DOCSLIB.ORG

Howieite, a New Type of Chain Silicate 87

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Howieite, a New Type of Chain Silicate 87 American Mineralogist, Volume 59, pages 86-97, 1974 Howieite,a New Type of ChainSilicate H. R. WnNx Departmentol Geologyand Geophysics,Uniuersity ol California at Berkeley Abshact Howieite, one of the new iron silicate minerals from the Franciscan formation, representsa new type of chain silicate, hybrid betweena single and a double chain. In effect, a four-octahedron-wide ribbon of the octahedral layer of mica is sandwichedbetween two hybrid [Si uO'z]-chains. As for the tetrahedral sheetsin mica, the apical oxygens of these chains face (and are shaped by) this ribbon. The resultant structural units run parallel to z, their flat sides being parallel to (120) in howieite, which is thus analogous to (001) in the sheet silicates. Where the flat sides of two such structural units are adjacent, the basal oxygensof their [SieOrz]-chainsform the interstice that accommodates the large Na-atom. Those basal oxygensmore distant from the Na-atom, and thus at the edgesof the structural units, are shared by the octahedral ribbons of neighboring structural units. The structure was refined with 35 independent anisotropic atoms to an R-factor of 4.5 percent in space-groupPl. But partial order of divalent and trivalent ions on the 12 octahedral sitesindicate that the true sym- metry of howieite may be Pl. The howieite structure could well be indicative of high pressuressince it representsa rhuch denser packing than in sheet silicates; thus its occurrencein the high-pressure, medium-temperature assemblagesof the Franciscan formation is plausible from crystal chemical considerations. Introduction suggestedby Agrell, Bown, and McKie (1965) is: Howieite is one of the three new silicate minerals (Nar.s3Ca6.er),ou(Mgo auMn, nrFe'*u.nr)n.rn which have recently been found in the .riebeckite- stilpnomelaneschists of the Franciscanformation in . (Fet*, ssAlo62)2. 1e( Sirl s6Tio.o4)12. 36031. 3(oH)12. 6e. (Agrell Northern California et al, 1965). The crystal The following triclinic unit cell contains one for- usedin the structuredetermination was collectedat mula unit: the type locality at Laytonville quarry (Mendocino County,California); it is a cleavagefragment from a a : 10.176)A, b : 9.72 A', c : 9.56A, plumose aggregateof black bladed crystals (Figure 'Y: 1a) in carbonate-bearingstilpnomelane-riebeckite- a: 91.30. B:70.7" 109". spessartite-howieite-deeritelschist. Howieite is bi- In the course of the structure determinations.both axial negative(,a = 1.70I, I = 1.720,y : l.'734, formula and lattice constantshad only to be slightly 2V : 65') with strong dispersion( o ) r) and modified. Howieite was an interesting choice for a pleochroism(a golden,y green). It is distinguished structuredetermination because its lattice constants from the similar coexistingstilpnomelane by inclined are different from any known silicates,and there is extinction and higher birefringence. Howieite has thus possibility of finding a new silicate structure two moderatelygood cleavages,(010) and (100). type. Another stimuluswas local reminiscence,since The density is 3.378 g/cc. The chemicalformula howieite was first discoveredby Dr. Agrell of Cam- bridge University in the Berkeley mineralogycollec- tion. The structuredetermination proved indeed that 'Deerite, another one of the three new minerals,has been howieite possessesa new structure, intermediatebe- described as belonging to space group P2,/a with presence tween sheetand chain silicates.It can be described of submicroscopical twinning (Agrell et aI, 7965). Our as a collapsedsheet silicate possibly indicative of the precession and Laue photographs show diffraction spots geologicalconditions of high pressureduring meta- whose equivalencein shape and intensity indicate that the mineral may rather possessthe orthorhombic space group morphic recrystallizationin the Franciscanformatio'n. Pnma (62) (a = 18.885A, b - 3.182 A (needleaxis), Somebasic featuresof the howieitestructure have c - 10.337A). alreadybeen reported (Wenk, 1973). HOWIEITE, A NEW TYPE OF CHAIN SILICATE 87 b Fig. 1a. Plumose aggregateof howieite crystals in stilpnomelane-riebeckiteschist. b. Prismatic bladed crvstal, chosenfor the structure determination. Experimental Procedures corrected for Lorentz and polaization effects. Material qnd Data Collection Standard deviations o of individual reflections were determined from counting statistics of integrated Most howieite crystals were either bent, showed count and background. An additional error of p : 4 asterism, or consisted of several slightly disoriented percent of the net intensity was added to the standard domains. After examination by Laue photographs deviation to avoid overweighting of intense reflections of many crystals on a precession camera, a small (Duesler and Raymond, l97l; Corfield, Doedens, nearly perfect crystal (0.02 X 0.1 X 0.15 mm) was and Ibers, 1967). Of 5322 reflections only 4047 found (Fig. lb). This crystal was then oriented on a reflections with intensity )3o were used in the computer-controlled Picker diffractometer. Lattice refinement. constants and orientation angles were refined by The data crystal had maximum point-to-point least squares methods from positions of 12 indg- distancesof 0.02 X 0.10 X 0.15 mm and was mounted pendent reflections(a : l0.l7o(4) A, b : 9.774(4)L, approximately along the z axis (Fig. 1b). The linear : : ^y c 9.589(4)A, o 91.22(5)", P : 70.76(5)", : absorption coefficient is 53 cm-'. The value of e-" 108.09(5)". Intensity data were then collected on ranged from a minimum of 0.6 to a maximum of the four-circle diffractometer using MoKa radiation 0.9 at 20 : 0' (the variation is somewhat higher than with highly oriented graphite as monochromator in this for high angle reflections). The actual range of the O-2O scan mode up to 2O angles of 60'. A scan integrated transmission factors is smaller than this rate of l"/min was used with a scan width of 1.4' f and no absorption correction was applied. As dis- A2O, where A2O is the distance between calculated cussed later, errors caused by absorption mainly maxima for Ka1 and Ka, peaks. Background was affected the anisotropic temperature factors, which counted for 4 seconds stationary on either side of the show a strong elongation parallel to y. peak. The stability of the crystal and the diffractometer was checked by measuring the 026,420, and 150 reflections after every two hundred reflections. These Solution of the Structure reflections showed constant intensity within I to 2 The structure was determined using a combination percent throughout data collection. The data were then of sign determination (program FasuN; Main, Woolfson, and Germaine, unpublished), Patterson, '9Estimatederrors in the leastsignificant digits are given Fourier (program Fonnar; Zalkin, unpublished), in parentheses. and least-squares(program Nucrs 6; Busing, Martin, H. R. WENK and Levy, 1962; modified by Ibers and Raymond) ,..- Old Cell techniques.Scattering-factor tables of Cromer and r-/----tr----] Mann (1968) interpolated for 0.1 electron formal \t charge were used for all atoms. A correction for \ .re(lC) \ Fe(2C)\ anomalous dispersion effects was applied to Fe a\ usingboth Af'and Af" (Cromer,1965). The scattering Fe(2)\- - { Fe(2) factors of Na and Fe (M) were modified to take care \\ . of minor substitutionsusing the chemicalanalysis by .fe(i) Fe(t )\\ Agrell et al (1965), ([Nao nrCao or], [Fe'*o.u3Mflo.r5 Mgo. onFe'*o.rrAlo ou). -\ First a Patterson map was calculated. Its main featureis a strongmaximumat u : 0, u : 0, w : 1/3 which can be interpreted as a chain arrangement of atoms parallel to the z-axis with a repeat of l/3 +X (3.2 A) that just about correspondsto an O-O dis- NewCell tance.A secondstep was to computeWilson statistics FIc. 2. Diagram indicating Fe(=M) positions and choice and usethem to calculatenormalized structure factors of unit cell in the beginning of the structure determination lEl for 400 strong reflections. Results of Wilson suggestedby the sign determination program (dashed) and statistics indicate that a centrosymmetricstructure in the refined structure (solid). is more probable(average lEl : 664,lEl > 1 : l8/o, lEl > 2 : 6.I%). Using program F.q,slaN,signs of 310 E's were determined and for one of several Refinement solutionsthe E map in space-groupPl showedstrong At this stagea trial to define the structure in the -0.19, peaksat l/2,0,0; l/2,0, 0.33; 0.18,0.06; centrosymmetricspace-group Pi (averagingpseudo' -0.19, 0.18, 0.39, and weakerones at 0.12,0.30, symmetrically related atoms) failed. The structure -0.11, -0.30, 0.12; 0.12, 0.30, 0.45; 0.20; 0.20, refined readily to R : 10 percent irt Pl with 69 -0.15, 0.26(Fig. 2, old setting);these all agreewith independent atoms. Now an attempt to use the the Pattersonmap. Refining scalefactors and atomic centric space-groupwas successful,and final refine- positions by least-squares,the R-value dropped to ments were done with four models using 3721 inde- .18percent. Using 1043reflections (lFI' > 5o,20 I pendentreflections (lF,l > 3o). 35') with unit weight and combining a one-cycle a) The first model assumed35 independentatoms full-matrix least-squaresrefinement with a difference with isotropic temperature factors, refining 146 Fourier, more atoms were added after each cycle parameters(atomic positions,temperature factors -8, and the R-value reached 29 percent after 5 cycles. a scalefactor, an extinction coefficientfZachariasen, On the Fourier maps, chains of atoms parallel to z 1968],and occupancyfactors for M and Na atoms). with a l/3 repeat were apparent from the start. It The refinement converged after a few cycles (un- was not possibleto refine it any further. Therefore weightedR : 6.1370,weighted R : 1.797). Final symmetry was lowered to Pl starting out new with parametersfrom this refinementare listed in Tables2 t heavy atoms which showed up consistently in and 6 and occupanciesin Figure 10. Thesedata were Fourier maps, one of them fixed at l/2, 0,0.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Washington State Minerals Checklist
    Division of Geology and Earth Resources MS 47007; Olympia, WA 98504-7007 Washington State 360-902-1450; 360-902-1785 fax E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.dnr.wa.gov/geology Minerals Checklist Note: Mineral names in parentheses are the preferred species names. Compiled by Raymond Lasmanis o Acanthite o Arsenopalladinite o Bustamite o Clinohumite o Enstatite o Harmotome o Actinolite o Arsenopyrite o Bytownite o Clinoptilolite o Epidesmine (Stilbite) o Hastingsite o Adularia o Arsenosulvanite (Plagioclase) o Clinozoisite o Epidote o Hausmannite (Orthoclase) o Arsenpolybasite o Cairngorm (Quartz) o Cobaltite o Epistilbite o Hedenbergite o Aegirine o Astrophyllite o Calamine o Cochromite o Epsomite o Hedleyite o Aenigmatite o Atacamite (Hemimorphite) o Coffinite o Erionite o Hematite o Aeschynite o Atokite o Calaverite o Columbite o Erythrite o Hemimorphite o Agardite-Y o Augite o Calciohilairite (Ferrocolumbite) o Euchroite o Hercynite o Agate (Quartz) o Aurostibite o Calcite, see also o Conichalcite o Euxenite o Hessite o Aguilarite o Austinite Manganocalcite o Connellite o Euxenite-Y o Heulandite o Aktashite o Onyx o Copiapite o o Autunite o Fairchildite Hexahydrite o Alabandite o Caledonite o Copper o o Awaruite o Famatinite Hibschite o Albite o Cancrinite o Copper-zinc o o Axinite group o Fayalite Hillebrandite o Algodonite o Carnelian (Quartz) o Coquandite o o Azurite o Feldspar group Hisingerite o Allanite o Cassiterite o Cordierite o o Barite o Ferberite Hongshiite o Allanite-Ce o Catapleiite o Corrensite o o Bastnäsite
    [Show full text]
  • The Structure of Stilpnomelane Reexamined
    THE STRUCTURE OF STILPNOMELANE REEXAMINED JouN W. Gnunon, Uniaersity of Minnesota, Mi.nneapolis,Minnesota. Assrnect New r-ray data show the distribution of ions normal to the basal cleavage in the layer silicate stilpnomelane. Since it is similarto talc and biotite a structure consistentwithits properties can be proposed. It explains satisfactorily the behavior of the mineral including its base exchange of K for Tl. Stilpnomelane is an important essential constituent of certain iron formations. fNrnooucrroN The writer (1) made an attempt in 1937 to determine the composition and crystal structure of stilpnomelane. At that time the mineral had been reported from the quartz veins in iron formations and from the chlorite-epidote-albite schists in New Zealand (8 and 11). Recently it has been identified in large amounts in the iron formations of the Cuyuna and Mesabi ranges of Minnesota. There it is one of the three principal iron silicates,iron talc, to be describedin detail shortly, being the second and greenalite the third. As was pointed out previously, (1, p. 912) stilpnomelane may readily be mistaken for biotite under the microscope.Like biotite it is negative with a small optic angle and has similar pleochroism. In the hand speci- men it resembleseither biotite or chlorite, but is much more brittle. Its cleavageis excellent. Basal sections with partially developed hexagonal outlines have been observed. These properties and the discussion that follows make it certain that stilpnomelane has a layer structure and is related to the micas and chlorites. CnBurcar CouposrrroN Nothing essentially new can be added with regard to the chemical composition of stilpnomelane.
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Scanned
    American Mineralogist, Volume 77, pages 670475, 1992 NEW MINERAL NAMES* JonN L. J,Annson CANMET, 555 Booth Street,Ottawa, Ontario KIA OGl' Canada Abswurmbachite* rutile, hollandite, and manganoan cuprian clinochlore. The new name is for Irmgard Abs-Wurmbach, in recog- T. Reinecke,E. Tillmanns, H.-J. Bernhardt (1991)Abs- her contribution to the crystal chemistry, sta- wurmbachite, Cu'?*Mnl*[O8/SiOo],a new mineral of nition of physical properties ofbraunite. Type the braunite group: Natural occurrence,synthesis, and bility relations, and crystal structure.Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Abh., 163,ll7- material is in the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, r43. DC, and in the Institut fiir Mineralogie, Ruhr-Universitlit Bochum, Germany. J.L.J. The new mineral and cuprian braunit€ occur in brown- ish red piemontite-sursassitequartzites at Mount Ochi, near Karystos, Evvia, Greece, and in similar quartzites on the Vasilikon mountains near Apikia, Andros Island, Barstowite* Greece.An electron microprobe analysis (Andros mate- C.J. Stanley,G.C. Jones,A.D. Hart (1991) Barstowite, gave SiO, 9.8, TiO, rial; one of six for both localities) 3PbClr'PbCOr'HrO, a new mineral from BoundsClifl 0.61,Al,O3 0.60, Fe'O, 3.0,MnrO. 71.3,MgO 0.04,CuO St. Endellion,Cornwall. Mineral. Mag., 55, l2l-125. 12.5, sum 97.85 wto/o,corresponding to (CuStrMn3tu- Electron microprobe and CHN analysis gavePb75.47, Mgoo,)", oo(Mn3jrFe|jrAlo orTif.[nCuStr)", nrSi' o, for eight (calc.)6.03, sum 101.46wto/o, cations,ideally CuMnuSiO'r, the Cu analogueof braunite. Cl 18.67,C l.Iz,H 0.18,O to Pb.orClrrrCr.or- The range of Cu2* substitution for Mn2' is 0-42 molo/oin which for 17 atoms corresponds The min- cuprian braunite and 52-93 molo/oin abswurmbachite.
    [Show full text]
  • Approaches to the Low Grade Metamorphic History of the Karakaya Complex by Chlorite Mineralogy and Geochemistry
    Minerals 2015, 5, 221-246; doi:10.3390/min5020221 OPEN ACCESS minerals ISSN 2075-163X www.mdpi.com/journal/minerals Article Approaches to the Low Grade Metamorphic History of the Karakaya Complex by Chlorite Mineralogy and Geochemistry Sema Tetiker 1, Hüseyin Yalçın 2,* and Ömer Bozkaya 3 1 Department of Geological Engineering, Batman University, 72100 Batman, Turkey; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Geological Engineering, Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey 3 Department of Geological Engineering, Pamukkale University, 20070 Denizli, Turkey; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +90-0542-412-16-19. Academic Editor: Antonio Simonetti Received: 18 November 2014 / Accepted: 9 April 2015 / Published: 16 April 2015 Abstract: In this study, chlorite is used to investigate the diagenetic-metamorphic evolution and accurate geological history of the different units belonging to the Karakaya complex, Turkey. Primary and secondary chlorite minerals in the very low-grade metamorphic rocks display interference colors of blue and brown and an appearance of optical isotropy. Chlorites are present in the matrix, pores, and/or rocks units as platy/flaky and partly radial forms. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data indicate that Mg-Fe chlorites with entirely IIb polytype (trioctahedral) exhibit a variety of compositions, such as brunsvigite-diabantite-chamosite. The major element contents and structural formulas of chlorite also suggest these were derived from both felsic and metabasic source rocks. Trace and rare earth element (REE) concentrations of chlorites increase with increasing grade of metamorphism, and these geochemical changes can be related to the tectonic structures, formational mechanics, and environments present during their generation.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Abbreviations
    List of Abbreviations Ab albite Cbz chabazite Fa fayalite Acm acmite Cc chalcocite Fac ferroactinolite Act actinolite Ccl chrysocolla Fcp ferrocarpholite Adr andradite Ccn cancrinite Fed ferroedenite Agt aegirine-augite Ccp chalcopyrite Flt fluorite Ak akermanite Cel celadonite Fo forsterite Alm almandine Cen clinoenstatite Fpa ferropargasite Aln allanite Cfs clinoferrosilite Fs ferrosilite ( ortho) Als aluminosilicate Chl chlorite Fst fassite Am amphibole Chn chondrodite Fts ferrotscher- An anorthite Chr chromite makite And andalusite Chu clinohumite Gbs gibbsite Anh anhydrite Cld chloritoid Ged gedrite Ank ankerite Cls celestite Gh gehlenite Anl analcite Cp carpholite Gln glaucophane Ann annite Cpx Ca clinopyroxene Glt glauconite Ant anatase Crd cordierite Gn galena Ap apatite ern carnegieite Gp gypsum Apo apophyllite Crn corundum Gr graphite Apy arsenopyrite Crs cristroballite Grs grossular Arf arfvedsonite Cs coesite Grt garnet Arg aragonite Cst cassiterite Gru grunerite Atg antigorite Ctl chrysotile Gt goethite Ath anthophyllite Cum cummingtonite Hbl hornblende Aug augite Cv covellite He hercynite Ax axinite Czo clinozoisite Hd hedenbergite Bhm boehmite Dg diginite Hem hematite Bn bornite Di diopside Hl halite Brc brucite Dia diamond Hs hastingsite Brk brookite Dol dolomite Hu humite Brl beryl Drv dravite Hul heulandite Brt barite Dsp diaspore Hyn haiiyne Bst bustamite Eck eckermannite Ill illite Bt biotite Ed edenite Ilm ilmenite Cal calcite Elb elbaite Jd jadeite Cam Ca clinoamphi- En enstatite ( ortho) Jh johannsenite bole Ep epidote
    [Show full text]
  • Petrology of the Low-Grade Rocks of the Gunflint Iron-Formation, Ontario-Minnesota
    Petrology of the Low-Grade Rocks of the Gunflint Iron-Formation, Ontario-Minnesota PAP?k^N I Department of Earth and Space Sciences, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794 ABSTRACT tent with textural and compositional data tinuation of the iron formation. Marsden supporting a primary origin for the iron and others (1968) used the term "Animikie The relatively unmetamorphosed middle silicates. Quartz, recrystallized carbonate Iron Formation" for the correlated seg- Precambrian Gunflint Iron-Formation of cements, microcrystalline siderite, hematite, ments of the Cuyuna, Mesabi, and Gunflint Ontario has undergone considerable post- and possibly magnetite are also considered Ranges of Minnesota and Ontario. depositional recrystallizarion and locally in- primary phases. Key words: mineralogy, The iron formation is structurally simple tense replacement. Although these tend to sedimentary petrology, crystal chemistry, and uncomplicated. It is nearly flat lying obscure primary textural-mineralogical re- sheet silicates. with an average southeast dip of 5°. Local lations, textural elements similar to those of folding and brecciation, often accompanied limestone can be identified and their INTRODUCTION by gravity faults, are, however, present. mineralogy defined. Two fundamentally This type of deformation was attributed by different kinds of iron formation are recog- This report deals with the mineralogy Goodwin (1956) to penecontemporaneous nized: (1) cherty iron formation, which and petrography of the relatively un- volcanic disturbances. consists of granules, ooliths, and interstitial metamorphosed Gunflint Iron-Formation The Gunflint Iron-Formation and the cements; and (2) banded or slaty iron for- of Ontario. Emphasis is placed on defining overlying Rove Formation (with which it mation, which is composed of matrices the textural relations and chemistry of forms a gradational contact) comprise the (fine-grained internally structureless silicate- and carbonate-bearing assemb- middle Precambrian Animikie Group.
    [Show full text]
  • Alphabetical List
    LIST L - MINERALS - ALPHABETICAL LIST Specific mineral Group name Specific mineral Group name acanthite sulfides asbolite oxides accessory minerals astrophyllite chain silicates actinolite clinoamphibole atacamite chlorides adamite arsenates augite clinopyroxene adularia alkali feldspar austinite arsenates aegirine clinopyroxene autunite phosphates aegirine-augite clinopyroxene awaruite alloys aenigmatite aenigmatite group axinite group sorosilicates aeschynite niobates azurite carbonates agate silica minerals babingtonite rhodonite group aikinite sulfides baddeleyite oxides akaganeite oxides barbosalite phosphates akermanite melilite group barite sulfates alabandite sulfides barium feldspar feldspar group alabaster barium silicates silicates albite plagioclase barylite sorosilicates alexandrite oxides bassanite sulfates allanite epidote group bastnaesite carbonates and fluorides alloclasite sulfides bavenite chain silicates allophane clay minerals bayerite oxides almandine garnet group beidellite clay minerals alpha quartz silica minerals beraunite phosphates alstonite carbonates berndtite sulfides altaite tellurides berryite sulfosalts alum sulfates berthierine serpentine group aluminum hydroxides oxides bertrandite sorosilicates aluminum oxides oxides beryl ring silicates alumohydrocalcite carbonates betafite niobates and tantalates alunite sulfates betekhtinite sulfides amazonite alkali feldspar beudantite arsenates and sulfates amber organic minerals bideauxite chlorides and fluorides amblygonite phosphates biotite mica group amethyst
    [Show full text]
  • Minerals Found in Michigan Listed by County
    Michigan Minerals Listed by Mineral Name Based on MI DEQ GSD Bulletin 6 “Mineralogy of Michigan” Actinolite, Dickinson, Gogebic, Gratiot, and Anthonyite, Houghton County Marquette counties Anthophyllite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirinaugite, Marquette County Antigorite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirine, Marquette County Apatite, Baraga, Dickinson, Houghton, Iron, Albite, Dickinson, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Kalkaska, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Monroe and Marquette counties counties Algodonite, Baraga, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Aphrosiderite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette Ontonagon counties counties Allanite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette counties Apophyllite, Houghton, and Keweenaw counties Almandite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, and Marquette Aragonite, Gogebic, Iron, Jackson, Marquette, and counties Monroe counties Alunite, Iron County Arsenopyrite, Marquette, and Menominee counties Analcite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Atacamite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Anatase, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Augite, Dickinson, Genesee, Gratiot, Houghton, Iron, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Andalusite, Iron, and Marquette counties Awarurite, Marquette County Andesine, Keweenaw County Axinite, Gogebic, and Marquette counties Andradite, Dickinson County Azurite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Anglesite, Marquette County Ontonagon counties Anhydrite, Bay, Berrien, Gratiot, Houghton, Babingtonite, Keweenaw County Isabella, Kalamazoo, Kent, Keweenaw, Macomb, Manistee,
    [Show full text]
  • Iron Ore Deposits in the Eastern Tianshan Orogenic Belt (China): the Magnetite-Skarn-Magmatism Association Abstract
    Iron ore deposits in the Eastern Tianshan orogenic belt (China) : the magnetite-skarn-magmatism association Guangrong Li To cite this version: Guangrong Li. Iron ore deposits in the Eastern Tianshan orogenic belt (China) : the magnetite- skarn-magmatism association. Earth Sciences. Université d’Orléans, 2012. English. NNT : 2012ORLE2022. tel-00762741 HAL Id: tel-00762741 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00762741 Submitted on 7 Dec 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ D’ORLÉANS ÉCOLE DOCTORALE SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES INSTITUT DES SCIENCES DE LA TERRE D’ORLÉANS THÈSE présentée par : Guangrong LI soutenue le : 5er juillet 2012 pour obtenir le grade de : Docteur de l’université d’Orléans Discipline/ Spécialité : Sciences de la Terre et de l’Univers -OYKSKTZYJKLKXJGTYRGIKOTZ[XKUXUM§TOW[KJK R +YZ:OGTYNGT)NOTK R 'YYUIOGZOUT 3GMT§ZOZKȇ9QGXTȇ3GMSGZOYSK THÈSE dirigée par : Luc BARBANSON Maître de conférences, Université d’Orléans - CNRS Bo WANG Professeur, Nanjing University RAPPORTEURS : Alain CHAUVET Chargé de recherche,Université
    [Show full text]
  • Stilpnomelane K(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)
    2+ 3+ Stilpnomelane K(Fe ; Mg; Fe )8(Si; Al)12(O; OH)27 c 2001 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1.2 ° Crystal Data: Triclinic. Point Group: 1: As plates or scales and ¯bers with comb structures; as plumose or radiating groups, to 1 cm; as a velvety coating. Physical Properties: Cleavage: Perfect on 001 , imperfect on 010 . Hardness = 3{4 D(meas.) = 2.59{2.96 D(calc.) = 2.667 f g f g Optical Properties: Semitransparent. Color: Black, greenish black, yellowish bronze, greenish bronze; in thin section, golden brown, dark brown, green. Luster: Pearly to vitreous on cleavage surface, may be submetallic. Optical Class: Biaxial ({). Pleochroism: X = bright golden yellow to pale yellow; Y = Z = deep reddish brown to deep green to nearly black. Orientation: Y = b; X (001). ® = 1.543{1.634 ¯ = 1.576{1.745 ° = 1.576{1.745 2V(meas.) = 0 ' ? » ± Cell Data: Space Group: P 1: a = 21.86{22.05 b = 21.86{22.05 c = 17.62{17.74 ® = 124:14 125:65 ¯ = 95:86 95:93 ° = 120:00 Z = 6 ±¡ ± ±¡ ± ± X-ray Powder Pattern: Crystal Falls, Iron Co., Michigan, USA. 12.3 (100), 4.16 (100), 2.55 (100), 2.69 (70), 3.12 (60), 1.568 (60), 6.26 (50) Chemistry: (1) (2) (1) (2) SiO2 44.45 48.03 MgO 2.77 4.94 TiO2 0.23 CaO 0.53 0.83 Al2O3 7.26 6.48 Na2O 0.03 Fe2O3 20.82 4.12 K2O 2.06 0.83 + FeO 14.04 22.88 H2O 6.41 6.90 MnO 0.05 2.67 H2O¡ 1.35 2.64 Total 99.77 100.55 (1) Zuckmantel, Poland.
    [Show full text]
  • Known Minerals
    Recognition and Description of Minerals - Knowns ISOTROPIC MINERALS Halite NaCl Sylvite KCl Fluorite CaF2 Periclase MgO 2+ 3+ Garnet (Ca,Mg,Fe ,Mn)3Al,Fe ,Cr)2(SiO4)3 ERSC 2P22 – Brock University Greg Finn Recognition and Description of Minerals - Knowns UNIAXIAL MINERALS Quartz SiO2 Calcite CaCO3 Nepheline NaAlSiO4 Apatite Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH) Zircon ZrSiO4 Tourmaline Boro-Silicate ERSC 2P22 – Brock University Greg Finn Recognition and Description of Minerals - Knowns BIAXIAL MINERALS Olivine (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 Orthopyroxene (Mg,Fe)2Si2O6 Clinopyroxene (Ca,Mg,Fe,Al)2Si2O6 Hornblende Ca2(Mg,Fe,Al)5Si8O22(OH)2 Tremolite Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 Actinolite Ca2Fe5Si8O22(OH)2 Biotite K2(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH,F)2 Muscovite KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 Chlorite (Mg,Al,Fe)3(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2*(Mg,Al,Fe)3(OH)6 Plagioclase (Na,Ca)Al(Al,Si)Si2O8 Alkali Feldspar KAlSi3O8 ERSC 2P22 – Brock University Greg Finn 1 Features Useful in the Identification of a Mineral • Shape of grains • Degree of crystallinity • Cleavage • Twinning • Alteration • Associations ERSC 2P22 – Brock University Greg Finn Shape of grains • Acicular needle-like grains (actinolite, tremolite) • Bladed elongate, slender (hornblende) • Columnar elongate with equidimensional cross sections (quartz, pyroxenes) • Equant equidimensional grains (quartz, olivine) • Fibrous grains form long slender fibers (asbestos, sillimanite) • Lathlike flat elongate grains (plagioclase) • Prismatic crystal faces defined by prism (apatite) • Tabular book shape (plagioclase) ERSC 2P22 – Brock University Greg Finn Bladed Grains Hornblende © G.C. Finn, 2005 ERSC 2P22 – Brock University Greg Finn 2 Equant Grains qtz qtz © G.C. Finn, 2005 © G.C. Finn, 2005 ol ol © G.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Initiation and Evolution of Subduction: T-T-D History of the Easton Metamorphic Suite, Northwest Washington State
    Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Graduate School Collection WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship Fall 2017 Initiation and Evolution of Subduction: T-t-D History of the Easton Metamorphic Suite, Northwest Washington State Jeremy Cordova Western Washington University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Cordova, Jeremy, "Initiation and Evolution of Subduction: T-t-D History of the Easton Metamorphic Suite, Northwest Washington State" (2017). WWU Graduate School Collection. 626. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet/626 This Masters Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Graduate School Collection by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INITIATION AND EVOLUTION OF SUBDUCTION: T-t-D HISTORY OF THE EASTON METAMORPHIC SUITE, NORTHWEST WASHINGTON STATE By Jeremy Cordova Accepted in Partial Completion of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Geology ADVISORY COMMITTEE Co-Chair, Dr. Elizabeth Schermer Co-Chair, Dr. Sean Mulcahy Dr. Susan DeBari GRADUATE SCHOOL Dr. Gautam Pillay, Dean Master’s Thesis In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Western Washington University, I grant to Western Washington University the non- exclusive royalty-free right to archive, reproduce, distribute, and display the thesis in any and all forms, including electronic format, via any digital library mechanisms maintained by WWU. I represent and warrant this is my original work, and does not infringe or violate any rights of others.
    [Show full text]