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Removal of Organic Matter by Classical Biofiltration: Mechanistic Insights Regarding "Biodegradation"

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Removal of Organic Matter by Classical Biofiltration: Mechanistic Insights Regarding Removal of Organic Matter by Classical Biofiltration: Mechanistic Insights Regarding "Biodegradation" by Joan Thompson A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Applied Science in Civil Engineering - Water Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2019 ©Joan Thompson 2019 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. i Abstract Pilot-scale biofiltration experiments were conducted at the Region of Waterloo’s Mannheim Drinking Water Treatment Plant to inform the scientific and operational understanding of drinking water treatment by biologically-active GAC/sand filtration processes. Three dual-media granular activated carbon (GAC)/sand biofilters and one multi-media GAC-capped anthracite/sand biofilter media configuration were investigated. Both new GAC and GAC that had been biologically active for five years were used. The performance differences between a new, highly adsorptive GAC filter that is undergoing biological acclimation, and a biofilter that is stacked with older, biologically-active GAC media were investigated to increase the mechanistic understanding of natural organic matter (NOM) removal by biofiltration. The performance of a cost-effective, new GAC-capped anthracite/sand biofilter compared to a GAC/sand biofilter also was investigated. Performance was assessed using adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) concentration associated with attached biomass in the filter media, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), UV- absorbance, and characterization by liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection (LC-OCD) fractionation. The filters were monitored for their performance in headloss accumulation and turbidity removal. Water from the full-scale water treatment plant was coagulated, flocculated, clarified by settling, and then ozonated. It was then directed to the pilot plant filters, which contained the same depth of media, but were operated separately from the full-scale plant. The experiments were conducted from June to September 2018, during warm water conditions (18–27°C). As expected, the new GAC/sand filter removed substantially more DOC, UV-absorbing compounds, and humic substances than did the biologically-active GAC. There was also a typical pattern of biological acclimation in this filter, as there was high DOC removal, followed by a decline, and then a steady-state period. DOC removal during the steady-state period in the new filter was 25 to 30% on average, which was significantly higher than that in the filter containing media that had been biologically active for five years (13% on average), suggesting that DOC removal might decline over years of service. Interestingly, the new GAC/sand filter did not out-perform the biologically-active GAC/sand filter in biopolymer removal, possibly due to the size (>20 kDa) and shape of these compounds. This observation also suggests that biodegradation of biopolymers (in contrast to other compounds) occurs directly in biologically-active GAC filters, and not necessarily by bioregeneration (freeing up of adsorptive sites). Further, compared to biologically-active GAC/sand, there was no outright disadvantage to running a GAC- capped anthracite/sand biofilter. One month into the experiment, the backwashing procedure was altered to improve filter run times. The increased vigorousness caused the biofilm in the GAC-capped anthracite/sand filter to decrease temporarily, and it also caused a brief decrease in the DOC removal, whereas the GAC/sand biofilter was not affected by the backwashing change. Overall, it was found that (1) the new GAC filter demonstrated a trend in DOC removal that was expected, with the added finding that the biodegradation or adsorptive capacity declines over a period of several years after acclimation (2) adsorption did not enhance the removal of biopolymers, though they were removed by biofiltration, indicating that biodegradation may occur directly and not necessarily by bioregeneration (adsorption and desorption by biodegradation), and (3) as configured, the GAC/sand biofilter was more effective in removing DOC than the GAC-capped anthracite biofilter. ii Acknowledgements ❖ I would like to, first and foremost, thank my supervisors, Monica B. Emelko and William (Bill) B. Anderson. You have shown so much patience and support during the rough patches of my thesis. In fact, you have helped me become a more confident individual, both personally and work-wise. It is also such a great opportunity to be able to use the Mannheim pilot plant – the unique perspective I have gained from it will serve me well in my engineering career. ❖ I would like to sincerely thank the staff at Mannheim for accommodating me at the pilot plant. And I would like to express a heartfelt thank you to Alex Lee for assisting me all the way through the difficulties I encountered there. I simply could not have done what I did without your help. ❖ I would like to thank my readers, Hyung-Sool Lee and James Craig, for taking the time to provide valuable insight, and for being flexible and understanding during the final stretch of my thesis. ❖ A very sincere thank you to the technical staff and research associates in the Water STP research group. Maria Mesquita, Philip Schmidt, Mark Sobon, Mark Merlau, and Terry Ridgway. Thank you to Dana Herriman, for helping me with my reimbursements. I would also like to thank Lin Shen, Sigrid Peldszus, and Peter Huck for providing access to the LC-OCD. ❖ I consider myself lucky to have had these wonderful PhD and post-doctoral students within arms- reach. Thank you to Jesse Skwaruk, Shoeleh Shams, Alex Chik, and Xiaohui Sun for your mentorship, patience, and willingness to help. ❖ Thank you to my many colleagues who provided a constant source of support. This especially includes Tiffany Mah, for the hours upon hours of monotonous lab work you put up with. I would like to give a shout out to Raquel Jara Soto, Benjamin Beelen, Kaitlyn O’Sullivan, Linda Chan, and Tyler Owl-Scott. I am also so grateful for the happy memories I had while spending time with Amy Yang, Thadsha Chandrakumaran, Sabrina Bedjera, Kristina Lee, and Soosan Bahramian, ❖ Finally, thank you to my family, Mom and Dad, Valerie, Irene, David, and Mary, and of course, my partner, Ryan. Love and kisses all around. iii Table of Contents Author’s Declaration ___________________________________________________________ i Abstract _____________________________________________________________________ ii Acknowledgements ____________________________________________________________ iii List of Figures ___________________________________________________________________ viii List of Tables ___________________________________________________________________ xvii List of Abbreviations _________________________________________________________ xx 1. Introduction _______________________________________________________________ 1 1.1. Research Objectives ____________________________________________________________ 4 1.2. Research Approach ____________________________________________________________ 4 1.3. Thesis Organization ____________________________________________________________ 5 2. Literature Review ___________________________________________________________ 6 2.1. Biological Filtration – Overview __________________________________________________ 6 2.2. Biological Filtration – Start-Up __________________________________________________ 7 2.2.1. Start-Up of New GAC Filters __________________________________________________________ 7 2.2.2. Acclimation Phase – Organic Matter Removal ____________________________________________ 11 2.2.3. Acclimation Phase – Microbiological Colonization ________________________________________ 12 2.2.4. Steady-State Phase – Organic Matter Removal by Biodegradation _____________________________ 13 2.2.5. Removal by Biodegradation: Direct Biodegradation and Bioregeneration _______________________ 13 2.3. Classical Biological Filtration – Performance Metrics _______________________________ 14 2.3.1. Headloss Accumulation and Turbidity Removal ___________________________________________ 14 2.3.2. Organic Matter Removal _____________________________________________________________ 15 UV254 and SUVA ______________________________________________________________________ 15 LC-OCD ____________________________________________________________________________ 17 2.4. GAC-Capped Anthracite/sand Filters for Biological NOM Removal ___________________ 18 2.4.1. NOM Removal during Biological Filtration with GAC and Anthracite Media ____________________ 19 Biomass Quantity _____________________________________________________________________ 19 Organic Matter Removal ________________________________________________________________ 19 3. Materials and Methods _____________________________________________________ 21 iv 3.1. Research Approach ___________________________________________________________ 21 3.2. Region of Waterloo Mannheim Drinking Water Treatment Plant _____________________ 21 3.2.1. Full-scale WTP Processes – Prior to Pilot-scale Filtration ___________________________________ 21 3.2.2. Full-scale WTP Processes – After Connection to Pilot Plant __________________________________ 22 3.3. Pilot Plant ___________________________________________________________________ 22 3.3.1. Pilot Plant Facility –Media
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