/1V, National. HighwayProject ( Section)

Public Disclosure Authorized The Proposed - Expressway

Public Disclosure Authorized Archaeological Survey Report Public Disclosure Authorized

Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology

August, 1995 Public Disclosure Authorized

L <., V Tablle of Contents No.ofsheet The ProposedLuoyang-Sanmenxia Expressway Archaeologicatl Survey Report.-...... 2 ChinaLianhuo National Highway Project (HenanSection) Luoyang-SanmenxiaExpressway Protection and Excavation of Cuturat Relics ---....-..----....-..---..---.. --..-.... 2 I.Destrict of Imperial Mausoleumsand BeimangMountain Cemetery of Northern WeiDynasty,Luoyang ...... ----. 2 1) Description ...... 2) Plans -...... ---..--... 2 3) Exploration Profiles *-..------..6 2.Shuiquangou Site, Mengjin County -.----. ---.. -.-...... -.--...2 1) Description-.: --..--... 1 2) Ptlans -...... ---..-...... -.. 1 3) Exploration Profiles -...... --.. 1 3.1HuocunVillage Site,Xinan County -.------.---.. 1.------. 1) Description...... ; 2) Plans *------..-----..-.. 1 3) Exploration Profiles --.-----.-.------...... 1 4. Cemetery at Mujiangpu Village --...... -.-.------.-.--.-. 1..I 1) Description.. --....---...... 2) Plans -....-.... --....-...... -..... I 3) Exploration Profiles....1 5. Cemetery at Xiajiaao Village -.-.-.- l..1 1) Description .. 1 2) Ptlans -..-..-..-....-.....-.... 1 3) Exploration Profiles -.------.---...... 1 6. Cemetery at Pailou Village -....-----...... -.-t..I 1) Description -...... -----..------..-..------... 1 2) Ptlans .- ...... I 3) Exploration Profiles ...... I 7. ChendongwaCraveyard in Xinan ------... I 1) Description -.. --...... -.... --..... 1 2) Plans *-..--....--..--..-..------...... 1 3) Exploration Profiles -.----- 1..1 B.XiayanggouSite, Xinan County----.-.---..... 1 1) Description -....-..-..... 1 2) Plans. .--...... --....-....-..-- ...... ---..--. 3) Exploration Profiles ..-.-.-.--. 1..1 9.Goutoubel Cemetery, Xinan County -. -----.-.--.-- 1.I 1) Description ...... I 2) Plans ...... 1 3) Exploration Profiles ------..-...... 1O.Jiacun Site,Yima City ..... ------...... ------2 1) Description...... -.. I 2) Ptlans *---..------..-..----...... -....----....--..---.. ---.....-..... 1 3) Exploration Profiles *-...... ---.------.---...... --.--.-.-- 1 l.1LingtouSite at XilingtouViltage, ...... 2 1) Description-...... 2) Plans ...... 1 3) ExplorationProfiles ...... 1 12.M4atouzhaiSite,Mianchi County------...... 1) Description...... l 2) Plans *------..------..------..-..---..-..-..-.... 1 3) ExplorationProfiles ...... 1 13.ZhuchengcunSite,Mianchi County ------...------2 1) Description...... 2) P lans ...... ----.-.-.---.------1 3) ExplorationProfiles .-..-..---....--.. -.... ---..2 14.ShilipuCemetery, Shanxian County ...... 1) Description ...... 1 2) Plans -...... --. 1... 3) Exploration Profiles --....-----...... -....-..-..--. --.-1..I 15.Lujiadian Site,Sanmenxia City...... I -) Description ---...... 2) Plans *-..-...... 3) Exploration Profiles ...... 1 16.Dajiaokou Site,Sanmenxia City...... I I) Descriptimon ...... I...... 2) Plants ...... I 3) Exploration l'rofiles ...... I 17.Shibangou Site at Sanmenxia City...... 1) Description .- ...... 2) Plants*-..----..--....-----.----.-...... ------.------1 3) ExplorationProfiles .------18.APataeolithic locality Zhaojiayuan at, ShanxianCounty--l1 I) Description.1...... l 2) Plans ...... - 3) Exploration Profiles.*------...... -----..------.----1 19. Cemetery at Dongchengcun VI llage, Shanxian County...... - 1 1) Description .-----..-..---...... 1 2) Plans. -.. -..--...... -----..---.. -..-..---..---1 3) ExplorationProfiles .*-..- ....------..-. 2 China Lianhuo National HighwayProject (HlenanSection) The Proposed Luoyang-SanmenxiaExpressway Archaeological Survey Report

We,Henan Provinciat Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology,as assigned by Henan Provincial High Grade Highway Construction Authority and Henan Prouincial Bureau of Cultural Relics,cooperated with Luoyang City Administration of Cultural Relics,Sanmenxia City Bureau of Cultural Retics,Cultural Relics Administrations of Mengjin County,the Surburb of Luoyang, Xinan County,Yima City,Nianchi County,Shanxian County,Hubin District of Sanmeuxia City, organized and executed an archaeoalogicalsurvey along the alignmentof the above ptoject from December1994 toFebruarYl995.On the basisof available information,the archaeological survey concentrated on 33 ancient. sites and graveyards where the expressway cuts through or passes nearby. The exploration covered an area of 1201650square meters and found 10 ancient sites, totalling 115250 square meters>, 8 cemeteries inctuding 115 tombs; 35 -storage pits of different periods; 1 palaeolithic locality;wetI and stone tol manufacturing site of the YangshaoCulture and a large building foundation of the Warring States Period and Han Dynasties etc.. The area where the expressway ties is an extremely important ancient route(Yaohan Route) connecting Guanzhongplain and Huabei Plain and thus a battlefield of different periods. All kinds of cultural relics are abundant and valuable for the staty of the history of ancient war, transportation and culturat exchange. To reduce the damage which the construction wilt bring to cultural relics to a minimum, an archaeological excavation has to be carriedout at ten percentimportant sites and cemeteriesof above-mentioned, totalling11500 square meters before the constructionof the expressway.HenanProvincial Institute of CulturalRelics and Archaeologyis committed,in about 120 to 150 days,tothe fullcompletion of archaeologicalexcavation after the landbeing acquired and prior to the actualcommencement of the expresswayworks and will mobilizeits manpowerand resources corresponding to the task. Among the above-mentioned 33 cultural retics locatities,in the light of our investigatioanit is known that the following 7 sites are slightlyfar from the expresswayand thus will not be injured during the construction.Theyare Suqin (a famous politicianof the WarringStates Period)tomb,Baizhuang site, Yinghaosite,Xiashi walled town,Xiashigraveyard,Xiya site and Shij iagou graveyard. Even though Yanghe site, Anbeicun site, Nanwang site ,flekousite at Yima,Wuyaotou site and Xiaojiaokousite are stightly near to the expressway, however the archaeological drilling didn't expose cultural remains and the construction will, not cause damage.It should be pointed out that Zhaojiayuan pataeolithic locality,although without dritling,must be carried out in the future. The next is an discription of the explorations and the future work plan of the above-mentioned sites. China Lianhuo Hatioi Luoyang-SanrmenxiaExpressway Pro AD:Anno Domini BC:Bef ore Christ BP:Bef ore Present

Roak of Protectijig Nos Sites Location Age Culttiral Retics

Inperial Chaoyang Town, Western Mma, Historical Uonumen I Mlausolems Mengjin County Northern Val, Cultural Relics of Northern Tang dynast; City Protection Wei Dynasty K0-K3 KS-KB BC206-AD907

Shuiqtiangou On the Eest of J4tun Yangshao and 2 Site , NengjinCounty ErlitouCultures Undecided K4-K4+500 BPsooo--37?0

Huocun On tieWest of Matun Longshanand Ian 3 VillageSite , Mengjin County dynastyCultures Undecided K1 -K10+400 BP4500- -AD220

Cemeteryat On theNorth of Mu- Ran dynasty 4 Mujianspu jiangpuXin County Undecided Village K11--KiI BC206-- AD220

Cemeteryat On theNorth of Xia- Song and Ming 5 Xiaj i aao ijaao,Xinan County dynasties indecided Village K19-4(gU AD960-- 1644

Cemeteryat On the South of Ming dynasty 6 Pailon Paltou,XinanCounty Undecided Village K25+ 5-0--26 + 500 AD1360- -1644

Chendongwa On the North of Song dynasty 7 Craveyard ChendongwaVillage Undecided in Xinan K2?+S500-K28+f500 AD960--1279

Xinyanggou Xiayangsou Village, 8 Site, Xinan County Undecided Xinan County K23-423+ I80 BP4500--400

Goufoubei On the North of WarringStates, 9 Cemetery, Goutou.Xinan County Ran dynasty Undecided Xinan County K38--K39 BC415---AD220

Jiacun Site, On the North of Jia- Yangshao and Historical Monuuxzz& 10 Yima City comVillage,Yina City Longshan CuLtures CulturalRelics K54-K55 BP6000--2220 City Protection

LingtonSite XitingtouVilLage, Yangshloand Historical Monu:m:- 11 at XitingtouMianchi County LongshanCGltures CutturalRelics VilLage K60+500"-60+600 BP6000--4000 County Protect'-

Design: "- Highway Project (IHenanSection) ion and Excavation of Cultural Retics

______~~~~~~~~~Page1

Area of HiglhwayArea of Expenses Organization of Scheduleof Covering and Excavation Ten Thousand Protecting and Excavations Quantity of Site sSquare Meters) Yuan,RNB) Excavating

54 Ancient LuoyangArchaeological April to June, Tombs 1080 35.64 Team 1996

g0 days

25000 Nenan Provinclal April toSept, Square Meters 2500 82:50 Institute of Cultural 1996 Relicsand. Archaeology ]10 days

20000 HenanProvIncial April toSept, Square Meters 2000 66.00 Instituteof Cultural 1996 Relicsand Archaeology 180 days

3 Ancient LuoyangArchaeological Apri t 1996 Tombs, one 60 1.98 Team Modern Tomb 30 days

8 Song and LuoyangArchaeological May,1996 Mingdynasties 16 5.28 Team Tombs 30 days

2 Mingdynasty LuoyangArchaeological June,1996 Tombs, 40 1.32 Team 4 ModernTombs 30 days

13 Ancient HlenanProvincial April,1996 Tombs 260 8.58 Instituteof Cuiltural Relicsand Archaeology 30 days

9000 HenanProvincial Aprilto May, Square Meters 900 29.70 Instituteof Cultural 1996 Relicsand Archaeology 60 days

10 Ancient HenanProvinciaL May,1996 Tombs 200 6.60 Instituteof Cultural Relicsand Archaeology 30 days

15000 HenanProvincial ApriLto July, SquareMeters, 1500 49,.SO Instituteof Cultural 1996 5 StoragePits Relicsand Archaeology 120days

2750 ienanProvincial June,1996 SquareMeters, 275 9.075 Instituteof Cultural one Kiln Relicsand Archaeology 30 days

'rovincialinstitute of CulturalRelics and Archaeology Time:August,1959 China Lianhuo Nationc Luoyang-Sarmenxia Expressway Pro AD:Anno DOmini BC:Bef ore Christ BP:Before Present

Rankof Protecting Nos Sites Location Age Culturat Relics

M.touzhai On the South of YangshaoCulture. HisLoricalMonumen 12 Site, Matouzhai Village,Norlhern dynasty CltlUralRelics Nianchi MiiuachiCounty BP6000--5000 County Protect; County K69--K69+200 AD420-581

ZhuchengcunOn theSouth of Zhu- WarringStates, HistoricalMonumen 13 Site,ianchi cheng,Mlanchi County Northern dynasty Cuttural Relics County K69-.K71+075 BC47S--ADSOI County Protecki'

ShilipuCe- On theEast of Shi- Ban dynasty 14 metery,Shan-lipu,Shanxian County Un-declded xian County K100+10D-KJOO+500 BC206- -AD220

Luljiadian On theSoutheast of Yangshaoand LongshaHistorical Nonun 15 Site Sanmenxia County CtltureiZhoudynasty CutturalReLics _lll--KIl+300 BP6000--2500 City ProtecV.

Dajiaokou on theSoutheast of HistoricalNonuam 16 Site Samuenxia County CulturalRelics K1134350--51O BP6000--5580 City Protec-

Shibangou On theSoutheast of Yangshao and HistoricalNonun 17 Site Smaenxia City Longshan CulturesCultural Relics K114+400-600 BP6000- - 4000 City Protec -

PalaeoLi thic On the East of Zhmwo-Middle to Late Historical Nonun- Locality jiaynan to Zhangwan, Pataeolithic Cultural Relics le Zhaojiayua ShanxianCounty BP160000-5G0B0 County Protec" at Shanxian KI2S+900-.K126+100

Cemetery at On the North of Dong Han dynasty Historical Nonu*--. 19 Dongchengcum cheng,Shanxian Co" BC206- -AD220 Culttural Relics Village K131+500s-K132+500 County Prote(--

TotaL

Design: I- Righway Project (Henan Section) --Ion and Excavation of Cutural Relics Page 2

Area of HighwayArea of Expenses Organizationof Schedute of Covering ant Excavation (TenThousand Protecting and Excavations Quanti ty of Sites(Square Neters) Yuan,RNB) Excavating

3 Storage Pits Henan Provincial JuLy,1996 141 4.653 Institute of Cultaral Relicsand Archaeotogy 30 days

32000 Square Henan Provincinl Aprilto Sept,. HNeters,3Kitns 3500 115.50 Institute of Cultural1996 10 Ancient Tombs Relicsand Archaeology 1i0days

3 Ran dynasty Sanmenxia April,1996 Tombs, 200 6.60 ArchaeologicatTeam 2 Ash Pits 30 days

3500 Sanmenxia May,1996 SquareMeters, 350 11.55 ArchaeologicalTeam 5 Ash Pits 30 days

- 5000 Sanmenxia Aprilto May, ) Square Meters 500 16.50 ArchaeologicalTeam 1996 69 d1ays

* 3000 Saenanxia June,1996 )SquareMeters, 300 9.50 ArchaeologicalTeam 5 Ash Pits 30 days

13000 Meters Henan Provincial Aprilto Sept, Long Loess 650 21.45 Instituteof Cultural 1996 Section Relicsand Archaeology 180days

10 Ancient Sanmenxia July,1996 1Toubs, -200 6.60 ArchaeologicalTeam A StoragePits 30 days

14816 488.928

vincialinstitute of CulturalRelics ant Archaeology Time:August,1995 I.Destricts of Imperial Amusoleums and BeimangCemetery of Norther:i We! Dynasty, Luoyang

Knownas the capital of nine dynasties,. Luoyang is one of the seven greatancient capitals in China.A largenumber of high officers,more thanten emperorsand theirrelatives of Eastern Han and NorthernWei Dynastieswere buriedon Mangmountain, severalmiles to the northof LuoyangCity. Now, several hundreds of the earth-moundare standingin thisregion. As a resultof cooperatingwith capital constructions, a large number of ancient tombs have been discoveredby archaeologyand culturalrelics organizationsover years. During the constructionof --Luoyangsection of LianbuoNational Hihgway in 1991, HenanProvincial Institute of CulturalRelics and Archaeologyand Luoyang ArchaeoloicalTeam discovered133 tombsof different petiods form western Han to Song Dynasties on thehighway to the east of Chaoyang, Mengjin County and obtained large numbersof potteriesand procetains, epitaphs,three-color-glaze Tang ware and potteryfigurines of musiciansand dancers.In 1994,Mengjin countyArchaeologicat DrilLing Team surveiedand excavatedthe construction area of Luoyang Glass Production Group and found31 tombs of differentperiods from Han to tangDynasties, 22 tombs of modernperiod. LianhuoNational Highway is justpassing through the south slope of the mausoleumof xiaowen(Chang Mausoleum ), an emperor of NorthernWei, Henan Provincial Institute of CulturalRelics and Archaeologydrilled two sectionsof thehighway(KO-K3;K5-K8) and discovered54 ancienttombs to a depthof 5-10m.Most of themare brick-chamberedtombs and cavechambertombs. They reflectthe burial cumtomsof different periods from Western Ban(206BC--24AD) to Tang Dynasties(618--907AD). Anarchaeological excavation must be conducted beforethe commencementof works. The unearthingarea is about 1080 squaremeters,and the fund is about 356400Yuan, RMB. The excavationwill last 90 days from April.to June 1996,under the sponsorof LuoyangArchaeologicaL Team. ... J....-- .- 9

4c~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'

4'4

o q~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o

;I -~~~~~~~~~...... I.

/ I As

*~~~~~L

: t* - No< 20~ ,7z,

o-- 6~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.

-013~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I

...... d le n an N un *~ em~

...... / N

AL. j-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~S a.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1

-~~~~~2a-

'

~ A>~ 2L{'. Iz~c- ~ K?~r U -

I in~~~~~~

I I a~~~~~~~

I 1, ~.. a. II.. is. T. I . I ..AA I . * Ptan and Profile of the !Archaenlogidal SurvY ' Mausotleus and Beimang Mountain Cemetery in t

Ci

the driltingarea;

vqIL

the drilling area;

the~~~~ area;..drlln

0 7A- the (iqh n-strict of Imperial '-I Wei Dynasty,Luoyang pt5w

146

Ji-

_

: ~vcr _1 IJ -~~~~~~~~

i i

3 I s 3

I., ,~~~~~~~~~~~. 4 0 the drilling area;

the drilling area;

.7.

D t ihe ctitvated soil layer

0 *, the light yellow sail aYIZr

aihei iTisjr.vy spii laer Ia

SS~

M~~~~~~L i T~~~~~~~~~~~G I,1 . . I

I - I I

- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~11 I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1

I~~~~~-t

I 1 7,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ the drilling area;

U Mllo1

thedrilling area;

0 * w :het pnull ivthed soii I Ulef _

0 X L. line lighta e o stsili layer

0. thke primary suil tayer the drilling area;

the drilling area;

@ % t SF~Uihi. 1lIishttyelo soil i;,>et

@ t AcSSae s,iI Isollaye.r

.~ihe jprigary souil Laye.r I I 1 1I K a tn a a I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

r Y

I

l -2 M

la-s-selaicki suili ts err -

terra allga tayer

I P the dri I ling area;

the drilling area;

ZD,x,,:*Av the. :uIiva Iedl

_ i~the.~ WU%_ime

* '7 th - thLcatioi

S ;.,,., ; t.zheupzii.ary sio I ~II I ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

I A a~~ -

- t ~I I II

m Dy11 I~~~~

z~~~~C~

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

-- I--I-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 'a - S I I I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

3 .3 .1~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n N~ ~ ~ 9s7 Ti, [lii1 11

the drilling area;

the drillitng area:

0 T t- =, Ihet- allli'ialts:;elaikd r'Iu lav(er

0 N .t tIheaitavial terrn alha lntpr

* g- r ' .Q therpri3ry S1iI l:yter I. 0 0) I-i - I J... - if Li ..- 1-

- - C - B. T - ___ o - - La - 4-' - '. -C - - ' is -- - I - ., A b. C.. B. C.. .5 - - - a if

if

S. - - 'ifU

-

)I 4:

4 S

.4 ==l

I I I I s "4 I

I I I . I 6,:

ing area;

~aa2

1431

I.I nvern

,satledsni ! laver * 1?4

. 1C1.:1So In yer 1.1

r 3" l vJ~~~~~~~~~~~~~

, 3 a 2 P b ?~~~~~~~- tro V~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I

_3e~~~~~~~~~9 ,, 2 - b3U; the dr i 1tIi ng area; i

CP~~~~V

_ el t t ~~~~,R: l attt

° 4 jim',3!' s : }e:tl; a a

41I I

I ,,I6 . .. I 2.ShuiquangouSite, Mengjin County

The site tiesto the west of ShuiquangouVillage, in Matun Town,Mengjin County. The polesare fromk4 tok4+500, about 5,000 metres long. Henan ProvincialInstitute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology drilledthe site where the proposedexpressway passes, covering an areaof 25,000square metres from January 6 to 26, 1995.The stratum is composed of: a). the firstlayer-the soft cultivated soil to a depthof 0.20--0.40m. b). the second layer-the hard tight yellowsoil to a depth of o.60-1.50m, containing fragments of bricks, tiles and potsherds of Han Dynasty. c). the third layer-the soft grey soil to a depthof 0.60-0.80m, containing the potsherds of Erlitou Culture. b). the forth layer-the hard brown grey soil to a depthof o.40-0.50m, containing the fragments of painted pottery and burntclay of YangshaoCulture. e). the fifthlayer-the primary soil layer. Throuth the drilling, the storage pits and the building foundationas wellas the culturaldeposits belong to Yangshao and ErlitouCultures were foundbetween centre of SHuiquangou Villageand pole NO.K4to k4+500,totalling 50Dm tong.A great quantityof culturalrelics scatter on the surfaceof the site.The collectedarticles include: pottery urns with raised strips,pottery jars impressedcord pattern, i-tripods, pottery basins with basket pattern,the fragments of painted pottery, shell implements,stoneaxes,stone sickles and so on.lt is clearthat the dateof thissite is fromlate Yangshao Culture (5000-4500BP) to Erlitou Culture(4000--3700BP).An archaeological excavation must be conducted before the commencementof works. The unearthingarea is about2500 square meters,and the fund is about825000 YuanRI4B. The excavationwill Last180 days from April to Sept 1996, under the sponsor of Henan ProvincialInstitute of CulturalRelics and Archaeology. v .7

4 .,.''

I,Lv L]~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .E...... f~~~inJo Shuiquanlgou village

I I .,

IJ Js1: j0oca seale of tile plmn

scale of thmeprefiLe

,Or_D0D the cultivated soil Layer

.D < *htt- light yellow soil Laver

D Itle h. grey soil la)te I* *-P the brown-grey.soil ltyer 0 V- A. - the PriuaNr soil layer ogical Survey of Shuiquanigou Site, Mengjin County

- a

V ope of the site

T~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

S~ ~

* \ ~~~~~- r----- .

______-- in 6~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

_ t~~~A 3i,5 at 2 e -irnanid Profile of the Archaeological Survey of Shuiquangou Site, HengjiIn County

\CoI!e of the site

______0 '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'

-L = - l II II o _

j .. ,,0 .. - I~~~~

a' a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3. Iluocun Site, Mengjin County

Huocun site,situatedat Huocun 1st Brickworks and southwest of Huocunvillage,was drilled from kID to klO+400with total 400m long,coveringan area of 2000square metres by Henanprovincial Instituteof CulturalRelics and Archaeologyfrom January 10 to 28,1995.Thestratum is composedof: a). the firstlayer--the soft loesslayer to a depthof 0.90m, containingthe culturalrelics after Han Dynasty. b). the secondlayer--the hard light lness to a depth of 0.80m,containinga number- of fragmentsof bricks,tilesand potteriesof Han Dynasty. c). the thirdlayer--the soft greysoil to a depthof 0.60m, containingfragments of burnt clay and potsherdsof Longshan Culture. d). the forth layer--theprimary soil layer. The.proposed expresswayjust cutsthrough the centreof the site.Thesurface layersurrounding the areaof thepole NO K10+200has beenremoved by Huocun 1st Brick Works. A largequantity of those articles like hollowbricks,tiles and buildingfoundations as weltas a perfect bowl have beendiscovered on the surfaceof thesite.A storage pit of Longshan Period was also found about 20m away from the pole NO.KA10+200.1tis a circlewith 1.60m in diametreand contains potteryjars,basins and cups. The date of the site with rich cultural layers and abundant remainsis fromLongshan Period (4500--4000BP) to Han Dynasty (206BC--220AD).ltprovides many important clues to understanding of ancientculture in thisarea.An archaeological excavation must be counductedbefore the construction of the expressway. *The unearthing area is about 2000 squaremeters,and the fund is about660000 Yuan,RMB. The excavation will last 180days from April to Sept 1996, under the sponsor of Henan -Provincial Institute of CulturalRelics and Archaeology. Ld'A~~~~~.1

47~~~~~~~~~~~7

Cluocunit age

G~ I~ ~ ~ ~~~~2 OA * ~~44

I e r r X

,~~~~~~~~~~. ._ _ . = r 1 th' *."ult 1. :L..g^i v.... I l 'lki lt: i)fltlu VI Ilage 1'i Let, X...... 2ilLilLC4JtaIIlt'

.;Wuri-%.I ttlle .ile 11.1.1LwJII.iga@ I

_u _

5D^ 11¢ '¢1eb bii ilwfZ

- ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~

_ .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

D --. L tIl i ge ht subiIi 1 ir .-r

______e_a______tJhe uzey sui I l;)er

* 9. :- .E d1at j.iary se; I::r 4.Cemetery at Mujiangpu Vittage

The site is locatedon the northof M4ujiangpuvillage, 8.5km to the east of Xinan county Town. Some tombs and tomb accessories of Han Dynastyhave been found successively by the villagers in past years. To cooperate with the -construction of the proposed expressway,HenanProvincial Institute of CulturalRelics and Archaeology drilled an areabetween pole NO.K17and KIB from December1994 to January1995 and found 3 brick-chambered tombsof Han Dynastyand one pit tombof modernperiod. It is necessaryto excavatethe 3 Han tombs(206BC-220AD)before the commencementof works. The unearthingarea is about6b squaremeters,and the fund is about 19800Yuan,RMB. The excavationwill last30 daysin April,1996, under the sponsor of Luoyang Archaeological Team. --~~~1 -

322.0 iu -~ iS.

1

n it 42~~~~~~~4

229 2.-

S02 .

2 5 4 2 .

2s0 . 3 149~~~~~~4

24 7.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2

3.-

A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

* .1 *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I 1I ' 1-1/ 1 0 I I d r r

I I *i - I Pq"

4-

M-S 5.Cemetery at Xiajiaao Viltage

The site is locatedon the northof XiajiaaoVillage, 6.5km to the east of Xinan county Town. The proposed expresswaycuts through the site.HenanProvincial Institute of CulturalReliqs and Archaeologyexplored this site from December 1994to January1995.The stratum is composedof: a). the firstlayer-the cultivated so!i layerto a depth of 0. 25-0. 3Sn. b). the second Layer-the hard red brown soil layer to a deplhof o.40-0.50m. c). the thirdLayer-the redsoil with manganese nodule to a depth of 0.60--tm. Accordingto the drilling,thereexist 8 tombsof Song (960-1297AD)andMing Dynasty(1368-1644AD) in this region. It is necessaryto make an excavationbefore the constructionof the expressway. The unearthingarea is about 160 squaremeters,and the fundis about52800 Yuan,R148. The excavationwill last30 days in May, 1996,under the sponsorof LuoyangArchaeological Team. Ln .*

In -. '

bb~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~S

4i~~~~~5

e f e b

sol 3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0

.311.4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1.

I,,~~~~~~~~~~L

29,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~6.

/ 4 7.>7 t

I I I I IN Igx 0 - Xt - ~~~~~~~~~~~~.73174 -v lp 9 : p an antt I'-i,fir ,fr tk Mrh:imI~'jrveej r! l lif th' r;r' .a:cI at Miajisaa11;, ,

mx~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~w 9 ^'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I

t1 MS~~~~~~~~~~~~" tkrlI OriIn arg

thr: '-i l l inI i!-nI3

9^7 p~~~~~~ I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I1 I-

V.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~S

em b.Cemetery at Paitou Village

The site tieson the south of Pailou Village, about2km northof XinanCounty Town.According to the Annalsof Xinan County,graveyardof the familyof Luweiqi,apresident of the boardof war in Ming Dynasty,was locatedin this region.ln 1980s,onebrick-chambered tomb was discoveredhere. The tomb-stoneunearthed in this tombshows that the occupant of -thetomb is just one of descendants of Luweiqi. Henan ProvincialInstitute of CulturalRelics and Archaeologycarried out the drillingin thearea between pole NO.K25+500and K26+500from December 1994 to January1995. As a result,2 tombs of MingDynasty (1368-1644AD) and 4 tombsof modern history were found here. Since the tombs of Ming dynasty have important academic value,it is necessary to make an excavation before the construction of the expressway. The unearthing area is about40 square meters,and the fund is about13200 Yuan,RMB. The excavationwill last30 days in June,1996, under the sponsor of LuoyangArchaeological Team. N*-~~~' %-.d~~~- AR

t 0' -l!.jc **,*

A: ~~~~-- ~~IZ ..

,ILS

ItoI' 3161~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~s

332.2~~~~~~~* 35.

-07 ->-

6.2~~~~~~~~~6 N N.

rche,I

~~~~~~~332.2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.4 I I r~bk.

t~~~S

**I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

u~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - *~ mE-

:, X,ls * ' ' '~~~~~a1 I'!.1maind Profi IC '41 th4o.Archa,nlllgical 'u.rvo'P rif the Gra-vfardI at Fai mu.

rtm~~~~~~~~~~~~1 thedtrilling i rlg

IQ

thio dtbilIi 1i !i] ''

0 I 2 ~~~ > ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~rr:i

Is, I I I , .

; #. . 7. ChendongwaGraveyard in Xinan

The graveyardis situatedbetween Chendongwa and Xiasong ViI Lages 2.5km.To the northwestof Xinan County.Lianhuo Kational Highway is lying on the-south slope of Beiling where loess is very deep and is availablefor tomb builtding.In Decemberof 1994,LuoyangArchaeological Team excavated a fresco-walledtomb of the Song Dynastyon the seat to the east of Xiasongvillage(lt is supposedto be transferedto LuoyangAncent Tomb Museum). In cooperationwith the constructionof the expressway, HenanProvincial Institute of CulturalRelics and ArchaeoLogy exploredan areafrom K27+500 to K28+500,andfound 13 tombsof the Song(?)Dynasty(960- 1279AD) in December 1994 and January 1995.An archaeologicalexcavation must be undertakenafter the landbeing acquired and priorto the acturalcommencement of the expresswayworks. The unearthingarea is about260 squaremeters,and the fund is about 85800Yuan,RMB. The excavationwill last 30 daysin April,1996, under the sponsorof HenanProvincial Instituteof CulturalRelics and Archaeology. ------

*(~~~~~~~~~~~-38' -. '. tug

-) 1 /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4.

,~~A~SK*.2'

x5r 3~ ~ ~~~~~* ~<.; 3'.,~~~~~~~~

* .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~8i

-50 --. t Lz7

-310.3

343.1~~~I .

181 =C3f4 a

Ub1CZU~~~~~~~~~all

IV -

a"A

0m .

I

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ['la', mid Prieri o rift the [email protected]]gi'C'1 Sur've- iuf the Gravewnrd at CheindrongwaYi,'an Cow

the drilling area

the drillinlg area ME m9

-D Ih , a b I i a I tu

f9£_t $~ ihe priunty 51111 K 2

M=

MIP~~~~~~~~~~~-

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~13

"I~~~~~~~~~~~~-I

,_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~PrS

'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ r @ 01

I Inver- _

. .- 0 It IhIPvr - IM

' I layer

- ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Z

- :5m~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 8.Xiayanggou Site,Xinan County

The site is situatedon the terraceto the southeastof Xiayanggouvittage,Xinan County Town. lith ditches an Itseast and nortThside,polesfrom K23 to K23+180are standingon the site.HenanProvincial Institute of CulturalRelics and Archaeologyconducted an archaeologicaldritling at thissite from Febrary 6 to 26,1995,covering an area of 9000 square meters. The stratum is composed of: a). the first layer--the cultivated soil layer to a depth of 0.3Dm. b). the second layer--the cultural layer with a depthof 1.OOm,of lightyellow soil,containing fragments 6f pottery bricksand titesof the Han Dynasty. c). the thirdlayer--the cultural layer with a depthof 0.50m,ofloose grey soil,containing burned clay and potsherds of tne Longshanculture. Fifteen meters to tne north of the centralpole, surroundingcave housesof the viltage,culturaldeposit and storagepits of the LongshanCulture have been foundGrey potsherdswith basket and cordimpressions were collected from the surfaceof the site.Itis certainthat this site belonged to LongshanCulture(4500-4000BP).An archaeological excavation mustbe carriedout after the landbeing acquired and prior to the actualcommencement of works. The unearthingarea is about900 squaremeters,and the fund is about2970D0 Yuan,RMB. The excavationwill last 61 days from April to Nay 1996, under the sponsorof Henan ProvincialInstitute of CulturalRelics and Archaeology. (1cii ~~~~ '~sLZ

I~~~~~~~ ED

A- ~~ ~ ~ ~ loBuh

g1~~t ~ 1 62. 5-'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IT age~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1.

'I Ni1 'K.

~~~~~~~~A~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3

31~ ' ~I 9.Goutoubei Cemetery,Xinan County

The cemetery is situated Ikm north to Goutou Village, Tiemen Town,XinanCourty. A number of ancient tombs have been found successivelyduring past years.In May of 19B6,xinan County Cultural Relics Administration made a archaeological drillingat the constructionarea of LuoyangCement Factory where the expresswaylies nearby and excavatedeight tombs of the Warring States Period and the Qinhan Dynasty (475BC--220AD).Cultural ':emains like pottery pots and bronze arrowes were foundduring the excavation. From December 1994 to January 1995,in cooperation with the constructionof the expressway,Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology explored an area from K38 to K39,the stratigraphical sequences are as follows: a). the firstlayer--the cultivated soil with a depthof 0.50m. b). the secondlayer--the alluvialloess layer with a depth of 1.40-1.50m. c). the third layer--the primary layerwith a depthof 1. 20- - 1.30m. Ten ancient tombs to a depth of 2. 90-3.8Bm were discovered during the drilling. Being catatombs,their passages are usually larger than the chambers.It must be excavated before the construction of the expressway. The unearthingarea is about200 square meters,andthe fundis about66000 Yuan,RMB. The excavationwill last 30 days in May,1996, under the sponsorof HenanProvincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. Mlrvey of Xiayanggou Site, Xinan County

di tch

-~4G8 . -g.t

78 p the cultivated soil layer ______--_-__I______

9 .| .* the Light yellow soil layer -~~~~~~~ 0 ;..

Iayer _ 0 t; 'i5 the grey soil

% t ' -t the primary soil layer Ptan and Profile of the Archaeologica

l

x7 K 116

& e

scope of -thesite_

A

erM- _ ____-_____-__( __D_

a..~~~-. k ~ ~ ~ ~ 2 ~ , * _d, - -' / , I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r

~~~cI~~~~~~\ ~~~~~ I~~I

I 3 I*5~w.

I ~~~~~~1 ,

I'a~~~~~I-.-. o~s,5.

I

--.

{r~~~~~~~~~. J\SZLJ >v~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 eqnolnoo~ ~ ~~~ N _ ~ . IS1 mr

?4*.~~.

a1'4,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1

:~~~~~~ !v rI

=.& i. 7 ; ..- -. o ______M,1 ,2j-; * * t - _ frT lr- -P 1b,Sr6 3* K I !n, .u-i'ill I'PH,Mr!1 nf ttiI !Arrhar' l-''i -a! :lrvPe. of the Gravr;ard at Goivti,

B~~~

rA the dri!; tlIf rt

1, U~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ____ I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ______V.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I I I I I' r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I 10.Jiacun Site,YimaCity

The site ig located on the seatbetween Jiacun and Fucun VilLages,bKito thenorthwest of Yima City.Being a city-levet culturalrelics preservancy unit,it is cut through by the expresswayfrom its center.From.December 2 to Z1,1994,Henan ProvincialInstitute of CulturalRelics and Archaeotogyand Yima Bureauof CulturalRelics made a surveyat the site.The resultis as follows: The siteconsists of southernand norternparts.The area north to JiacunVillage is mainlyof the YangshaoCulture, whereas the areasoutheast to FucunVillage is abundentin LongshanCulture.Between the abeve-mentionedareas are cuttural remains of the Yangshao,Longshan and the Zhou Dynasty.A Large quantity of culture relics such as pottery fragments and stone toots can be found on the surface.They include cemamic guan-pot,ding-tripod,painted pan-basin,red bo-bowl,double lips and small moush ping-bottlewith a pointed bottom of the Yangshao Culture,guan-pot, li-tripod with basket or cord patten of the Longshan Culture and some grey pottery with cord patterns of the Zhou Dynasty.The stone toolsconsist of shovelsand half-finished tools etc..On the section,somestorage pits of both Yangshaoand Longshan Culturescould be seen.Thelargest,with 1.70m in diameterand 5m in depth,and with some pottery sherds of Yangshao Culture in it,could be a well of Yangshao.Within an area of 1000 squaremeters,the drilling has exposed the following cultural sequences: a). the firstlayer--loose yellow-brown soll with a depth of 0.20-0.30D,containingsome modernporcelian fragments and potterysherds and stonetools of Yangshao,Longshan and the ZhouDynasty. b). the secondlayer--the cultural layer with a depthof 0.30- - 0.40m,ofslighty hard yellow-brownsolL,containing potterytile with cord pattern of theZhou Dynasty. c). the thirdlayer--the cultural layerwith a depthof 0.30--0.60m,ofloose grey-brownsoil,containing pottery sherdswith basket pottern of LongshanCulture,and red pottery fragments of Yangshao Culture. d). the fourth layer--the culturallayer with a depthof 0.40--0.50m of hardbrown soil,containing redpottery sherds of the Yangshao Culture. e). the fifthlayer--primary layer, of red-brownsoil, containing no cultural remains. The site is about 300m long, covering an areaof 15,000. squaremeters.Under the firstand the secondlayers,5 storage pits varying in size havebeen found. According to the investigation, it is known that cultural remains of Yangshao,Longshan and the zhou Dynasty (600bBP--2220BC)are abundent in this area.Thefinding of the well of Yangshanis especiallyimportant for the studyof enviroment,climate and the relationshipbetween people and enviroment of that period.A great deal of half-finished stone tools refectthe developmentof agricltureand toot manufactureof Yangshaoand Longshan.An archaeological excavation must be carried out before the construction of the expressway. The unearthing area is about1500 squaremeters,and the fund is about495000 Yuan,R4B. The excavationwill last120 days from Aprilto July 1996,under the sponsor of Henan ProvincialInstitute of CulturalRelics and Archaeology. II .. *~:*Y%~ UI~.!j.K,~ i* ,f q ~ '~J...4•-

' -[V~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r

.ini %'~~~~~~~~~~\./q \I ~~~~~~~~~~~~ * - I J~~~~~~~~~4 - L-IL 1. 1 .~~~~~~~~~~~~~-- ~~~~48

'VI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~S &~~~~~~~~~~~~~au

* 166.1~~~~~~42

556.11

-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'.~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 19

- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~5712~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2.

- A'K6CA.

- I I~~~~1------~ ~ ~ 6SSL

14~~~~~~~~~1. N

- intJl) 1: 10-0

tivaled soiI layer. 0D0 Ihietheli soi.t tayer |1 CD :V - the pri-arly P.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.- fAI

0t vD

Im -0~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

p I I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

I 10 I,I

- to

ON.~~~~~~~~~~~~O% scope of the site .I~~~~ _

i~~~~~ r~

NI~~~ H3) 4

------

ITT

-o

-g

u *. a.4 a -. I Cr,U- .- -I

'. . ..

- p. g Pt I,

U VI, * I., '1 i, "'I 5-- -' asA Plan and P.

I

im~~~~~~~~ It' - _ .

0.1

0_a e of the Archaeotogica1 .survey of Jiacun Site.Yima City

the driIling area.

! v er ± J e ct Ij' t va so i l yler * ______

-jit laver: time cult,zraL layers @ ,

:yer: lhe primary soil layer 0: I II.Lingtou Site at Xitingtou Viltage, I4ianchi County

With total area of 40,000 square metres,the site is locatedon the southwestof XilingtouVillage, 3km northwest of MianchiCounty Town. It was first discoveredin 1978 and was classifiedas a county-levelcultural relics conservancy unit in 1980s. Fromthe section of the westof the village, 1-3 metresdeep culturaldeposits with storagepits and kilns can be observed.A great deal of culturalremains including fragments of red pottery jars,.bowls, li-tripods,basins, stone axes, chistesand animatbones of ErlitouCulture have been collectedduring the investigation. Sincethe expresswayis lyingon the southernedge of the site, Henan ProvincialInstitute of CulturalRelics and Archaeologyand Mianchi County Administrationof Culturat Relicsjointly explored this site fromDecember 5 to 28,1994. The explorativedrilling was carriedout from C166 pole towardwest and coveredan area of 5,000 squaremetres. The culturalaccumulation consists of: a). the first layer-thesoft yellowbrown cultivatedsoil to a depth of 0.20--0.30m,containing plenty of fragmentsof porcelainand tilesof modernperiod and potsherdsof Erlitou Culture. b). the secondlayer-the soft greybrown soil to a depthof o.20--lm,containing ash, burnt clay and potsherdsof the ErlitouCulture. c). the primary-thehard red brown soil, containingno culturalremains. A kiln,3m In diametre,1.40m in widthand 0.7Dm In depth,can be seen from the sectionof the ditchwhere the expresswaycuts through. After the exploration,it is confirmedthat the site contains abundant remainsof Erlitou Culture(4000-37008P). And is of greatacademic value. An archaeologicalexcavation mustbe undertaken beforethe construction of the expressway. The unearthingarea is about 275 square meters,andthe fundis about 97500 Yuan,RMB.The excavationwill last30 days in June, 1996, under the sponsor of HenanProvincial Institute of CuLtural Relics and Archaeology-. 0 .~~~~~M.

': 44

*52*

SU.3~~~~~~~~

16 UIA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

3.0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1.

ist~ ~~ ~ ~~~~~a '-~~~~~~~~~~~~'R

S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I j N

f-i.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C

~~~~OAI~~~~~~ Q\q n'

Is -- p-

C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 ~~~~~~~~~~~ I.

a4 S.- -

US~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I

I~~~t -S .~~~~~~~~~~~

( ~~~ *j~~~**1 o..ii~~~~~~*~~.'i*.c.~~4 -.. ~ p ~~~~ I~~ N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a

PA U ..- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 W

Plan and Profile of the Archaeologi

U. 4, scope of thw-site-

s It

DMP3

LeI ______- _ W

Lo t - I~~~~ '

F a ¢ , V I "e~~~a

8 e 8 ~~~~~~~~I CD g > X ~~~~~~~~~I I .. 8;,, I

;** o *

0 8 12.Matouzhai Site, Mianchi County The site,covering an area of 200,000square metres, about IDOOmlong from east to west,200m wide from south to northand with 2m depth of culturaldeposits, lies to the north and northwestof MatouzhaiVillage, 4.5km west of MianchiCounty Town. The sitewas firstdiscovered in 1978and was classifiedas a county-levelcultural relics conservancyunit in 198s.Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeologyand MianchiCounty Administratiao of CulturalRelics Jointly carried out the survey on the site where the expresswayis lyingfrom December2 to 25, 1994. The depositsin the easternpart of the site belongto Yangshaoand LongshanCultures and the top of the culturalLayer was destroyedby villagewalls. A largequantity of. cultural relicsof Yangshaoand LongshanCultures scattered on the site surface, such as ding-tripods, jars, basins, and bowls potsherds with basket pattern and animal bones. Singalurn burialwas also found on the section of the ditch. It is said that a number of neolithicburials and burialaccessories used to unearthedduring housecounstruction. It shovs that this site is mainlyoccupied by the Yangshao Culture(M0DD--150DBP),while tongshan Wltuure (4500--4000BP) is not abundant. The depositsin the westernpart of the site inctines to west. Many tomb bricks of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the fragments of pottery urns, jars, basins and tiles with textile impression of Song Dynasty(960-1279AD) scatter on the surface of the roadside. We conductedthe drillingin an area of total325m long aroundC186 pole where the expresswayis cuttingthroungh. The stratumis composedof. a). the firstlayer-the soft yellow brown cultivated soil to a depthof 0.20-0.30m,containing red potsherds of Yangshao Culture,potsherds of Northern Dynasties and fragmentsof bricks, tilesof modernperiod. b). the secondlayer-the primary layer. Three storage pits were foundon the top of thislayer. Sincethis region was a importantpass of Xiaohan,an ancient routeand a battlefield in Song Dynasty,thissite is of great academicvalue. It is necessary to carry out the archaeological excavationbefore the construction of theexpressway. The unearthingarea is about141 square meters,and the fundis about46530 Yuan,R4B. The excavationwill last 30 daysin July, 1996,under the sponsorof BenanProvincial Institute of Cultural Relicsand Archaeology. '~~~~~~ '\ -~~~~~~~~~~~~rss /

aLts,~~~~~~I

WC

i'd,~~~~~~~~i

...... I J-4~~~~51.0

5~~~5

S *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~S4

S31~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1

4.6~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

53.4A

HS32 543A-5324~~~~~~~~-58

-~~~-.~~'[I I / . -6 - z9c ~ -e

Pl4anand Prof i le of the Archaeological St

the drilling

- -- so ofi~ A~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 3

*I

4-______\

. .O

fW~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ of Ma zhai Site, Iianchi County

.~~~~~ S

_ /X/Yl ~~~~~~~~~zaf sij :I}: 5 ts ii w; tJ~~~~~1:1..

0ED - 3w2St the cultivated soil tayer /~ Wthe!<3 primary soi Layer 13.Zhuchengoun Site,Mianchi County

The site is located at the villages of Zhuchengcun and Zhuchengzhai,6kmwest of MianchiCounty TownL It is saidthat it is aicientJuli Town, namely ancient Mianchi Town.How this site has been classifiedas a county-levelcultural relics conservancyunit. A greatdeal of culturalrelics of differentperiods from the WarringStates Period to the Southernand the Northern Dynastiesscatter on the surfaceof the site where the expresswayis cuttingthrough. The collectedarticles includ tubulartiles, plain tiles, fragments of li-tripods,basins, urns,jars and stem-pans. The cultural depositswith 0.50--2m in depth and threestorage pits can be seenfrom the section. The largestpit of the WarringStates Period is 5m in diametre 1.50m in depth.It is deducedthat there is a big house foundationat thesite. The proposedexpressway passes by its southside. 'o effectivelyprotect the possible existenceof remainsof ancLentculture under the ground in this region,Henan ProvincialInstitute of CulturalRelics and Archaeologyand tianchi CoauntyAdministration of CulturalRelics jointly executedthe explorationat the said spot. The explorative drillingwas carriedout fromJanuary 3 to 27,1995and covered an area of 32,000square metres.More than ten burials, storage pits and houseruins from the Warring States Period to the Northern Dynasty(475BC-51BAD)have been discovered. The stratum is composedof: a). the f-irst layer-the soft cultivatedsoil with yellow brown color to a depth of 0.30-0.45m, containing fragments of porcelain, bricks, tiles of modern period. b). the second layer-the hard disturbed soil with light yellow brown color to a depth of 0.20-0.40m. The cultural relics containedin thislayer are sameas the firstlayer. c). the thirdlayer-the hard soilwith ligthgrey-brown color to a depthof 0.30-0.50m,containing fragments of ceramics, bricks and tiles of the NorthernDynasty. d). the forthlayer-the hard soilwith greybrown color a depth of 0.30-0.50m,containing fragments of ceramics, bricks,tilesand burntclay from thewarring states Period to Han Dynasty. e). the fifthlayer-the lacustring sedementation with dark greybrown color, containing no culturalretics. As mentionedabove, this site is of greatacademic value and will provideimportant archaeological data for solving somehistorical problems. An archaeologicalexcavation must be conductedbefore the comencementof works. The unearthingarea is about3500 squaremeters,and the fund is about1155000 Yuan,R4B. The excavationwill last180 daysfrom April to Sept199r6, under the sponsorof Henan ProvincialInstitute of CulturalRelics and Archaeology. _ 3 /. sit =S\s7lez~~~~~~~*SII:! A.sl;

10II

,4 4, , ' X

0'v---1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~9.50 -sl St\A

A --) L- -!__. ; .( - \ \ I

4849 SI-S6/.

54.:

53

$43.0~~~~~~~~~ 8.

Sil5 ~~ ~ ~ ~ 6 C SIZA ~ ~~~~~ .514.

MA4. xK " \ - S**.,m4AI. C ) . -a-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~S

I-~~~~~~~~~~~~~6-

.1 YShU~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.8.

$7147

I Nf

sIl-s ~J~-- ub.0 Y / IlLd 60~~~~~~~

~~~..SJJD~~~~~~~~a~~~~~j /~~0

*\~~~~,I,,t~~~~~~)L ~~~~\%~~~ 4

17 I~~~~~~~~~~oI.

Z., Sls.s~~~~~~~. F.- R.\N\Us/ /,/z. ( '~~~~ £ s ,;.1) .LA.. ("r4j 1' Ij~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I. I-z . .5443~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

541~~~~~~~Ž - I- .- i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

II I

ii.'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

I . .

.~~~~~~~ I scope of the site

A

J.D 4 I.r

gs~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r

,,074

. . YT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~R qvS------L of o - J- - ind Profile of the Archaeolqical Survey of ZhuchengcunSite,Nianchi County

scope of the site

the drillingarea

T 'I

the drilling area

B I_ 04;t s the cuLtivated soil tayer *0 3f_ , I,k561te sill tayer * -Ies I the cultural layer .lIe priuarv_soillayer

- _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~F

______o timecultivated soit layer * ;r, the primary soil layer AV

e- C

PA..:

00ljjj' u:

Li -J- _ _e~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A rp.r --I e~h qk O in

-Il

/ac

ll~~Z

-v- a-7"C- ~~X * I I

pr~~~ I

.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I

I

S I I S~~~~~ JN

.~~~~~ . .. aI 14.Shi tipu Cemetery, Shanxian County

Shilipucemetery is locatedof the toessplatform, 20Dm to the westof Shitipu village.The turningcement pole of No. 276 is standing at the southwest of the cemetery. According to avaltable archaeological information, There exist catatombs which were from the Warring States Period to the Eastern an Dynasty(475BC-220AD) in this region. The proposed expressway lies 30Dmto the south of the graveyard. In order to know the northern boundry of the cemetery, from January 5 to 25, 1995,Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and Sanmenxia Archaeological Team drilled an area to the north of the turning point, about 400 meters Long from the east to the west. Three ancienttombs have been foundthrough the drilling.. Beingcatatombs, they consist of chambers and passages.The roof of chambersis about 3 meters deep underthe cultivated soil. The tombs of the north are similarto their counterpartswhich distributed at the south, but are slightly loose located because of its higherterrain, Two ash pits have been foundin the eastern drillingarea, however, their function is still not knomw The tombs which have been discoveredunder the proposed expresswaysuggest that the graveyardis largerthan thatpeople used to think. Thus, an archaeologicalexcavation of the above-mentionedtombs must be undertakenbefore the construction of the expressway. The unearthingarea is about200 squaremeters,and the fundis about 66000Yuan,RMB. The excavationwill last30 days in April, 1996,under the sponsor of Sanmenxia Archaeological Team. IL Lf; jf~~~IL

~ ~ ~ ~L' 0OLS~~~~~~.S~~~ ~

1./ 'N 5: .~~r~ IL~~~~~UZ

rif. I *

LrOL I 01I-

2-;L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1

IZL

410~ ~ ~ 9. !Z2. - N

- - _- - - -.

______- - - - 19J3J : .

G -,J = the cultivated soit layer a M ;rD * the p r i wary soil la yer Xn and Profile of the Archaeological Survey of the Graveyard at Shilipu,Shanxian Coun.

the drilling area

U3 4a

0? logical Survey of the Graveyard at Shilipu, Shanxian County

the drilting area f M3

.40 I I I I I I I X I I I~ ~ I r rr

I I Iq I I I IJ-? -- I I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r. r r' r I aO m + U

,? . . ~ ,,,~~~~. I 15. Lujiadian Site, Sanmenxia City

The siteis locatedon the north of Lujiadian village,being separatedby the LonghaiRal tway from its center.It was discoered in 1988 and identifiedas a county-levelcultural relics preservancyunit lateron.Since the expresswayis tyingon the northern partof the site.A largequantity of potsherdsof those yessels like ting-tripod,guan-pot,pen-basin and bo-bowl of Yangshao and Longshan Cultures have been foundon the surfaceof the site.The storage pitsof Yangshaoand LongshanCultures can be seen from the section,thelargest being 4 metersin diameterand in depth.Thedritling area covers15,000 square meters.Wiithin an areaof about50 meterswide and 70 meterslong,cultural deposits and 5 storagepits have been discovered. enan Provincial Institute of CulturalRelics and Archaeology.and SanmenxiaCity Bureau of CulturalRelics jointly explored this site from December 2 to 24, 1994.The result is as follows: a). the first layer of cultivated soil to a depth of 0.20m,being loose greyish yellow soit,containingmodern porcelain sherds, potsherds of Yangshao and Longshan Cultures and thethou Dynasty. b). the second layer--the cultural tayer with a depth of 0.3Dm, of a slightly hard yellow soil,containingceramic fragments of Yangshao,Longshanand the Thou Dynasty. c). the third layer-the cultural layer with a depth of 0.20.. of slightly hard brown soil,containing potsherds with basket and cord patterns of Yangshao and Longshan Cultures. d). the fourth layer-the cultural layer with a depth of 0.40m, of hard brown soil, containing some pottery sherds of Yangshao Culture. Five storage pits have been found, the diameter of the largest being 4 meters. e). the fifth Layer-theprimary sail.of slightly yellow sandy soil,containing no culturalrelics. Accordingto the exploratlrL there exist cultural remains of Yangshao (6000--4500BP), Lon>nhan(4, 500--4000BP.). It provides many importantclues to Une understandingof ancientculture in Sanmenxia area. An archacological excavation must be carried area. An archaeological cycavation must be carried out before the constructionof .. e expressway. The unearthan;area is about350 square meters,and the fund is about 115500'Yuan,R4B. The excavationwill last30 days in May, 1996, uLder the sponsor of Sarmenxia Archaeological Team. 'its.~~~~~~~~~~~rL

1L1

A -

I 1~~~~~~~~~~~_~I

Av ...... ~ -

I-i'~~~~~~~~-S t

I IS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~*

Its~ ~ ~ ~ m r _~~i -*~

-L-- - --

° T t * 4~N- the culljvat.d suit layer ______* * : I1 L # - . __ - - t itA the culttratl layers

* est the primary s vilayer

I~ Plan and Prof i le of the Archaeological Survey of Lujiadian Site,Saxia City

-AI bf i EL11% e S , ;t -_area ; scope of the site the drilling area

I~~~~~~~~ I

area ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ 0______

IO _ .4-

S W-~~~I XMla~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I \t

I I(UZ

II? #6~~~II

i--~~~~~~~~r*lif l ~ . 16. Daj iaokou Site, Sanmenxia City

*ibe site lies on the third terrace to the north of Dajiaokou Town,8km southeast of Sanmenxia City and the north bank of Jhan River.It was first discoveredin 198B and was classified as a city-level cultural relics conservancy unit.A great deal of culturalrelics have been collected on the surfaceof the site, such as the fragments of ding-tripods,jars,urns,basins,bowls,small mouthbottle with a pointed bottom and potsherds with bow-string pattern.Atlof thembelong to YangshaaCulture.Henan provincial Insituteof CulturalRelics and Archaeologyand SanmenxiaBureau of CulturalRelics jointly surveyed the site from January 5 to 28, 1995. we drilled the site from pole No.K114+350where the expresswaypasses,coverng an area of 11,000square metres(200m longand 50m wide).Thestratum of YangshaoCulture was discovered within500 squaremetres.The stratum is composedof: a). the first layer-- the soft cultvatedsoil with yellow brown cotor to a depth of 0.40m,containing potsherds of Yangshao Cultureand fragments of ceramic and porcelainof modernperiod. b). the secondlayer-the hard Holocenetoess soil fixedwith lightyellow fine silt to a depthof O.BOm,containingno cultural relics. c). the thirdlayer-the hard claysoil with lightred brown color to a depth of 0.40m,containing a lot of ash,burnt clay and potsherds of Yangshao Culture. d). the fourthlayer-the hard cLay soil with red brown color to a depthof 0.40m,containingno culturat remains. e). the fifthlayer-the Malan loess with lighyellow fine silt, containingno culturalremains. Thissite is a typicalsite of MiaodigouType,Yangshao Culture (6000--550BP).Itis of importantacademic value.An archaeologicalexcavation must be conductedbefore the construction of the expressway. The unearthing area is about 500 square meters,and the fund is about 165000 Yuan,RMB.The excavation will last 60 days from April to 14ay1996, under the spansor of Sanmenxia Archaeological Team. -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o .

*14Z4 I

-02-~ ~ ~ ~ C

yU ~'

.> - ~~- Z~~-~~.A-. - -- ~ 6a ~~~

1 g 63 . ..

OL~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ja

...... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C.. SIT 4L~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~4

q ~~)%22 \ susj- -sla.. 6 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\ \sz

I SI~~~~~~~~~IJ

3.31 11~~-SAo I:.14

~~~\ ).I~~~~~~~~~~J:~~~~~-550.2 1~~~~~~~~~~602 I *7 i.~~~~ I, ____~~~~744 I I~~~~~~~S&

6ii.3 a. n~~~~~~~£ Plar. and Profile of the Archaeological Survey

- ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~

the dii I ingarea

= _ _ _ _ _ =

I.

314-I. , Uajiaokou Site,Sanmenxia City Tr }T

scope of the site

I

i is kl t- 1: 00

pg ~~~~~~~~~~I

t3 _ ~~~~~ew+f, ~~te cultivted soit layer

t)~~~~~~~~~~~ t-***tx,Athe lloloc¢e loess layer O ______e t the cattral tayer

I'theIbLan Loess of thi late p{listacena I~~~~~~~~~O 17. Shibangou site at Sanmenxia City

The siteis locatedon theplatform to the northof Shibangou Village,7km to the southwestof SanmenxiaCity. The site is separatedby No. 310 highwayon itssouth from Jianbe River, and cut throughby the LonghaiRailway from its center.Being discoveredin 198U,it is announced as a city-levelcultural relics preservancy ullit. The proposed expressway is tyingon its northernpart. A large number of potsherdsof ping-bottle, pen-basin,li-tripod of the Yangshaoand the Longshan Cultures have been collectedfrom the field.Four storagepits of the LongshanCulture could be seen on the section.within 10,000 squaremeters drilling area, we have foundcultural deposits and threestorage pits. Henan Provincial Insitute of CulturalRelics and Archaeology,and Sanmenxiacultural relics Bureau explored sitefrom January 3 to 26, 1995. The stratum is composedof: a). the firstlayer-- the cultivatedsoil layerwith a depth of 0.20m,of loose brown soil, containing some modern porcelian sherds and potsherdsof Yangshaoand LongshanCultures. b). the second layer-loose yellow sandy soil with a depthof 0.30m, containing few cultural relics. c). the third layer--the cultural layer with lighta depthof 0.50m, of slightly hard brown soil, containing some red pottery sherds of the Yangshao Culture and grey potter fragments of the Longshan Culture. Through tje exploration, it is known that the site is composed of cultural remains of the Yangshao and the Longshan cultures. The cultural deposits of the Longshan Culture is especiallyabundent and valuablefor the understandingof the distributionand developmentof ancientculture in sanmenxiaCity. An archaeologicalexcavation must be carriedout before the constructionof the exprssway. The unearthingarea is about300 squaremeters,and the fundis about99000 Yuan,R4B. The excavationwill last30 daysin, June, 1996, under the sponsor of Sanmenxia Archaeological TeaL AIL A~ 6il= r~~~~~'~~~~~-2.~~ ~ ~~~91.

-NS -', --- -

- cTD~~~"7I 4is I0ao 4 _

452.1 -1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~6

LdIS. / i~~~~~~~~~-~~~'~~ ~ ~ ~ i-

/1 - -~~~~~~~~~6 -*'-- *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.Z .687.s~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*1521 ~ ...... 637.19~~ LULS I* 1

-ilK~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~31±5 I ... ZO ~~Q~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t-195 ~~ ~ ( e

-. ; rus I

'24t~~~~~~~~~

/~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~res 33±5 4151 /i -

*iLI1~~91Y * ~~~~~86&"~~~~~ Ci

'""D'

tm * ~/ ~ ~ Plan and Profile of the Archaeological Sti

0 the dri Iting area

A___ _ !_ 3~~~~~~~0T j of ShibangouSite, Sahnenia. City.

--1-----~=F &-nJ110V

---- - J Ei -m I:|oo

______the _cultivated soil layer °___* , A ihe yetlow soit layer 0_____* & the culturallayer * -t -A-'--* the primry soiiItoyer 1B.A Pataeolithic Locaity at Zhaojiayuan,Shanxian County

ZhaojiayuanPalaeolithic locality is a 3km long toess section,locatedto the east of Zhaojiayuan-Zhangwanviltages.It was discoveredthrough a generalcultural relics survey in 1970' s, palaeolithic locaity at Zhangwan,Shanxian County s ,and some Vertebrate fossi Is and stone tools have been found since then. It is now classified as a county-levelcultural relics conservancy unit. The investigationcovers an areafrom the eastof Zhaojiayuan village -to the Longhai Railwav.The proposed expressway is just tyingon the north of Zhaojiayuan,wherethe geological section is about40m.high.From 1 to 35m(upto down),itis greyishsandy soil of M4alantoess deposit of the late Pleistoceneepoch.The gravel layeris from35 to 40 meters.Thediameter of thosegrave stones is around I to SOmm.Therock type includespsammite,diorite, quartziteetc..The fossils consist of mussels,rhinocerosand deers.Onlyone piece of quartziteflake was found during the exploration.The vertebratefossils and culturalremains belonged to the latePleistocene epoch,dating from 100,000to 500,009 BP. Becausethe expresswayis cuttingthrough the sectlonin which a number of fossils and cultural remains located,an archaeological excavation must be conducted before the construction of the expressway. The unearthing area is about 650 square meters,and the fund is about214500 Yuan,RMB. The excavationwill lastl8O days from April to Sept 1996,under the sponsorof HenanProvincial Institute of Cultural Relicsand Archaeology. Profile of Zhaojiayuan Site,Shanxian County

7 lp m :a.~~~~~60

~~ ~ ~ ~ ~thepriuary soit tayer theHaLen Loess of tue yeLtow tayer

~~~ ~sand stone layer

-4 " .M fine saemItayer

__ i ossil 19.Cemetery at Dongoheng Vitlage,Shanxian County

The Cemetery of Dongcheng Village covers an area of 2, 400, 000 square meters, 2000m.long from the east to the west,and 1200m.widefrom the south to the north, situated on the seat between the villageand the southbank of the .The tombshave been successivelydiscovered since 1970' s,and a large quantity of culturalrelics of the Han Dynastyfrom this graveyardhave been capturedfrom tombrobbers and smugglers in thepast few years. The expresswaylies 100m.north-to DongchengVillage. In cooperationwith the constructionof the expressway,Henan ProvincialInstitute of CulturalRelics and Archaeologyand Shanxian County Administration drilledthe graveyardwhere the expressway passes by from December 20,1994 to February25, 1995,covering an area of 100,000 square meters. During the process of drilling,11 catatombs and 8 storage p1its of the Han Dynasty(206BC- - 220AD)have been found.With chambers and passages,the tombs are in the depth of 2. 80-3.50m. The expressway is just lying on the northern part of the graveyard.Since a large number of ancient tombs are located in this area,according to the available information and our survey,an archaeological excavation must be undertakenbefore the construction of the expressway. The unearthing area is about 200 square meters,and the fundis about66000 YuanRRMB. The excavation will last30 days in July,1996, under the sponsorof SanmenxiaArchaeological Team. V1. .31.9 ~ ~ ~ .~- U A ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...~~. ... .

34?.O

*3331~~~~~~~~33

3345*/~ .*

336. ~*'a

-~~.L2'53~~~~.r 367.0 6.0k

I.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a \w t N- Il -4ff- *t Ms 2115~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3i X~-- '342.1 l ll A ii I DongchengVitlage-

364A~~~~~~~ 32*D!4.1 = =t-.§ =. E.

-337.6~~~~~~~~~~~-311 .0 TW gFF S DS.DS65

~ A~ 33y,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~330i ~ ~ 33i.~ ~

6 .

2.7- 34~~~~I. ,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3S \< ° ,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~u.

TheYellow 335~~~~~~~~~~~~~~River .

~1.

3. 1 330.2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The2elo Rve

323.0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ; -

H ,

. . Plan and Profile of the Archaeologicat Survey of the Cr

z _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~I. .~~~~~~~~n

t~~~~ X ~~~~~~~ r ~~~~~~~~~~~ii

.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- irvey of the Graveyard at DnngchengceunViltage,Shanxian .uuiilty

cirilhow.~~ are

t71 1rill i ILJ artŽa

______-0 ______h~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- -I

Cr)

I zI

___- '- - L}

CI) i

- I

oool:t C. - I 377t z) -;'~~~~~~~~~6 I TZ-1 ~~~~~(3Ru .)

tile: dri1Iiii; area (i

_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- cloirm PPJ?n 61.1LI~~~I !.P ;)[I is,0 ;

lexCr- rc m V -( - a I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

I

I~~ I

1,

-~~~~~