DOCSLIB.ORG

A Test of the Multiregional Hypothesis of Modern Human Origins Using Basicranial Evidence from Indonesia and Australia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Test of the Multiregional Hypothesis of Modern Human Origins Using Basicranial Evidence from Indonesia and Australia University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2004 A Test of the Multiregional Hypothesis of Modern Human Origins Using Basicranial Evidence from Indonesia and Australia Authur C. Durband University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Durband, Authur C., "A Test of the Multiregional Hypothesis of Modern Human Origins Using Basicranial Evidence from Indonesia and Australia. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2004. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/2155 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Authur C. Durband entitled "A Test of the Multiregional Hypothesis of Modern Human Origins Using Basicranial Evidence from Indonesia and Australia." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Anthropology. Andrew Kramer, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Lyle Konigsberg, Murray Marks, Gary McCracken Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Arthur C. Durband entitled “A Test of the Multiregional Hypothesis of Modern Human Origins Using Basicranial Evidence from Indonesia and Australia.” I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Anthropology. _______Andrew Kramer______ Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Lyle Konigsberg___________ Murray Marks_____________ Gary McCracken___________ Accepted for the Council: ____Anne Mayhew_____ Vice Chancellor and Dean of Graduate Studies (Original signatures are on file with official student records.) A Test of the Multiregional Hypothesis of Modern Human Origins Using Basicranial Evidence from Indonesia and Australia A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee Arthur C. Durband December, 2004 Copyright © 2004 by Arthur C. Durband All Rights Reserved ii Acknowledgements Of course, an undertaking of this magnitude cannot be accomplished without a lot of help. Many different people have provided many different things for me every step of the way to get me this far. First I must thank my main advisor, Andrew Kramer. Throughout my many long years at the University of Tennessee he has been instrumental in providing me with many different opportunities for growth as an aspiring paleoanthropologist. In particular, he brought me to Java during the field season at Rancah, Central Java, in the summer of 1999. During this trip I got to study my first original fossils, and those observations form the basis for this dissertation. He has always encouraged me and pushed me to succeed as a scientist, even though my conclusions about the fossil record and modern human origins in particular have often differed from his own. This work is a direct reflection of this collaboration. The other members of my doctoral committee, Lyle Konigsberg, Murray Marks, and Gary McCracken have all provided significant help and insights for this work. Their patience and dedication to this project is very much appreciated. A number of individuals provided me with access to materials in their care, and also made my many travels to collect data both enjoyable and successful. In Indonesia Fachroel Aziz and Teuku Jacob both provided me with access to original fossils in their care. Tony Djubiantono allowed me to view a cast of the Ngawi calvarium in his laboratory. iii During my trip to Europe John de Vos gave me access to the Wajak 1 cranium and also went out of his way to be helpful during my stay. He gave me a ride from Frankfurt to The Netherlands, taking me to the Neandertal site museum along the way. He also graciously provided me with several copies of original reprints by Dubois that were cited in this dissertation. In Frankfurt, Friedemann Schrenk allowed me to view the original Sangiran fossil material in his care. Christine Hertler was also a great help during my studies in Germany. My work in Australia was greatly assisted by Michael Westaway, who provided me with places to stay and too many helpful contacts to mention. Without his help my trip would not have been anywhere near as successful or enjoyable as it was. At the Shellshear Museum Denise Donlon allowed me to study the impressive collection of Pleistocene Australian casts in her care, and also took the time to show me around the Darling Fish Market. Ann Macintosh supplied me with a stack of original reprints of her late husband’s work that were a real treat to receive, and also entertained me with many great stories. In Canberra, my day of work and conversation with Alan Thorne was one of the most interesting and rewarding experiences I’ve had as an anthropologist. David Bulbeck was also kind enough to take an afternoon to discuss my work during my stay. Harvey Johnston included me in his guided tour of Lake Mungo during my last weekend in Australia, and his efforts are also appreciated. At the American Museum of Natural History, Ian Tattersall, Ken Mowbray, and Gary Schwartz provided me with access to materials in their care. Ken Mowbray and Sam Márquez also took the time to discuss their views on the Ngandong TMJ with me. At the Smithsonian Institution, Rick Potts and Jennifer Clark allowed me to borrow casts iv in their collection to be scanned for the chapter on TMJ morphology. Rebecca Snyder taught me how to use their impressive 3-D scanner to collect my data, and lent her expertise when necessary. David Hunt allowed me access to skeletal material in his care. During my stay in Washington Lisa Nevell provided me with a place to stay as well as a lot of help making TMJ scans. Kristen Yoder spent many days working with me on the color-coded TMJ maps in Chapter 6. Mike O’Neil of the statistical consulting center at the University of Tennessee assisted me with the Manova tests for Chapter 5. Fred Smith has also been instrumental in my development as an anthropologist. He taught the first class I took on the human fossil record and also served as the main advisor on my Masters committee. His influence on this project is considerable. He also allowed me to borrow some of his personal casts, most notably Sambungmacan 3, to complete this work. This work would not have been possible without the support of my friends and family. Their patience and confidence in me has really made this journey possible, and a lot more enjoyable than it could have been. Jim Kidder has collaborated with me on a number of projects in the past several years, and we’ve attended a lot of AAPA meetings together. He has been a great person to work with as well as a good friend, and I hope our work can continue. Dan and Laura Weinand are like family and have kept me sane during this long and often tortuous process. Without their help I would have given it all up and moved to Guatemala to grow coffee beans a long time ago. Meredith Tarczynski has also put up with a lot from me these past few years, and I appreciate her patience and sense of humor. Altogether way too much fun, indeed. v And last, but certainly not least, my family has been all I could have asked for and more. My brother Rob continues to amaze me with everything he knows how to do (he really did get all of the talent in our family), and I continue to hope that I can grow up to be more like him. Most of all, however, I need to thank my Mom, who has made all of this possible. Because of all her sacrifices I get to do what I love every day of my life, and it just doesn’t get any better than that. Funding for this project was provided by University of Tennessee, Northern Illinois University, Sigma Xi, and the American Museum of Natural History. vi Abstract Proponents of the Multiregional Hypothesis of modern human origins have consistently stated that the material from Australasia provides one of the most compelling examples of regional continuity in the human fossil record. According to these workers, features found in the earliest Homo erectus fossils from Java can be traced through more advanced hominids from Ngandong and are found in both fossil and recent Australian Aborigines. For this study, non-metric observations will be used to determine the degree of similarity between earlier Homo erectus from Sangiran, the Ngandong fossils (including the Sambungmacan hominids), and fossil/modern Australian Aborigines in the cranial base. This study will examine the hypothesis that a number of non-metric features will show an overall similarity between these samples, and will reject this hypothesis if it can be shown that significant dissimilarity exists between these groups. The results of this project highlight a suite of features on the cranial base in the Ngandong sample that appear to be unique to that group.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Multiregional Origin of Modern Humans
    Multiregional origin of modern humans The multiregional hypothesis, multiregional evolution (MRE), or polycentric hypothesis is a scientific model that provides an alternative explanation to the more widely accepted "Out of Africa" model of monogenesis for the pattern of human evolution. Multiregional evolution holds that the human species first arose around two million years ago and subsequent human evolution has been within a single, continuous human species. This species encompasses all archaic human forms such as H. erectus and Neanderthals as well as modern forms, and evolved worldwide to the diverse populations of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens). The hypothesis contends that the mechanism of clinal variation through a model of "Centre and Edge" allowed for the necessary balance between genetic drift, gene flow and selection throughout the Pleistocene, as well as overall evolution as a global species, but while retaining regional differences in certain morphological A graph detailing the evolution to modern humans features.[1] Proponents of multiregionalism point to fossil and using the multiregional hypothesis ofhuman genomic data and continuity of archaeological cultures as support for evolution. The horizontal lines represent their hypothesis. 'multiregional evolution' gene flow between regional lineages. In Weidenreich's original graphic The multiregional hypothesis was first proposed in 1984, and then (which is more accurate than this one), there were also diagonal lines between the populations, e.g. revised in 2003. In its revised form, it is similar to the Assimilation between African H. erectus and Archaic Asians Model.[2] and between Asian H. erectus and Archaic Africans. This created a "trellis" (as Wolpoff called it) or a "network" that emphasized gene flow between geographic regions and within time.
    [Show full text]
  • Curren T Anthropology
    Forthcoming Current Anthropology Wenner-Gren Symposium Curren Supplementary Issues (in order of appearance) t Human Biology and the Origins of Homo. Susan Antón and Leslie C. Aiello, Anthropolog Current eds. e Anthropology of Potentiality: Exploring the Productivity of the Undened and Its Interplay with Notions of Humanness in New Medical Anthropology Practices. Karen-Sue Taussig and Klaus Hoeyer, eds. y THE WENNER-GREN SYMPOSIUM SERIES Previously Published Supplementary Issues April THE BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF LIVING HUMAN Working Memory: Beyond Language and Symbolism. omas Wynn and 2 POPULATIONS: WORLD HISTORIES, NATIONAL STYLES, 01 Frederick L. Coolidge, eds. 2 AND INTERNATIONAL NETWORKS Engaged Anthropology: Diversity and Dilemmas. Setha M. Low and Sally GUEST EDITORS: SUSAN LINDEE AND RICARDO VENTURA SANTOS Engle Merry, eds. V The Biological Anthropology of Living Human Populations olum Corporate Lives: New Perspectives on the Social Life of the Corporate Form. Contexts and Trajectories of Physical Anthropology in Brazil Damani Partridge, Marina Welker, and Rebecca Hardin, eds. e Birth of Physical Anthropology in Late Imperial Portugal 5 Norwegian Physical Anthropology and a Nordic Master Race T. Douglas Price and Ofer 3 e Origins of Agriculture: New Data, New Ideas. The Ainu and the Search for the Origins of the Japanese Bar-Yosef, eds. Isolates and Crosses in Human Population Genetics Supplement Practicing Anthropology in the French Colonial Empire, 1880–1960 Physical Anthropology in the Colonial Laboratories of the United States Humanizing Evolution Human Population Biology in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century Internationalizing Physical Anthropology 5 Biological Anthropology at the Southern Tip of Africa The Origins of Anthropological Genetics Current Anthropology is sponsored by e Beyond the Cephalic Index Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Anthropology and Personal Genomics Research, a foundation endowed for scientific, Biohistorical Narratives of Racial Difference in the American Negro educational, and charitable purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • Craniofacial Morphology of Homo Floresiensis: Description, Taxonomic
    Journal of Human Evolution 61 (2011) 644e682 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of Human Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhevol Craniofacial morphology of Homo floresiensis: Description, taxonomic affinities, and evolutionary implication Yousuke Kaifu a,b,*, Hisao Baba a, Thomas Sutikna c, Michael J. Morwood d, Daisuke Kubo b, E. Wahyu Saptomo c, Jatmiko c, Rokhus Due Awe c, Tony Djubiantono c a Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki Prefecture Japan b Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan c National Research and Development Centre for Archaeology, Jl. Raya Condet Pejaten No 4, Jakarta 12001, Indonesia d Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia article info abstract Article history: This paper describes in detail the external morphology of LB1/1, the nearly complete and only known Received 5 October 2010 cranium of Homo floresiensis. Comparisons were made with a large sample of early groups of the genus Accepted 21 August 2011 Homo to assess primitive, derived, and unique craniofacial traits of LB1 and discuss its evolution. Prin- cipal cranial shape differences between H. floresiensis and Homo sapiens are also explored metrically. Keywords: The LB1 specimen exhibits a marked reductive trend in its facial skeleton, which is comparable to the LB1/1 H. sapiens condition and is probably associated with reduced masticatory stresses. However, LB1 is Homo erectus craniometrically different from H. sapiens showing an extremely small overall cranial size, and the Homo habilis Cranium combination of a primitive low and anteriorly narrow vault shape, a relatively prognathic face, a rounded Face oval foramen that is greatly separated anteriorly from the carotid canal/jugular foramen, and a unique, tall orbital shape.
    [Show full text]
  • Homo Erectus: a Bigger, Faster, Smarter, Longer Lasting Hominin Lineage
    Homo erectus: A Bigger, Faster, Smarter, Longer Lasting Hominin Lineage Charles J. Vella, PhD August, 2019 Acknowledgements Many drawings by Kathryn Cruz-Uribe in Human Career, by R. Klein Many graphics from multiple journal articles (i.e. Nature, Science, PNAS) Ray Troll • Hominin evolution from 3.0 to 1.5 Ma. (Species) • Currently known species temporal ranges for Pa, Paranthropus aethiopicus; Pb, P. boisei; Pr, P. robustus; A afr, Australopithecus africanus; Ag, A. garhi; As, A. sediba; H sp., early Homo >2.1 million years ago (Ma); 1470 group and 1813 group representing a new interpretation of the traditionally recognized H. habilis and H. rudolfensis; and He, H. erectus. He (D) indicates H. erectus from Dmanisi. • (Behavior) Icons indicate from the bottom the • first appearance of stone tools (the Oldowan technology) at ~2.6 Ma, • the dispersal of Homo to Eurasia at ~1.85 Ma, • and the appearance of the Acheulean technology at ~1.76 Ma. • The number of contemporaneous hominin taxa during this period reflects different Susan C. Antón, Richard Potts, Leslie C. Aiello, 2014 strategies of adaptation to habitat variability. Origins of Homo: Summary of shifts in Homo Early Homo appears in the record by 2.3 Ma. By 2.0 Ma at least two facial morphs of early Homo (1813 group and 1470 group) representing two different adaptations are present. And possibly 3 others as well (Ledi-Geraru, Uraha-501, KNM-ER 62000) The 1813 group survives until at least 1.44 Ma. Early Homo erectus represents a third more derived morph and one that is of slightly larger brain and body size but somewhat smaller tooth size.
    [Show full text]
  • Southeast Asian and Australian Paleoanthropology: a Review of the Last Century
    JASs Invited Reviews Journal of Anthropological Sciences Vol. 87 (2009), pp. 7-31 Southeast Asian and Australian paleoanthropology: a review of the last century Arthur C. Durband Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work, Texas Tech University, MS 41012 Holden Hall 158, Lubbock, TX 79409-1012, USA e-mail: [email protected] Summary - A large and diverse body of scholarship has been developed around the fossil evidence discovered in Southeast Asia and Australia. However, despite its importance to many diff erent aspects of paleoanthropological research, Australasia has often received signifi cantly less attention than it deserves. is review will focus primarily on the evidence for the origins of modern humans from this region. Workers like Franz Weidenreich identifi ed characteristics in the earliest inhabitants of Java that bore some resemblance to features found in modern indigenous Australians. More recent work by numerous scholars have built upon those initial observations, and have contributed to the perception that the fossil record of Australasia provides one of the better examples of regional continuity in the human fossil record. Other scholars disagree, instead fi nding evidence for discontinuity between these earliest Indonesians and modern Australian groups. ese authorities cite support for an alternative hypothesis of extinction of the ancient Javan populations and their subsequent replacement by more recently arrived groups of modern humans. Presently, the bulk of the evidence supports this latter model. A dearth of credible regional characteristics linking the Pleistocene fossils from Java to early Australians, combined with a series of features indicating discontinuity between those same groups, indicate that the populations represented by the fossils from Sangiran and Ngandong went extinct without contributing genes to modern Australians.
    [Show full text]
  • Homo Floresiensis
    Homo floresiensis CHARLES J. VELLA 2016 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE DOCENTS GROUP DOWNLOADABLE AT WEBSITE: WWW.CHARLESJVELLAPHD.COM THANKS: L. AIELLO, D. FALK, G. HURLEY Every once in a while, there comes to light a fossil that shakes the foundation of paleoanthropology to its very core and forces us to reconsider what we thought we knew about human evolution. —Donald C. Johanson, Lucy’s Legacy This applies to Homo floresiensis Flores legend of Ebu Gogo There were legends about the existence of little people on the island of Flores, Indonesia. They were called the Ebu Gogo. The islanders describe Ebu Gogo as being about one meter tall, hairy and prone to "murmuring" to each other in some form of language. Discovery 2003 Homo floresiensis, (“the hobbit,”) found in a late Pleistocene context at the cave of Liang Bua by Michael Morwood’s group 2003: Associated with a core and flake assemblage that extended back to ca 95 ka LB1 originally dated to 38 to 13 ka; Lived there from 74 to 17 ka according to original conclusions. An arm bone provisionally assigned to H. floresiensis is about 74,000 years old 2016: new geological assessment places H. floresiensis between 100,000 and 60,000 years old. Measurements of the decay of radioactive elements in an arm bone from the partial skeleton indicate that the find dates to between 86,900 and 71,500 years ago. Until now, researchers suspected these bones were only about 18,000 years old. Later excavations that have dated more rock and sediment around the remains now suggest that hobbits were gone from the cave by 50,000 years ago, according to a study published in Nature on 30 March 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • Charles Lindbergh's Contribution to Aerial Archaeology
    THE FATES OF ANCIENT REMAINS • SUMMER TRAVEL • SPANISH-INDIGENOUS RELIGIOUS HARMONY american archaeologySUMMER 2017 a quarterly publication of The Archaeological Conservancy Vol. 21 No. 2 Charles Lindbergh’s Contribution To Aerial Archaeology $3.95 US/$5.95 CAN summer 2017 americana quarterly publication of The Archaeological archaeology Conservancy Vol. 21 No. 2 COVER FEATURE 18 CHARLES LINDBERGH’S LITTLE-KNOWN PASSION BY TAMARA JAGER STEWART The famous aviator made important contributions to aerial archaeology. 12 COMITY IN THE CAVES BY JULIAN SMITH Sixteenth-century inscriptions found in caves on Mona Island in the Caribbean suggest that the Spanish respected the natives’ religious expressions. 26 A TOUR OF CIVIL WAR BATTLEFIELDS BY PAULA NEELY ON S These sites serve as a reminder of this crucial moment in America’s history. E SAM C LI A 35 CURING THE CURATION PROBLEM BY TOM KOPPEL The Sustainable Archaeology project in Ontario, Canada, endeavors to preserve and share the province’s cultural heritage. JAGO COOPER AND 12 41 THE FATES OF VERY ANCIENT REMAINS BY MIKE TONER Only a few sets of human remains over 8,000 years old have been discovered in America. What becomes of these remains can vary dramatically from one case to the next. 47 THE POINT-6 PROGRAM BEGINS 48 new acquisition THAT PLACE CALLED HOME OR Dahinda Meda protected Terrarium’s remarkable C E cultural resources for decades. Now the Y S Y Conservancy will continue his work. DD 26 BU 2 LAY OF THE LAND 3 LETTERS 50 FiELD NOTES 52 REVIEWS 54 EXPEDITIONS 5 EVENTS 7 IN THE NEWS COVER: In 1929, Charles and Anne Lindbergh photographed Pueblo • Humans In California 130,000 Years Ago? del Arroyo, a great house in Chaco Canyon.
    [Show full text]
  • Java Man and the Politics of Natural History an Object Biography
    Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 177 (2021) 290–311 bki brill.com/bki Java Man and the Politics of Natural History An Object Biography Caroline Drieënhuizen | orcid: 0000-0002-5719-2328 Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, the Netherlands [email protected] Fenneke Sysling | orcid: 0000-0001-8097-1568 Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands [email protected] Abstract Natural history museums have long escaped postcolonial or decolonial scrutiny; their specimens were and are usually presented as part of the natural world, containing only biological or geological information. However, their collections, like those of other museums, are rooted in colonial practices and thinking. In this article, we sketch a polit- ical and decolonial biography of ‘Java Man’, the fossilized remains of a Homo erectus specimen, housed in Naturalis, the Natural History Museum, in the Netherlands. We describe the context of Dutch colonialism and the role of indigenous knowledge and activity in the discovery of Java Man.We also follow Java Man to the Netherlands, where it became a contested specimen and part of a discussion about repatriation. This art- icle argues that the fossils of Java Man and their meanings are products of ‘creolized’ knowledge systems produced by Empire and sites of competing national and discip- linary histories and identities. Keywords natural history museums – Java Man – repatriation – object biography © caroline drieënhuizen and fenneke sysling, 2021 | doi:10.1163/22134379-bja10012 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the cc by-ncDownloaded4.0 license. from Brill.com09/29/2021 05:34:48PM via free access java man and the politics of natural history 291 1 Introduction Natural history museums have long escaped postcolonial or decolonial scrutiny and are only now somewhat hesitantly joining the conversation about the role of non-Western objects in Western museums that has hitherto focused on eth- nological and art museums.
    [Show full text]
  • Life and Death at the Pe Ş Tera Cu Oase
    Life and Death at the Pe ş tera cu Oase 00_Trinkaus_Prelims.indd i 8/31/2012 10:06:29 PM HUMAN EVOLUTION SERIES Series Editors Russell L. Ciochon, The University of Iowa Bernard A. Wood, George Washington University Editorial Advisory Board Leslie C. Aiello, Wenner-Gren Foundation Susan Ant ó n, New York University Anna K. Behrensmeyer, Smithsonian Institution Alison Brooks, George Washington University Steven Churchill, Duke University Fred Grine, State University of New York, Stony Brook Katerina Harvati, Univertit ä t T ü bingen Jean-Jacques Hublin, Max Planck Institute Thomas Plummer, Queens College, City University of New York Yoel Rak, Tel-Aviv University Kaye Reed, Arizona State University Christopher Ruff, John Hopkins School of Medicine Erik Trinkaus, Washington University in St. Louis Carol Ward, University of Missouri African Biogeography, Climate Change, and Human Evolution Edited by Timothy G. Bromage and Friedemann Schrenk Meat-Eating and Human Evolution Edited by Craig B. Stanford and Henry T. Bunn The Skull of Australopithecus afarensis William H. Kimbel, Yoel Rak, and Donald C. Johanson Early Modern Human Evolution in Central Europe: The People of Doln í V ĕ stonice and Pavlov Edited by Erik Trinkaus and Ji ří Svoboda Evolution of the Hominin Diet: The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable Edited by Peter S. Ungar Genes, Language, & Culture History in the Southwest Pacifi c Edited by Jonathan S. Friedlaender The Lithic Assemblages of Qafzeh Cave Erella Hovers Life and Death at the Pe ş tera cu Oase: A Setting for Modern Human Emergence in Europe Edited by Erik Trinkaus, Silviu Constantin, and Jo ã o Zilh ã o 00_Trinkaus_Prelims.indd ii 8/31/2012 10:06:30 PM Life and Death at the Pe ş tera cu Oase A Setting for Modern Human Emergence in Europe Edited by Erik Trinkaus , Silviu Constantin, Jo ã o Zilh ã o 1 00_Trinkaus_Prelims.indd iii 8/31/2012 10:06:30 PM 3 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
    [Show full text]
  • F24 Out-Of-Africa and Multiregional Hypotheses
    348 Chapter f THE AGE OF MAMMALS The Present is the Key to the Past: HUGH RANCE f24 Out-of-Africa and multiregional hypotheses < Y chromosomal DNA, molecular Adam > I against my brother. My brother and I against our cousin. My brother, my cousin and I against the neighbors. All of us against the stranger. —Bedouin proverb.1 Discussion as to the origin of modern humans is divisive, with some participants favoring the out-of- Africa hypothesis, to explain the existence of, and others favoring the multiregional hypothesis, to explain the coming into being of, people anatomically and mentally like us. Today, most individuals of the nearly seven billion people on Earth have four (22) grandparents, eight (23) great-grandparents all not closely related when born. Going back this geometric progression cannot be true and kissing cousins (reproductive success attends couples who are 3rd or 4th cousins)2 in ancestors will have been an increasing feature so that, according to Damifin H. Zanette, all living people probably share at least one ancestor who lived 30 generations ago.3 That is, the chances are that you are 80 percent likely to be the descendant of anyone you care to name who lived in the thirteenth century (which ended by such as Marco Polo and his family to China, Bantu-speaking peoples arriving in what is now Angola, and had begun with the Fourth Crusade sacking of Byzantine Constantinople). The other 20 percent of the people who lived then have no living descendants. For 100,000 years before the Holocene, the entire human population of the world, as is variously evidenced, was never more than a few thousand individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Download the Human Canopy: Homo Erectus, Homo Soloensis
    THE HUMAN CANOPY: HOMO ERECTUS, HOMO SOLOENSIS, HOMO PEKINENSIS AND HOMO FLORESIENSIS PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Valery Zeitoun | 190 pages | 31 Dec 2009 | British Archaeological Reports | 9781407304526 | English | Oxford, United Kingdom Homo erectus – Wikipedija Dit het gelei tot die gebruik van die term " Homo erectus sensu stricto " vir die Asiatiese H. Die eerste teorie is dat H. Die tweede teorie is dat H. Met die uitgrawings is 73 stukke steengereedskap vir sny en kap en 34 stukke been van onbekende kreature gekry. Die spesie is nou bekend as H. Die vonds het bekend geword as die Java-man. Charles Darwin en ander het egter geglo die mens se vroegste voorouers kom uit Afrika. Hy het daarop gewys dat sjimpansees en gorillas , die mens se verwante, net in Afrika voorkom. Van die 's tot die 's het verskeie fossiele vondste in Oos-Afrika bewys gelewer dat die oudste Homininae hier ontstaan het. Daar word nou geglo H. Nog fossiele is later ontdek wat eers ander name gekry het, maar later herklassifiseer is as H. Homo ergaster het meer uiteenlopende en gesofistikeerde steengereedskap as sy voorouers gebruik. Daar is egter al voorgestel dat H. Geen bewyse is egter nog gevind dat hy sy kos gaargemaak het nie. Homo erectus. Replika van die onderste kakebeen van Homo erectus van Tautavel, Frankryk. Skeptical Inquirer magazine 30 6. Gathogo; F. Brown; S. McDougall; C. Kiarie; F. Manthi; L. Leakey 9 august Quaternary Science Reviews. Bibcode : QSRv Evolution and prehistory: the human challenge. Wadsworth Publishing. The discovery of a particularly small calvaria of H. The new fossils confirm the distinctiveness of H.
    [Show full text]
  • PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY VERSION 1 COLLEGE of the CANYONS COLLEGE Physical Anthropology
    ANTH 101 PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY VERSION 1 COLLEGE OF THE CANYONS COLLEGE Physical Anthropology An Open Educational Resources Publication by Taft College Authored and compiled by Sarah Etheredge Editor: Trudi Radtke Version 2 2019 1 | Physical Anthropology – College of the Canyons Acknowledgements We would like to extend appreciation to the following people and organizations for allowing this textbook to be created: California Community Colleges Chancellor’s Office Chancellor Dianne G. Van Hook Santa Clarita Community College District College of the Canyons Distance Learning Office Written & Compiled by: Sarah Etheredge Special Thank You to Editor Trudi Radtke for formatting, readability, and aesthetics. Disclaimer: “The contents of this (insert type of publication; e.g., report, flyer, etc.) were developed under the Title V grant from the Department of Education (Award #P031S140092). However, those contents do not necessarily represent the policy of the Department of Education, and you should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government.” *Unless otherwise noted, the content in this textbook is licensed under CC BY 4.0 2 | Physical Anthropology – College of the Canyons Table of Contents Physical Anthropology .................................................................................................................................. 1 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]