DOCSLIB.ORG

Environmental Health Criteria 36 FLUORINE and FLUORIDES

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Environmental Health Criteria 36 FLUORINE and FLUORIDES Environmental Health Criteria 36 FLUORINE AND FLUORIDES Please note that the layout and pagination of this web version are not identical with the printed version. Fluorine and fluorides (EHC 36, 1984) INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA 36 FLUORINE AND FLUORIDES This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization World Health Orgnization Geneva, 1984 The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization. The main objective of the IPCS is to carry out and disseminate evaluations of the effects of chemicals on human health and the quality of the environment. Supporting activities include the development of epidemiological, experimental laboratory, and risk-assessment methods that could produce internationally comparable results, and the development of manpower in the field of toxicology. Other activities carried out by the IPCS include the development of know-how for coping with chemical accidents, coordination of laboratory testing and epidemiological studies, and promotion of research on the mechanisms of the biological action of chemicals. ISBN 92 4 154096 6 The World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and enquiries should be addressed to the Office of Page 1 of 99 Fluorine and fluorides (EHC 36, 1984) Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, which will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available. (c) World Health Organization 1984 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. CONTENTS ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR FLUORINE AND FLUORIDES PREFACE 1. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 1.1. Summary 1.1.1. Analytical methods 1.1.2. Sources and magnitude of exposure 1.1.3. Chemobiokinetics and metabolism 1.1.4. Effect of fluoride on plants and animals 1.1.5. Beneficial effects on human beings 1.1.6. Toxic effects on human beings 1.2. Recommendations for further research 2. PROPERTIES AND ANALYTICAL METHODS 2.1. Chemical and physical properties of fluorine and its compounds 2.1.1. Fluorine 2.1.2. Hydrogen fluoride 2.1.3. Sodium fluoride and other alkali fluorides 2.1.4. Fluorspar, cryolite, and fluorapatite 2.1.5. Silicon tetrafluoride, fluorosilicic acid, and fluorosilicates 2.1.6. Sodium monoflurophosphate 2.1.7. Organic fluorides 2.2. Determination of fluorine 2.2.1. Sampling and sample preparation 2.2.1.1 Air 2.2.1.2 Soil and rocks 2.2.1.3 Water 2.2.1.4 Animal tissues Page 2 of 99 Fluorine and fluorides (EHC 36, 1984) 2.2.1.5 Plants 2.2.2. Separation and determination of fluoride 2.2.2.1 Colorimetric methods 2.2.2.2 The fluoride selective electrode 2.2.2.3 Other methods 3. FLUORIDE IN THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT 3.1. Fluoride in rocks and soil 3.2. Fluoride in water 3.3. Airborne fluoride 3.4. Fluoride in food and beverages 3.5. Total human intake of fluoride 4. CHEMOBIOKINETICS AND METABOLISM 4.1. Absorption 4.2. Retention and distribution 4.2.1. The fluoride balance 4.2.2. Blood 4.2.3. Bone 4.2.4. Teeth 4.2.5. Soft tissues 4.3. Excretion 4.3.1. Urine 4.3.2. Faeces 4.3.3. Sweat 4.3.4. Saliva 4.3.5. Milk 4.3.6. Transplacental transfer 4.4. Indicator media 5. EFFECTS ON PLANTS AND ANIMALS 5.1. Plants 5.2. Insects 5.3. Aquatic animals 5.4. Birds 5.4.1. Acute effects 5.4.2. Chronic effects 5.5. Mammals 5.5.1. Acute effects 5.5.1.1 Exposure to sodium fluoride 5.5.1.2 Exposure to fluorine, hydrogen fluoride, or silicon tetrafluoride 5.5.2. Chronic effects on small laboratory animals 5.5.3. Chronic effects on livestock 5.6. Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity 5.6.1. Genetic effects and other related end points in short-term tests 5.6.2. Carcinogenicity in experimental animals 5.7. Experimental caries 5.8. Possible essential functions of fluorides 6. BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON HUMAN BEINGS 6.1. Effects of fluoride in drinking-water 6.2. Cariostatic mechanisms 6.3. Fluoride in caries prevention 6.3.1. Fluoridated salt (NaCl) 6.3.2. Fluoridated milk 6.3.3. Fluoride tablets 6.3.4. Topical application of fluorides Page 3 of 99 Fluorine and fluorides (EHC 36, 1984) 6.4. Treatment of osteoporosis 7. TOXIC EFFECTS ON HUMAN BEINGS 7.1. Acute toxic effects of fluoride salts 7.2. Caustic effects of fluorine and hydrogen fluoride 7.3. Chronic toxicity 7.3.1. Occupational skeletal fluorosis 7.3.2. Endemic skeletal fluorosis 7.3.3. Dental fluorosis 7.3.4. Effects on kidneys 7.4. Carcinogenicity 7.5. Teratogenicity 7.6. Effects on mortality patterns 7.7. Allergy, hypersensitivity, and dermatological reactions 7.8. Biochemical effects 8. EVALUATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF FLUORIDES IN THE ENVIRONMENT 8.1. Relative contribution from air, food, and water to total human intake 8.2. Doses necessary for beneficial effects in man 8.3. Toxic effects in man in relation to exposure 8.3.1. Dental fluorosis 8.3.2. Skeletal fluorosis 8.3.3. Other effects 8.4. Effects on plants and animals 8.4.1. Plants 8.4.2. Animals REFERENCES IPCS TASK GROUP ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR FLUORINE AND FLUORIDES Members Dr F. Berglund, Department of Medical Research, KabiVitrum Pharmaceuticals, Stockholm, Sweden Dr A.W. Davison, Department of Plant Biology, The University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom (Rapporteur) Professor C.O. Enwonwu, National Institute for Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria Professor W. Künzel, Stomatology Section, Erfurt Academy of Medicine, Democratic Republic of Germany Mr F. Murray, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia Professor M.H. Noweir, Occupational Health Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria, Egypt (Chairman) Dr P. Phantumvanit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Dr R.G. Schamschula, WHO Collaborative Unit for Caries and Periodontal Disease Research, Institute of Dental Research, Sydney, Australia Professor Dr Ch. Schlatter, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and University of Zurich, Institute of Page 4 of 99 Fluorine and fluorides (EHC 36, 1984) Toxicology, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland Dr D.R. Taves, Department of Radiation Biology and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USAa Representatives of Non-Governmental Organization Professor M. Lob, Permanent Commission and International Organization on Occupational Health (PCIAOH) Secretariat Professor P. Grandjean, Department of Environmental Medicine, Odense University, Odense, Denmark (Temporary Adviser) Dr D.E. Barmes, Oral Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland --------------------------------------------------------------------------- a Invited, but could not attend. Secretariat (contd.) Professor M. Guillemin, Institut de Médecine du Travail et d'Hygiène industrielle, University of Lausanne, Le Mont-sur-Lausanne, Switzerland Professor F. Valic, International Programme on Chemical Safety, World, Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (Secretary) NOTE TO READERS OF THE CRITERIA DOCUMENTS While every effort has been made to present information in the criteria documents as accurately as possible without unduly delaying their publication, mistakes might have occurred and are likely to occur in the future. In the interest of all users of the environmental health criteria documents, readers are kindly requested to communicate any errors found to the Manager of the International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, in order that they may be included in corrigenda, which will appear in subsequent volumes. In addition, experts in any particular field dealt with in the criteria documents are kindly requested to make available to the WHO Secretariat any important published information that may have inadvertently been omitted and which may change the evaluation of health risks from exposure to the environmental agent under examination, so that the information may be considered in the event of updating and re-evaluation of the conclusions contained in the criteria documents. * * * A detailed data profile and a legal file can be obtained from the International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals, Palais des nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland (Telephone no. 988400 - 985850). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR FLUORINE AND FLUORIDES Further to the recommendations of the Stockholm United Nations Page 5 of 99 Fluorine and fluorides (EHC 36, 1984) Conference on the Human Environment in 1972, and in response to a number of World Health Assembly resolutions (WHA 23.60, WHA 24.47, WHA 25.58, WHA 26.68) and the recommendation of the Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP/GC/10, July 3 1973), a programme on the integrated assessment of the health effects of environmental pollution was initiated in 1973.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Development of New Low Cost Defluoridation Technology (Krass)
    257 99DE Pergamon Wai Sci. Tech. Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 167-173, 1999 © 1999 IAWQ Published by Elsevicr Science Ltd Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved «273-1223/99 S20.00 + 000 PII: S0273-1223(99)00440-0 DEVELOPMENT OF NEW LOW COST DEFLUORIDATION TECHNOLOGY (KRASS) Kailash C. Agarwal*, Sunil K. Gupta** and Akhilendra B. Gupta* * Department of Civil Engineering. Malavjya Regional Engineering College, Jaipur 302 017, India ** Satellite Hospital, Bani Park. Jaipur 302 001, India ABSTRACT Systemic tluorosis is an endemic problem in several developing countries. In India 15 states are endemic for fluorosis, of which 5 have indicated hyperendemicity for fluorosts in all districts. WHO standards permit only 1 mg/1 as a safe limit for human consumption. People in several districts of Rajasthan are forced to consume water with fluoride concentrations of up to 44 mg/1 which has resulted in permanent deformities, joint pains, general debility and misery. About 60% of fluoride intake is through water. Considerable work on fluoride removal from water has been done all over the world. However a safe, efficient, free from residual aluminium in treated water, and cost effective defluoridation technique/process is not available and needs to be developed in order to prevent the occurrence of fluorosis. This paper describes the development of a defluoridation process which differs from the known processes in its simplicity, cost effectiveness and results in traces of residual aluminium in treated water. The parameters like fluoride concentration, temperature, pH, alkalinity, humidity and total dissolved solids of input water do not affect this process.
    [Show full text]
  • CHEMICALS of PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN and Their Management in the African Region
    H H C Hg H N C OH O O HO OH OH CHEMICALS OF PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN and their management in the African Region REGIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT 4 JULY 2014 AFRO LIBRARY CATALOGUING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Chemicals of public health concern in the African Region and their management: Regional Assessment Report 1. Chemically-Induced Disorders – prevention & control 2. Environmental Exposure 3. Polluants environnemental – adverse effects – toxicity 4. Hazardous Substances 5. Risk Management 6. Health Impact Assessment I. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Africa II.Title ISBN: 978-929023281-0 (NLM Classification:QZ 59) © WHO REGIONAL OFFICE FOR AFRICA, 2014 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy The mention of specific companies or of certain copyright protection in accordance with the provisions manufacturers’ products does not imply that they of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. are endorsed or recommended by the World Health All rights reserved. Copies of this publication may be Organization in preference to others of a similar nature obtained from the Library, WHO Regional Office for that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, Africa, P.O. Box 6, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo (Tel: the names of proprietary products are distinguished by +47 241 39100; +242 06 5081114; Fax: +47 241 initial capital letters. 39501; E-mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate this publication All reasonable precautions have been taken by the – whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution – World Health Organization to verify the information should be sent to the same address. contained in this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • The Imaging Value of Bone Turnover of Skeletal Fluorosis
    FOREIGN MEDICAL SCIENCES (SECTION OF MEDGEOGRAPHY) ISSN 1001-8883 June 2004, Vol. 25, No. 2, Pages 95-98. Treatise The Imaging Value of Bone Turnover of Skeletal Fluorosis LIU Jun 1, LIU Jin 2, FU Zhao 3, WU Lan-qin 1, DING Hui 1, WANG De-long 1, YU Bo-lang 1 Xi’an Jiaotong University: 1 Medical Imaging Center of the First Hospital; 2Emergency Department of Baoji Petroleum Hospital, Baoji, Shaanxi 721000; 3Department of Foreign Languages; Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061. Objective To probe into X-ray, CT and MRI manifestations of bone turnover in skeletal fluorosis and diagnostic values of different examination technologies. Methods Comparisons and analyses were made on the imaging manifestations of bone turnover in 28 reported cases with skeletal fluorosis. Results All 28 cases had dental fluorosis of different degrees. The chief symptoms included arthralgia and aching muscle pains in four limbs; 13 cases had joint motion limitation and dysfunction, 28 cases had spinal pain and 26 cases (92.85%) had pain in the lumbar region and legs. As to the imaging manifestations, 17 cases mainly had hyperostosis and 11 cases mainly had osteopenia; 5 had fuzzy bone trabecula, 9 loosening of cortical bone and 19 sclerosis of cancellous bone; 7 cases were complicated by biconcave deformity of vertebral body and 6 cases by pelvic deformity; 4 cases manifested the formation of false fracture line, and 7 cases manifested disorder of bone growth and development. Conclusions: MRI may distinctly display early changes of bone turnover in patients with skeletal fluorosis with high diagnostic sensitivity. Key words: Skeletal fluorosis; bone turnover; imageology As a widespread endemic and occupational disease that threatens people’s health, skeletal fluorosis is widely distributed around the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Experiences with Domestic Defluoridation in India
    DAW 30th WEDC International Conference, Vientiane, Lao PDR, 2004 PEOPLE-CENTRED APPROACHES TO WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION Experiences with domestic defl uoridation in India R.K. Daw During the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade 1980-1990 in India, there was a marked preference in rural drinking water supply programmes, to seek community based water treatment solutions, attached to handpumps where such problems existed. This was true for iron removal and defl uoridation. However, over the next few years most of these treatments systems became inoperative, primarily attributed to a lack of a sense of ownership by user communities, resulting in an attitude of indifference towards the operation and maintenance of these plants. It is also possible that the complexities of O&M by user communities, in the rural Indian socio-political context, had not been institutionally under- stood. Since 1990s there has been an increasing trend to seek household based water quality treatment solution within rural drinking water supply programmes in India. This paper summarises the experiences of UNICEF in India in tackling the problem of high fl uoride content in rural drinking water supply sources, using household-based defl uoridation fi lter using activated alumina. Since 1991, UNICEF supported the research work for development of the technology by the Depart- ment of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kanpur. This resulted in pilot projects on Domestic Defl uoridation Units in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan during 1996-2002. Gradually a demand for these fi lters has grown and the private sector is gradually becoming interested.
    [Show full text]
  • Technologies for Fluoride Removal
    22 Technologies for fluoride removal Leela Lyengar 22 Tec hnologies for fluoride removal 22.1. Introduction Fluoride is a normal constituent of natural water samples. Its concentration, though, varies significantly depending on the water source. Although both geological and man- made sources contribute to the occurrence of fluoride in water, the major contribution comes from geological resources. Except in isolated cases, surface waters seldom have fluoride levels exceeding 0.3 mg/l. Examples are streams flowing over granite rich in fluoride minerals and rivers that receive untreated fluoride-rich industrial wastewater. There are several fluoride bearing minerals in the earth's crust. They occur in sedimentary (limestone and sandstone) and igneous (granite) rocks. Weathering of these minerals along with volcanic and fumarolic processes lead to higher fluoride levels in groundwater. Dissolution of these barely soluble minerals depends on the water composition and the time of contact between the source minerals and the water. Over the years groundwater has generally been considered to be a protected and safe source of water, fit for drinking without treatment, as the main focus has been on the bacteriological quality of potable water. Little consideration used to be given to the risks of chemical pollution, particularly to the presence of elevated levels of fluoride, arsenic and nitrate in groundwater. This chapter deals with only fluoride. Consumption of water having excess fluoride over a prolonged period leads to a chronic ailment known as fluorosis. Incidence of high-fluoride groundwater has been reported from 23 nations around the globe. It has led to endemic fluorosis, which has become a major geo- environmental health issue in many developing countries.
    [Show full text]
  • ENDEMIC FLUOROSIS with Particular Reference to Dental and Systemic Intoxication AMARJIT SINGH, M.D., M.R.C.P
    Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.38.437.150 on 1 March 1962. Downloaded from POSTGRAD. MED. J. (1962), 38, 150 ENDEMIC FLUOROSIS With Particular Reference to Dental and Systemic Intoxication AMARJIT SINGH, M.D., M.R.C.P. (Lond.) Professor of Medicine SUNDER J. VAZIRANI, B.D.S., D.O.S., M.S., F.I.C.D. Professor of Oral Surgery S. S. JOLLY, M.D. Assistant Professor of Medicine B. C. BANSAL, M.B. Registrar, Central Registration VVith the technical assistance of 0. C. MATHUR, M.Sc.* (Department of Medicine and Dentistry, Medical College, Patiala) THE-studies of the toxic effects of fluoride on the sites of muscular and tendinous insertions are human system have evoked a very lively interest rendered abnormally prominent by excessive peri- throughout the world because the public health osteal reaction with development of multipleby copyright. programmes of fluoridation for the prevention of exostoses which can be clinically palpated in dental caries have always considered the risk of a many cases. The greatest changes are observed remote cumulative intoxication. However, the in the spine, particularly in the cervical region. indices of early intoxication are very poorly de- The vertebrx show altered proportions and fined. The affinity of fluoride for the bones is measurements in all planes, but the striking ab- acknowledged by everybody, but there is no normality is the gross reduction of the antero- universal agreement on its effects on other systems posterior diameter of the spinal canal and inter- of the body-particularly when it has been spread vertebral foramina accounting for the neuro- over a number of years.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Vitamin D on Chronic Behavioral and Dental Toxicities of Sodium Fluoride in Rats
    Fluoride Vol. 36 No. 3 189-197 2003 Research Report 189 EFFECT OF VITAMIN D ON CHRONIC BEHAVIORAL AND DENTAL TOXICITIES OF SODIUM FLUORIDE IN RATS Perumal Ekambaram,a Vanaja Paulb Chennai (Madras), India SUMMARY: Adult female Wistar rats were treated daily for 60 days with so- dium fluoride (500 ppm NaF = 226 ppm fluoride ion) in drinking water, alone or in combination with vitamin D (200 IU/kg by oral intubation). Throughout the period, food intake was measured daily. Body weight gain, exploratory motor activity (EMA) rota-rod motor coordination, dental structure, brain acetylcho- linesterase (AchE) activity, and serum fluoride and serum calcium concentra- tion were determined 24 hr after the last treatment. Serum fluoride concentra- tion increased markedly in the NaF-treated animals and was accompanied by decreased food intake, reduced body weight gain, impairment of EMA and motor coordination, dental lesions, inhibition of brain AchE activity, and hy- pocalcemia. Administration of vitamin D along with NaF prevented hypocal- cemia. However, the toxic action fluoride on motor coordination, brain AchE activity, and the teeth was not prevented in these animals, probably because vitamin D is not able to decrease the level of fluoride in the serum. Therefore, vitamin D has only limited value as a protective dietary factor against chronic toxic effects of fluoride. Keywords: Dental lesions; Fluoride toxicity; Locomotor behavior; Rat toxicity; Serum calcium; Serum fluoride; Vitamin D. INTRODUCTION Fluorides are naturally occurring contaminants in the environment.1 Pro- longed ingestion of drinking water containing 1–3 ppm of fluoride ion pro- duces deleterious effects on skeletal, dental,1 and soft tissues,2,3 enzyme ac- tivities,4 and locomotor behavior5 in animals.
    [Show full text]
  • I Need Your Feedback & Ideas!
    Greetings Everyone, Included is the Weekly Pile of Information for the week of May 17, 2015, Extension's Equine related educational information & announcements for Rockingham & Guilford Counties. To have something included in the Weekly Pile, please follow these simple guidelines. ­ Information included needs to be educational in nature &/or directly related to Rockingham or Guilford Counties. ­ provided information is a resource to the citizens of Rockingham/Guilford Counties. ­ provided information does not require extra time or effort to be listed. ­ Listings for Swap Shop will not list pricing details. ­ Please E­mail information to me by Wednesday each Week. ­ Please keep ads or events as short as possible – with NO FORMATTING, NO unnecessary Capitalization’s and NO ATTACHED DOCUMENTS. (If sent in that way, it may not be included) ­ Please include contact information ­ Phone, Email and alike. ­ PLEASE PUT WEEKLY PILE IN SUBJECT LINE when you send into me. ­ The Weekly Pile is not for listings for Commercial type properties or products. If I forgot to include anything in this email it was probably an oversight on my part, but please let me know! If you have a question or ideas that you would like covered in the Weekly Pile, please let me know and I will try to include. As Always, I would like to hear your comments about the Weekly Pile or the Extension Horse Program in Rockingham or Guilford Counties! I NEED YOUR FEEDBACK & IDEAS! Included in The Pile this Week: 1. TICKS, TICKS TICKS Its All About TICKS Program ­ May 27th 7pm 2. Grazing Management 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis M
    Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.46.249.686 on 1 October 1971. Downloaded from Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1971, 4X, 686. Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis M. TEOTIA, S. P. S. TEOTIA, and K. B. KUNWAR From 'Wellcome' Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Medicine, King George's Medical College, Lucknow (India) Teotia, M., Teotia, S. P. S., and Kunwar, K. B. (1971). Archives of Disease in Childhood, 46, 686. Endemic skeletal fluorosis. Endemic skeletal fluorosis is described in 6 children aged 11 or over. Four cases were crippled with severe deformities in the spine, hips, and knees. All showed positive phosphorus, mag- nesium, and nitrogen balances and excessively positive calcium balances. The skeletal x-rays, histology, and chemical composition of the bones revealed diagnostic changes in each case. Endemic fluorosis as manifested by mottled clearance, chemical analysis of bone ash for calcium, dental enamel and by diffuse osteosclerosis of the phosphorus, magnesium, and fluoride. The histology skeleton was first described in India from the of decalcified and undecalcified sections of the biopsied State of by Shortt et al. (1937). Subse- iliac crest bone was studied. In 3 children detailed Madras phosphorus, magnesium, and nitrogen balances were quently cases have been described from other parts studied on a normal diet. The fluoride content of the of India (Pandit et al., 1940; Daver, 1945; Khan bone, drinking water, and urine samples was deter- and Wig, 1945; Siddiqui, 1955; Singh et al., 1962; mined by the procedure based upon diffusion of hydro- Singh et al., 1963; Singh, 1967; Teotia, Kunwar, gen fluoride, as detailed by Singer and Armstrong (1965).
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Onsite Defluoridation
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Onsite Defluoridation Systems for Drinking Water Production A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering by Elaine Ying Ying Wong 2017 © Copyright by Elaine Ying Ying Wong 2017 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Onsite Defluoridation Systems for Drinking Water Production by Elaine Ying Ying Wong Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering University of California, Los Angeles, 2017 Professor Michael K. Stenstrom, Chair Fluoride in drinking water has several effects on the teeth and bones. At concentrations of 1-1.5 mg/L, fluoride can strengthen enamel, improving dental health, but at concentrations above 1.5 to 4 mg/L can cause dental fluorosis. At concentrations of 4 -10 mg/L, skeletal fluorosis can occur. There are many areas of the world that have excessive fluoride in drinking water, such as China, India, Sri Lanka, and the Rift Valley countries in Africa. Treatment solutions are needed, especially in poor areas where drinking water treatment plants are not available. On-site or individual treatment alternatives can be attractive if constructed from common materials and if simple enough to be constructed and maintained by users. This dissertation investigates using calcium carbonate as a cost effective sorbent for an onsite defluoridation drinking water system. Batch and column experiments were performed to characterize F- removal properties. Fluoride sorption was described by Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin- Radushkevich isotherm models, ii and it was found that the equilibrium time was approximately 3 hours, with approximately 77% of equilibrium concentration reached within 1 hour.
    [Show full text]
  • Treatment of Fluoride-Contaminated Water. a Review
    Treatment of fluoride-contaminated water. A review P Senthil Kumar, S Suganya, S Srinivas, S Priyadharshini, M Karthika, R Karishma Sri, V Swetha, Mu Naushad, Eric Lichtfouse To cite this version: P Senthil Kumar, S Suganya, S Srinivas, S Priyadharshini, M Karthika, et al.. Treatment of fluoride- contaminated water. A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, Springer Verlag, 2019, 17 (4), pp.1707 - 1726. 10.1007/s10311-019-00906-9. hal-02403012 HAL Id: hal-02403012 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02403012 Submitted on 10 Dec 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Environmental Chemistry Letters (2019) 17:1707–1726 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-019-00906-9 Revised version REVIEW Treatment of fuoride‑contaminated water. A review P. Senthil Kumar1 · S. Suganya1 · S. Srinivas1 · S. Priyadharshini1 · M. Karthika1 · R. Karishma Sri1 · V. Swetha1 · Mu. Naushad2 · Eric Lichtfouse3 Abstract Delivering the right amount of fuoride to drinking water protects the teeth from decay and reduces the risk of cavities. Nonetheless, fuorosis has been diagnosed as the result of excessive exposure of fuoride, which induces brain impairment, muscle disorders and hyperactivity. Fluoride ingestion during the formation of the tooth enamel is the main reason for fuo- rosis, which is characterized by hypomineralization.
    [Show full text]
  • ADA Fluoridation Facts 2018
    Fluoridation Facts Dedication This 2018 edition of Fluoridation Facts is dedicated to Dr. Ernest Newbrun, respected researcher, esteemed educator, inspiring mentor and tireless advocate for community water fluoridation. About Fluoridation Facts Fluoridation Facts contains answers to frequently asked questions regarding community water fluoridation. A number of these questions are responses to myths and misconceptions advanced by a small faction opposed to water fluoridation. The answers to the questions that appear in Fluoridation Facts are based on generally accepted, peer-reviewed, scientific evidence. They are offered to assist policy makers and the general public in making informed decisions. The answers are supported by over 400 credible scientific articles, as referenced within the document. It is hoped that decision makers will make sound choices based on this body of generally accepted, peer-reviewed science. Acknowledgments This publication was developed by the National Fluoridation Advisory Committee (NFAC) of the American Dental Association (ADA) Council on Advocacy for Access and Prevention (CAAP). NFAC members participating in the development of the publication included Valerie Peckosh, DMD, chair; Robert Crawford, DDS; Jay Kumar, DDS, MPH; Steven Levy, DDS, MPH; E. Angeles Martinez Mier, DDS, MSD, PhD; Howard Pollick, BDS, MPH; Brittany Seymour, DDS, MPH and Leon Stanislav, DDS. Principal CAAP staff contributions to this edition of Fluoridation Facts were made by: Jane S. McGinley, RDH, MBA, Manager, Fluoridation and Preventive Health Activities; Sharon (Sharee) R. Clough, RDH, MS Ed Manager, Preventive Health Activities and Carlos Jones, Coordinator, Action for Dental Health. Other significant staff contributors included Paul O’Connor, Senior Legislative Liaison, Department of State Government Affairs.
    [Show full text]