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Antiguos Búnkeres Militares Norteamericanos Ubicados En Las ISSN L 2710-7620 Volumen 1, Número 1 / mayo - agosto 2021 Págs.: 60 - 77 Recibido 27/12/2020 / Aceptado: 23/03/2021 Antiguos búnkeres militares norteamericanos ubicados en las entrañas del Canal de Panamá para fines turísticos Old north american military bunkers located in the corners of the Panama Canal for tourist purposes Eva Lisary González Pinilla1 Universidad de Panamá, Departamento de Historia, Panamá https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1437-106X [email protected] RESUMEN Este artículo, ha sido resultado de la investigación sobre el aprovechamiento de las instalaciones que albergaron, hasta 1999, las bases norteamericanas en Panamá y sus fortificaciones, las cuales muchas de ellas, tienen sus edificaciones en un “desuso turístico”, cuando en realidad son potencialmente explotables como patrimonio histórico nacional, lo que los pudiera convertir en un destino turístico a través de itinerarios culturales debidamente propuestos. Tristemente, ninguna de estas instalaciones, han sido catalogadas como “Patrimonio Histórico” por ley de la República. La mayoría del contenido de este artículo muestra la historia resumida de cada una de las bases militares norteamericanas que estuvieron acantonadas en la antigua “Zona del Canal de Panamá”. Se explicará el estado actual de dichas edificaciones, de algunas iniciativas propuestas para su explotación turística, y de cómo poder generar ingresos turísticos con la debida explotación de tan preciado recurso histórico. Palabras clave: bases militares, fortificaciones, búnkeres, turismo militar. 1 Doctoranda del Programa de Turismo de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Comunicación Turismo y Psicología de la Universidad San Martín de Porres, Lima-Perú (2019-2020). Magister en Turismo por la Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí, Panamá (2010). Graduada como Licenciada en Turismo con Especialización en Promoción Cultural de la Universidad de Panamá, con Especialización en Docencia Superior por la Universidad Técnica de las Comunicaciones, Panamá, Especialista en Entornos Virtuales de Aprendizaje de la Universidad de Panamá, Actualmente es profesora en la Escuela de Turismo Histórico Cultural del Departamento de Historia de la Facultad de Humanidades en la Universidad de Panamá. 60 ABSTRACT This article has been the result of research regarding the use of the facilities that housed, until 1999, the North American military bases in Panama, known as “Forts”, many of which have their buildings in a “touristic disuse”, when in reality they are sxploitable as a national historical heritage, which could become a tourist destination through duly proposed cultural itineraries. Sadly, none of these facilities have been classified as "Historical Heritage" by any Panamanian law. Most of the content of this article shows the summarized history of each of these military bases that were located in the now extinct “Panama Canal Zone”. The present status of these buildings will be explained, as well as some initiatives proposed for their tourist exploitation, and how to generate tourist income with the proper exploitation of these precious historical resources. Keywords: military bases, Forts, bunkers, military tourism. INTRODUCCIÓN A nivel mundial, la República de Panamá se conocer por su extraordinaria posición geográfica y estratégica para el comercio mundial, muestra de ello es el Canal de Panamá y su historia, su -una vez pujante- centro bancario internacional, y actualmente como un centro logístico internacional para el tráfico comercial potenciado por Hub aéreo de talla global en que se ha convertido el país. Panamá es conocido también como un destino turístico con mayor intensidad desde la década del 2010, con un turismo reconocido de playas, de compras, y de vida nocturna, así como para naturalistas y científicos que se albergan en sus bosques para practicar turismo ecológico y ornitología. De por sí, la mundialmente conocida plataforma online de viajes, Lonely Planet, seleccionó a Panamá como “…el cuarto mejor país para visitar en 2019 (Díaz, 2018), dentro de su ranking “Best in Travel 2019: los 10 mejores países”, compitiendo con países como Sri Lanka, seguido de Alemania, Zimbabue, Kirguistán, Jordania, Indonesia, Bielorrusia, Santo Tomé y Príncipe y Belice. Igual puesto ocupó en dicho ranking en el año 2011, esa vez compitiendo con países como Albania, Brasil, Cabo Verde, Bulgaria, Vanuatu, Italia, Tanzania, Siria y Japón, aduciendo Lonely Planet a las recientes atracciones turísticas del país como el novedoso Museo de la Biodiversidad, la Cinta Costera y el Casco Antiguo, todo esto en la ciudad de Panamá, y a la región del Darién (Enlaces Panamá, 2011). Pero durante este rango de años, Panamá ha tenido tanto un auge como un declive turístico, tal como se puede apreciar en la siguiente gráfica: 61 Gráfico No. 1. Ingreso de turistas internacionales y de gastos generados de la actividad turística en Panamá, años 2010-2011 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Turistas Intl' (en miles) Ingresos generados (en miles de B/.) Fuente: Panorama del turismo internacional de la Organización Mundial del Turismo. Ediciones de los años 2014 al 2019. Quién conoce del canal de Panamá, sin importar de qué país sea el interesado en conocer su historia, sabe que esta magna obra no la construyeron los panameños. Fue una idea originada en el Siglo XV por el rey Carlos V de España, su construcción fue comenzada pero cancelada por los franceses a través de la empresa del Conde de Lesseps, y por último fue recomenzada y culminada por los Estados Unidos, administrada en gran parte por sus fuerzas armadas de la época. Esta es la razón por la cual, la construcción y operación del canal de Panamá, vino de la mano con su defensa militar, lo que permitió, tomando apreciaciones del denominado tratado Hay - Buneau Varilla, en su Artículo 3, “la decisión central de Estados Unidos de fortificar toda la zona” (Blog FDRA, 2019), ya que dicho artículo otorgaba a los Estados Unidos todos los poderes, derechos y autoridad sobre dicho territorio, permitiendo así la construcciones de instalaciones militares para la defensa del canal y otros intereses de los Estados Unidos. Pero un giro revolucionario se dio en el año 1979, cuando se firmaron los tratados Torrijos-Cárter, los que acordaron devolver toda la Zona del Canal, incluyendo al propio Canal de Panamá, sus bases militares, y demás instalaciones tanto civiles como militares allí acantonadas, paulatinamente desde dicho año, hasta el mediodía del 31 de diciembre de 1999, cuando Panamá adquiriría su soberanía total en todo su territorio geográfico. La idea original de la reversión de las bases norteamericanas, originalmente tenían propósitos también militares para los panameños, a través de la institución en ese entonces denominada “Fuerzas de Defensa”. Pero a partir del 20 de diciembre de 1989, a razón de la invasión a Panamá por parte de los Estados Unidos, se elimina todo vestigio militar 62 panameño, se restablece la democracia y los gobiernos vuelven a ser elegidos democráticamente de forma soberana por el pueblo panameño. Entonces, los planes de reversión de las bases militares norteamericanas tendrían otros usos, mayormente civiles, algunos estatales, residenciales como turísticos. HISTORIA DE LAS BASES MILITARES NORTEAMERICANAS EN PANAMÁ A continuación, se detalla una breve explicación del uso y destino final de cada una de estas bases, señalándolas según su ubicación en los márgenes del Canal de Panamá, tomando las referencias históricas de autores como Ormsbee (2005), Arjona (2013), Gómez (2016), Guevara (2016) y Aguilera (2019): Empezando con las que estaban en el área sur (del Pacífico) del canal, en su margen este, estaban las siguientes instalaciones militares: ● Fort Amador: empezó operaciones en 1912 para proteger el extremo sur del Pacífico del canal, y fue el cuartel general del alto mando del Ejército de los Estados Unidos en Panamá desde 1947 hasta septiembre de 1979, desde el Comando del Ejército del Caribe (1947-1963) a través del Comando Sur del Ejército de los Estados Unidos (1963-1974) hasta la 193 Brigada de Infantería (Zona del Canal). Después de que el cuartel general del Ejército se trasladó a Fort Clayton en septiembre de 1979, parte del sector del Ejército acantonado en este fuerte fue trasladado a Panamá el 1 de octubre de 1979. El resto de Fort Amador fue trasladado a Panamá el 1 de octubre de 1996. Forma parte del actual complejo de la Calzada de Amador, la cual cuenta con múltiples atracciones turísticas, y en donde se encuentra el reciente Bio Museo. ● Fort Grant: empezó operaciones en 1914 para apoyar a las unidades de artillería costera para la defensa del canal, las que constaba de una serie de baterías de fortificación en las islas de Naos, Culebra, Perico y Flamenco durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Fue la instalación de la sede del Distrito de Artillería de la Costa del Ejército de los EE. UU hasta 1947, después de finalizada la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Las mencionadas islas fueron trasladadas a Panamá el 1 de octubre de 1979, convirtiéndose así en parte del complejo de la “Calzada de Amador”. ● Fort Clayton: empezó operaciones 1920 con el objetivo de proteger las esclusas de Miraflores y Pedro Miguel del Canal de Panamá (de ahí su ubicación contigua a la entrada de las esclusas de Miraflores). Pero aprovechándose la inmensa cantidad de terreno que tenía esta base, todo el complejo que actualmente se conoce se construyó en sucesivos periodos: entre 1933 a 1934, 1940 a 1943 y 1968 a 1969. Sirvió como instalación de cuartel general para unidades de infantería, artillería costera, artillería y caballería durante seis décadas (de 1922 a 1974). La primera unidad en Clayton fue el 33° Regimiento de Infantería en el cuadrilátero de Infantería original (de 1920 a 1941. También sirvió como sede de la Fuerza Móvil de Panamá de1941 a 1946. En 63 septiembre de 1979, Fort Clayton se convirtió en el cuartel general del alto mando del Ejército en Panamá, albergando a la 193 Brigada de Infantería (Panamá) (con el Grupo de Mando en el Edificio 95), que en 1986 se reorganizó como el alto mando Ejército Sur de los Estados Unidos.
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