran: Murvarid, 1343), "Z<1Illyad y~ht," 30-6. pp. 294-5. for Tabari's recou nung sec Tlte Histury, ]: 350. 84. 4vestll, 294-5; I'irdaw'i. SllI1ltrllllllalr, ): 42-50 tiS. Bahram ibn ~arhad, Silari tall, 72-9, quote on 77. 86. According to llahram b. Farhad, "Siyamak had a son named TaL who i the forefather of all /\rabs wbo are also called Ta7.i." Scc Silllristall, 77. In a sim ilar faShion he also Persianiled Alexander. by depicting him as 102. il'ill-i fllI"lrallg, 77-148. Zaya/liJal1 Rlld is atUbutcu to Zindah /\7:arm and was "translated" into Persian by [arzanah Khu hi. On a closer ~xalJ1inatjon it appears that at least a ection of Za)'alldall RlId parallels 'hahab ai-Din Suhravardi' 11 ikmat al-f !1IIi], 103. A'IIl-1 HIISIIOIIS, 149-77. ZalVrall-'i H(1!,tl/lli is attributed to Ibrahim ZardlL\ht vl,braham-Zoroast~r), "a prophet of Iran." it was "translated" into Persian by Azar Pazhuh (149). 104. A'ill-; HIISlwllg, respectively on 192 and 19 J-2. IDS, Mirza Aqa Khan Kirmanl, Sail M'lktlJh: Maktllll-i SIII/llllidall Kamal af·1)awlall balr Sl1ll1z7.lldah lola! al-Dawlait, ed. Bahram Chubinah (Il'aris]: Marde £mJ:ouz, 1370/1991), 166; idem, A)'illah-'i Sikmldari (ITehran]: n,p., 1324/1906), -23, 106, By "scl1izophrenic" I have in mind not the clinical definition but a person's simultaneous identification with cultural discourses that arC' inde pendent of one another. By scJlizochrunia I intend a fractured iel\' of historieallirne, which is elaborated in my forthcoming article "Modernity and eh izoehronia." Chapter 6 Crafting ational Identity 1. Muhammad Hashim Rustam aJ-Hukama, RlL~tl1m al-raw(/rikh, ed./vluham madl\Iu5hiri (Tehran: n.p., 1969),423; 309, 378, 391., -118, 459; 309; 61; 38~392,395,4S8;69, 39~81,S2; 130;466. 2. Mu hammad Hasan Khan I"timad al-SaltanalJ, Miral al-RlIldall, eel. 'Abd al-IiU ayn ava', (Tellfan: lJ1ti~harat-i Danishgah-i Tihran, 13671191'18]), 3. 3. See Henry Corbin, Spiritllal Hod)' and Cd('sfial Et/rtll: From Mazdean /1"111/ to Shiite Iran, trans. aney Pearson, Bollingen Series xci: 2 (Princeton, .I: Princeton Uni ersity Pre ,1977), 17-24. 4. I·or list of 511alll/(/1/I011s printed in the nineteenth ee1llury see lraj Afshar, Kittlb\lJiJll1si-1 SllI/llI/wl/oll (Tehran: Anjuman-i Asar-i MiIli, 1347 119681l, 191-9; Javad Safinizhad, "'hahnamal1 Ila-yi Chap ..angl," Mirs-i Fnrllfll/gi, 14 (ZiInistan 1374 IWinter 1996]), 21-4. S. For studies of reatation traditions 5('(' 11llJammad Ja'far Mahjub, "Sukhan Yari," SlIklUllJ, 9: 6 (Shahrivar 13 7/1958), 53(}-5; idem, "Sukhanvari," ~lIkllll/l 9: 7 (1337/1958),631-7; idem, "Sukb.alI ari," SlIklwll, 9: 8, (1337 [1958]), 779 86; idem, "Tahavvul-I naqqaU va qJssah khwani, larhiyat-i qissah khwanan a lumarha-y! naqqali," Imll Na II/eh , 9: 2 (Spring 1991), 1So-2 II i Hail ram Bayzal "NalJ1ayish dar Iran: Naqqali," Moj,/Iit/II.'i Mllsiqi, 3: 66 (1341 [1962]), 15-33; Mary FJlen Page, "Professional Storytelling in Iran: Transmission and l'racHce," Imlliall SllIr/ies, 12 (Summer 1979), 195-215; 'Ali AI-e Da",rlld, "Cof feehouse," in Enc)'clopaedia Imnica, i: I, 1--1; Husayn Usan, "Shahnamah khwanl," HlIl1lr l'a Mardllll1, 14: 159/160 (f)a /Ballman 1354 [19751),2-16. 6. Ahmad Divan Baygi, Hadiqat ai-Sill/om (Tehran: lotisharat-i Zarrin, 1364 l1985)),425-7. 7. Muhammad Ibrahim llastani Parizi, "Shahnamah akhirash khush ast," Na)' i 110ft Balld (Te]lfan: 'Ata'!, 1353 [1974J), 259-373. 8, Cited in LiS 9. Muhammad Ali Tusl, Slrahallslmil Nal1lal1-i Nadlri, ed. Ahmad 5uhayli Klw,'ansari (Tehran: Anjuman-i i\sar-i I\·filli, 1339/1970),22 and 224, 10, Mirza Fath'ali Khan Saba, Slwl/(/l/,Ilulllllalllllh flombay: Malik al-Kuttab, 18(7), 41. 11. According to Iraj Afshar, Davari's copy was in the posses~ion of Farah Pahlavi and was held in heT personal library. ee his "Shahnamall, az khatli ta chapi," Ifll/lrlrl'a MardlllJl, 14: 162 (1354 [1975J), 24, 12. For Davari's introduction see Mahdi Hamidi, S!Ii'r dar 'Asr-i Qr/jar (Tehran: Ganj·i KHab, 1364/1985),210-15. 13, I {amidi, Slri"r d'lr 'Asr·i Qajllr, 175, 14. On this point see Malik al-Shu'ara Uallar, abk 'l1ill(/sl: Tarik/I-i TatCll'vllr·i Na~r·i FI1f>i (Tehran: Khudkar, 1337 11958]), 3: 348. 15. Mirza qa Khan Klrmani, Ayillal/.'i Sikal/dari (Tehran: [n, p.l, 1324119061), H. Iii. Namall.'i flastall, which was completed by Shaykh Ahmad '''dih Kirmanl after the execution of Mirza Aqa Kban, was also known d' Salar !' 2R. Na~ir ai-Din Shah' letter to I'lirmd al-Saltanah, dated l309/189I , was a.dded to lbe first volume 01 Dllrrar u!·Tiiali. ror I'timad al-Saltanah', peculation ~ce Dllrrar ill-njall, 3: 154-7. 29. Akl111ndLadah [Q Jalal al-Din \-1irza, IS June 1870, in AJit1Ja-yi Imlld va Maklll/!al (Baku: Farhangistan-i . lum-; Jumhmi·i Shuravi-i Susiyalisti-i zarbayjall, 1963) 172; quoted ill Hamid Mg'H, Mirza N!nlklll7l Khal1: A Stlldr' 111 till' lIistory or [fllllim! Modem;sm (Berkele , ('...,11.: University of California PTess, 1973). 92. .)0. Dust 'Ali Khan fu'ayyir al-Mamali\.., Rijal-i ·,hr-i a Irl (Te!)ran: ashr-i Tarikh-i Iran. 1361/1982),5-1. .1 I. Furughi, Tilrlkll·i Salatill·i SasillJi, 1: 194,2: 196. 32. The inaugural issue of Mil/rH·i Salllyall-'j Iran was published on J5th ot Muharraill, 1283/1,66. The logo appeared em the first page of issues 1-34. .B. Mlrza Fath'Ali i\khund7.adah, Marfl//al, ed. Baqir Mu'mini (Tehran: Intisharat-i Ava, 1351 !19721l, -1-4-5. 34. Ihid., 45. On Kavah:i hangar see J~lU Dustkhwah, "Kavah-l Ahangar bill rivayat-i naqqaJaJ'l," lrall Nameh, 10: 1 (Winter 1992), 122-44; Tllraj Darya'i. "$ahlll-i illanabi'·i Hind va Urupayi dar shillakht-i ShiJhn~lllah: Huviyat-i Kavah:l Al.lallgar," Trail SlIelllui, 11: 2 ( 'llrnmer 1997), 279-84. 35. tumghi, rarikh-i Salatln-I SilSlllli, 2: 194. 36. KirIllani, !\yillall-'i Sikanrlari, respectively 75-6 and 76-7. 37. For a study of Anushirvan'5 eplUlet, the .Just (doc/sar), see Jalal Kllaliqi Mutlaq, "C.hira Anushirvan ra Dadgar amidahand?" Fa II/amah:i Halli (Summer 1993), L09-16. :{H. Furuglli. Tarikh-i Salatill-i a ani, 2: 195-6; Kinnan!, Sail Mnktllli: Mok/lIll·i Silo/ili/riall Kalllol al-/)mvlall ball SIwllladah lalal al-l)awlall, ed. BaJuam ChubinalJ ([5.1.: Marde Emruz, 1370/1991), 80-7. 39. Kirmani, A)'intlil-'i Slkl/l/dari, 9. -to. Akllundzadah, Maktll/}at, 32-3. -no It should he pointed out that Persian chauvinism became a component of lhe new eCillar political strategy. This anti-Arab tendency was to some (1egree similar to the 'Ill/libiyall 010 ement which had developed as a reaction to the Muslim conquest of Iran. 42. Akhunuzadah, ,\.1akllllm/, 20-I. 43. Kinnani, ."all Maktllb, 68-9. 44. KirIllillli, Sail Maktllb, 166; idem, Aril/ah-'i Siknlldari, -23. 4S. Letter 10 Mirza Malkulll Khan dated 15 Jumada I, 1311; cited in FarayduJ1 Adamiyat, AI/disllll/Ow-yi Ao[irza Aqa Khan Klnnani (Tehran: Param, 1357/ 1978), 55. -16. Kirmani, AYilllah:i Siki/lu{ari, 17 and 14. -;17. Kinnani,. ah Milktllb, 270-1. -18. I'vlfrza Muhammad Taqi Lisan al-tvfulk. Nasikll al-Tawarikll rrehran: Islami ah, 1344/1965), 2: 2, 359-61; rtizad al- 'altilnah, lkslr al·T(/\I'arikll, 499-501. particularly 500. it is important to note that the proclamation was followed by three Qur'anic verses, which had been IdenUflet1 by Hajji Mirza i\qasi in support of the new uniform. 49. I'tizad al-Saltanall, lk. ir al·Tavarik/l, 290. so. Mir '. bd aI-latif Sllushtari, TIIII(at al--Altl/II va Lar! ill-Till/rail, d. amad Muvahllid (rehran: Tahuri, 1363/1984) 2oll. Note' 177 51. Kirmani, Ayilla/i.'i SikalltlMi, 522-3. 2. J'timad al-Saltanah, Durrar al-Tijl/l1, I: 106. 5:3. Jamal al-LJjn Afghani, "Tarikh-i Ijmall-i Iran." appearing in fursat Shirazi, J)ivall FI/rlfll, cd. 'Ali Zartin QaJam (Tehran: Kitabfuru~hi·lSiru , 133711958),28-73. 54. Kirmani, Arill<7I1-'i Slknndari, 106-110. .-S. Irmani. S(/II Maktuv, 260 and 266, 56. ('c Benedict Anderson, Imagined COI11/llllllitie,S: Ref/ectivlls 011 thf Origin I1l1d Spread o{Na!iOl1ali,I/ll, rev. edn (London: Ver'o, 1991), particularly 37 6 and 67-82. 57. On the ndian School see ziz !\hmad, "The Formatioll of Sabk·i Hindi," in Imn all/I 105/11111: hI MmIOIJ' ot Ille late VII/dilllir Minorskl', ed. C. E. Bosworth (Edinburgh: Edinburgh Umversity Pre s, 1971), 1-9. 58. Among the leading figure of Ihe lnruaIl School were poets such as Kalim Kashanj (d, 1650), a'lb Tabrizi (d. 1670), Ghani Ka!>lunlri (d. 1667), ,hawka I Bukhari (d, 1695), Na ir 'Ali Sirhimli (d. 1696), Juya Tabrizl (d. 1706), 59, See Chapter 2. 60, Simi aJ·Din 't\li Khan i\rzu, Dad-i Suk/ral1, ed. Muhammad kram (Rawalpin\1i: Iran-Pakistan lnslilute of Persian Studje~, 1974, resper!ivel , A, xxx-xXJ 71. Abu ai-Hasan Yaghma .landaqi, KUI/irat-i Yaghl/la Jandaqi (TellIal1: Ibn Sina, 1339/1960). 49; Yahya Aryanpur, Az ~abt1 ta iVitrla: Tarik/I-i 150 aille/ab-i Farsi (Tehran: Kitabha-yi Jibi, 1351/1972), lH. 72 Yaghma .landaqi, Mnjl/ll/'alt-'i II Ill, 2: 85; idem, KlIlIiyat (Tehran: Ufsit, 1339/1960),56, '} 7J, "The Rev. A. Duift'sl .. , dddn's, to the General Assembly of the church of Scotland," The Asiatic jatifIJaland lv[olltlily Register, 1S (1836), "Asiatic IntellJ gence" section, 86-8, 74, Among dictionarie.\ edited and publlshed In Jlumerous editions in India were .Hallr-; 'Ajl1 111 , Ba/lar-i 'Ajarll, Balir al-Jamllir fi LI/Slllll al-Tibb, Hllrhall-I Qatr, ellifllgh-i Hie/ayat, Dari GIISlw, Dun al-Fakltir Utili al-Masadir, Farl/lll1g-i AI/llndmi, F"rlr IIIS-i Famlklti, Far/wl/g-; Jaltllllgiri, Farllallg-; Rashidi, G/IiYlls ai-LI/ghat, Haft QulzUI/I, KClslt( al-Lilg/wt va ClI-/stiiallat, K/wzilll7t al-Am~al, Kltiyabml-i GulslulII, Luglwt /Jari va Palt!avi, Lug/wt-i Firtlzi, AJar/ar al-A(aziI, Majllu( al-Fur'-i SUn/ri, i>'fu'ayyar/ al-Fuza/a, '[I/sta/a/wt al-SIII/'ara, I a/llyi- 111 Lug/wt, :Vavat/lr al-MClsadir, Nasir a/-Lugltat, Sltam.1 a/-LI/gltat, Simi aI-Lug/wt, TallC/iq a/-Isli/o/wt, Sumlt, an I lubr/at a/-Lugltat Ma'n'fbil7 LI/gltat-i SUTllri, 75. ilurhall Qati', written in 1652, became the locus of one of Ule most interest ing and under-studied leXicographic' controversies in Pe-rsian. Asad Allah Ghallb (1797-1869), the celebrated Urdu poet, in 1860 wrote a critical review of Bllrl1llrJ-i Quti entitled Qali-i BlIrltall (1862), and five year later he add ,1 a new introduction to it and renamed the work IJiratsh-i Kavyl1lli. Ghallb's haTsh riticisms of the author of Uur/1U1l Qatf led to a great literary controversy and publication of many responses and counter-responses, 76. Hafiz FarmanJarll1ayan, "Introduction," in 'Ali Khan Amin al-Dawlah, Kltatirat-i SiYllsi Mirza 'Ali K/wll Aliiill al-Dawla/I, cd. HafiL rarmanfarma'iyan (Tehran: Kitabha-yi Iran, 1341/1962), S. 77. On the simplification of Persian prose see Bahar, Sabk ltilla~i, 3: 361; Shak oor Ahsan, Madall Trl'l1ds /n tlte Persiall LCII/Slwge (Islamabad: lran-l'akLstan Institute for Per-ian Studie , 1976),34; 'Abbas illryab Khu'i, "SlIkhani dar barah-'j Illllnsl)a'at-i Qa'i~n Maqam," in NUlIlwlnlll.'i Dukllll Maltll/ud-i Afsltar, ed. Iraj fshar (Tehran: lnlisharat-i Adabi va Tarikhi, 1366119871), 3: 1433-55, 78, "Sharh-i Manshuri kah . hahamhah-i Ghazi Muham mad Shah bikhalt-i Khwish igasht," in Lisan al-Mulk, ,".,Ia,\ikh al- I'awariklt, 2: J26-H. 79. Ibid, 80 For studie" of language reform and puri n1 see John It Perry, "Language Reform in Turkey and Iran," IIItI'Tllriti0/1IlijOllrl1al or Middle [astem Stllrlie~, 17 (1985), 295-330; M. A. Jazayery, "The Modernization of the Persian ocabu lary and Language Reform ill Iran," in Ll1l1gllage Reronl/: Historr WIt! Fllture, ed. I. Fodor and C. Hagege (Hamburg: BlIsk , 1983), 2: 2-11-68; Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak, "1.anguaRe reform movement and its language: the caw of Persian," in Tile Politics ofLal/gllage Pllrism, cd. Bjorn jernudd and Michael Shapiro (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1989), 81-104, 81 Abu al-Fa7J GuJpayganl, RlIsCI'U va RClqu'illJ, ed. Ruhallah )vjihrabkhanl (Teh ran: Mu'assasah-'j MUll .. 1Matbu'at-i Amri, 134 [l974?j), In a letter GLJlpayg ani lists the follOWing individuals as practitioners of par~il/igari: 1vlirza Muhammad Husayn Khan Suraya, Mirza Hasan Khu hnivis Isfahalli MirLa Shaykh 'Ali Yazdi, who is irwed as the real author of Nm/lrrh:j KlilllVrrll'lIl1 Notes 179 that is attributed to Jalal aI-Din Mirza, Mirza Lulf 'Ali Danish (pp, 480-2). I thank Sholeh Quinn for making tllis collection available to me, 82, Baba"u'lIah, "Tablet to Manackji Sahib," Star oOlle West, 1: 1 (wlilrch ZI. 1910), 5-9. I am grateful to Juan Cole for making a copy of the "Tablet" accessible to me. 83. Kaykhusraw Shahrukl1 Kirmani, FI/rugh-i Mizdi.llli (Telnan: n.p., 1909). 84. Amin al-Dawlah. Khatimt-! SiynM, 5, 8S, for inslanC't' see A$adallah Ghalib, Di/stallbl/ tAgrah: Matha'-i lvfufid-i Khalayiq, 1858). 86. Klrmani, Sah MakllilJ, 265. 87. Riza Quli Khan Hida. aI, farhalw-I Allil/mall llra-)'i Naslri (Tehran: Kargah-i 'Ali'quli Khan, IZ88/l871), [2). 88. Adamiyat. IIlldlsllr/h'l/a-yi Mlrlll Aqa Khrm-i Kinnal/i, 162 and 274_ 89, Kirmani, AyiJlah-'i Sikrmdari, lIS, 90. AkllllDd7adah, MnqalGlt, 187 and 193. 91. Letter to Mirza Muhammad Rafi' Sadr al.' lama, dated 1S Muhanam 1129, appearing In Ma'1alal, 205, 92, Letter to Haji 'haykh Muhsin Khan. dated 4 February 1869, In Akhunc.l.;r., dah, Alitba-)'i Jadid va Maktl/bat, 1137-40i ql.lote on 1140. 93. See Algar, Mirza Malkum Khml, 90. 94. Bernard Lewis, TIIe' Emergen(/, of ,Hodl'fl/ Turkey, 2nd edn (London: Oxford University I'ress, 1968), 42 , 95. "To the I're.\ident. Vice Presidents, and COIllmittee of tile Calcutta School Book Society," in The App!imt/ol1 or the 11.01/1111/ Alplli/bft to All tlIe Orientlll LeU/gllage COlltailled III a Serie.\ or Papers, Writtell by Mes, rs. Trywlyall, f. PrlllSr:p, alld Tyll!'r, Re\'. A. lJllff, and Mr. H. T, Prinsep (Calcutta: Seram pore Press, 1834), I-3D; quote on 13. 96, Mirza lsma'i\ Dardi Isfahan!, "Tahrif-i Alifba-yi Musalmanan," ill Tmikh-i la/1Il11 (Qum: Kitabkllanah-'j 'Umumi-i Hazrat-i I\yat AJlah al-'Uzma }'Jar'ashi. no. 2439), 550-6-+3. 97. rtimad al-Saltanah, Ta(viq-i Llig/lIlt-i JlIgilraf1ya'i (Tehran: Dar al-Intiba'at, 1311/1893), 68; i'araydun Adamiyal, Alldis/w/r'lw-yi Talibllf-i Tabrili, 2nd edn (Tehran: Damavanu. 1363 [1984]),85. 98. "Falsafah-'i Qawmiyat va I.ughat," .\1i(t(lh al-Zati1r. 4 (1897),56. 99. "Falsafah-'j'\ abi'i," Mi{tall a/-Zafar, 2: 2 (September 15. 1898), 1-2; quote on 2, 100. Mirz.1 lahdJ Khan. "Geology 'Ilm al·Arz," Mi(ttlJr al-7.a(ar, 2: S (1998), 5-{). 101. "'Arz·i Tasllakkur," Mi(lall al·Zarar, 2: 8 C. ovember 22, 1898), 12S, 127, 12 . 102. "Vahdat-J Lugllat," Mirtall al-Zatilr, 2: II (March 8,1899),16-17. In a Col lOWing issue it was announced that Anjuman-i Ma'arif was modeled after the Royal Society of Lundon and ov r 100 individual had been accepted to join the SOCiety. See "Anjuman-J Ma'arif:' Nti(lalr al-Z"far, 2: 12 (Marcil 22,1899),182-3; "Anjuman-i Ma'ar:if." MlftaJr al-Za«1r, 2: 13 (AprIlS, lH99), 201-2. 103. "I"litm," [mil: RI/ZllalJ1nil-'i SIIItIl/li, 56: I (March 31, 1903). 3. 'either nlu man Ma'arif nor WI, jlis-i Akadimi is mentioned in any contemporary accounts of langu.age reforms in Iran, u h a selective amnesia recurs in much of the literary historty of modern Iran, in Wllich the Qajar period is emplolled a, ·a.lr-i lJiklrlllJari (the age: of unawarene' '). 180 Natn 10·-1. FurughI7.uka· aI-}.lulk, "Vlaqam-i Firdawsi va Ahammiyal-i U," in Hlzarali-'I Firdawsi: 51/11l1/il-1 Sllklianfalll/lCI-yl lam'i I1Z Fllla/a-)'i lrall I'll JvlJ1\lal'lirlqilJ-i lJllIlya rlar Kllngimh-'I Hlzaml1··i Firdall'sl (reprint; rehran: Dunya-yi Kllab, 1362/198:{), 27--41, quote on 28. JUS. fOT studies of the constitutionalist literature, scc Aryanpur, Az Sa a til Nlma; Ahmad Karimi-Ilakkak, Recalting Prrsiml POdr)': Sceliario.1 or I'ol'tlc Mot/milt)! in/mn (Salt I.ake City: University of Utah, J995),23-99. Chapter 7 Patriotic and Matriotic Nationalism l. Bernard Lewis, ';Patrioti~m and l ationalism." in TlleShapingo(tlieModeTII Middk East (Oxford: Oxford University Pres, 1(94), 7t-98, quote Oil 76; Idem, Tile EII/erg/'Ilrt' ofModem Turkey, 334-5. Z. "Geo-body" is a concept coined by Thongchai Winichahlli. Sialll Mapped: II I Ji~tor>' oftlte C.'iI-Rody o(a Nation (Honolulu: tJniversil. of Hawaii, 1994). 3. "This treat· p rmanentl) _evered the _aucasian provinces from Iran aJld ,ettled the Russo-Persian northwestern boundary alon. Ihe Aras River." Sec Abbas Amana!. Pil'ot or tile U/1II'nl/:,: Nasir a/-Di/1 Sl1all Q,a;ar and the lranielll ,"lOIlU rell)" 1831-/896 Werkell;')', Cal.: University of California Press, 1997), 16. See also Fatlllah QazUla, A 11a(/1 Az RrlVll11d-1 MII'a.ilidalt-·1 TlIrkl1l£l/1cllllY, 1245-1250 rrehran: Sazman-i Asnad-i Mllli-i fran, 1374/ 1995; Jamil Quzanlu, Tarlklt-I limrni-i Im11: lild-i J)11I'1'1/1/1 rehran: Chap khanah Firdawsi, 1315/1936). 4. St'c Richard SchofjelLl, "Interpreting a Val,'Ue River Boundary Delimitation: The 1847 I:.rzerum Treaty and the Shatt ai-Arab befon' 1913," in The BOIil/darle of Modem fran, ed. Keith McLachlan (New York: 5t Martin's Press, 1994), 72-92. .". The Treaty of Paris pro ided "the ground faT the emergence of Iran's east ern boundaries." See Pirou7. Mojtahed-Zadeh, "The Eastern Boundaries of Iran," io ScJlcfield, The BOJllldarie\ orMor/em {mil, 128--39, quote on 131. 6. Hruz Kalenlzadeh, R/lssia alld Britalll i/1 Perlia, .!86-1-1914: It Stlldy III Il/1pcrianllll (I'\ew I-Iaven, Conn.: Yale University Press, iY68); Abb,., ,<\manat. '''Rus ian Intrusion into the Guarded Domain': Reflections of a Qajar tatesman on European Expansion," !ollmal of thc Amaieall Oricntal .Iuciety, 113.1 (1993),35-6; idem, I'lvot o( tile Ul1ive",', 13-18. 7. Rctlecting on t!lese treaties, Vanessa Marlin aptl_ writes, "the growth of the modern tate In Jran owed m\-lch to the influence of the foreign power~, a point which has been overlooked in diSCillsion of their role In the politics of the period. B) um meaSUrCS a. delineation of the borders and the ensuring of il peaceful, ucces ion, the" contributed to security and stability.... Therefore it may be said that, in the period under question, the growth of the Iraniall state, slow though it was, owed much to the strategic and commercial interest of Britain and Russia." See her"An Evaluation of !(eform and Development of the tate in the Early Qajar Pc-liod," lJie Wdr tie.l Islalll, 36: 1 (1996), 1-24, quote on 24. 8. FOr a discussion of land-based rhetOric of Iranian nationalism see Firo07eh Kashani- abet, "fragile Frontiers: The Diminishing Domain of Qajar Iran," III/mwtioll,,1 !ol/mal o{MIddle Eustem Stur/ie ,29 (1997), 205-34. Note; 181 9, For instance ee Mal1mud ibn Muhammad Isfahanl Id, 1215]. DilStlll' I/I-Vi7.amil, ed, RILa lnzabi Nlzhad (fehran: AmiI' Kabil', 1364),91. In lhi~ instance l~fahaJli linked "vatan-i ma'luf" to "mansha' va mawlid" (origin and birthplace). See J)asllIrnl-Vlzora/l, 92. Vatall Mu'llI(wa, used frequently in biogrilphical dictionaries. I'or instance ~e(,' Silm~am aJ-Dawlah Shahnava7 Khan IJ700-17571, Ma'/Ilir al-Ulllortl, d. Mawlavi 'Abd al-RaJlim and tvlawlavl Mirza A hraf 'Ali (Calcutta: AsiatiC Society of Bengal, J891 l, 2: 659; 3: 66::\. 10. POl' Instance see Sha1mavaL Khan, MlI'llsir ClI-UlIlllrn, 1: 363. 11. lIasan l.ahlji, "Hadiyyat al-Musaflr" in Ra~'i1-i Fllr~l, eti. 'All Sadra'i Khu'i (Tehran: Nashr-i Qiblah, 1357), 304-20, quotes on :\11. 12. In l1is biographical dictionary haykh 'Ali HaLin b. 1103/1691) clearly dis tingUished //law/lei (birthplace) from Ihe place of residence (1IIllwtill!vatllll). See hi~ Tazkimh-'i Halill, ed. Muhammad Baqir Ulfat (Isfahan: KilabfurllshJ i Ta'yid, 1334/1955), particularly 38, -l2, 4-l, 46, 72,87, 100, IOJ, 110, 11 . 1.1. [oar imtaace sec Shahna ar Khan, MQ'n,~ir nl-Ul11l1f1l, 1: ,~03 and 1: 672 respe tivc!y. H. Dil ball all [}(Iiltfand 1'l1 khvQl1IlfIdmh vatan l'al1dt/mll khllslll1lld ba 1f(1I1l-i lim. See Mullah Ahmad :--Jaraqi, "Hikayat-l Atlam-i Abi va si 'ahat LI dar ru-yi zamln," in :'vfIl5I1Clvi·i Taqdi~, ed, Ilasan araqi (Tehran: Ami! Kabir, 1362), 6-!-9; quote on 65. 1S. Henry Corbin oined the term "geosophy" ill an attempt to explain the imaginal' geography that rendered sen ible tJJe lvfazdean profes ion of faith, "My mother is Spendarmat. i\Tcllangel of tlle l:arth, and my falher is Ohrmazd, the Lord of Wisdom." ror details see Ileney Corbin, pirillml Rody I1l1d Celestial Earlll: From Mllzdml/ fran to SIlI'ite fra 11 , lram. Nancy Pearson, Bollingen Series ,xci: 2 (Princeton, .I: Princeton University Press, 1977), 15-16 and 36-50. 16. ShaJlah aI-Din Yahya Suhravardi, "'Aql-i Surkh," in Mlljlll//'ail-'j ,-l.sar-i- Farsi-i S/w}'kh-i I. /mll] '" OrvfC') I'hi/osophiqlle- it jVI)'~tilJl/(!\, cd, l-lusayn NasI' (Teh ran: Department D'iranologie de I'ln titute Fran ais de Recherche, 1970),3: 226-39, quote on 229. Suhrawardl identified the "rerum to originary vatl/II" a "linkage witb the celestial world JIl/-'allll11 al.'(/[1I1I'11." He explained this "refurn" Jnd "linkage" as the mea n1 ng of the Propheti saying, ';Love of I'atall is of faith," See hIs "Kalimal Z(lwqiyah," in Iv[ll;tnu'all.'i A Ilr-i- F:lI'si, 3: 463. 17. ) \Ilia Ahmad Naraqi, Mi'm; 1.11- (I'adnil (fehran: Inti harat-i Hashidi, 1983), 'J. Abu at-Qasim Ibn Adb al.Husayn, "Maktub-i yiki al faqlhzadigan," Hadid 2: 10 (6 Rajab 1324), 3-4. When Shaykh Abu al-Qasim reminded the readeT'> j IIndid of this definition of vatllll, he was mocked as a "knowledge deprjved" cleric. See Muhammad Riz8, "Hubb al-vatan mill al-iman," Hadid 2: 11 (I ~{ Rajab 1324), 3---4; quote on 3. 19. l{uzbjhan Baqli Shirazi, Shllrll-i IlOthiyllt, ed. HenrI' Corbin (Tehran: Ta11llri, 198J),622, 20. Baha' aI-Din 'Amili, Ku/li}'IlI-i A5ilar Vll ASllr-i SllIl}'kh Baha'i, ed, 'AIi Katibl (Tehran: Na hr-i ChigaJlla , 1372 [1993J), 160-_; Idem, Kltlli)'(Jt-i Asllar-i Fnrsl VI1 ,VIU51, va Gltrl1l111-'; Shaykil Baha'i, ed. MahdJ Tawhidipur (Tell ran: 1>.lahmudi, 1336/1157). 23; cited In Msaneh aimabadi, "The Erolic Vataa 182 otes i1lomclandJ as Beloved and Mother: to Love, to Possess, and to Protect," C(}lI1p(/mti~·('Stlldie:> ill Society alld History, lIul 1997,442-67, quote on 448, 21. For instance see Hu ayn Va'iz KashW, Allvar-i )1111<1)'1i ya Kalilah m Dilllllah (Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1362), SSl. In thi reference Va'iz Kashifi eqllated "valan" with "mawlid" (birth-place). See al :v1irza uhammad Husayn FaLiI Jam 11840-1901 L MIIIIS/la'at-i Fazil /Illl/i, cd, lIayuat Allah falilJ (Tehran: lnlisharat-i Ka,ir, 1371/1992), 19. 22. Afsaneh, almaba<.li views the "erotic mapping" of Iran, "as a body to love and po sess, 10 proted and defend, to fight and to die for," as essential for the understanding of Iranian nal!onaliSlll ("The Erotic Vatan," 450). 23. "(Iubl> al-l\iatan min al-iman," Akhtar, 3: l:I (14 Safar 129-1/28 February 1877), 1-2 125-61· 24. "Haz 3L valan ba. ad guft:' Akhtar, 3: 10 (21 'afar 129-1/7 March IIF7), 1-2 [41-2); quot on 1 and 2, 25. "Hub al-watan min aJ-irnan," Akhtar, 3: I) (17 Safar 1294/3 Mar h 1877), .13-4 ['1-21, quotes on 1 and 2. 26. "Ruznamrhah-'I A\..hbar-l Dar aJ-KJlalafah-'i Tlhran," RlIznamnl/-'i \lllqayi'-i IUi(aqiyah, 1 (5 Habi' ai-San! 1267),1. 27. On "public sphere" see J(jrgen Habermas, "The Public phere," New Gerlllan Critique, 3 (1974), 49; Reinhart Ko eller\.., Crltiql/e and CrisL~: En/ightl'1/II/('llt and tlJI" Patlw$(!/Iesis of Mod('m Sociel)J (Cambridge, MaL: MIT Press, 1988), partlcular]y 70- . 28. fina Ilu ayn Khan Sipahsalar to lasir aI-Din '>hah Qajar, Shavval 1292; docuill nt no. 12-128 in HI/kllll/at-i !XlyalJ'lm: Asnad-i Mallfl//Ilanah \'a SiY 35, Sani' a!·Dawlah, "Vatan," -t, 36, For a twelfth-century dcfinillon of (e/IT·i iZ 80, Respectively see "Maktub-l Anjuman-i Khayriyah-l Niwan-j Iranian-i ~\'ruqirn-i bJambul kah bah jinab-i . ardar-i t-"lilli Tabrik Tumudalland," :'vfl/~llval, 28 (7 february 1909/14 Muharram1327), 7; "Tarjumall-'i Layil1ah-'i Muta'alimi)l i Dar al-Funun-i Muscaw ... ," MIl c/vilt, 28, 7-11. 81, According 10 'ajmabadi, "The women's presence in the battlefield in a space presumably belonging to men or male lions, though initially adnliIed, became immediately rescribed as a shame for men." See her "Zanha-yi fillat," 63. 1>2. "Musil\'at," !lLwvat, ZR (l-! Muharram 1327 [7 Febnlary 1909]),8-9. 83. ajmabadi. "The EroLlc Vatan," ';59-60. 84. For Darius Rejali there arc four modes of subjection (statutoI)', di ciplInar " tutelary, and carceral), see Torlllrr rmd Modemity. 146-59. R5. Partha Chatterjee, nIl' iVation and It<; Fmsmenls: Colollial alld Postcoloniol I/blorle~ (Princeton, NJ: Princeton lJniversity Pre ',1993),120-1/121,126. R6. "Dar farayiz-i murabiyan-i haqJql-yi mardan ya'ni nisvan," Hadid, 13 (25 Hajab 1323), 4-6; quote all p, 4, col. 2, 87. J ajmabadi, Af aneh, "CraIling an Educated Iiousewife ill Irnl1," in Remak ing WUII/en: femin!~11/ and ,"/urlemity in t11~ Middle Ellst, cd. Lila Abu-Lughod (Princeton, J: Princeton University l're~s, 1998).26. 88, On Tayirah Tihrani see Afsaneh lajmabadi, "Tayirah: amah'ba, Nivish tall'ba, va Ash'ar Hamrah ba Barghayi az Zindigani-i V,n Nil11l1li-'i Digar, 2: 3 (Winter 1997), 14(,..95. 89. Tayirah fihrani, "Maktub-i khanum-i danJshmand," Imn-i Nmv, 78 (16 Ziga'dah 1327/30 November 1909), 2-3; cited in Najmabadi, " he I:.rotic Valan." 461. Chapter 8 Postscript 1. MohamaLi Tavakoli-Targhl, "Constitutionalht Imaginary in fran anli the Ideals of tile French Revolution," lrall Nil/lie/I, 8: 3 ('ummer 1990),421-2. 2. Q(/IIlIll, 2 ([Shaban 1308/22 March 1890]),3. 3. ee Mirza MalklllU Khal1, "Ishtlhar :--larnah-'j wliya-yl Adarniyat," in lv!tlimll'ali-'I A~ar, ed. Muhit Tabatab'j (Tehran: Llltisharat-j 'IImi, n.d.). 18 -7; idem, "Ri 'alah-'i Chaybiyah," in Maj'lIIiali.'! Asar, 219-37 Il-J 91. 4. l,tilJdad is usually translated a "despoti, m" anti/or "tyranny." What vvas viewed a~ istiiJdad from the latc nineteenth cenlUrv onward was not "oppression" but increased governmentalJzatioo of e erydal' life, Addition ally "de.~potism" has a highly charged connotation within the Orientalist discourse. Therefore, J find "authoritarianism" as a more appropriate trans lation of istibdad. for a historical tudy of this concept ee 'Abd nl-Hadi Ila'ir!, ". u.khanl Piramun-l azhah-'i [sti/Jdad dar Adabiyat-i Inqilab-i Mashrutiyat-I Iran," Iran vo Ill/mll-i Islam: Pllz/mili iI'lm}'i TmiklJi Pirarml/l-i Chihmil'ha, Amiisha/I'lm, VfI Ill/IiJi.\11I1Il (Mashllatl: fnUsharat-i Astan-] Quds-i !tal,wi, 1368)/ 223---31. S. For a more elaborate slUdy of the changing connotation of Ule "millat" and the polarization of the political spa e, see Mohamad Tavakoli-Targhi, The fonllllt;o/! of Two RC'\,v/utiulIllry Discolllws III Modem 1m/!: The COI/stitlll/OI/al Revolutioll of 1905~1909 alld the Islamic Nevo/l1l/oll of 1978-/979, Ph.D dissertation, Univ rsit)' 01 Chicago, J988. 186 'ote~ 6. Nazim ai-Islam Kirmanl, Tarikl/-i Bielari-yi IralliyclII: MIIt!IHldmnah, ed. 'r\ll Akbar Sa'idi Sirjan; ITehran: Intisbarat-i IJunyad-i I'arllang-; Tran, 1.146/ 1967), 1: 561. On the class belonging of the elected deputies to the First Mailis, see 'Ian surah Ittihadiyah, Payday! II va Tal1awll/-! Alllab-i !yasi-i Ma~llmt~'llt: Dawrnll:i AWll/ va [JIII/VIIII/-i Maiii~-i Slll/m-yi lvIilii (Tehran: 1 ashr-i Gust mh, 1361 119821), 101-18, 8. On the concept of rnas!lmta!l see 'Abd al-Iladi Ha'jri, "Sukhani Piramun-i Vazllah-'; Masllrutalr," ill lrel/I WI /aIHm-! Islcllll, 212-22; Hasan Tagizadah, "Mashrutlyat," [mil Namelr, I: 4 (Summer 19 3), 511-12. For one or the ear1ie~t u age of the Persian usage of .\hllTllt in relalion to a parliamentary form of government see Mirza Salih Shirazi, vl/7.I1rish-i Safar, 310. 9. Kasravi, Tarikh-! Mashmtall-'I lrall, 120; Malikzadah, 7'clriklr-i Inqilab-/ Ma.,hmtlyat-i Iran (Tehran: llmi, 1363),2: 176; Bastanl-l'arizi, Talc' 11-1 ALarli, 89. 10. for this decree sec Kasravl, Tar/klr-i MashrufalJ:J Imll, 120. 11. The inauguration was initially planned for the 15th of Shaban, but ~ince it coincided with the birthda of the "Twelth hj'j Imam," and since the con stitutionalisls wanted it to be an indep ndent day, the Mailis was inaugu rated on the 18th of Shaban of 1324. In a message by the Shah, the inauguration of the Majlh wa~ rega,rded a~ "the trengtl1ening ot the unity hetween th represenlatives of daw{at and 1/I11/al." See Kashani, VClqi'ot-i tti(aqiyClIl dM Tarikll, 1: 106; [Ibrahim Safa'ii, Nil1mt-i /vIasl1mtah bar Pa}'al1.'i ASIlc7d-i Vlzarat-I U/lwr-i Kllarijal1 (Tehran: Daftar-! MUlali'at-i Slyasi va Bayn ai-I IIlali, 1370), 184. 1~. See Ahmad Ashraf, "Maratib-i ijtima'i dar dawran-i Qajariyal1," Kitub-I Agah, 1 (Zimistan .I 360/Winter 1981): 72-3. I :\. According to I he 26th article of the Suppll'mentarj' C:onstitullonal Law, "All powers of the state all" derived froIl) the millat." 14. Imll-i Naw, 134 (16 February 1910). IS. Concerning the circulllstanc leading to the drafting of the Fundamental Laws, see 'Abd al-Husayn _ ava'i, "Qanun-i Asasi va Illutammam-i all chigunah tadvin shud?" Yadgar, 4: 5 (Bahman 1326 Uan. 19-t7]), 34----47. 16, Shaykh Fazl'allah uri, Majl1ll/'all-'i az Rasayil, namiya!l'llll, Moktlllmt, ... va 'RII7,/1(II//{/IJ:j Sl1aykh-i SIwl11d Fazl'allah Nuri, ed. l\lubammad Turkumall (Tehran: Khadamat-i Farhangi-i Rasa, 1962 11983]). l: 108. For 1\11 analy h of Nuri's political positioilS during this period ~ee firaydun Adamiyat, "Aqayld va ara-yi Shaykh Fazrallah Nuri," Kltab-llwlI'nil, 31 (28 rarvardin 1359 [April 17, 1980]),52-61. 17. "Surat majlh va nutqha-yl ahall-I Yazd barayi intikbab-i vakil, ,hanoi 6 Ramazan 132 -,.. SlIr-IIsrafil, 17 14 ShavvaJI325), 4. IS. Nuri, JI'[lIjmll'ah, .,20. 19. Shaykh Fazl'aUah Nuri, Lavayil1-/ Aqa Shtlykh Ftlzl'lll/af! Nur/, cd. Huma Rizvalll (Tehran: Nashr-i Tarikh-i Iran, 1362), 29, 62, and 6 . 20. NlIrl, R(/S{r'il, 107, 2!. 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Fard}'duI1, 7 A'lam al-Mulk Bahadur, 14 affinity of languages, 23-31 A~ar Kayvan, 28, 77, 78,86-7,9 , Afghani, Jamal al-Dm, 103-4 93, 106,11 I fshar, Mirza Hajj Baba, 43 Azarbayjan, 129-30 Afshar, l adlr Shah, 98 Azar Higd ill, 94 A'ill-i HlIs/lal1g, 94 Alaris, 77-8, 86-7 Ajudanbashi, Mirza HUS3yn Khan, 66 Akbar, Emperor, 21-2, 1\ Hahman YaLdi, 30, .31 Akhavan SaiL, Mahdi. 9, lOS Bahram ibn Farhad, 89-90, 91, 93 Aklitar, 119 l3ayat, MangoL 7, S Ak.hundL.adah, Iina fath Ali, 99, Ba)'7avi, Nasir ai-Din '\bd Allah, 85 101. 102, 109,110 Bazsa.liIt-! Adab;, 105 Alexandrr, Jamb, 43 Bernier, FrdIl(;:OI , 10, 11, 23 , lIami, Abu al-ra;:I, 21, 87, 88 fligJshlu. Miu..a Riza Khan, 109 alterity, 36, 37 I>ihbahani Klnnamhahi, 'Amili, Baha' ai-Dill, 115 Aqa AlUllau, 13-14 Amin al-Dawlah, Mirza Ali, 107, 108 Birunl, Abu Rayl1an, 81, 82-3 Amjr Kabir, Mirza Iaqi Khan, 98 Burgashattee, Mahome 210 Cotton, Sir Dodman:-, 39 images of Muslim Ilea ('J1 ill counter-modernity, 71, 72-3, 73-4 depiction of gender relations, Creole comIllunitJe~, 3 55-6 cultural looking, 36 and naUonaU t discourse, 102-3 as original home of lDodernity, 1-2, Vabistal1·i Matahib, 28. 29, .n, n. 17 88, 93, 94, 97. 106 Persianale lraveUers to, 38-44 1)ar/·i :)lIkhalJ, 10.- pornographic View of, 70 Dm a1-1'111/11 111, 121 as a rhetorical referent for Dara Shikuh, Prince, 22 highlighting "lllotherland's Dmatir, 22. 29, 77, 87-9, 94, 96, 97, Illness," ID 105- Figueredo, Father Emmanuel de, 11 history rirdaw,i, S/wllll Johnson, Samuel, 3 JllaiIk a -:-'1utakalimin, 136 Jones, Sir 'Vllliam, J2, 20, 40, 50, 78 }'lalkum Khan, 109, 110, 136 and the affinity of languages, n-31 ,\/rIllc1llij al-I\likhmj, 11 lanckji Lim ji Jlatan, Dar ish Fanj, 94 Kaglwzi-i Akllbar, 44 Manuehihrji Seth, 21 kamal,47 Martin, }'rant;ois, J1 Kant, Immanuel, 48 Martyn, Revd Henry, 14 Karim Khan land, )19 :-'1ashi, 81 Kamtllllt,ll-i Mllllif, lOS ilia Im(tahklll'ah, 140-1 Ka hanJ, 1irza \ay-yid Hasan ;.. lashyana, 81 al-Husayni. 111 rna querade parties, 60-1 Ka ra\'i, Ahmad, 88, 107 Mawla\Ti Abu al-Khayr, 14-15 Kavah-'i t\hangar, 135 ?\'Iazdaism, 7 Kaykhusraw Is{andyar, 88, n Mazdak, 103, 135 KayunIars, 29, 7 - ,80,81,82-3,84, 1III'II/nll/lI1ars, 37--8 8 ,86, 8,90,96,100, 135 lvlelloeal, 1\ aria R" 3 Khalaf Tabrizl Muhammad Hu ayn, 88 Mi(tall Moorcroft, William proje(1ion of famillal feeling~ by Tmw'l ill tllr HllIlalayall I'rovil1ces Inell towards motherland, of Himll/stal1 alld I'OI/jab, 31-2 130,131 1vlorier, James, 32, 37, 40, 43, 61-2 role of women in, J ;t')-4 Morocco, 3 Shah as familial father, 119-21 lIbad, Ilmh, 92-3 ,trengthenlng of mother l'atal1 Mubashsllu Khan, I J linked to women's education, Muhammad, Prophet, 1)0,92, lIS 134 Muhammad Ri7- Pahlavi dynasty, 16, ] ..B Qajar dyna ·ty, 6-7,16,65,94,100, Pahlavi language, 22, 25, 26, 27,30 138 Palm, Lady, 56 qrlllllll, 136 Palmerston, Lord, 66 Qaw(id a/-Mil/uk, 13 Pa rb treaty (1857), ] 14 Qazuilli, Hamd Allah, 8S Pecquet, Jean, 10 Qur'an, ],92-3 Persian kings, 80, 81, 83-i, 85,86, 90, Qur'anic historical imi1ginalioll, 78, 91,93 79, SO, 90, 92 Persian language, 9,16,21,22,137 affinity witll Sanskrit, 26, 28, 30 Rabinow, Paul, 3 altempt~ to study and reform, 109 RadstocK, Lord, 42, 59-60 books on grammar, 109 Rafj' ai-Din Khan, Muhammad, 14 de-Arabization and Ralwoma, 12..1, 124 vernacularization of, 107-9 RajaJai ingh, 11 replacing of as offidal Ia.nguage of Ra (mnaham Roy, 9 India hy British, 106 Rawlin on, Henry, 100 restrlization 01, 104-]2 Rmvzat ai-Sara, 1i6, 91 and scientific text-, 111 Reuter Conces iOll (1872), 122 I'ersiall Letters, Tile, 3, 75 Reviczky, Baron Charles, 24-5 Persian poeb, 104 Richardson, John, 25-6,30 rersianatc t raveJlers, 38 4, -lS, RiLa Quli Mirza, Princ , 35, 45, 56, 59 ,-2-3, 73 Roussy-Ba g, Mrs, -10 as an object of popular gaze and Rustam al-Hukama, 96--7,119 amazement, 74-6 Rl/,I(I//II a/-Tawarikl1, 96 and European dress, 75-6 Rl/z/ll/lIlnl1-'i Vaqayi'-i lttiti1qi)'a!l, 118 European women as locus of gaze and erotic fanta.s)', 54-5, 61, 65 Saba, Fath Ali Khan, 98, J06, I J5 infatuation with European women Sabahi Bigdlli, 105 when meeting, 57-8 Safavids, 86 invited to theatres and masquerade sages, Persian, 87-8, 89 parties, 59-61 SaIl MI/ktllb, 102 narrative recounting of obser a(jous Sahhafbashl, Ibrahim, 62, 65, 71 in Emop , 73 Said, Edward, 18, 19-20,33, 62 ob ervi ng of. 74 Sani al-Dawlah, 1\8-19, 120 view of male-femi11e intimacy in ·anskrit, J0, 2], 26, 28 European gatherings, 59 <1ffinity witil I'e.rsian, 26, 28, 30 playhouses, S Satar K11an, 130 poetry/poets, 106 Sayyid H1lsayn, 133 disputes between Indian and . chwah, Raymond, 21, 23 Persian, 104-5 sciences, Persian scholars' engagement views as Iranian mode of with, 11-15 self-expression, 16-17 scientific terminology, 1]0-11 Pole, Miss, 58 SlIl1iJ Noma!l see NOell/mal Letter roor As. istance Council. 121 Shadmall, Dr Fakhr ai-Din, 19 Price, William, 32-3, H 'hall, 'Abbas, 39 public health, 121 , hah, Muhammad, 76, ]00, 103. Public Order and Security Office, 121 107-R, H() PUIdavud Ibrahim, 106 Shah, MU7affar aI-Din, 138-9, 140 Puritans, 2 Shah, Nadir, J26 216 Index Shah, Nasir ai-Din, 100, 118, 12l Toulmin, Stephcn, 3 Shah, !lin. 76, 108 Trevelyan, C. E., 110 Shah, the, 118, 119-20, 122,137. TII{all-'i MululImnndiyllll, 15 138,139 rllhfat lirAlam, 12, 13 Shalul1I.llInh .'Val/wh-'i Nadiri. 9B Turkmanchay treaty (1828).1 H 51111111111111all of firdawsi, 96, 97-9, Tumer, Captain Samuel, 31 101, III Tuysirkani, Isma'U, 107 Shahsavar, Muhammad, 39 SlIl/rrall,92, 136 unveiling, 5-1, 64, 70 Shari'allst , BO. 1-11, 1421 Up(lilislll11t\ 10, 22-3 Sharif, Muhammad, 11 SllCIrisll1ll-/ Danish va (;lIlistrm-J Billi.lli, Valle, Pietro deLla, 1 I 77,89,90,92,93,94,97 aqayi' Nigar, 13 Shaybani, Path Allah, 106 va/an, 96, 113-17,118-19,122-7, Shayk al-Ra'is, 123 132, 137; see also nationaliSl Sherk , Robert, 3 discourse Sherley, Teresia, 39 veil, 5-1,63; .Iet' also unveiling Shi'ism, 86 Victoria, Queen, 66 Shi l'arshad,31 VUlari-Sri-Krishna-dasa-MiSra, 22 hUShlilfi, ~1irza 'Abd ai-Latif, VjJayati, I)astur Jamasb, 22 12-13, 103 Visal Shirali, 9 Shu'ublyah,83 Von Grullc\)aum, G... 19 51 m fJso n, Thomas, J 2 Solomon, King, 90, 91 Weber, Ma},;, -I Slale, 138 Wcst, 2, 8, 9, 19,20 private mOTal censuring of, wcsternlzalion, 2, 4, 6, J 7, 44, 103 122-3,124 women, Europcan M!I" European Stoter, Ann, 3, 4 women Story of Shaykh San'an, 70-1, 73 till/lOll, 92 Yaghma Jandagi, 106 Surush Isfahani, 106 Yahya Dawlatabadi, 136 Yahya Suhravardi. 115 Jabari, 79-80, 81,82,90 Yak Knlil//CllI, 136 Tafazwl Hll.')ayn Kban, 11-12 Ya'qubi, Ahmad ibll 1\ni, 79 "Talc of the MermaId and Her Travel Yazdi, Khan Shafi'a, 10, 23 on Earth," 115 Yaz.dlglrd, 77,85, 8S Tar/kll-i Gllzidah, 85 Tarikll-i alatill-I Srmll1i, J 00 ?ah hak, 91, 98 Tarraqi, 123 Zaman, 1uhammad. :W--40 Tartars, 29 Zl1lld, 27 Tnzikirailul-SCIlatiTl, 100 land, Karim Khan, 96 TeignmOllth, Lord (John Shorc), 12 zayn. aI-Din I.ari, Mulla, 11 theatres, 60 Zend-.-Ive't!1, 21, 22, 23, 25,26,29,30 Tihrani, Ta'irah, 134 Zij-i Muhammad 5fJahi, 11 Tobacco Concession, 122 Zoroastrians, 22, 141