Yeni Iletişim Ortamlarinda Sinemanin Gösterim Olanaklari Ve Değişen Izleyici Pratikleri

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Yeni Iletişim Ortamlarinda Sinemanin Gösterim Olanaklari Ve Değişen Izleyici Pratikleri T.C. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ RADYO, TELEVİZYON VE SİNEMA ANABİLİM DALI DOKTORA TEZİ YENİ İLETİŞİM ORTAMLARINDA SİNEMANIN GÖSTERİM OLANAKLARI VE DEĞİŞEN İZLEYİCİ PRATİKLERİ Batu ANADOLU 2502130590 TEZ DANIŞMANI Prof. Dr. Nilüfer TİMİSİ NALÇAOĞLU İSTANBUL - 2020 ii ÖZ YENİ İLETİŞİM ORTAMLARINDA SİNEMANIN GÖSTERİM OLANAKLARI VE DEĞİŞEN İZLEYİCİ PRATİKLERİ BATU ANADOLU Bu çalışma ile özellikle 21. yüzyılda yeni iletişim ortamları aracılığıyla sinemanın gösterim olanaklarının nasıl değiştiği ve sinema izleyicisinin film izleme pratiklerinin hangi yönde etkilendiği araştırılmıştır. Tezin amacı; sinemada ve sinema dışında film izleme pratiklerini şekillendiren tercihlerin ve motivasyonların benzerliklerini ve farklılıklarını ortaya çıkarmaktır. Çalışma kapsamında öncelikle genel tarama modeli ile literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Sonraki aşamada, sinema kulübü bulunan altı üniversiteden kırk sekiz öğrenci ile yapılandırılmış bir soru formu üzerinden görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu görüşmeler ile öğrencilerin sinema salonunda ve sinema salonu dışında film izleme alışkanlıkları ve motivasyonları tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bulguların yorumlanması ile öğrencilerin sinemayı önemli bir sosyal aktivite olarak gördükleri ve bunun yanında sinema deneyimini oluşturan bilişsel, mekânsal, duygusal-bütünleştirici ve içeriksel faktörlere pozitif bir yaklaşım geliştirdikleri anlaşılmaktadır. Öğrencilerin, sinema dışında izleme deneyimi ile daha bireysel ve sinema deneyimini oluşturan faktörlerden bağımsız bir izleme halini kabul ettikleri ve beklentilerini bilinçli bir şekilde düşürdükleri görülmektedir. Sinema dışında izleme deneyiminin tercih edilmesinde zamansal, ekonomik ve diğer izleyicilerin niteliği gibi faktörler ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın, günümüz film izleme alışkanlıklarını belirleyen faktörlerin ve gelecekte bu faktörlerde yaşanabilecek değişikliklerin vurgulanması yoluyla alana katkı sağlaması beklenmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sinema, Yöndeşme, Yeni Medya, Film İzleyicisi, İzleyici Araştırmaları. iii ABSTRACT EXHIBITION OPPORTUNITIES OF CINEMA IN NEW COMMUNICATIONS MEDIUMS AND CHANGING AUDIENCE PRACTICES BATU ANADOLU In this study, it has been investigated how the possibilities of cinema change through the new communication environments especially in the 21st century and in which direction the cinema audience's film watching practices are affected. The aim of the thesis; to reveal the similarities and differences of the preferences and motivations that shape film watching practices in and out of movie theatre. Within the scope of the study, firstly, general survey model and literature review were performed. In the next stage, interviews were conducted on a structured questionnaire with forty-eight students from six universities which have cinema clubs. Through these interviews, it was tried to determine the students' watching habits and motivations. With the interpretation of the findings, it is understood that students see cinema as an important social activity and develop a positive approach to the cognitive, spatial, integrative and contextual factors that make up the cinema experience. It is seen that the students accept the viewing experience outside the movie theatre with a more individual and independent view of the factors that make up the cinema experience and consciously lower their expectations. Factors such as temporal, economic and the quality of other viewers come to the fore in choosing the viewing experience outside the movie theatre. This study is expected to contribute to the field by emphasizing the factors that determine the current movie watching habits and the possible changes in these factors in the future. Keywords: Cinema, Convergence, New Media, Film Audience, Audience Research. iv ÖNSÖZ “Yeni İletişim Ortamlarında Sinemanın Gösterim Olanakları ve Değişen İzleyici Pratikleri” başlıklı bu tezin amacı; özellikle 21. yüzyılda yöndeşme kavramının etkisiyle sinemanın gösterim olanaklarının ve geleneksel izleyiciliğin hangi açılardan değiştiğini ortaya koymak ve sinema salonunda izleyicilik ile sinema salonu dışında izleyicilik konumlarının tercih edilmesinde hangi motivasyonların rol oynadığını tespit etmektir. Bu bağlamda; teknolojik gelişmelerin ışığında sinemanın gösterim alanında yaşanan yenilikler ile dijital olanakların artmasıyla birlikte izleyicilerin sinema dışında filmleri deneyimlemeleri arasındaki farklar, çalışmanın kapsamını oluşturmaktadır. Farklı deneyimleri bir arada ele almak, günümüzde hızlı bir biçimde değişen izleme alışkanlıklarının daha çoğulcu bir bakış açısıyla incelenmesini sağlayacaktır. Bu tezin yazımına başladığı dönemde Türkiye’de yasal bir isteğe bağlı video platformunun henüz faaliyete geçmemiş olması, yaşanan değişimlerin ne kadar kısa bir sürede etkili olduğunu kanıtlar niteliktedir. Bahsi geçen değişimlerin kapsamlı ve incelikli bir yaklaşımla değerlendirilmesi ise ancak izleyiciye yönelmekle sağlanabilir. Bu çalışmada altı farklı üniversiteden sinema kulübüne üye olan öğrencilerle görüşmeler yapılmış ve onların tercihlerin arka planında yatan motivasyonlara yer verilmiştir. İzleyici araştırmaları oldukça yorucu ve zahmetli bir disiplin olmakla birlikte, günümüz film izleme deneyiminin akademik alanda tartışılmasında neredeyse zorunlu bir tercihe dönüşmektedir. Bu çalışma; son yıllarda nicelik ve nitelik açıdan artış gösteren izleyici araştırmaları alanındaki diğer çalışmalara naçizane bir katkı sağlamayı hedeflemektedir. Bu tezin yazım sürecinde danışmanım Prof. Dr. Nilüfer Timisi Nalçaoğlu’nun pozitif yaklaşımı ve bilimsel yol göstericiliği bana büyük bir güç verdi. Kendisine bu hususta büyük bir teşekkür borçluyum. Prof. Dr. Ceyhan Kandemir ve Doç. Dr. Eylem Yanardağoğlu hocalarıma fikirleri ve önerileriyle yaptıkları önemli dokunuşlar, Prof. Dr. Nüket Elpeze Ergeç’e ise manevi desteği nedeniyle teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Tezin saha araştırması kısmında bana kapılarını açan ve fikirlerini v samimi bir şekilde aktaran sinema kulüplerindeki öğrenci arkadaşlarıma da şükranlarımı sunuyorum. Bir doktora tezi yazım sürecinin yıllara yayıldığını ve neredeyse tam zamanlı bir işe dönüştüğünü düşününce, insan en çok da ailesini ihmal ettiğini fark ediyor. Bu nedenle gösterdikleri anlayış ve destekten ötürü sevgili eşim Müge Çiğdem İşlek Anadolu’ya, annem Feza Anadolu’ya ve ağabeyim Burak Anadolu’ya teşekkürlerimi sunuyorum. BATU ANADOLU İSTANBUL, 2020 vi İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZ ............................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... iv ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................ v TABLO LİSTESİ ....................................................................................................... x KISALTMALAR LİSTESİ ...................................................................................... xi GİRİŞ .......................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM MEDYA, YENİ MEDYA VE YÖNDEŞME 1.1. Medya Kavramı ve Kitle İletişim Araçları .................................................. 10 1.1.1. Elektronik Devrim ve Dijitalleşme ........................................................... 12 1.1.2. Aktif Kullanıcının Oyun Alanı: İnternet ve Multimedya ..................... 15 1.2. Yeni Medya ................................................................................................. 19 1.2.1. Yeni Medyanın Tanımı ve Prensipleri ................................................. 19 1.2.2. Katılımcılık ve Üreten Tüketici (Prosumer) ........................................ 24 1.3. Yöndeşme Kavramı ..................................................................................... 26 1.3.1. Yöndeşme ve Medya Araçlarındaki Değişim ...................................... 28 1.3.2. Medyadaki Yöndeşmenin Nedenleri .................................................... 30 1.3.3. Yöndeşme ve Katılımcı Kültür ............................................................ 31 vii İKİNCİ BÖLÜM SİNEMA VE YÖNDEŞME 2.1. Sinemanın Bir Teknoloji Olarak Doğuşu ve Gelişimi .................................... 34 2.2. Endüstriden Halka Dijital Sinema ................................................................... 37 2.2.1. Sinemada Yapımın Gelişimi ................................................................ 40 2.2.2. Sinemada Dağıtımın Gelişimi .............................................................. 42 2.3. Sinemada Gösterimin Gelişimi ve Yöndeşme ............................................. 44 2.3.1. Atraksiyonlar Sineması ve İzleyicinin Konumu .................................. 44 2.3.2. Sinemada Ses ve Renk ......................................................................... 46 2.3.3. Televizyon Sonrası Sinema Teknolojisi ve Dijitalleşme ..................... 48 2.3.4. Türkiye’de Sinemada Gösterimin Gelişimi ve Yöndeşme................... 52 2.4. Sinema Dışında Gösterimin Gelişimi .......................................................... 61 2.4.1. Film İzleme Aracı Olarak Televizyon ve Video .................................. 63 2.4.2. Film İzleme Aracı Olarak CD/DVD Teknolojisi ................................. 65 2.4.3. Film İzleme Aracı Olarak İsteğe Bağlı Video Platformları ................. 65 2.4.4. Türkiye’de Sinema Dışında Gösterimin Gelişimi ...............................
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