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Treatment of Fluoride-Contaminated Water. a Review Treatment of fluoride-contaminated water. A review P Senthil Kumar, S Suganya, S Srinivas, S Priyadharshini, M Karthika, R Karishma Sri, V Swetha, Mu Naushad, Eric Lichtfouse To cite this version: P Senthil Kumar, S Suganya, S Srinivas, S Priyadharshini, M Karthika, et al.. Treatment of fluoride- contaminated water. A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, Springer Verlag, 2019, 17 (4), pp.1707 - 1726. 10.1007/s10311-019-00906-9. hal-02403012 HAL Id: hal-02403012 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02403012 Submitted on 10 Dec 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Environmental Chemistry Letters (2019) 17:1707–1726 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-019-00906-9 Revised version REVIEW Treatment of fuoride‑contaminated water. A review P. Senthil Kumar1 · S. Suganya1 · S. Srinivas1 · S. Priyadharshini1 · M. Karthika1 · R. Karishma Sri1 · V. Swetha1 · Mu. Naushad2 · Eric Lichtfouse3 Abstract Delivering the right amount of fuoride to drinking water protects the teeth from decay and reduces the risk of cavities. Nonetheless, fuorosis has been diagnosed as the result of excessive exposure of fuoride, which induces brain impairment, muscle disorders and hyperactivity. Fluoride ingestion during the formation of the tooth enamel is the main reason for fuo- rosis, which is characterized by hypomineralization. Dissolution of fuoride-containing rock minerals contributes to naturally occurring fuoride contamination in water. The intentional addition of fuoride to water in dental care is alarming in growing countries such as India. This article reviews the origin of fuoride, the analysis of fuoride derivatives and the technologies to remove fuoride from water. The manuscript presents adsorption techniques for fuoride removal, using diferent types of adsorbents. The adsorption capacities of adsorbents under various conditions, such as contaminant concentration, adsorbent dosage, time, pH and temperature, are presented. Adsorbent types include alumina, zeolites, organic waste, shell-based and carbon-based including graphite and carbon nanotubes. Defuoridation of water using clays and muds, modifed activated alumina, chitosan derivatives and composites are also discussed. Keywords Defuoridation · Zeolite · Adsorption · Reverse osmosis · Activated carbon Introduction soil, is well explained by Singh et al. (2018), demonstrating that some natural and anthropogenic sources are the main Water is an essential natural resource for sustaining life contributory factors. Signifcantly, soil contains more than and environment, which we have always thought to be an 5000 mg F/kg approximately, caused by ejected ash vol- abundant source and hence taken for granted (Ahamad et al. canic ash and other fertilizers (Singh et al. 2018). Scientists 2017; Naushad et al. 2017; Alqadami et al. 2017a). However, have evidenced the efective health benefts of fuoride at the chemical composition of surface or subsurface is one of low concentrations. However, it has been known for long the key factors on which the appropriateness of water for time that extreme intake of fuoride, at concentrations higher industrial, domestic or agricultural purpose depends (Adhi- than 1 mg/L, can lead to severe dental and skeletal fuoro- kari et al. 1989). Low concentration of fuoride in drinking sis as shown in Fig. 1 (Vithanage and Bhattacharya 2015). water has been considered benefcial to prevent dental caries. Dental and skeletal fuorosis, a disease can cause mottling Fluoride occurrence in the environment, e.g. air, water and of the teeth due to the excess fuoride and calcifcation of ligaments. Similarly, long-term exposure may lead to crip- pling bone deformities, cancer and decreased cognitive abil- * P. Senthil Kumar ity (Newsletter, Medical News Today 2018). Noteworthy, [email protected] the population residing in tropical belt are highly exposed * Mu. Naushad to ground fuoride. A such geochemical anomaly should be [email protected] taken into account. 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, SSN College Consumption of water containing fluoride 1.5 mg/L of Engineering, Chennai 603110, India causes diseases such as fuorosis, arthritis, hip fractures, 2 Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Bld#5, King infertility, osteoporosis and polydipsia. It afects the teeth Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and skeleton, and the accumulation of fuoride over a long 3 Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, period of time can even lead to changes in the DNA structure CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France Fig. 1 Dental fuorosis-afected child in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka (Reproduced from (Vithanage and Bhattacharya 2015) with permission from Springer, Nature) (Ahmad and Kumar 2010). Elemental fuorine is slightly (Bhaumik et al. 2017). The porous nature of zeolites (Bia basic when it reacts with water. This is the natural phenom- et al. 2012) is one of the major factors that makes zeolites ena for fuoride transfers between water, soils and rocks unique adsorbents (Biswas et al. 2007). (Alfredo et al. 2014). Hence, there is a need to reduce the Recently, new adsorbents loaded with metal ions have fuoride content in water using various removal techniques been designed for the progressive removal of fuoride. For in order to prevent health hazards. instance, the adsorption capacity of fuoride on aluminum- Precipitation (Amalraj and Pius 2017) and adsorption impregnated carbon is found to be three to fve times higher (American Public Health Association 1992) are the two than that of plain activated carbon (Bouhidel and Rumeau major methods to remove fuoride from water, whereas 2000). The removal of fluoride ion by zirconium (IV)- calcium and aluminum salts have been used in precipita- impregnated collagen fber reaches 97.4% at pH 5.5 from tion. Adsorption using a solid carbonaceous material to an initial concentration of 5 mmol/L (Brownley and Howle remove a soluble fuorine substance from water takes place 1960). In addition, some adsorbents loaded with rare earth through several mechanisms including chemisorption by ion ion (Zhu et al. 2015a) gain more attention. This article exchange, complexation, coordination, chelation, physical reviews the literature about excess fuoride concentration in adsorption and micro-precipitation (Ayoob et al. 2008). The water, fuoride toxicity and health hazards. It summarizes efciency of the adsorption technique depends mainly on the an expedient analytical technique for fuoride determination nature of adsorbent (Naushad et al. 2016; Mittal et al. 2016), followed by defuoridation technique using novel sorbents. ease of availability and accessibility, high-loading capacity Authors also conclude the current debate between traditional and a strong afnity toward fuoride ions. (Nalgonda) and conventional techniques for the efective Removal of fuoride from drinking water can also be removal of fuoride. attained by membrane processes and ion exchange (Banasiak et al. 2007). Nonetheless, membrane processes and ion exchange are not very common due to the high cost for Fluoride presence in water installation and maintenance. Alternatively, adsorption is very economical and can remove ions over a broad pH range, Health hazards even to a lower residual concentration in comparison with the precipitation (Bansiwal et al. 2010). Activated alumina Fluorine is the most electronegative and reactive element is one of the best available and generally used sorbent for that occurs naturally in soil, water, plants and animals in the removal of fuoride from drinking water (Barathi et al. trace quantities. The countries like India, China and parts of 2013). However, the slow rate of adsorption of commercially Africa have seen a widespread problem with fuoride-rich available activated alumina restricts its use for treating large drinking water. The highest fuoride contamination in the quantities of water. Graphite-based materials are attracting selected countries (India, Mexico, Pakistan, Egypt, Ethiopia, increasing interest due to their large surface area, fexibility, Saudi Arabia, Niger, USA, Senegal and China) is presented high mechanical strength and signifcant thermal and electri- in Fig. 2 at concentrations above 1.5 mg/L which is con- cal conductivities which make them potentially applicable sidered as dangerous to human health (Ravenscroft 2007). for a wide range of applications such as water purifcation The fuorine is ingested by plants and animals, and some (Barbier et al. 2010). Other natural materials like red mud are taken up by their body tissues with long-term deposition (Bertolacini and Barney 1958) and clay (Bhargava and Kille- in teeth and bones. The ingestion of fuorine is benefcial if it dar 1991) have also been tested for the removal of pollutants. is not exceeding 0.10 mg/kg that provokes fuorosis (Bucher Thereby, defuoridation has been established using zeolites et al. 1991). The dental and skeletal fuorosis might postulate Fig. 2 Estimated population exposed to fuoride contami- nation in selected countries. Reproduced from Jadhav et al. (2015) with permission
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