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La Te Homo Erectus Or Ngandong Man of Java G

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La Te Homo Erectus Or Ngandong Man of Java G LATE HOMO ERECTUS OR NGANDONG MAN OF JAVA G.-J. Bartstra Biologisch-Archaeologisch InstitulII, Groningen, Netherlands ABSTRACT: Ngandong man of Java is generally regarded as the last representative of Homo erectus in Southeast Asia. His remains came from terrace deposits of the Solo river. This paper investigates the age of these deposits, as well as the evidence of stone tools associated with Ngandong man. KEYWORDS: Homo erectus, Ngandong man, Java, Solo river ten:aces, vertebrate fossils, U-series dating, artifacts. 1. INTRODUCTION in eas tern Java, contains cultural remains that are not older than Lower Holocene or Final Plelstocene Since 1970 I have had the opportunity to take part (van Heekeren, 1972; Hardjasasmita & Mulyana, in research on fossil man of Java. I am especially 1986). interested in the distribution of the Palaeolithic It may have something to do with fire. It may be artifacts and the terrace systems of the ·rivers. The argued that early man only occupied the tropicai two subjects are c1 0sely connected, for the study of caves permanently when he had fully mastered the the implements of fossil man on Java is impossible use of fire. Homo erectus on Java, even late Homo without detail ed geomorphological surveys. To use erectus, perhaps still did not know how to effec­ a term that was much en vogue at the beginning of tively handle fire. Nowhere on Java is there any this century: on Java one is concerned with so­ direct evidence of the use of fire by Homo erectus. It called river-drift Palaeolithic. The majority of the has merely been inferred, from evidence from other Palaeolithic artifacts are to be found in fluviatile Homo erectus sites elsewhere, that on Java' too, sediments. There is little chance of finding un­ Homo erectus must have been able to handle fire disturbed camp-sites dating from the Pleistocene. (Pope, 1985). But the romantic view of the band of Any former coastal sites now lie under water as a Homo erectus people sitting around that fire, over result of the post-Pleistocene marine ingression, which the kill of the big game hunt is being while farther inland layers of volcanic ash and prepared, has come under attack (e.g. Binford & mudstreams, up to several metres thick, cover the Stone, 1986). It has also been pointed out that the land. The caves appear to be devoid of traces of dentition of Homo erectus of Java shows traces of early man. wear resulting from a diet mainly consisting of When Dubois, the dis coverer of the first Homo coarse, tough vegetable matter (Puech, 1983). erectus, arrived in the East in 1887, he began to It is clear that the analysis of the tools used by excavate caves on the island of Sumatra. But the Homo erectus on Java could shed light on be­ results were disappointing: remains of early man havioural questions of this kind. Unfortunately still were absent (e.g. Hooijer, 1948a; 1948b; 1949). far toa little is known about these tools. Stone There are caves on Java too, and many ofthem have artifacts are to be found all over Java, but only a now been investigated, but early Pleistocene man is small percentage of them can be attributed with not to be found there. Von Koenigswald (1955), certainty to Homo erectus (Bartstra, 1982; Bartstra who discovered the second Homo erectus on Java, & Basoeki, in press). Concerning bone artifacts provided a psychological explanation: early Plei­ nothing is certain at all. stocene man avoided the tropicai caves because they With regard to implements and possibie beha­ were unhealthy places, with snakes, bats, and eviI viour, at the moment we know most about the last spirits. However, this does not explain why later representative of Homo erectus on Java: Ngandong prehistoric man, fully developed Homo sapiens, did or Solo man. During the·last few years my own dwell in caves, on both Sumatra and Java. Gua fieldwork on Java has concentrated on the.evidence Lawa (Sampung), for example, a well-known cave of this hominid in particular. 2 G.-J. BARTSTRA D J A V A S E A Ngondong J A VA • '-Trlnil 'lAWUVOlUIIO • Sompung = I N D I A N o C E A N Fig. l. Map of eastern Java, showing localities referred to in the text. 2. THE DISCOVERY OF NGANDONG MAN Teilhard de Chardin (1956). Von Koenigswald (1958) stood in faet quite alone in describing Ngandong is a small village tucked away in the Ngandong man as a tropicai Neanderthal variety. forests of teak (Teetona grandis) that cover the In the 1930's an interesting discussion started Kendeng hills, a low anticlinal ridge in Central about the supposed eannibalism ofNgandong man. Java. The village is situated close to the Solo river, Eye-witnesses of the original excavations stat ed that which originates in the mountains of southern Java, the skulis lay embedded in the river sediments in a subsequently flowing eastwards to the south of the rather particular way, in a position in whieh they Kendeng ridge, then breaking through these hills, Offered preeisely the greatest resistance to the and finally debouching into the Strait of Madura former stream current: with the concave basal side (fig. 1). upwards (ter Haar, 1934). In addition a few of the It was in the 1930's that the surroundings of calvaria show remarkable fractures: the area around Ngandong were first mapped geologically and geo­ the lommen magnum is either damaged or even graphically in detail. The mining engineer ter Haar missing (von Koenigswald, 1951). It has therefore was entrusted with this task, and during surveys been assumed that Ngandong man was a cannibal along the Solo banks he found vertebrate fossils. who ate members of his own species, and that the Ter Haar started a small excavation, that was soon skulis had been intentionally left behind in a special taken over and extended by Oppenoorth, at that way; or, alternatively, a more highly developed time head' of the Java mapping project. During hominid, who has not yet been found at Ngandong, these excavations, that lasted from 1931 until 1933, " may have preyed upon this Ngandong man. No­ a wealth of vertebrate remains were found in old tably von Koenigswald (1958) was a proponent of river sediment, among them eleven calvariae and the cannibalistic vie w . I myself have stated that the calottes and two tibiae of early hominids. arguments in favour of this view' appear rather Oppenoorth (1932a) reported the discovery as convincing (Bartstra, in press a). Others, however, Homo (Javanthropus) soloensis; ter Haar (1934) later remain sceptical (Jacob, 1972; Santa Luca, 1980). wrote an interesting paper about the circumstances Yet it is clear that if the use of fire and the practice of of the find. Subsequently others devoted their big game hunting by Homo erectus on Java come attention to Ngandong or Solo man, e.g. Weiden­ under discussion, new light has to be shed also on reich (1951), von Koenigswald (1958), Jacob (1978), this supposed cannibalistie behaviour. Sartono (1980), and Santa Luca (1980). Santa Luca describes Ngandong man as a late variety of Homo erectus on Java, with robust supraorbital, angular 3. THE TERRACES OF THE SOLO RIVER and occipital tori. The average cranial capacity was 1100-1200 cc. The tibiae appear modern in form (see Oppenoorth (1932b) pointed out aiready that Ngan­ also Day, 1986). The idea that Ngandong man has dong man must be younger than the other varieties strong affinities with earlier Homo erectus (Pithe­ of Homo erectus on Java. This is suggested by not canthropus erectus) on Java, had aiready been only morphological but also geological evidence. stressed by e.g. Weidenreich (1945; 1951) and The calvariae and tibiae from Ngandong come from Late Homo erectus ar Ngandong man af Java 3 sandy, gravelly stream sediments that show a clear coarser than those of the Low terrace; the latter is association with the drainage pattern of the Solo known as the 'clay 'terrace', as the basal con­ river. EarIier Homo erecfus of Java (TriniI or Java glomerate (if present) lies mostly buried under man) comes from stream sediments that cannot be several metres of silt or clay. connected with the present-day Solo. The fossil­ After Lehmann, de Terra (1943) investigated the bearing sediments near Ngandong are so-called Solo terraces. He distinguished three leveIs, and in ter race deposits,· or fossil remnants of a former some places even more. Yet if one tries to trace de floodplain, that are now to be found high above the Terra's levels in the field one meets with difficulties. present stream. One cannot help thinking that de Terra tried to fit The Solo terraces have been a subject of discus­ real and imaginary Solo terrace levels into a system sion since the beginning of this century. InitiaIly of four glaciais, that was customarily accepted in most researchers refused to accept that terrace the 1940's, following the European model. But deposits even existed; in this respect the German breaks in the valley slopes that de Terra described as geologist Elbert (1908) was an exception. But then terrace scarps are often impossible to trace in the ter Haar found vertebrate fossils in stream sedi­ field (Bartstra, 1977). ments lying at least 20 m above the present-day Sartono (1976) has mentioned seven Solo terra­ river. Moreover, these sediments contain small ces. He established the presence of these on the basis pebbles of volcanic rock that do not occur in the of evidence provided by aerial photography. How­ wide surroundings of Ngandong, and that must ever, the two oldest terraces and the youngest have been brought by the Solo from farther south.
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