FEDERAL COLLEGE OF DENTAL TECHNOLOGY AND THERAPY, ENUGU FACULTY OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED SCIENCE
COURSE OUTLINE COURSE Title: Computer Packages COURSE Code: COM102/121 Course Unit: 2 Prepared by: Mr. Osijirin Adesegun N. Course Description: This course expose the students to basic computer packages Attendance policy: All students are expected to attend all classes. Topical Outline Week Topic 1 Revision 2 Meaning of Software, Types of Software 3 System software 4 Application software 5 Word processing packages 6 Spreadsheet packages 7 Presentation packages 8 Database Packages 9 Graphic packages 10& 11 Practical 12 Revision Exercise/Continuous Assessment Test 13 Examination
LECTURE NOTE SOFTWARE Softwareis a generic term that refers to a set of instructions and associated documentation that tells a computer what to do or how to perform a task. Program is referred to as a set of instructions. Software is the suite of programs including the applications and the operating system. Programming is the processing of writing computer codes/programs. A programmeris a person who writes computer programs. There are two types of software. These include: i. System software ii. Application software
System Software System software is a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer’s hardware and application programs. The system software is the interface between the hardware and user applications. There are four major sub-classification of system software They are: a. Operating System b. Language translator c. Utility programs d. Device driver a. Operating system An operating system is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs.
Functions of Operating System i. It manages the computer’s resources such as central processing unit (CPU), memory, disk drives, printer etc. ii. It establishes a user interface. iii. It provides services for applications software. iv. It manages input and output devices v. It detects, install and troubleshoots devices Examples of Operating System Popular Operating Popular Operating Popular Popular system for system for Operating internet/web computers network/server system for operating Mobile system devices Windows Ubuntu server iPhone OS Chrome OS 10/8/7/Vista/XP Mac OS Windows server Android OS Club Linux
Ubuntu Red Hat Enterprise Windows Remic OS Phone OS
b. Language translator Language translator is a computer program that performs the translation of a program written in a given programming language into a functionally equivalent program in another computer language, without losing the functional or logical structure of the original code. A programming language is a formal language that specifies a set of instructions that can be used to produce various kinds of output. There are three types of programming languages, which are; Machine level language Low level language High level language
There are three major types of language translators These include Compiler Interpreter Assembler Compiler Interpreter Assembler This is a program that This is a program that This is a program that converts high level translates high-level converts instructions language into a language into an written in low-level machine code e.g intermediate form, symbolic code into FORTRAN Compiler, which it then machine code PASCAL Compiler, C++ executese.g BASIC Compiler Interpreter
c. Utility programs These programs are primarily used for diagnostic and maintenance tasks of the computer. Examples include Antivirus e.g AVG,Avast,Norton etc. Disk partion services such as Windows Disk Management, Partion Magic etc. Firewall for protection against external threats e.g Windows firewall Data Recovery to help retrieve lost data e.g iCare, Data Recovery,Recuva etc Data Backup for security reasons e.g Cobian,Clonezilla,Comodo etc. File Compression to optimize disk space such as WinRaR, Winzip, 7-Zip etc. Hardware Diagnostic services like Performance Monitor, Hard Disk Sentinel etc. d. Device Driver Device driver is a type of system software thatactivate computer devices and peripherals.Drivers make it possible for all connected components
and external devices to perform their intended tasks as directed by the operating system. Examples of devices that require drivers include: Mouse Keyboard Soundcard Network card Display card Printer Application software An application software is a computer software designed to perform a group of coordinated functions, tasks or activities for the benefits of the user. These include Entertainment software Educational and Reference software Specialty software Productivity software Personal software Entertainment software Entertainment software is an application that supports a hobby or provides a form of amusement e.g WWE RAW,FIFA 2010,PES 2010 etc, Educational/Reference Software Educational software is a computer program that is primarily designed for facilitating teaching and self-learning e.g Encarta,Mavis Beacon Teaches Typing,Britannica etc. Reference software include Dictionairy,Theasurus Specialty software Specialty software isa programdesigned for specific job functions such as web page development document
Productivity software Productivity software isa program that enables users to perform required task at home, school and business. Examples of productivity software include i. Word processing package ii. Spreadsheet packages iii. Presentation package iv. Database package v. Graphic Package Productivity Software Features Examples Word Processing Quick and Easy Editing Corel WordPerfect Package Variety of formatting options Microsoft Word Graphics Templates Spreadsheet Package Worksheets with cells Lotus 1-2-3 Values, formulas, and Microsoft Excel functions Automatic recalculation Presentation Package Templates, Layouts, Different Corel Presentations views Microsoft PowerPoint Database Package Organized into fields, records, Microsoft Access and tables My SQL Ability to group, sort, and SQL Server retrieve data and generate reports Graphic Package Layout, Arrange, Toolbox, Adobe Photoshop bitmap CorelDraw Effect , View, Colour Palette
DIGRAMATIC ILLUSTRATION OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE
SOFTWARE
System Software Application Software
Language Utility Operating Device Application User Application Translator Programs System Drivers Packages Programs
Compiler Interpreter Assembler
Productivity Entertainment Specialty Education/Reference Personal
Accounting Engineering Medical Package e.g SPSS Package e.g AutoCAD Package
Word Processing Spreadsheet Package Presentation Database Package Graphic Package
Package e.g Ms e.g Ms Excel Package e.g Ms e.g Ms Access e.g CorelDraw Word PowerPoint
WORD PROCESSING Word processing is an act of creating, editing, formatting, publishing and printing of textual-based documents such as letters, reports,memorandum,books etc. Word processor A word processor is a program or machine for creating, storing, and manipulating, formatting and printing documents. Examples of word processor include; a. Microsoft Word b. Corel Word Perfect c. Word Pad d. WordStar e. Kingsoft Writer f. Google Docs FUNCTIONS OF WORD PROCESSOR Some of the functions of word processors include: i. Creating, editing, saving ad printing of documents. ii. Copying, pasting, moving and deleting text within a document. iii. Formatting text, such as font type, bolding, underlining and italicizing. iv. Creating and editing tables. FEATURES OF WORD PROCESSOR – MS WORD ENVIRONMENT Some of the basic features of Ms Word include; Title bar Tool bar Ribbon Scroll bar Status bar Close button Ruler Office button Workspace
S/N Features Functions 1 Title bar It is a section at the top of a window that contains the name of the file and application 2 Tool bar It consists of the standard tool bar and formatting toolbar. It is used to group commands for efficient access 3 Ribbon It is a command bar that organizes a program’s features into series of tabs at the top of the window. 4 Scroll bar It is a long thin section at the edge of MS Word environment by which text can be scrolled using a mouse 5 Status bar It is a graphical control element used to display MS Word status information 6 Close button To close MS Word application 7 Ruler It is used to measure the page layout in points, picas, inches, or centimeters 8 Office button This is located in the top-left corner of Ms Word Environment.It contains drop down list of commands e.g New, Open,Save, Save As, Print, Publish etc. 9 Work space The Workspace is the area in the document window where you enter/type the text of your document.
MICROSOFT WORD ENVIRONMENT Office button Title bar Close button
Ruler
Work Space
Scroll bar
Types of Tool bar
Status bar
There are two types of tool bar, which are i. Standard tool bar ii. Formatting tool bar Standard tool bar Home tab, Insert tab, Page layout, Reference, Mailing, Review, View
Formatting tool bar Font type, font size, strike through, Subscript, Superscript, Review, Change case,Text Highlight Colour,Font Colour,Bullet,Numbering,Multi level list,Decrease indent, Increase indent,Align Text Left,Center Alignment,Align Text Right,Line spacing,Shading, Border etc.
MICROSOFT WORD SHORTCUT KEYS Ctrl+A Select all contents of the page. Ctrl+B Bold highlighted selection. Ctrl+C Copy selected text. Ctrl+D Open the font preferences window. Ctrl+E Aligns the line or selected text to the center of the screen. Ctrl+F Open find box. Ctrl+I Italic highlighted selection. Ctrl+J Aligns the selected text or line to justify the screen. Ctrl+K Insert a hyperlink. Ctrl+L Aligns the line or selected text to the left of the screen. Ctrl+M Indent the paragraph. Ctrl+N Opens new, blank document window. Ctrl+O Opens the dialog box or page for selecting a file to open. Ctrl+P Open the print window. Ctrl+R Aligns the line or selected text to the right of the screen. Ctrl+S Save the open document. Just like Shift+F12. Ctrl+T Create a hanging indent. Ctrl+U Underline the selected text. Ctrl+V Paste.
Ctrl+W Close the currently open document. Ctrl+X Cut selected text. Ctrl+Y Redo the last action performed. Ctrl+Z Undo last action. Ctrl+Shift+L Quickly create a bullet point. Ctrl+Shift+F Change the font. Ctrl+End Moves the cursor to the end of the document. Ctrl+Home Moves the cursor to the beginning of the document. Ctrl+Spacebar Reset highlighted text to the default font. Ctrl+1 Single-space lines. Ctrl+2 Double-space lines. Ctrl+5 1.5-line spacing. Ctrl+F1 Open the Task Pane. Ctrl+F2 Display the print preview.
STEPS INVOLVED IN LOADING MS WORD 2007 FROM THE TASK BAR Step 1 Click on Start Menu Step 2 Click on All programs Step 3 Click on Microsoft Office 2007 Step 4 CLICK on Microsoft Office 2007
STEPS INVOLVED IN LOADING/OPENING MS WORD 2007 FROM THE TASK BAR Step 1 Navigate to Ms Word Icon on desktop Step 2 Double-click on Ms Word Icon
INSERT TAB The Insert Tab is used to insert different features such as tables, pictures, clip art, shapes, charts, page numbers, word art, headers, and footers into a document. The table below describes each of the groups and buttons available on this tab.
S/N Group/Button Description
1 Cover Page This button can be used to insert a pre-formatted cover page for a document. The information that is to appear on the page is filled in after the page is created 2 Blank Page To insert a new blank page for a document at the cursor position, click this button 3 Page Break Click this button to end a page at the current cursor position and start a new page 4 Table This button is used to insert a table into the document. A grid will appear that can be used to create the table. Additional options for creating a table are also available, such as drawing a table or using the Quick Tables feature 5 Picture To insert a picture from a file on the computer into the document, click this button. The Insert Picture dialog box will appear. This dialog box is used to select the picture that is to be inserted into the document 6 Shapes This button is used to insert ready-made shapes such as circles, squares, arrows, and triangles into a document. When the button is clicked, a gallery of different shapes will appear. To insert a shape, click the desired shape and then draw the shape in the document 7 To insert a Smart Art graphic into the document, click this button. Smart Art Smart Art graphics are objects such as Venn diagrams and organizational charts. When the button is clicked, a gallery of different categories and shapes will be displayed 8 Chart It is used to insert a bar, area, or line chart. When this button is clicked the Insert Chart dialog box will display. In this dialog box, it is possible to specify the type of chart 9 Hyperlink It is used to insert a link to items such as a Web page, another document, or an e-mail address, click this button. It is also possible to link to different areas of a document using headings and bookmarks. When the button is clicked, the Hyperlink dialog box will display. This is where the link can be specified. 10 Bookmark This button is used to create a bookmark. A bookmark is used to assign a name to a specific area within a document 11 Cross Reference This button is used to refer to another area in a document such as headings, figures, and tables while creating a document. Usually a hyperlink is created to the area in the document that the cross reference is referring to 12 Header To insert text that appears at the top of each page of the document, click this button
13 Footer This button is used to insert text that appears at the bottom of each page of the document 14 Page Number It is used to insert a page number into the document. 15 Text Box Text boxes are used to highlight text within a document. 16 Quick Parts Click this button to insert preformatted text, auto-text, document properties, and fields into a document. Several different types of Quick Parts are available. It is also possible to create customized Quick Parts to use later in documents 17 WordArt It is used to insert decorative text into the documents 18 Drop Cap It is used to create a large capital letter at the beginning of a paragraph.
19 Add a Signature This button is used to insert a digital signature line into a Line document that indicates who must sign the document 20 Date and Time It is used to insert the date and time into a document 21 Object It is used to insert an object such as an Excel Worksheet or an Excel Chart into the document. 22 Equation This button is used to insert a mathematical equation into a document. 23 Symbol It is used to insert a symbol such as a copyright or trademarkinto the document.
PAGE LAYOUT The third tab in the Ribbon is the Page Layout tab. This tab has different functions: arranging document-level changes, arranging objects on a page, and generally changing the overall appearance of your document.
ACTIVITY 1 1. Create a new document and type the name of your institution 2. Change the font TYPEtoTimes New Roman 3. Type the address of your institution 4. Type Name, Faculty, Department, Course Code, Course Title, Assignment, Lecturer-in-charge 5. Create a text box and place it to the top right corner 6. Insert your picture preferably your passport 7. Add page border to the first page only 8. Go to page 2 and type “This is my first document”,bold,underline italicize and centralize the text 9. Type =rand(3,5) then press Enter key 10. Change the first letter of the first paragraph to Drop cap 11. Insert a table: 6 rows and 3 columns 12. Type the following column headings; S/N, Name, Phone number 13. Enter five records based on the column headings 14. Add watermark : use your REG NO as background text 15. Save your work 16. Create a folder on desktop 17. Move the document to the newly created folder 18. Save your work in a suitable secondary storage device preferably flash drive 19. Print your work
ACTIVITY 2 A. Using a word processor, prepare a table with column headings as shown below: Serial Number UnitTitle Week ActivityAssessment
representing an overview of the subject content to be taken by Computer Studies Students. Computer Hardware Module 1 Introduction to Computer Hardware Week 1 Assignment 1 Peripheral devices Week 2 Assignment 2 Basic Hardware Components Week 3 Assignment 3 Capacity Measurement Week 4 Assignment 4 Module 2 The Central Processing Unit (CPU) Week 5 Assignment 5 Data Storage Devices and Media Week 6 Assignment 6 Types of Memory Unit Week 7 Assignment 7 conversions fromone unit to anotherWeek 8 Assignment 8 Module 3 Definition, Types and Uses of Standard Logic Gate Week 9 Assignment 9 Construction of Truth Tables Week 10 Assignment 10 B. Format the table using the following instructions: I. Column heading Centralize the column headings using highlighted text colour II. Body of the table (i)Merge and centralize the rows containing modules 1, 2 and 3. (ii)Centralize column 2. (iii)Change the text in column 4 to upper case, italicize excluding the heading. (c)Save your work in a suitable storage medium. Print out your work
SAMPLE FEDERAL COLLEGE OF DENTAL TECHNOLOGY AND THERAPY, ENUGU
P.M.B O1473 ENUGU, NIGERIA
NAME: OSIJIRIN SEGUN FACULTY: HEALTH TCHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT: INFORMATION SCIENCE COURSE CODE: COM123 COURSE TITLE: BASIC COMPUTER PACKAGES
ASSIGNMENT CREATE A NEW DOCUMENT USING MS WORD
LECTURER-IN-CHARGE MR. URXIJINE CEGON
THIS IS MY FIRST DOCUMENT n the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of your document. You can use these galleries to insert O tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and other document building blocks. When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate with your current document look. You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the document text by choosing a look for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home tab. You can also format text directly by using the other controls on the Home tab. Most controls offer a choice of using the look from the current theme or using a format that you specify directly. To change the overall look of your document, choose new Theme elements on the Page Layout tab. To change the looks available in the Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style Set command. Both the Themes gallery and the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so that you can always restore the look of your document to the original contained in your current template. On the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of your document. You can use these galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and other document building blocks. When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate with your current document look. You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the document text by choosing a look for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home tab. You can also format text directly by using the other controls on the Home tab. Most controls offer a choice of using the look from the current theme or using a format that you specify directly. S/N NAME PHONE NUMBER 1 MICHAEL CHIAMAKA 09090909097 2 OBASI JOY 08077762389 3 CHUKWUDE EMEKA 08032456358 4 MGBE EBUKA 07061332264 5 LAWAL ISMAIL 07038978978
SPREADSHEET A spreadsheet package is an interactive computer application for organization, analysis and storage of data in tabular form.
Examples of Spreadsheet Packages The following are some of the examples of spreadsheet packages i. Microsoft Excel ii. Lotus 1-2-3 iii. Quattro Pro iv. SuperCalc v. Google Sheets vi. VisiCalc
BASIC FEATURES AND TERMS 1. Columns – run vertically on the screen and are labeled with the letters of the alphabet. There are 256 columns in a spreadsheet starting from column A and going to column IV. When you get to column Z the next column is AA, AB, AC,... AZ, BA, BB, etc. You can insert and delete columns but you will still have 256 columns. As a general rule columns will hold information that is alike. 2. Rows - run across the screen horizontally and are numbered from 1 to 16,384. So you can see your electronic spreadsheet is huge! The same holds for rows in that you can insert and delete them but you will always have 16,384. As a general rule the row will hold related information. In other words it would hold the name and the grade for that name. 3. Cells - are the intersection of the column and the row. Cells can hold 4 different things. Numbers, Formulas, Functions and Labels. When dealing with functions and formulas the result (or number) will be displayed in the cell. i. Labels - are simply text typed into the cell. Labels by default will be left aligned in the cell. Labels have no numeric value. You can fit 256 characters in a cell. ii. Numbers - are numbers typed into a cell and are by default right aligned. iii. Formulas - are mathematical formulas that are typed into a cell and the result of the formula will be displayed. Since the result of a formula will be a number by default it will be right aligned in the cell. All formulas will begin with an equal sign indicate to the computer that it is a formula and not a label. Formulas are made using cell references. For example: =A1+A2 will simply add the number in cell A1 to the number in cell A2 and display the result in the cell that the formula is located in. iv. Functions - are built-in formulas that are already in the spreadsheet. They also begin with an equal sign. There are hundreds
of them. To see a list of all the functions in the spreadsheet use the help index and search for functions, indexand look at the different types. This will give you a list of the types. Click on the type to get a list of functions. A commonly used function is the SUM function that will add a range of cells. Since the result of a function will be to display a number it will by default be right aligned. 4. Cell Reference - is when you refer to a value located in a cell by using the cell name, like A1. This will use the value located in cell A1. 5. Cell Range - is a consecutive grouping of cells. For example cells A1, A2, A3 and A4 can be referred to as one range by simply starting with the first cell in the range followed by a colon and then the last cell in the range. Like this A1:A4or A6:D8. A range of cells must always be in a square or rectangular shape. If you can highlight the group of cells then it is a valid range. 6. Active Cell - is the cell that has the cursor around it. It is really simple. Just look at a blank spreadsheet and you will see one cell that has a border around it that is different than all the rest. You can also look at the formula bar to see the cell reference. You can put a number into an active cell by simply typing the number in and hitting enter. 7. Worksheet -this is the sheet that you type in your information, numbers and formulas, i.e. Budget worksheet. Worksheets are by default named sheet1, sheet2,sheet3 etc. 8. Workbook - by default there are three worksheets in a workbook and 9. Title Bar - title bar shows you the name of the application that you are using (Microsoft Excel) and the name of the file.
10. Formula Bar – it displays what is actually typed into the cell. In the case of a formula or function it will display the actual formula in the formula bar. The result would be displayed in the cell.
11. Gridlines - are the light gray lines that outline the rows and columns.
ACTIVITY 3
The tableFCDT&T below shows the performance of students at the end of the 1st semester examination in a certain College REG. NO NAME PHYSICS CHEM BIO ENG TOTAL AVERAGE GRADE FCDT&T/23 Chinedu 65 90 75 69 FCDT&T/35 Joy 55 82 88 71 FCDT&T/27 Aminu 76 73 72 65 FCDT&T/37 Ismail 89 75 90 81 FCDT&T/42 Ifeoluwa 70 63 76 89 FCDT&T/28 Seyi 54 71 77 64 FCDT&T/15 Habeeb 93 55 82 71 FCDT&T/39 Sola 82 80 73 84 1. Using a spreadsheet program, insert the heading“MARK SHEET”and centralize it. 2. Create Table FCDT&Twith gridlines 3. Insert a row betweenFCDT&T/7 and FCDT&T/37, then add the following data FCDT&T/30 Chiamaka 78 89 84 86 4. Using the appropriate formula, determine: i. Total mark for each student ii. Average mark for each student iii. Grade for each student using IF function AVERAGE GRADE 90-100 A 80-89 B 70-79 C 60-69 D 50-59 E 0- 49 F 5. Copy Table FCDT&T, paste it three rows below on the same worksheet and name it Table FCDT&T2 6. Arrange Table FCDT&T2 in descending order using the average column 7. Save your work in a suitable storage medium and print it out
PRESENTATION PACKAGE A presentation program is a software package used to display information in the form of a slide show. There are three major functions of presentation package These are;
i. It is an editor that allows text to be inserted and formatted ii. It serves as a method for inserting and manipulating graphics images iii. It serves as a slide show system to display different items
Examples of Presentation Packages 1. Adobe Acrobat. 2. Apple Keynote. 3. Corel Presentations 4. IBM Lotus Freelance Graphics 5. Microsoft PowerPoint 6. SoftMaker Presentations 7. Kingsoft Presentations Microsoft Powerpoint Enviroment
FEATURES OF MICROSOFT POWERPOINT
Some of the basic features of Ms Powerpoint include 1. Title bar 2. Quick Access Toolbar 3. Tabs 1. Title bar: this consists of the name of the application and powerpoint file 2. Quick Access Toolbar: The Quick Access Toolbar (QAT), located tothe right of the Microsoft Office Button, can be customized to include buttons representing common commands, frequently used. By default, the QAT displays the Save, Undo, and Redo commands.
3. Tabs: these are designed to be task oriented. Groups are found within each tab and break a task into subtasks. Commands in each group carry out a task or display a menu ofcommands or tools.
MS PowerPoint Tabs
1. Home tab –this is also known as the primary tab. It contains the more frequently used commands, organized into six task Groups; i.e.Clipboard, Slides, Font, paragraph, drawing and editing sub groups. 2. Insert tab - it organizes all items that you can insert into slides. This tab groups all tasks related to items you may want to put on a slide, organized in five Groups:
(i) Tables
(ii) Illustrations
(iii) Links
(iv) Text
(v) Media Clips
3. Design tab –it organizes items related to the appearance of yourpresentation. I. Page Setup group – it contains a command to launch the PageSetup Dialogue Box where you can change the slide sizes and a command to select the Orientation of your presentation slides. II. Themes group - itcontains commands that enable you to changethe design of your presentation with just one click. A Gallery (with Live Preview) of formatting styles provides choices that ensure aconsistent and professional presentation. III. Background group: it contains commands that allow you to select Background Styles, launch the Background Dialog Box, and hide background graphics of a theme you have selected
4. Animations tab –it organizes items related to slide animation. 5. Slide Show tab –it organizes items related to displaying yourpresentation. 6. Review tab - groups items related to comments, changes andeditorial tools. 7. View tab - groups items related to changing the view or display ofthe presentation.
ACTIVITY 4 Prepare and present a 5 minute-PowerPoint presentation on “MY FIRST DAY AT SCHOOL”, using the guidelines below. SLIDE 1: Type the topic for presentation in bold and upper case. SLIDE 2: (a) Type the subtitle: “Presentation Outline”, (b) Type the presentation outline item as follows: (i) Name of school; (ii) My first day at school; (iii) The first place I visited; (iv) An unforgettable experience on my first day at school. SLIDE 3: Describe each item on slide 2 above using a short sentence. SLIDE 4: (a) Type out the compliment for your audience. (b) Insert a Clip Art object below your compliment. Save your work in a suitable storage device. Print all the slides on a page and submit.
DATABASE PACKAGE A database is a collection of information organized to provide efficient retrieval. There are two forms of databases These are: 1. Physical (paper/print) database 2. Electronic database Examples: . phone book . address book
A database package is a software package designed to define, manipulate, retrieve and manage data in a database. Alternatively, Database Package is a software that uses a standard method and running queries for the oversight and proper control of databases. It is also referred to as Database Management System (DBMS) Examples of Database Packages include MySQL SQL Server Oracle dBASE FoxPro Microsoft Access
Types of Database Management Systems There are four structural types of database management systems: These are: 1. Hierarchical databases. 2. Network databases. 3. Relational databases. 4. Object-oriented databases
1. HIERARCHICAL DATABASE Hierarchical database model is a data model in which the data are organized into a tree-like structure. The data are stored as records which are connected to one another through links. The hierarchical database model mandates that each child record has only one parent, whereas each parent record can have one or more child records. In order to retrieve data from a hierarchical database the whole tree needs to be traversed starting from the root node.
2. NETWORK DATABASE A network database is a type of database model wherein multiple member records or files can be linked to multiple owner files and vice versa. The network model is a database model conceived as a flexible way of representing objects and their relationships. Its distinguishing feature is that the schema, viewed as a graph in which object types are nodes and relationship types are arcs, is not restricted to being a hierarchy or lattice.
3. RELATIONAL DATABASE A relational database is a digital database based on the relational model of data, as proposed by E. F. Codd in 1970. A relational database (RDB) is a collective set of multiple data sets organized by tables, records and columns. RDBs establish a well- defined relationship between database tables. Tables communicate and share information, which facilitates data retrieval, and organization.
4. OBJECT ORIENTED DATABASE An object database is a database management system in which information is represented in form of objects as used in object- oriented programming Features of OODBMS In OODBMS, every entity is considered as object and represented in a table. Similar objects are classified to classes and subclasses and relationship between two object is maintained using concept of inverse reference.
Some of the features of OODBMS are as follows: 1. Complexity OODBMS has the ability to represent the complex internal structure (of object) with multilevel complexity. 2. Inheritance Creating a new object from an existing object in such a way that new object inherits all characteristics of an existing object. 3. Encapsulation It is a data hiding concept in OOPL which binds the data and functions together which can manipulate data and not visible to outside world. 4. Persistency OODBMS allows to create persistent object (Object remains in memory even after execution). This feature can automatically solve the problem of recovery and concurrency.
ACTIVITY 5
Using Microsoft Access, we are going to define a database called Student Advising consisting of two tables: Students and Faculty. The Student table has the following fields with the following properties:
Student ID - data type is Text, field size is 4 and Caption is ID #. It is also the primary key.
Last Name is Text, field size is 15
First Name is Text, field size is 15
Major is Text, field size is 30
Advisor ID is Text, field size is 4
Credits is Number and its field size is Integer The Faculty table has the following fields with the following properties:
Faculty ID - is Text, the field size is 4, the Caption is Fac. ID and it is the primary key.
Last Name - is Text and the field size is 15
First Name is Text, field size is 15
Office Phone is Text, field size is 4 and the Caption is Phone
Additionally, create two queries for Student. One that lists every students' First Name, Last Name, Major and Credits (in that order).
The second query will list the First Name, Last Name, Credits for every student whose advisor's ID is 2222.
GRAPHIC PACKAGE A graphics package is an application that can be used to create and manipulate images on a computer. There are two main types of graphics package: I. Painting packages II. Drawing packages Painting packages
A painting package produces images by changing the colour of pixels on the screen.
These are coded as a pattern of bits to create a bitmapped graphics file.
Bitmapped graphics are used for images such as scanned photographs or pictures taken with a digital camera. Advantages
The main advantage offered by this type of graphic is that individual pixels can be changed which makes very detailed editing possible. Disadvantages of painting packages
Individual parts of an image cannot be resized
Information has to be stored about every pixel in an image which produces files that use large amounts of backing storage space.
Examples of graphics packages that produce bitmapped images include:- i. MS Paint ii. PC Paintbrush
iii. Adobe Photoshop iv. JASC’s Paint Shop Pro. Drawing packages
A drawing package produces images that are made up from coloured lines and shapes such as circles, squares and rectangles.
When an image is saved it is stored in a vector graphics file as a series of instructions, which can be used to recreate it. Main advantages of vector graphics are:
They use less storage space than bitmap graphics;
Each part of an image is treated as a separate object, which means that individual parts can be easily modified. Disadvantages of drawing packages
They don’t look as realistic as bitmap graphics. Examples of drawing graphics packages include CorelDraw, Micrographix Designer and computer aided design (CAD) packages such as AutoCAD. FEATURES OF GRAPHICS PACKAGES i. Drawing straight lines and ‘freehand’ lines; ii. Drawing regular pre-defined shapes like squares, rectangles and circles using a special ‘tool’; iii. Entering text and changing the style and size of font; iv. Changing the size of an object, or scaling; v. Rotating objects in either clockwise or anticlockwise by specifying the direction and angle of rotation;
vi. Stretching objects either horizontally or vertically. ‘Flipping’ an object either horizontally or vertically. vii. A paint palette from which different colours and patterns can be chosen. viii. A fill option for colouring in a shape or area on the screen with a colour or pattern from the paint palette. ix. Most graphics packages have a built-in library of clipart pictures. x. Zoom or magnify is a feature that allows an area of the screen to be seen close up for detailed work. xi. Special brushes such as an airbrush can be used to achieve different paint effects on the screen. xii. In most graphics these features are chosen from a toolbar or tool palette where they are displayed as icons. xiii. Exporting is a special way of saving a file produced using a graphics package so that it can be used in another application package. xiv. When an exported file is needed in another application it is opened in a special way called importing. i. Computer-aided design (CAD) Computer-aided design, or CAD, is an act of using a computer to display designs, modify, calculate and display the results. CAD has many different applications, which include:- Designing new cars; Bridge and building design and testing; Printed circuit board (PCB) design; Designing new aircraft; Designing fitted kitchens
Making changes to a design requires a large number of complex calculations. These need to be performed as quickly as possible so that their effect can be viewed straight away. A powerful processor is required for this. A CAD system also needs a high-resolution monitor so that clear close-up detail can be seen on the screen. Input to CAD systems is normally given using a mouse and keyboard but other input devices such as graphic tablets and scanners are also used. Output from a CAD system is produced using a high quality printer such as a laser printer or a plotter. Advantages of CAD systems Changes to a design can be made quickly and their effects seen straight away; Designs can be viewed from any angle without being re-drawn; Designs can be tested without the need to build expensive models or prototypes;
Drawings can be stored on disk and re-used at any time;
Designs can be instantly sent anywhere in the world using electronic communications;
Designs can be used directly in computer aided manufacturing processes
ii. Computer-aided manufacture (CAM) Computer-aided manufacture, or CAM, is an act of using a computer to control all or part of a manufacturing process. Some examples of CAM include the production of printed circuit boards, car manufacture, pattern cutting for clothing manufacture and making postage stamps.
Very often a CAM process follows directly on from a CAD process, in such cases the complete design and manufacture process is called CAD/CAM. The main advantage of this approach is that the CAD design can be used to generate the program which will control the manufacturing process. Advantages of CAM systems are:- Products can be made very accurately and consistently;
Around the clock production is much cheaper;
A product's design can be modified without the need to bring production to a complete standstill;
Waste can be kept to a minimum
USER APPLICATION PROGRAM An application program (sometimes shortened to application) is any program designed to perform a specific function directly for the user or, in some cases, for another application program. ACTIVITY 6 Using Corel Draw application, design a logo, banner and complimentary card for Mr. Osijirin Managing Director: Mr. Osijirin A.O Name of Company: URXIJINE TECH LTD Information : Deals on all kinds of ICT gadgets Taking Enugu to the tech-side of life Address: 1, Dental Ave, Trans Ekulu, Enugu Phone number: 07061337224 Email address: [email protected] Blog: www.urxijine.wordpress.com