smen " United Nations 1028th ,PLENARY'MEmNG on to GENERAL )riate ASSEMBLY ,'Friday, 6' Ortfobe:t"1961, at 1Q.30 a.rn. ch): I SIXTEENTH SESSION , who Official Records .N,.W. YORK from :arian CONTENTS established. Such events, demonstrated by the aggres and~speci~lly other Page sive policies'pursuedby certainPowers, taken the imperialists, include the augmentation of the war ,p,uted cruelty in Algeria and'the failure of the negotiations, lware Agenda item 9: the persistent suppression of the people of Oman, the , ma- General debate (oonti.'Jued) ,continuation of conflict in' the Congo, the ,lawless tries, Speeoh by Mr. Jawa.d (Iraq) ••••••••• •• 285 terror carried on by the Portuguese ,.in Angola, the 19aria Speeoh by Mr. Kiselev (Byelorussian, Soviet rising tension in Laos, the invasion of Cuba, the Sooialist Republio). ••••••••••••• •• 290, French attack on Bizerta, the 'l~erlincrisis, the re Sp~eoh by Mr. Mokaddem (Tunisia) ',' •• •• 297 sumption of nuclear tests, the J8ritish threat to Iraq, ;ethe Statement by the representative ofthe United and ~he stepping up of the a~ms :£'Ci:oe. lS for Kingdom• •••'. ••••• •• ••••••••• •• 301 , 'eece, Statement by the representative ofIran. •• 302 5. These problems, althoughvariedincharacter, have lnsula a common denominator manifested iJ:.l the 'increase of ~h~ n this President: Mr. Mongi SLIM (Tunisia). aggressiveness of the imperialist Power,s. Lde of 6. The tensions which have risen inmany parts of the serve world emanate from conflicts ofpoliticalandeconomic art of A.GENDA. ITEM9 interests betweenthe colonial Powers and the peoples of former colonies, and as a' result of the endeavours )y the General debate (continued) of these imperialist Powers to maintain the privileged of more 1. Mr. JAWAD (Iraq): May 1 first extend to Mr. positions by force, violence and deceit. Some the cerns Mongi Slim my oongratulaUonson his election to the tensions, however, were the resultofthe lackof mutual ently, trust and understandiJ:.lg among nations, and inparticu- presidency of the sixteenth session of the General lar between the two great bloos. ' ment, Assembly. It is a source of great joy and pride for erally us that the distinguished representative of a sister 7. Let us take for example'the questions ofdisarma- ircles Arab country should be chosen for this high office. ment and Germany. " ily be It is a tribute not only to his personal qualities, but in my also to his country and people and to the great con- 8. During the fifteenth session of the Genei'a1Assell'1'" tinent of Africa. ' . bly, Mr. Nikita Khrushchev, Prime M~!lister of the Soviet Union, submitted a proposal f-"r general;and In this 2. The fifteenth session of the Ge'neral Assembly met complete disarmament [869th plenary meeting]. ,ch we in an atmosphere of international tension and crisis. eal to The leaders of many countries attendedthat sessionin 9. Although the question of disarmamenthasnotsince those the hope of finding ways, to ease international tension. moved a stepforward, nevertheless, theSovietproposal ~eece, .However, during the months whichfollowed the closing has gained wide support, and has had an impact upon lr re'" world public opinion,especially'by directing attention of the fifteenth session we witnessed a considerable to this key problem of the present era." . lained deterioratiofi in the international situation, and the ten avoid sion between East and West became even greater. The 10. In the period of the c61dwar, the arms race has, erest, six.teenth session is therefore meeting at a time when grown to' a dangerous point, leading to greater com t calm the international crisis exceeds 'in dimensionanypre plica.tions in internationa1relatiolls. The legacy oUhe vious post-war crisis, and this' may lead the whole Second World War, the problems inherited from the world to a catastrophe uuprecedentedinman's history. inter-war period,and those created by new national The tragic death' of Secretary-General Dag Ham and revolutionary changes in the world, are being marskjold added and element of uncertaintyto a situa viewed by the big Powers from the angle of power tion already fraught with great dangers. politics whose,only effective instrument is war. 3. The present world situation is too dangerous to be, 11. In such an international atmosphere, no progress a.llowed to continue. It is therefore the highest duty in disarmament talks was made, primarily because of of all peace-loving nations to stand firm and resolute the lack of agreement on principles between the big in their endeavour to arrest the perilous drifttowards Powers. Now that the two big Powers, the United armed conflict. The problems underlying the present States and the So'viet Union, have issued their Joint crisis are everyone's responsibilitY. They are notthe Statement of Agreed Principles for Disarmament sole Concern of, the big'Powers. The nature of total Negotiations [A/4879], agreement on principles has warD with the big Powers in possession of armaments been achieved, to everyone's gratification. It is hoped of a destructive strength hitherto unknown, has nlade that negotiations will begin soou in an atmosphere of the to~al annihilation of humanity a distinctpossibility. realism and mutual trust. The confidence of the world 4. During the last, few months, grave event have has been strengthened in the success of the coming followed each other, disturbing and complicating the negotiations, as the principles included in the joint. international situation and revealing the shaky founda Statement coincide with a number of pOints con tions Upon which the present world order has been tained in the draft resQlution'sponsored last year. 12-2,175 •. ~? .,, 285 A/PV.1028
/' i; 1028th meetinQ' - GOctober 19B1 297 S6 by' a number of non-aligned oountries inoluding 16. The Belgrade Conference markedanew departure \\ ---- Iraq.!! The speeohes of President Kennedy [1013th in the position of the non-aligned countries, as well aCo plenarymeet:i.ng] and of Mr. Gromyko [1016th plenary as a ilew development 'in world politics. The motives dev meeting) oontain elements of' a new approaoh, and for convening such a conference stem frv...(). two Bel in partioular the aohieV'ement of oomplete and total historical facts: first, as members of the world e'om disarmament by stages, none of whioh would up munity and being subject to the forces gov~rning . 20. set the balanoe of power to the detriment of one international relations, it has become inoumbeat upon ad State or group of. Statl3s! In addition~. the proposal the non-aligned countrles to play their part in the to of the Soviet Union regarding the.participationof some direction of these forces and the reorientation of the ant non-aligned countries in the negotiations represents an policies shaping relaUons among nations. The world is of 1 approach in conformity with the present conditions in no longer governed by the big Powers, and therefore it has the world. It is inevitable to recognize~ in the present is the right and duty ofthe non-alignednations to inter Afl relations between the two blocs, the tendency to be vene effectively in world affairs, particularly with int influenced by certain groups with vested interests in regard to those policies of the great Powers which bel the arms race,., Thus the participationofthe non-aligned affect the present and future destiny of the rest of the in countries, which have neither been involved in the world. The second reason for convening the Belgrade eSI arms race nor directly engaged in disarmament Conference is that the point of view ofthe non-aligned is negotiations, can only have a salutary effect. countries reflects that of the great majority of the sie world's population who desire to live infreedom, peace 12. Improvement in the international situation pri and justice. marily depends upon the solution of the disarmament 21 question, including the cessation ofnucleartests. This 17. The power politics of the big Powers, which thE is because disarmament is not an isolated problem; threaten civilization with total destruction, leave no po it is a component part of the sum total of present-day alternative for the small and non-aligned States but si1 international issues having direct bearing upon the to m.ove forward towards the creation of the basis of ex world situation~ It should not, therefore, be treated in an effective international community. The Belgrade co isolation from other international pl'oblems and the Powers were not, however, ti1.otivated by any narrow su g~1J.eral state of international relations. or egoistic objectives, but by realistic and humane is considerations. The identity of their interests inpeace of 13. Now I would like to say a word about the German and progress has greatly contributedto the evolvement is question. The re,cent crisis over Berlin has shown of a line of approach for a settlement of world prob 01 only too clearly the risks involved in continuing the lems conforming to the essential needs and exigencies tr arms race. Crises of this sort might therefore lead of the present state in world history. be to world conflict if no attempt is made to solve out th 18. That is why the Belgrade Conference showed that It standing differences and to work out plans for dis the world does not need a third bloc; on the contrary, armament and the abolition of war. The German NI it needs, above all, the narrowing ofthe gap between r~ question is one of the problems which should be the existing power blocs through peaceful means. The co'Usidered in the context of disarmament and the Conference also showed that the motives of the non 2~ security of Central and Eastern European States. aligned countr!es are entirely different from those The unsettled situation of Germany has greatly con pc th~ which led to the creation of the two camps. They are th tributed to augmentation of tension in Europei and realistic and objective in their approach to present consequently between East and West. of world problems, and their concern measures uptothe 01 14. It' is difficult'to envisage the settlement of the gravity of the cu);'rent international crisis. Above all, al German problem apart from general and complete they want to avertwar. In their statementon the dang\3r Ol disarmament, and without reference to German" reali- of war and appeal for peace, they stated: a tl ties. It is hard to contemplate a German solution " ... In this age of nuclear weapons the accumula while the two parts of Germany are within the two ti tion of the power of mass destruction, such conflict e, rival blocs. It is equally difficult to expect a unified and war would inevitably lead to devastation on a Germany inside the Western Alliance. On the other scale hitherto unknown, if not to world annihilation. a: hand, the division of Germany into two separate parts This Confe.renceconsiders that this calamity must g with different economic and social systems is now a be avoided, and it is therefore urgentand imperative a reality. In the interest of diminishing tension, and in that the parties concerned, and more partiCUlarly, E order to avoid future border conflicts, it is necessary s the United States of At;nerica and the USSR, should e to recognize the actual situation in order to assist immediately suspend their recent war preparations the solution of the German problem. The Berlinques and approaches, take no steps that would aggravlilte n tion should be considered within the context of the or contribute to further deterioration in the situa e German problem as a whole. While East andWest are tion, and r~sume negotiationfor a peaceful settlement " seeking a solution for the German problem, and have of any outstanding differences between them with agreed in principle to general and complete disarma due regard to the pdnciples of the United Nations ment, both tasks would be greatly facilitated by an Charter and continue negotiations will both they and agreement to neutralize Germany. the rest of the world achieve total disarmament and enduring peace." 15. The grave world situation has been clearly realized by the non-aligned nations. Therefore a Con 19. The deliberations and conclusions oUhe Belgrade ference of Ileads of States of Governments of twenty Conference reflect the wide unity of views onthe vital five Non~Aligned Countries was convened in Belgrade problems of the contemporary world, as well as the and held there from 1-6 September 1961. high degree of responsibility feltby allthe non-aligned countries for the eliminationof the presenttension~for the defence ofpeace andfor strengthening international E !I Offioial. lRecordsof the General Assembly, Fifteenth Session, ( Annexes. agenda items 67. 86, 69, 73, document A/C.l/L.259 and co-operation. Anumber of internationalproblemswere . Add.l and .2. therefore considered: disarmament, colonialism, th~.
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, 'lQg n"",... ""....' A ...... __"",•• _ CJ~ ....A ...... '" Cl"" ....~ ...... _ '01""...... , 'l6""","~ ...... , l028th meeting - 6 October 1961 287 pal'tu:re as well economic problems of, and assistance to, under a definite warning to the colonial Powers that world motives developed countries, the problems of Germany and of public opinion no longer accepts or even toler~s the ~~.l'). two Berlin, and the role of the United Nations. .existence of the colonial system. The Declaration on ld ~'om. the granting of independence to colonil\l countriesand Iv~rning . 20. The views expounded at the Conference reflected peoples provides that "all armed action or repressive !rit upon a desire, on the part of the non-aligned countries, not measures of all kinds directed against dependent 't in the to remain aloof from the great struggle between East peoples shall cease in ordertoenable them to exercise In of the and west, but to assert their influence in the defence peacefully and freely their right to complete inde wor1dis of peace and justice withoutbeing committed. The time pendence, and the integrity of their national territory 'efore it has gone when the representatives of countries ofAsia, shall be respected". Unfortunately, in most cases this o inter.. Africa and Latin America were mere spectators of has not been observed. Fpr this reason, my delegati9n ('1y with international, conflicts. Peoples in these areas have will support the proposal of the Soviet Union to fiX a s which become more consGious of their rights and obligations time-limit for the final' and complete liquidation of ::It of the in the international field and more confident in the colonialism. We supported a similar prc1posal at the lelgrade essential role they are to play in world politics. This Belgrade Conference. ..aligned is a challenge to the old world order and to the per whi!~h V of the sistence of some colonial Powers in theirendeavour to 25. The colonial system of relationships is n, peace maintain the status quo. based on force and violence has developed anideology of the superiority of Wes~rn ideas and institutions. 21. We refer to the colonial Powers becausethey are In consequence, and in order to maintain the old re ;, which the major architects of the policy of the "balance of lationships, the im~rialist ideology isfighting a rear leave no power" which is at the root of the dangerous world guard battle, and'tihus violating the principles of the :ates but situation. Colonialism, as a policy of domination and Charter, and creating conditions which threaten the basis of exploitation of the weak by' the strong, is not merely foundations of peace and security in the world. 3elgrade confined to the physical occupation of territories and r narrow subjugation of peoples for economic purposes" but it 26. Neo-colonialism is, therefore, the p,rincipalform humane is also a policy of indirect dominatipn and the threat which, the imperialist policy takes under presentworld in peace of the use of force, discrimination and corruption. It conditions which were created by national liberation )lvement is quite erroneous to imagine that colonialismis dead. movements and by the retreatof the capitalist exploi~:l"" Id prob.. On the contrary, it survives and generates great tion system in the face of the advancing socialist :igencies trouble and danger. The fight against colonialism has systems. been relentlessly carriedoutfor the lastfew decades in 27. In many cases, the colonialistsrealizethat.power the colonial territories and on the international level. relations at present make it imperative to retreat to )wed that It has been condemned by the majority of mankind. ontrary, new positions. But it is evident that as long as the Nevertheless, the fight against colonialism is still capitalist monopoly system remains as it is, the between raging in parts of Asia, Africa and Latin America. ans. The colonialists cannot renounce their super-profits de rived from invested capital, the domination and ruling the non" 22. On colonial questions we are anti-Western. Our Im those position regarding colonialism is definite: we want of colonies, the resources of raw materials, cheap rheyare the complete liberation of the colonial territories ,and labour, markets, spheres of influence and capital present of the new Statesfrom colonial rule and all the vestiges investment, nor lose the strategic positions for their up tothe of the colonial system. This does not imply that we military security and otherwise. bove all, are against everything Western. But itmustbe pointed 28. For these reasons they seekto change their meth e danger out that at present the West is on the wrong side of ods and tactics in order to keep their positions of a social and political revolution which is sweeping all domination under a new form, thatis, neo-colonialism. ,cumula" 'the under-developed areas of the world. This revolu Thus neo-colonialism is in essence an endeavour to tion is in essence a demand by the new nations for conceal the new division of territorial and economic 1 conflict ;ion on a equal political rights, equal economic opportunities, interests. This is to be achieved, among other things, ihilation. and the rule of law. The propelling forces in this by slowing down the process of liberationofthe colonial lity must great march for liberation from the bondage of past peoples, and by maintaining the institutions devised lperative ages are no different from those which carried under the colonial system. 'ticu1arly. European society out of the ages of feudalism and se1~fdom. This is the historical tendency ofthe present 29. In, comparison with traditional colonialisr,q. neo R, should colonialism does not reflect political and economic )arations era in history. So it is not a question of the new nations' adopting communism or free enterprise, but force and power, but rather the weakness and deCline ~ggrav<e of' the in1perialist system. It nevertheless struggles he situa whether they canachieve peacefully socialand political equality with the advanced countries. to weaken and obstruct the national liberation move... ~ttlement ments, especially by indirectmethods which, however, lem with 23. In factp the social revolution which is driving do not exclude the traditionaluse offorce and violence, :1 Nations towards the goal of nation~l independence and individual the oppression and extermination of people and the I they and freedom and equality, finds in the colonial system the invasion of territories. In order to achieve its ob ,ment and main obstacle and roadblock to its fulfilment. Histor jectives, neo~colonialism, Which appears in many ically, colonialism has been the one-sided rule of the cases nowadays as collective colonialism despite inter human race by a European minority which imposed imperialist contradictions anct rivalries,utilizes poli Belgrade tical, economic and ideological means. 11 the vital itself by force and treachery. The end 6f colonialism means the promotion of normal relationships between ell as the 30. Politically, neo-colonialism with the assistance n-aligned the various races, nations and States, and implies, and support of the reactionary and corrupt social nsion~ for above all, the termination of Western political, elements tries to divide the nationalfront and to pre ~rnational eCOnomic and cultural domination over the under vent the formation of independentStates. E-conomically, ,ems were developed countries. the, main objective of neo-colonialism is to prevent Llism, th~, 24. Last year's resolution [1514 (XV)] of the General the establishmentofindependentorautonomous national Assembly regardingthe termination of colonialismwas economies by maintaining the fundamental colonial
EiULt a. dUd d. ; :; .",: . 3 Ut LUt, : !itA iSl.ULltj j L $ ,.I IIU.idM )Jj: J I 1 ! Ii. .. Aft""L. '-- .... _L.! _ I}QQ 288, General Assembly .. Sixteenth Session ~ Plenary Meetings elem.ents of, the eoonomiasystem,. suoh as prpduotion the flow of oiJ to Western industry. It was, therefore, h .ofraw materials, ma~;ll~nanceofthe feudal and semi necessary for the Western imperialists to continue to A f~udal agrarianstructure andmonoculture, obstruction plaY' the leading role in the Middle East region. They ke~ping 4 of indus,trialization, of unfavourable balance envisaged the achievement of this target by keeping a between importsanclexporl:s. Neo-colonialismhopes to the region' in a state of constant instability ,and .in . t( create conditions which will allow it to perpetuate in.. seo\(lrity and' by providing a bridge-head for future c directly, and even to restore, the imperialistdomina hostile operations, This dual purpose was achieved nl ;~ion... In fact, neo-ct>lon;alisn,i follows methods and by the c:reation of Israel. . A 'iactics which ai:tC', at· retarding; and may even falsify, t( the. achlevementoftbe real independence and sover 35. The events of the last tbirteen years have given ample evidenoe of the real designs of Western im a eignty of the new nations. .. , ~rialists. Israel has been a continuous source of 4 31. Despite ail these endeavours of the ithpe?:ialist disturbance for· the stability of the area and a, threat tl Powers to adapt their polioy to changing circum to its security! Israel!s aggressive policy and repeated il stances, the old and traditional colonial system still military attacks on its neighbours have diverted a great P manifests itself in the war in Algeria, the intervention part of the foroes and resources of the ArabStates A in the Congo, the policy of integration'as practised by flom economio development to self-defenoe prepara c Portugal, the racial discriminationin SouthAfrica, the tions. Its expansionist policy, manifested by the en-.,/' a poUce r~gimes in some United Kingdom territories in couragement of immigration of Jews from all parts pt \v Africa, the gUn-boat ,policy carried on by the United the world to Palestine, by the colossal mi.Utllry buui 'Il Kingdom in the Arabian Gulf and Southern Arabian up, and' by its allianoes with certain Powershoatil.... -AI Peninsula. to the Arabs, have kept the Arab countries under a \1 32. I ask the indulgence ofthe Ge'neral Ass~mbly if perpetual threat of war. Israel, moreover, received } I,refer in brief to some of those imperialist practices, abundant economic and military assistance from the s especially in the Arab homeland. We Arabs have suf West, and enjoyed' its polltical and diplomatic pro I tection. In this way, Israel has been justly described a fered more' than any other nation from the oppression, as the Trojan Horse of imperialismin the Middle East. exploitation and violence of imperialism, and we still 4 do. Even those countries· Which gained their inde 36. During the years of its existence the world has d pendence have been, and still are, targets for im come to realize that the presence of Israel con o t~e perialist pressure. and threats of aggression. stitutes a threat not only to Middle East region, t: but also to the peace of world. But this fact does not 33. I take first the Palestine question. As' a result P seem to change the attitude of some Western Powers D of the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the First World towards Israel. It has remained their favoured child. War, the Arab countries in the Middle East· were n An immigrant minority' in Palestine has been built up e partitioned between· the United Kingdom and France. into a State under the protection of the West. They we're occupied during the inter-war period, 'and 4 their economic wealth, especially oil. was exploited 37. Despite its continuous violation of the General g by-internation~lcartels. The interests of the United Assembly's resolutions and, the decisions of thE! e Kingdom and France greatly increased with the rise Security Council, Israel continues to receive unlimited t of European capital investment, and the· discovery of milita;ry, economic and political assistance from the t, great 011 potentialities in. the region.. These Arab West. The support of the Western Powers for ISrael '1 i~ c9untries 'ga~ned rapidly a .unique position in the is ,ne doubt consistent with the role is playing in 1 We~ter~ economy, particularly 'through their oil disturbing the 'peace in the Middle East, which is an produotion. They also became mil1tarily valuable to essential element in maintainingWesterndominance in the West ,in the world struggle for power. Thus the the area. control· over the region's 011, and, over the political activities and the tende'ncies of its people oocame the 38. It has been increasingly realized by the people cornerstone of Western polioy in the Middle East. of the Arab countries 'chat the existence ofthis foreign s Apart from the monopoly control. of the region's oil and colonial element in the body of the Arab homeland ~ resources, this trend in policy also manifested itself is a factor in guaranteeing the continuation of foreign ti in the promottoIl of, alliances .of a politico-military exploitation and domin,ance. e oharacter, and in the support of decadent r~gimes and 39. The rights Of the Arab people of Palestine must be ~ reactionary systems of gowrnment. ' fully and unconditionally restored. Israel has usurped l~ the land of Palestine from its rig'b.tful inp.abitants and V. 34. ,The ,.. Second World War greatly ellhanced the oreated,- by. vlolenoe.and aggression, a State dominated, tl strategio position of these Arab oountries in the over by, an immigrant minority while the majority were 'I all economic and military sohemes of the Western expelled from thei':r ancestral homelal)d, in which they Qolonial, Powers. The pre-war period, on the other 4 and their forefathers lived from time immemorial. G hand, had witness«;:!da consid~rable politiCal, eoonomic thi~ and cultural revival in the Middle East,region which There can be only one way for the re:moval of o could not be contained within the 'old framework of re great injustice, and that is by removing the source and b lations instituted by the West. The liberation move root of the problem, Israel. n ments led to the independence of some of t~ese , 40.· Ioome now to the question of Algeria. In Algeria c countries, whl1ein others the struggle for, freedom th~ seven-year-old colonial war' is still being waged 11 had. gained momentum. Although the struggle between relentlessly by France, and. the end is not yet ill sight. n the oolonial Powers and the Arab people produced a It has beoome evidently obvious 'that France oan never c oomplex set of problems, the basic. cltall~nge re win a military vi"tory. A.t its fifteenth sessiop, in its mained undqubte~ily politioal. Genuine independence resolution 1573 (XV),the General Ass~mblyrecog of the. Arab qountriesmeant above all their oomplete nized ffthe right'.jl the Algerian people t(fBelf~"dete_r.. control over' their economic resoUrces; and destiny :mination and independenoe", and calledfor the respect a dev~lopment which ,oontradicts 'the dominance of of the .unity and· territorial ,integrity of'Alge'ria.. Westerneconom.ic and military ~nte'rests, and threatens Negoti~tions for the achievement of theseobjeotives
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.", .~." ..f.,.,...... 1028th meeting - 6 October 1961 289 .' 1\ therefore,- have been recommended previously by the GeneIJal a .small and unarmed nation. Since }J955>t~~peol1)[e:Of ~ontinu.e to Assembly of the United Nations. ' Oman have been en.gaged, iuan ~rrequafst~ggl~;for I?;ion. They their freedom and Indepe~~ence.i) TIt~~~(or1a has been 41. In actual fact, negotiations between the French kep~ thJ.;fJ~tfa. ~\\nall by keeping and the Algerian Governments started twice andfailed in. ign.orance of 8.ed.'f/ of a( na.tion by :ty and,in . to achieve any results. The Algerian Government has an mternatlonal blacwout Jmposed by thl;-Z;Vnited King for future dom. Not one,: not e'V~a Briti~h
u-'TC~L utiL"; :L i a Ma j. $ li ; US! it L ur: L .. i . JiUiU1Jl L ... t k ( ; £J) Jj -(. j ; ti :a" (j i aj. !J Li" 4EA" '::*1. aaIIUOI 1nll·Q+" ...... ~~Hnn' _ ~ nn+~'h~,.. 1QR1 ,j 290 General Asaemply - Sixteenth ~ession - 'Plenary Meetings of this anti-colonial era, when the advancement of the 61. Thus, under the guise ofthe nominalindependenoe- colonial people is alleged to be the sacredtrust of the of Kuwait, and with the support of military forces advanced cOl,1ntries, that the W~stern coloniailis:~s, and stationed in a number of points in this area, Britain especially Britain, should labour hard to keep the is trying to safegUard its colossal oil interests and people of this area in such a state of backwax:dness. to ensure the continued vast financial investments of 55. Since the GeneralAssembly adopted its: resolution the Sheik of. Kuwait in Britain which have been, ,and [1514 (XV)] on the termination 'Of colonialism, Britain stUI are, important factors in the British economy. has been trying hard to find a formula to cover up its British action in Kuwait has the support of the United imperialist presence' in the Arabian Gulf and South States, as the Kuwait Oil Company is a joint enterprise Arabia. It has realized that the old 'method of con of British Petroleum and the American-owned Gulf cluding agreements with the tribal chiefs-and it has Oil Corporation. That is why both big Powers are SCOres of these agreements-no longer obscures the anxious to give this nominal independence of Kuwait a shadow of legality by endeavouring to bring it into the fact of its c910nialist status. United Nations. 56. Now-and this is the latest imperialistinventiot) 62. It will have been clear from these remarks that to maintain its control Britain plans to give these British neo-colonialism in the oil regions of Arabia tribal sheikdoms the appearance of independentStates. has introduced a new form of a so-called State which Kuwait, for example, has already been turned into a does not possess the elementary prereqUisites of so-called independent State. OUr delegation has had statehood. ThUS, it has become possible to declare a occasion in the Security Council toshow thatKuwait is number of oil wells a State. This is the irony of oil an integral part of Iraq, and I do not intend to labour imperialism. It is a well-known fact, supported by this now. histo,ry, that oil is an objective that has led world 57. One point, however, deserves quick mention, as Pov~, .;;:l'S to control, dominate and even subj'ugate oil it throws light on the methods which would be em bearing countries. The search for oil has led big oil ployed to perpetuate colonialism under the guise of interests, often supported by their respective Govern nominal and fake independence. ments, to foment civil War, topple Governments a.nd subvent puppets for the purpose of securing con. 58. Last June the British Political Officer in Kuwait cesoions. concluded an agreement with the tribal chief in Kuwait,Y allegedly to terminate the agreementof pl.~O 63. The, people in Iraq and Kuwait who know that they tection of 1899.WThe terms of the new agreement belong to one country and one nation will never accept show only too clearly that it is a device for the main.. the fait accompli imposed by the Britishimperialists. tenance of Kuwait under British control. It provides They will achieve their national and territorial unity for the continuation of relations which, as is well in due course, after sweeping away the puppet rulers known, were never other thanthose of masterand· vas of Kuwait and their national and international sup sal. It also stipu.lates that appropriate consultations porters. should be held between the two parties regarding mat ~4:, What is regrettable in this whole episode is the ters of mutual conCE:'.rn. Logically and realistically existence of many statemen who are quite unashamed understood, this provisio~ requires Kuwait to consult in their support of oil imperialism at the expense of Britain, with all that such consUltationinvolves by way the interests of a whole people. of accepting British guidance and direction. 65. We are all conscious of the fact that this session 59. Furthermore, Britain is committed, by the terms of the General Assembly is meeting at a particularly of the new agreement which ithas devised, to go to the difficult juncture ininternationalrelations. Butwe must Sheik's help should he require it to do sd. This will reaffirm our faith in this Organization and dedicate give Britain the opportunity to interfere militarily in ourselves anew to the ideals and principles which Arab affairs-a fact already proved by the landing of motivated its founders at San Francisco., Foremost British forces in Kuwait to opPOlSe the restoration of among these, in our opinion, is the' principle of Iraq's legiti:inate rights which we affirmed, from the universality, and we can think of no greater affront very beginning, we would pursue solely by peaceful to this great-principle than the continued exclusion of means. the People's Republic of Chinafrom the United Nations. 60. The fact that Britigh troops may Qe called into Now, more than ever, my delegation deems it nec Kuwait at any time, according to this agreelment, makes essary tc raise its voice from this rostrum in favour of ,Kuwait, a military base from which' Britain can of the seating of the true representative of China in threaten Iraq and other.Arab countries-indeed, the this Organization. . entire Middle Eastarea. Britainwill not lack the means 66. These are times of great peril to humanity and ofsuggesting to the Sheik that he should ask for its its continued"existence on this planet. The best alter help whenever it sees fit that its imperialistinoorests native available to us's if we are to avoid disaster, is will be served by its military presence in the area. to make the United Nations into a real instrument for Nor is it to be expected of the Sheik or of his present the maintenance of world peace and security, as it was r6gime, who depend on British protection and are intended to be, and to' pool our collective efforts directed by British control, that they will oppose towards that end. British wishes 01' disobey British orders. The agree ment, while speaking of an ostensible independence, 67. Mr. KISELEV (Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Re: confirms the subordination of Kuwait to Britain. public) (translated from Russian): On behalf of the Byelorussian delegation, allow me to congratulate you, 'Y Exchange of Notes regarding Relations between theUnitedKingdom Mr. President, on your unanimous election tothe high of Great Britain and Northern Il:'eland and the State of Kuweit (Kuwait. office of President of the sbdeenth session of the 19 June 1961. UK Cmnd. 1409). United Nations General Assembly. V C.U. Aitchison (compiler) Collection of Treaties. Engagements and' Sanads relating to India and Neighbouring Countries (Delhi. Manager of 68. The session assembles against the background of Publications. 1933. vol. 11, p. 262). an extremelyacute struggle betweenthe forces ofpeace
I I
, iU: it ill 1028th meetin~l - 6 Oc~ober 1961" 291 I' ..------.-- ndependence- ,and the forces of war. For th~.t very reason, the re":' '14. '.rhere can scarcelybe anyone among those pr~sent itary forces Qsponsibility t;>f the United Nations for the maintenance in'this hall who has any doubts about what the peoples ~rea, Britain of peace and for'the future of a11 peoples has greatly are trying to achieve in the critical period of world nterests and increased!! The peoples ,of the whole world expect us history through which we are now passing. There is voestments of to take resolute aQtion in favour of peace. The repre only one reply to this question-the peopleswant peace; ve been, ,and sentatives of nearly a hundred States who are attend they are fighting for peace. They are calling for an sh economy. ing the present session must utilize every opportunity end to the "cold war" and for a start to be made :>f the United for the successful solution of a nun~ber of highly im towards peaceful coexistence.and co-operationwith all lt enterprise portant problems included in the agenda of the present countr:ies? whatever their social and governmental .-owned Gulf session and, above aJ): the problems of disarmament st~uctllre. and the final liquidation of Golonialism. Powers are 75. The peaceful foreign policy of the Soviet U~ion, I of Kuwait a ng it into the 69. The representatives of Cambodia, Ghana, Ceylon. as defined from this rostrum in the brilliant and im Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia ?:-id' a number of othercoun portant statement by Mr. Gromyko, the Chairman of tries, who have spoken before me, have rightly pointed the Soviet delegation, on 25 September [A!PV.1016] is ~emarks that out that events have recently occurred in the world fully consonant with these desires and yearnings of all Ins of Arabia which have led to a considerable increase in interna the peoples. In the draft programme of the Communist I State which tional tension. In fact, we have been witnessing how, Party of the Soviet Union.a clear and precise answer equisites of over recent months and in a numbel of areas of the is given to the question of how to't'esolve the most to declare a worW such as Algieria, Tunisia, Ango}.a; the Congo, burning problem of, today;"'the problem of preventing I irony of oil west Berlin, Laos and Cuba, the forces of aggression a new world war and of consolidating lasting peace on ~upported by have again become active and, by creating fresh con earth. The Soviet Union's suggestion to the United as led world flicts, are seeking to involve mankind in a maelstrom States and other States is to compete not in the arma llbj'tlgate oil of unprecedented calamities. These forces stop at ments race but in raising the living standards of the. lS led big oil nothing in order to maintain their domination in these peoples, in the construction, not of military bases aild :tive Govern and other areas of the world. They resortto the use of missile-launching pads, but of houses and schools, in rnmentsa·nd armed force, regardless of the fact that in our day the expansion not of the "cold war" but ofmutually ~curing con.- local armed conflicts can develop into a major nuclear profitable trade and cultural exchanges. conflagration. 76. Peace and mutual understanding among peoples now that they 70. It is impossible to forget that all the misfortunes is today, more than ever before an essentialcondition never accept of life on earth. Only in aft atmosphere of peace, and :mperialists. and disasters experiencedby many countries duringthe last century have been due to the f~.ct that the im on the basis of the principle of peaceful coexistence, ~itorial unity perialists, which have an interest in fomenting con can there be a solution of all the controversial inter luppet rulers national problems which confront us; only in an at .ational sup- flicts and wars of conquest, have systematically poisoned the minds of people and inculcated in them mosphere of peace and mutual comprehension can an . a spirit of militarism, chauvinism Lltd :racial hatred end be put to the "cold war". . pisode is the towards other peoples. The Byelorussian people well 77. Most of those who have spoken before, at the e unashamed know what the result of all this was and how dearly . fifteenth session of the General Assembly and at the le expense of the peoples had to pay for the failure to arrest in time . present sixteenth session, have emphasized tha.t dis the spread of the fascist infection which brought end armament is the problem ofproblems, the mostserious this session less calamities and untold SUffering to millions of men outstanding issue in world politics and the realfounda particularly and women. tion of peace. That is why we are happy to welcome . Butwe must today the Soviet-United States "Joint Statement of 71. Grass had still not hadtime to grow on the graves Agreed Principles for Disarmament Negotiations" and dedicate 'of those who fell on the battlefields of World War II ciples which [A/4879]. The importance and urgency of reaching nor had the WOunds yethealedinthe hearts of mothers, agreement 011 disarmament is acknoWledged by all 0.· Foremost before the same forces of imperialism began serious States. The peoples are weary of the armaments principle of preparations for a new war on the even vaster scale eater affront race. It is precisely the desire of the peoples to be of the atomic &ogee In our. day the question of war or rid of it as soon as possible which must determiue exclusion of peaceful coexistence has become the root problem of lited Nations. every step and every decision taken by the United world politics. There are only two alternatives Nations General Assembly at its present s~ssion. lems it nec peaceful coexistence or war. um in favour 78. Last year, at the Assembly's fifteenth session, we e of China in 72. All the more reason then for criticizing the listened with deep attentionto the historic statementby statement made from this rostrum ,by Lord Home, the Head of the Soviet Government Mr. N. S. Khrushchev lumanity and the Secretary ofState for ForeignAffairs ofthe United [869th meeting], a statement imbued with an ardent e best alter Kingdom: desire to safeguard the most valuable thing on earth lasting peace throughout the world. The programme l disaster, is "I regard the doctrine of coexistence as the most ,strument for of general and complete disarmamentproposedby Mr. sterile and negative conception of international life N. S. Khrushchev envisages the exclusion of the very 'ity, as it was in the twentieth century." [A/PV.l017, para. 75.] ctive efforts possibility of the outbreakof war as a means of.settling 73. Of course. to som3 extent one can understand th~ in~ernational disputes. General and complete;,(iisa.rma United Kingdom Secretary of State. Obviously, there ment is the only yJay to the establishment 'of really 30cialist Re are some people in the United Kingdom who are lasting peace between peoples. co· behalf of the ~ratulate nostalgic for the doctrine of imperialismand colonial- 79. Every sensible person must realize that, if the you, . ist piracy, the doctrine of the nineteenth centurywhen huge human and materialresources now being diverted on to the high a large part of the map ofthe world was painted in the by the armaments race couldbe directedintopeaceful, lssion of the colours of the British colonial empire. Lord Home constructive labour, then humanity would obtain co would like to see this doctrine holding a dominant lossal additional resources for creating material position in the secondhalfof the twentieth century also, abundance and promoting cultural progress~ Whereas but this does not rest with him at all. thirty years ago, the ~i1itary expenditures of 'all
Ilha .tsu..S .1.U21£!t2iLi .. $6UaUibZ£i& HUM, UalJ(L lit iU H J ., 146/,,;;; tU kJJ ttE UidUI 292 Genel'al Assembly ..... 5ixteenthSesaion -'Plenary;Meetings .. .. . ~ '~ .. , '...... ' countries' amounted to 4.2 thousand million dollars, time. It would alloy} toe solution of the problemdf at the present:time Some 120 thousand milliondollars disarmament to dr~g on for many decades. We could are being spent throughout the world on armaments. goe on talking ~Mijt it until the end of this century. The gold equivalent of this sum would suffice to link Considering,i1tat the disarmament talks over the past the e,arth to the moon with a gold chain. fifteen~ars have so far yielded no positive reSUlts, 80. This year' the armam6ut~ race throughout the we believe that specific time-limits must belaiddown world has continuedatanevenfast~rrate. The Western for the realizationboth of the disarmamentprogramme Powers, members of the .aggressive military NATO as a whole and of its separate steges. bloc, are increa$ing their military appropriations, ac 84. The United States proposal to control not only the cumulating armaments and stockpiling missiles and reductions being made but also the residual levels of nuclear weapons. According to Press reports, in the the armed forces of states means, in practice, com period from 1949 to 1960, the military expenditure of prehensive control during a periodof partial disarma the countries membel's of the NATO bloc amounted to ment, that is, comprehensive control of armaments 560 thousand million dollars, which is more than the without disarmament. The experience of disarmament military outlay of all the belligerent countries of discussions over the past fifteen years shows us'all Western Europe during the Second World War. quite clearly what the root of the divergencies on the 81. It is well knG"#n that only an insignificant group question of international controlis. Agreement inword, of monopolists and arms dealers are interested inthe and refusal in deed, to take an.v effective measures of ,armaments race. Dr. Linus Pauling, Nobel, Prize disarmament and the substituticil for such measUres winneran,d well-known scientist, has calculated, on the of various "control" schemes-that is the main defeat basis ()f figures published in 1961 by The Wall street of the Western Powers' position asset out both in the Journal, that the "cold war" brings United States in" Baruch Plan and in the plan submitted by the United dustrialists annual profits amounting to 5,000 million States at the present session. It is this defect in the doUaI'S and so they are interested in maintaining ten , position of the Western Powers, headed by the United ston all over the world. At the present time, the States, which has landed the disarmament problem monopolies are,demanding more and more appropria in a complete impasse. Naturally, those who favour tions for the armaments race. They are pressing for the idea of using control for espionage purposes are direct military expenditu,re to be increased duringthe interested in this kind of procedure. They are even next four years from 50 to 70 thousand million dollars prepared to "find arguments" for their attitude. Lord per year. Acc.ording to the United States Press, the Home referred to a hypothetical case involving 500 armaments race is costing Americans 150 million aeroplanes, but the artificiality of this example was dollars a day ~ As a natural consequence, the taxes very clearly revealed by Mr. Bandanaraike, the repre levied on the population are constantly. rising. sentative of Ceylon. The delegation oUhe Byelorussian , SSR considers that the scope of control should corre 82. These facts clearly indicate how the American spond to the scope of disarmament. Only if this COn Way of life is bei:Q.g militarized. Many prominent mil dition is fulfilled can we ensure that control is not itary and political leaders in the United States have converted into the best agent of the intelligence grown so accustomed to the psychology of the arma serv!ces of the Western States. ments race that they find it hard to conoeive of any thing that conflicts with this process.Inthis connexion, 85. The Soviet Union's position on this matter wils the follOWing fact is worthy of note. The day after the set forth with exceptional cla:rity on 9October 1960 by publication of the Joint StatementofAgreedPrinciples Mr. Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, the Chairman of for Disarmament Negotiations and the statementmade the Council of Ministers, as follows: by Mr. Kennedy,' the Pl'esident of the UnitedStates, at "The Soviet Union is ready to conclude a treaty on a plenary meeting of the.General Assembly on 25 disarmament and the destruction of weapons and:pn September [1013th meeting], The New York Times control over S'uch destruction of weapons and over reported that ,the prices of shares on the New York disarml1ment.The systern of control we will leave Stock Exchange had suffered the biggest drop since to the United States. We will accept anything the September 1960 when Mr. N. S. Khrushchev put for United States proposes because we are in favour of ward the Soviet proposals on disarmament in the real control. It is in our mutual interest." United Nations. As the paper pointed out, the shares which showed specially heavy losses were those of 86. If the Western Powers were genUinely interested armaments firms. The Booing Company sharesfell by in the effective control of disarmament, and ifthey did almost three points. Big los,ses were sustain.ed also not try to use this problem merely in order to create by other arms"'manufacturingconcerns. This fact artificial barriers, then the way to dis.arIDament under. makes it very plain which forces in the United States effective control would be open. ' are interested in th~ armaments race. ", 87. The delega;tion of .the Byelorussian SSR fully sup 83. ':rhe> Byelorussiari delegation. agr~J~:;' with the ports the Soviet programme for general and complete statement of the UnitedStatesFresident,Mr. Kennedy, disarmament which is before the General AsSembly thattrthe weapons ,of war must be abolished before [A/4892]. We also invite supportfortheUSSRproposal they abolish/us" [1013th mee~ing, para. 80]. The im concerning measures to ease-international tension. portant thing at this moment is indeed to avert thermo There can be no doubt that the freeZing of military nuclear war. At the same tim.e,' after studyingthe new budgets, therenunoiationofthe use of nuclearweapons. disarmament programme of the United States entitled the prohibition of war p;r~paganda, the conclusion ofa "Programme for Genel'al and Complete Disarmam.ent non-aggression pact· betWeen the NATO countries and ina Peaceful World" '[A/4891], which appeared afte'r the Warsaw Treaty countries, the withdrawal oftroops the President'sstatetnent, we cannot but etnp,hasize from foreign territory; measures topreventthe fUrther that we expected more concrete and constructive' spread of nuclear weapons a.nd steps to decrease the pr.9Posals from the United States. In the first place; dange..,' of surprise attack would contribute consider tae United States programme is indefinite as regards, ably to a healthier international atmosphere even be..
I "t~ i~'~ ;;;;ftJelnii!::ttr:ert ;;Uit" t; r:nr:t2iitE""--TJ ~r:tjtj... ' ill .CQ('_ la ,; bAR] III "; ,,__ _. A. _' '_1__ ,..,. ~ J'I. -,oi ...... _. J .. \; 1028t~ - .~~i< 'I,~...... meeting~~~- 6-.....-:"--...... october 196129,, __...... - """,,,,:,'3 be problem of ~!~@r a programme,of generaland complete disarmanent 94. TbEl. menace to the cause of peace created by de ldes. We could '''was carried into effect. velopments in West GermanyandWestBerlinbecomes If this century, more· and more alarming. At previous sessions of the ; over the past '88. The'delegation of the Byelorus$ianSSR considers United N~tj..ons General Assembly.' the delegation of ,sitive results that the task of the present session is to work oitt a the Byelorussian $SR has more than once drawn the ,st belaid dow~ detailed and realisticbasis for subsequent constructive attentio,n of other delegationsI." to the factthatwe cannot mt programme discussions on disarmament. We cOnsider that the session must settle the problem of the composition of remain intUfferentto what is goitlg on inWest Germany. conductt~~, The Byelorussian (.delegation has cited facts which the body to' negotiations. There 'is no showed graphically that the path being foUowed by 1'01 not only the jUstification for the, UniteW States policy of preventing idual leveIs of the non-aligned States' from participating in th~ dis';;; West Germany is a path leadit!g to a new war. We >ractice, com armament negotiations on an equal footing. drew the' attention of the General Assembly to these ,rtialdisarma alarming facts, '11ot only because we cannot forget the of armaments 89. Mr. Jawad, the representative of Iraq, who has f~a~ful ,losses and destruction Which Nazi Germany If disarmament just spoken, remarked,quite rightly that the Soviet infhcted on the Byel()russian nation, but also because s shows us'all proposal for the par~icipation ofnon-al1gned states in we are no less concerned about future generations all 'gencies on the disarmament'nE"g6ti~tionsis completely inconfortp.ity over the world. ementinword, with the present conditions in the world. We agree 95. The Byelorussian people are deeply interested 'e measures of with Mr. Jawad's view that the efforts oinon-aligned in the creation of normal conditions inEurope and in a coup,tries can do much to help achieve agreement on prompt settlement of the problems which engender ;uch measures .disarmament. .,. he main defect tension in mutual relations betweenStates. Thisopar.. out both in the 90. Peace and 'disarmament are problems that dis ticularly applies to the problem. of a peace settlement 1by the United turb all the peoples and the present sessionmust take with Germ.any, in~smuch as. a lesseningof international ,s defect in the up a firm and clear-cut stand in favou: of peace., ~nsio~ 1~r.~61y depends on its solutiona;ndtheexisting I by the United sltuatlon In Central Europe is fraught with serious :ment problem 91. Several of the previous speakers representjng dangers for the cause of peace. ,se who favour Western countries have elaborated on the "dangerous 96. Th~t is why the Byelorussian SSR, like a nUtIlber ~ purposes are consequences"-.-to use their own expression-"for' of other peace-loving countries, considers a peace fhey are even humanity" of the forced renewal by the Soviet Union settlement with Germany and a. solution ofthe problem attitude. Lord of nuclear weapons tests. Lord Home said that the e~plosions of West Berlin on thisbasis is a pressing international involving 500 Soviet took "many months to prepare". problem. A situation cannot be tolerated in which s example was But 1;t, takes incomparably longer to prepare for the more than fifteen years after the end of the Second ,ike, the repre underground explosions'now being made by the United World War, no peace treaty has yet been concluded e Byelorussian States. It is common knowledge that the United States with Germany. . '. did not suspend preparations for tests for a single day; should corre 97. The inter,national reactionary forces, led by the 11y if this con it was merely looking for a conV'enient, pretext to ca.rry them out. Ithas notevendissembledthe fact that Un.ited States monopolies, have backed the revival of control is not West German m~litarism. West German irredentists le intelligence it is preparing underground nuclear testing sites. According to a report in The New York Times of 1 . are cynically proclaiming their aggreSSive aims and prepa~ations !iSeptember 1961, a thousand million dollars have been making feverish for war against the iismatter wlls /spent on creating a network of installations in the socialist States. In a radio and television address to Ictober 1960 by Western United States for conduoting nuclear te!=lts. the Soviet people on 7 August last, Ml'. Nikita Set.. e Chairman of geevibh Khrushchev made a profound and frankanaly- 92. Naturally, the Soviet Union could not sit, idly by "sis of the events connected with the s~called "Berlin and watch while, in theWest, undergroundinstallations or~sis" and pointed out with every justification that ude a treaw on are being hurriedly built for carrying out tests on as a ,result of the activities of the Weste'rn Powera. reapons and:~>n new types of nuclear weapons. Lord Home said not a more inflammable material had accumulated in the lpons and over single .word about that, yet now he is posing as the centre of, Europe than in any other part of the world . lwe will leave "guardian angel of peace". . and that situation createa a new threat thatmightgiV'f3 ' It anything the rise to a world wa:r. (, 93. It most be bluntly stated that the Western Powers re in favour of 98. The Byelorussian people, who suffered helilVY est." themselves obliged the Soviet Union to resume tests. The continued testing
• 1.:- ...tt_;IiU'-=lt.,U.Z :.£IIIUIll••.•: -;..1 .iit.A4Ii1J$~,~U~3:.L~~;~£~;~;~i~£~L~.i~'~2~.;~~.~:~~~a.L;_t!llZjtIlIJS.iL4l31;•..t.;_;I3ISi.JJ.$$__I3I••II••I5I•••IJ!!~~II.IiII.I!I!II_I.J 1090fo1-...... ooHnO' _Q ()l"tnh~n" lQf:l """ """~-"""""'305'"'' '''"~ • 294 General Assembly - SixteentbSession - Plenary Meetings " ------,------..,-----~--...... ;;..------bring to, protect the "West against the powerful influences Republic of Germany engages in acts vf deliberate in all Which bear upon us from the East.It provocation. All this cart be describedonly as reckless " 110. 99. The ruling circles of West Germany have now playipg with fire. Little wonder that people sometimes ])ecll say that West Berlin may ~become ano~her Sarajevo, taken Jhe--,toad that was followed by G~rman Nazism. stacll Using, as German Nazism once eJid, the support of 104. There is, however, a way out of the dangerous peop] Western imperiaHst forces and having beenpermitte4 blind alley into which the world is beingimpelled by the least to rearm Western. Germany, they have introduced Government of the Federal Republic of Germany and and d universal military service, are'expandingarmaments its protectors-the aggressive circles of the 'Western year production, more than 500 West German firms being Powers, The Soviet Government suggests ,Jthe con.. the b already engaged in producing armaments, are fQrming elusion of a peace treaty between all the Sta~es which inha1J a new~ggressive "Wehrmacht" commanded by Nazi took part in the defeat of Nazi Germany, on the one Afric generals, are building up an ari;\1Y of half a million hand, and the two German States, the German Demo.. ;t0rna with tank and air form'ations and equipping it with the cratio Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany, again most up-to-dfilte weapons, inclUding nuclear and bal- on the other. And yet the United States, the United in tb listic weapona.. . Kingdom and France reject these sensible proposals Fran' 100. The war preparation policy :ls clearly reflected without at the same time offering any suggestions of alistf in the military expenditure of the Federal Republic of . their own for a peace settlement with Germany. main' Germany. Huge amounts have already been invested 105. The United States Government, moreover, en.. noun< of th in creating'a war machine for the "Bundeswehr." Be visages, as we can see from a perusal of the United colon tween 1955 and 1960, the Adenauer Governme'nt spent states Press~ maintaining the occupation of West more than 100 thousand million marks onarmaments, Berlin by foreign troops until the year 2000. They arme i.e., more than Hitler spent on preparations forWorld react to the Soviet Union's peace proposal with a new ment War II. According to official sources, the military outburst of war hysteria and sabre-rattling. One feels 111. budget of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1962 like tellingsome of these rather hotheaded people not to 71rn will amount to 13.5 thousand million marks, which forget the instructive lessons of the not sodistant past, jugat includes appropriations of 500miUion marks for to remember the well-merited and inglorious fate of terri nuclear research for military purposes. Militarism those who in 1941 dared to raise the sword against the opprE and irredentism hi;\Te become the official policy ofthe Soviet Union. Besides; it is no longer 1941; it is 1961 them Government of the J!'1ederal Republic of Germany. No a year that has seen the launching ofSoviet space ships honOl wonder, tnerefore, that the most unbridled irredentist and rockets, a year of great achievements by the in ge: propaganda is flourishing in West Germany. SQviet people. We recall the wise advice given by Voltaire: "Cultivate your own garden". We are trying 112. 101. An immense role in the militarization of West the S Germany has been, and is still being, played by the to do this properly but we are not closing our eyes to what is going on on the other side of the garden fence. King' Government of the United Stateswhich, aswe all know, to lh is supporting the Government of the Federal Republic That is why, thollgh we wield the spade, we keep the sword lying beside it. That is the safest way. their of GerII,l.l'-l.ny and its programme for an anti-communist spok, crusade. Accprding to reports in fae United States 106. Only a peace treaty will be able to prevent the the 1 Press, aid to'\West Germany Jrom the United States dangerous expansion of German militarism and irre tries and other Western countries amounted to some 8 dentism. The conclusion of a peace treatywould facili a "g: thollsand million dollars betwe,en 1945 and 1960. These tate normalization of the situation in West Berlin and of th facts go to show'thafthe samething is happening after in this way liqUidate a dangerous source of military Lord World War IT as happened in thef)eriodbetween World conflict. part Wars I and IT, when ,'United States capital to the tune achiE of thousands af millions of dollars helped to rebuild 107. The Byelorussian people, steeled in battles for the war machine of Nazi Germany. the indenendence of its socialist homeland and in un 113. 102. In this connexion, I \Should like to draw the at selfish \.,011 to promote its prQsperity, unanimousiy de of in clares its full support for the foreign policy of the a gif tention of the delegations of Fr~~ce and the United Kingdom to the fact that their Governments are Soviet Government, entirely and completely endorses stru~ nourishing wit~.!r"'their own hands a most dangerous the measures aimed at ensuring the security of the by tl socialist commur4ty of peoples. The Byelorussian enc<=: beast-German militarism in the naive belief that it people passionately d~sires peace. It is for that very will turn its weapons only on the East. We well re reason that we resolutely oppose the policy of the re 114. member how the men of Munich cheered as they militarization of WesternGermany and warmlysupport the p watched Hitler arming to the teeth. Buthowdid it end? the policy of the Government of the GermanDemocratic tion As we all know, the blows of Hitler'swar machine fell :Republic for the settlement of the German problemon the: on th(j countries ofWestern Europe and, first and fore.. a peaceful, de~ocratic basis. Decl most,' on those countries where the appeasers of the co101 demented FUhrer were especially numerous. Mankind 108.:We are living in remarkable times in which we fight paid far t90 dearly forihe ;Municb,.,betrayaL are witnessing countries and peoples beingemancipated carr: 103. A pa:rtiqul~rly abnot;~al situation ha,A arisen in at headlong speed from the colonial yoke. In the six patri West Berlin which has, in fact, developed i~to a major teen years since the war ended more than forty new tion centre of intelligence and espionage activities directed States with a population of about 1,500 million people, that against the German Democratic Republic, the Soviet half of the world's popUlation, have come intobeing and wagi Union and other socialist countries.~Itwill be clear to are thriving. In 1960 alone fifteen African States at that everyone'that the role of "front-line city" which has tained their independence. the: been allotted to We§t Berlin by NATO strategists is. a "pre 109. Last year, at its fifteenth session, the General its c sou1jce of serious tension in the heart of Europe and Assembly, on the initiative of the SovietUnion, adopted ma.Y!,\lead to. an explosion. The situ.ation inWest Berlin a resolution [1415 (XV)] containing a "Declaration on 115. is fult'ther aggravated by the fact that, with the agree.. the gra.nting of independence to colonial countries and rand nlen~) of itsNATO allies, the Gove.rnment,ofthe Federal peoplaslt, which solemnly proclaimed"the necessity of
r j i 1028th meeting ~ 6 October 1961 295 ----- bringing to a speedy and uncon,4,itlonal endcolonialism. the granting of independence to colonial countries and l'a..te in all its form~, and manifestaf~ns". peoples [A/4859] states qUitecot'tl'ectly that the colo nial1sts are making a mockery of .the Declaration. lass 110. Naturally, the question has arisen,;as tohowthis mes Today there are no peoples who are not ready for Declaration is being implemented and what are the ob freedom but there are peoples who are still bek~g evo. (\, stacles and difficulties to be overcome by the colonial \\-' forcibly deprived of freedom, 'and they must receive rous peoples. Facts show that the colonialists are not in the it. The colonial peoples do not want to. remain en r the least inclined to "make a gift of freedom" to colonial slaved until 1970, as some del6gations ~uggest. The and and dependent countries and peoples. France's seven peoples of Algeria, Angola, Oman and ot~rr colonies tern year war against the freedom-loving people ofAlgeria; are convincingly demonstrating this fact b)r tIleheroic JOn- the bloody retributionmetedout by Portugaltothe local struggle they are waging against the colonial Y9ke. hich inhabitants, of Angola; the tragic events in South West (I one Africa; the intervention of the colonialists in the in 116. ~~e Byelorussian delegationappealstoallMem be~s 010... ~rnalaffairsofthe Congo; the UnitedStates aggression ofthe United Nations to help the colonial peoples a.ny, against Cuba; th,intervention of the SEATO countries achieve the fulfilment of their age-old aspirations not lited in the internal' affairs of Laos; the aggression by later than 1962.We considerthatthe GeneralAssembly sals France against Tunisia-all go to show thatthe coloni w.ould be acting correctly if it decided forthwith to :s of alists are trying in every way and by every means to adopt sanctions against Portugal, which is refusing to maintain their colonial domination. They openly an comply with United Nations demands to stop the war nounce that they will not complywith the requirements against the people of Angola. The Portuguese Govern en... of the Declaration on the g!'anting of independence to ment is follOWing a policy of exterminating the in .ited colonial countries and peoples and they are sending digenous population of Angola. It is a well-known fact vest armed forces to throttle the national liberat.ionmove that, two centuries ago, the population of Angola was 'hey ment of the peoples ofAfrica, Asiaand J..atin America. some six million, where as today it is not more than new four million. United Stj:ltes correspondents in Angola ~els 111. Eighty-eight territories with a population of Csyer reckon that, inrec~~times, five hundred thousand >tto 71 million are still today under direct colonial sub people have been killed and more than a hundred last, jugation. Despotism and illegality prevail in these thousand refugees have fled to the Congo and other e of territories where the indil,3nOUS population suffer the African countries. . ,the oppression of foreigners, who rapaciously exploit ,,?~,: :: J1- them, trample on their vital interests and treat the 117. One of the most important questions\~thathave 1ips honour and dignity of the local residents and of man frequently been discussed at previous sessto~ls of the the in general with contempt. Genera:i.;:Assembly is the Algerian problem. 'I)pe Gen l by eral Assembly, voicing the will of the overwhelming ~ing 112. In his statement from this rostrum Lord Home, majority of delegations1 has inthe resolutions adopted, s to the Secretary of State for ForeignAffairs ofthe United supported the inalienable right of the Algerian people tlce. Kingdom, said that the 660 million people who used to independence on terms involving observance of· the the to live in British colonies are now, inaccordance with unity and territorial integrity of Algeria. their wi!,hes, living in independent territories. He spoke here of the "civilizing mission" discharged by . 118. The French Government, in' defiance of world the the United Kingdom in colonies and dependent coun public opinion, is flagrantly violating the principles 're- tries and claimed that the United Kingdom had made of the Declaration on the granting of independence to :ili- a "great" contribution to the 'prosperity and culture colonial countries andpeoples and is continuing.-to wage and of these peoples and bad voluntarily liberated them. , a colonial war inAlgeria. Itis clearthat' Algeric. would :ary Lord Home, however, said nothing about the decisive long since have attainedindependence if;Francehadnot part played by the colonial peoples' struggle in" the received financial and militazy aid from the countries achievement of their independence. forming the aggressive NATO bloc. The Government for of the Federal Republic of Germany alone has granted un- 113. Everyone nowlmows' very well that the granting France "aid" to the extent of two thousand million de- of independence to colonial countries was anytb,ingbut marks and most of this amount has goneto finance the the a gift from the colonialists but was the result of the co~onial war against the Algerian people. In order to 'ses struggle for national liberation waged over longyears maintain the colonial regime'in Algeria, ari:'o army of the by the colonial peoples, who paid for their independ half a million Frenchman is fighting in that country Jian enc~ with the blood of millions of their best sons. and is killing an average of three thousand Algerians 'ery 114. Lord Home said here that only 5 per cent of every month. All these facts are convincing evidence re- of the colonialist character of the war in Algeria. >ort the populatiop are still under the colonialadministra dic tion of the United Kingdom but said not a word about 1i9. Nevertheless, the days of colonialism are num (lon the fact that, in spite of the demand made in the bered and its final fall is merely a matter of tiw,e. Declaration for a speedy endto colonialism',theBritish Algeria will be free andinde1.)endent. The Byelorussian colonial authorities are continuing· to kill those who people unaninwusly demand an immediate cessationof we fight for the independence of Northern Rhodesia, are FranceI s colonial war against the Algerian people ~ted carrying out large-scale repressive measures against and the granting. to that people of an opportunity to lix- patriots in Kenya and bombarding thepeacefulpopula exeroise their right to independence, and to the crea lew tion of East Aden. Nor did LordHome mention the fact ation of their own national state in conditions in which >le, that for six years past,the United Kingdom has been the territorial integrity of the country and the unity and wB;~ing a colonial war against the people of Oman'and of the people would be maintained. at- that there is no, sign of an end to this war. Those are the actual methods by which the United Kingdom is ,120. The reqUirements of the Declaration are also "preparing" the thirty-five million Africans living in being Violated by the Government of Belgium which. its colonial territories for independence. does not stop at any crime in order to maintain its domination in the Cong~. A year has elapsedsince the 115. The Soviet Government's explanatory memo Republic of the Congo was formed~ a year of grievous randum on. the implementation of the Declaration on trials for the Congolese people, a year of 'stubborn ssemly - Sixteenth session - Plenary'·Meetings
andblootly!fighting for the right to be. free, the right Republic ,of China. We pay tribute to the patience 130 to decide" its own future. Th-~ great African patriot, commonsense and good will shown by the Government peoj , Patrice L\(ttlumba, fell in thIs struggle but the Con- of the People"s Republic of China in the face of the' Uni1 golese peopl~'s fight for its independence stillgoes on., ceaseless acts of provocation committed b~the United the 121. We arJI now obliged to point out that the situa- States. For instance, during this year alone, United situ tion in Katangaprovince has beoome dangerous and States military aircraftand naval vessels haV'e violated dec: absolu~ely intolerable. The whole world is witnessing the a:ir and sea frontiers of the People's RepUblic of ret~ an, international conspiracy of the colonialists who are, Ohina on 173 occasions. ), oriE resolved tokeeJ;l the Congo,' partiCUlarly Katanga : Uni1 province, which is noted for its enormous natural 127. The Government of the People's Republic of strE wealth, in coloniaIfst bondage and do not/3prink from China quite legitimately demands thatthe United states surl any crim~, howeV'er monstrous. An exceptionally should st~p interfering in the internal affairs of China Stat despicable role in this matter is being played by the and should withdraw its fleet from the Taiwan Strait the Belgian colonialists who enjoy every possible assist... and that the United States s~lldiers should leave th~ ganj ance from their NATO allies-the United Kingdom, island of Taiwan and go back home...,..to the United ser' France and Portugal. Things have even reached absurd States. But the ruling circles ofthe United ~ates go t~e 131 point where, with NATO help, "United Nationstroops" on trying to. isolate People's Republic of China, mal in Katanga are being beaten up and taken prisoner. It although every day brIngs new ,evidence' of the futility to is no secret that the jet plane which, according to of such efforts. 'rhe delegation ofthe Byelorussian SSR ' brit newspaper reports, contributed to the defeat of the considers that the question of restoring the lawful so·, "United Nations troops" in Katanga, and also other rights of the People's Republic of China in the United fact types of ,modern weapons, were supplied by France to Nations must be given a positive solution atthe present the Belgium and' were dispatched from Belgium for session of the General Assembly. The representatives Uni1 Tshombe's use. In order to protect the Congolese of the Government ,of the People's Republic of China in } people from further crimes, all forms of colonialist must occupy their lawful seat in the Security Council shal intervention in the affairs of the Republic of the Congo and the other organs qf the United' Nations and the diff, must be brought to an end. representatives of Chiang Kai-shek must be expelled. rea 122. We support the proposal of the Soviet Govern permiss~on,Mr. ope: 128. With'your President, I would but ment [A/L.3551 that the General Assembly should also like to touch briefly on the reorganization of the declare 1962 the year for the final liquidationof colo Sy81 United Nations Secretariat. Representatives of a num it p: nialism throughout the world. We demand th~ im ber of countries who have spoken before me have, in mediate implementation by all States adminie;!"ering ~ammarskjold, the referring to the death of MI'. Dag tried rea Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories of the to dramatize the situation and represent the state Declaration on the granting of independenceto colonial of affairs that has arisen as a, "United Nations crisis". 132, countries and peoples.' Moreover, the views: expressed by many United states sidE 123. At the present moment, the most important and newspapers are biased and distort the meaning ofthe of f pressing task of the United Nations in regard to the Sovlet Union's proposals on this subject. ForInstance, SUP! struggle against colonialism is to work out, and carry The New York Times olf 1 October 1961 wrote ina 133 into effect, concrete and urgent measures for the leading article that the key to the struggle over the ber implementation of the Declaration that has been Soviet Proposals lay in ,ltussia's demand for the re Secret~ry-Genera'l of t adopted. The liquidation of colonialism would. bean placement of the late by a com and important contribution to ensuring peace and security mittee in which each member would have a veto. We peal throughout the world and one of the most important consider that such statements, whether in the Press trie t~e ways of easing international tension. . '" or inside United Nations are deliberately inspired' COlt and have a very specific purpose. That purpose is to 124. The United Nations will be able to deal with the Uni1 distort the r~al attitude of the socialist States and to is e crucial problems that call for' solution only if the whitewash those countries that are now tryingin every principle of its universality is respected. So long as and way possible to maintain the situationthat has hitherto on c the People's Republic of China, which represents a prevailed in which the executive authorityofthe United quarter of the world's population, does not occupy its triu Nations protects the selfish interests of one group of star lawful seat in the'United Nations,there canbe no ques Western Powers and 'not the general interests of the tion of the universality of the Organization. and whole Organization-the intereats of maintainingpeace peo} 125. United states policy which, for twenty years and developing international collaboration. to t past, has prevented the People's RepUblic of China wor from taking its lawful seat in the United Nations runs 129. The position of' principle taken by the Sovi~t thrc counter to world public opinion and to the interests of Union regarding the radical reorganization of the pro' the "United Nations itself. If the United Nations is un structure and- Secretariat of the United Nations is on willing to take account of the historic changes that well known. I shall not enlarge upon it here. But we peal have occurred in the world, if it denies the right of now have before us the,question of the temporary di all peoples-in this case the great Chinese people,:",-to rec.tion qf the Secretariat·for a short period of time., elin build their life in accordance with their own' desires What is the real substance of the Soviet .proposals for to 1= and wishes, that does not mean thatthe United Nations the temporary direction of the Secretariat? The SecU , and must follow this short-sighted policy of the United rity Council would offer the post of head of the Un.it~d States which is inconsistent with the Charter. Nations Secretariat to an agreed candidate and both 134. the Security Council and the General Assembly would Fre 1~6. .'U;nited States rulingcircles cannot get away from call upon the person so appointed and his deputies to the the idea that their country is vested with the mlssion act in agreement, i.e., to collaborate'with one another i a re of "world leadership': That is a dangerous policy. It and try to take agreed decisions. That. does not mean Unit is reflected ,in the unceremonious way in which.the that the deputies would have aright to veto. No one is appJ United States'interferes in the affairs, of the People's suggesting that. . Bou 1028th meeting - GOctober 1961 297 lenc~, 130. In an effort to distor~'theSovietproposals, some 135. This honour extends to the Arab'world of Which 1tnent people are saying that they are inconsistent with the Tunisia is a part; it is also shared by the African of the· United Nations Charter and are designedtoundermine countries a.s a whole, for this j,s the first time one Jnited the Organization. That isa complete fabrication. A ef their representatives has occupied the presidential Jnited situation in which the Secretary...General personally chaii', an event which marks the growing part played ola.ted deoides all questions relating to the work of the Sec'" by Africa in our Organi2ation. May ltherefore con >110 of retariat leads, as experience shows, to a unilateral gratulate you and above all thank you for helping to orientation of the Secretariat. As is well known, the win for Africa and Tunisia so many marks of esteem United Nations Charter calls for every possible and solidarity• which areparticularly significantinthe llic of strengthening of co..operation among States. Then trials thrQugh which our country is going. states surely,if it is possible to secure co-operation among China States, similar co-operation can be secured among 136. Permit me also to express :t,"lY pride in seeing )trait, the officials directing the Secretariat. Such an or your name associatedwith the steps which willbe taken ve the ganization of the work of the Secretariat would only in the course of this session to promote international Jhited serve to strengthen the Secretariat•. peace and security. May God guide your steps and aid you in the.arduous task which lies before'you! tea go 131. Nothing could be further from the truth than the Jhina, malioiousassertions that the socialist countries want 137. I should also like to express to, Ambassador. utility to ·paralyse the· United Nations" and are trying to Boland, President of the fifteenth s~ssion o~ the Gen mSSR· bring about a."chronic state of crisis". Actually, the eral Assembly. my delegation's greatappre'ciation of lawful so-called "crisis of the United Nations" lies in the the authority and courtesy with whichhepresidedover Jnited fact that the United states, the United Kingdom and a particularly arduous session. ~esent the other Western countries want to lord it in the 138. We have begun this sessicih weighed down with atives United Nations, as if it was theirfief. Lord Home said China deep sorrow at the tragic deatbofDag Hammarskjold, in his statement that the United Nations would be a Secretary-General of the United Nations, who died, a ounci! shadow of itself as long as the world is split up into ndthe soldier of peace, while carryingout amission of peace ,elled. different political systems. That assertionrevealsthe in the service of the United Nations.• Fate willed it real aims of the We~t0rn Powers: no~ to strengthen co that this great statesman of exceptional gifts should operation within the framework of the United Nations would meet his death in the very heart of that Africa which but to use the United Nations to undermine the world was at the centre of his preoccupations and to which of the system of sociaUsm. That is a dangerolls policy. And mum .he devoted part of his efforts and activities with in it provides further confirmation of the correctness of telligence a;nd compassion. ,ve, in the demand that the United Nations should reflect the , tried real picture of the world today. 139. The Tunisian people and Government, who state Vividly recall the two visits which Mr. Hammarskjold 'isis". 132. The delegation of the Byelorussian SSR con made to Tunisia-particularly the second, during the states siders that the Soviet proposals meet the requirement Bizerta crisis-bow with .respect and sorrow before of the of strengthening the United Nations and we resolutely the great man'smemory.The tragic death of Dag tance, support them. Hammarskjold.has deprived the international com. :e ina 133. History has faced the United Nations with a num munity of one of its greatest servants and leaves a er the ber of virtually important problems. In the framework considerable gap in our Organization. le re- of the United Nations it is possible to adopt serious com 140. In order to be faithful totlie memqry of the great and responsible ciecisions, designed to strengthen the . mar.:' who is gone, to ensure the continUity of his work :0. We peace and security of nations if, of course, all coun Press and his spirit, to enable our Organization to function tries will try to reach agreement and ifthere is strict harmoniously, the first thing we must do is to find a ;pired' 'compliance with the United Nations Charter. The ~ is to repI~c~m.ent for the secretary-Gen.eral. The/)'isls United Nations must tryto seethatthe concept of force preclpl'tated by Dag Hammarskjold's death m\.st be and to is elirninated once andfor allin relations among states every resolved' without delay. My Government believes that and that the concept of peaceful collaboration, 'based the office of Secretary-General must· be maintained therto on confidence and mutual understanding among states, Jnited in accordance with the provisions set <~orth in the triumphs. The United Nations must help to solve out... Charter. . Oup of standing international problems through negotiations of the and agreements .between the states concerned. The 141. The retention of a single Secretary-General peace peoples of the whole world expect the United Nations does not preclude reorganization of the Secretariat to take effective, constructive action to avert another by a more equitable distribution :9f duties among worId war and· to strengthen peace and .security persons chosen first for their competence.and thenon Sovi~t throughout the world. Whether the United Nations will a more equitable geographical basis. The Secretariat )f the prove capab~e of solving these problems will depend must remain international and should not in any way >ns is On itsabUity to listen to the voice of reason of all reflect the ideological divisi~ns in our Assembly.Im ~ut we peace-loving States. The duty of the Governments of partiality and loyalty to the spirit of the Charter ry d! all countries is to heed the demand of the peoples-to and its principles can only be guaranteed ifwe escape time •. eliminate the threat of a new thermo-nuclear war and from this ideological strait-jacket which engenders .ls for to promote the achievement of agreement On gehel1al m.istrust and even paralysis. SecU 'c and complete disarmament. Jnited 142. The GeneralAssembly of ourOrganizationismet d both 134. Mr. .MOKADDEM (Tunisia) (translated from at a particularly critical· moment· for international would French): My delegation welcomes your election to peace. Under the shadow of the anguish andfear which :ies to the presidency as a great honour which is not only besets the human race. the present sespion is ,called lOther i a recognition of your five years of work in and for the upon to examine grave problems whicn are a serious mean United Nations, but also a demonstration of respect and threat to international peace and security•. Olle is appreciation for Tunisia and its president, Habib 143. Never has the risk of &. general conflagration Bourguiba. been so great or so imminent; tension inthe relations 298 General Assernbly - Sixteenth Session - Plenary Meetings between th~ t.wo blocs has reached its peak; the arms 152. Buttressed by the membership and support ofthe- ,race is placing in the hands of the opposed Powers small and the weak who constitute the ,immense '15 rneans of destruction so powerful that their use would majority of the peoples of our planet, our Organization to not only inevitably resUlt in the destruction of the has a duty to bar the road that would lead humanity ID whole heritage of hurnan civilization, but might also inexorably to self-destruction. It must do so if it is to te wipe out forever every trace of life frorn our planet. preserve its authority and its place in the minds of pI men, and to escape the fate of the old League of tit 144. The failure of the talks on the cessation and Nations. It must do so in order to be faithful to its pI prohibition of nucle'ar tests, the continuation ~If such mission and the principles the permanent validity of " a tests by France, the resumption of testing by the which it has proclaimed in its Charter; finally, it b~ Soviet Union and then by the United states of A:rr~erica must do so to remain in harmony with this universal to have all helped to increase alarm and apprehension. DI conscience whose moral strength must prevail over hE 145. The particularly serious turn taken by recent blind material force, no matter how powerful. th developments in the German problem and the Berlin affair cannot but aggravate international ten.sion and 153. It can only do so' if it resolutely strives to if further compromise the changes, already slender, of realize the universal character which its own Charter si a peaceful settlement of these problems. prescribes. It can only do so if it takes effective ac A: tion to further the settlement of the perennial prob rE 146. Confronted with this particularly grave inter lems which reappear at every session of our General aI national situation, our Organization must undertake Assembly. Positive action must be undertaken within U a thorough and detailed analysis of the scene and seek the Organization or under its auspices to speed the tb out and destroy the real causes which make difficult talks on disarmament, consideration of which has been tb or impossible both a constructive approach and the carried over from the fifteenth to the sixteenth A working out of an appropriate solution to the entirety session. The "Agreed Principles" recently signed by' A of ~hese problems. the Soviet Union and the United States (A/4879) are, it 147. In the opinion of my delegation, the basic prob an encouraging sign. Efforts ,must be made to halt VE lem is not that of judging the merits of one disarma nuclear tests and to reach a definitive agreement on th ment plan or another or the effectiveness of any given their abolition. 01 approach to the settlement of the German problem, Cl but is first and foremost a psychological one. What Mr. N. P. Slim (Tunisia) resumed the Chair. dE pI we must do is to escape from the ideological strait 154. The German problem and the Berlin affair have jacket and overcome the distrust engendered by the at overshadowed the international situation in recent A confrontation of the two blocs and by the cold war weeks, and their resurgence has seriously aggravated which has resulted from it. aJ tension, particularly in relations between the leaders ill 148. In this regard the medium-sized and small of the two antagonistic blocs. Our Organization, true al Powers can make an appreciable contributionprOVided to its mission, could help the two great protagonists it is made in the framework of our Organization and to overcome their distrust andtofree themselvesfrom 1 in conformity' with the principles of the Charter, and the narrow ideological framework to which they have E above all with its spirit of universality. These small confined their action, so that they may make a con 11 countries, free from any commitment to one or other structive and "dispassionate" approach to theseprob Ij bloc and poorly equipped with destructive means and lems and work out a lasting settlement taking into P, weapons, nevertheless represent a tremendous moral account all legitimate interests, the most important o force; they are particularly well qualified to give of which is to safeguard peace in this critical area n sincere expression to the profound anxiety of a uni of Europe. s versal conscience racked and tormented by the tragic . t: prospects of human destiny. They are in a position to . 155. The Berlin Affair and the German problem are n make this voice heard and to bridge the gulf between far from being the only threats to peace; dangerous tJ the two great antagonistic blocs. They have no desire and explosive situations are to be found in other parts il to constitute a third force, nor lay down the framework of the world, unhappily numerous. They all, or nearly r or to dictate the terms for the settlement of this or all, result from the st\rvivalof an outdated colonialism tl that problem, but it is their duty tokeep reminding the which refuses to give way to the irresistible tide of 11 great Powers that the values of civilization are the national liberation. Resistancetothes.e young national a common heritage of allmankind and thatno effort must ist movements, the authentio expression ofthe awaken d be spared to safeguard these values and to set up an ing of peoples subject to foreign domination and exploitation and various forms of a dying colonialism, 1 international order governed before all by the rules of c law and morality. not only constitutes a grave threat to world peace and stability,.but is also the source ofgrave differ v 149. This is the message which the Belgrade Con ences and profound .upheavals in the colonialist states ~ ferencei' of non-aligned countries wishes to address themselves. The per&istence ofthisthreat is endanger c to the world and in the firstplaceto the leadezles. The support for its Algerian neighbours and brothers, still Violated, six years after independence by the ,of funda- grievously afflicted by this war imposed by a colo- continuing colonialmilitary occupation at Bizertainthe' sm of the nialism that refuses to die.' . north of the country, and in the Sahara in the South. ,ve the.se This situation resulted in a bloody conflictwhich pitted 161. In other regions of Africa another' hot war is my country against France and was the subject of be1ng waged with its train of atrocities and slaughter, discussions in the Security Coun~il and at the third imposing heavy sacrifices on peoples resolved to special session of the General Assembly. At the endof ; mankind shake off the. coloni,al yoke. Angola is the bloody is taking its debate, the General Assembly adopted resolution arena' of one of these colonial repressions conducted 1622 (S-I11) reaffirming the interim resolution of the amid ever with ferocity and savagery, despite the resolutions of colonizer WOfficial Records of theSecuritYCouncil,SixteenthYear,Supplemellt -§,{General As.sembl~' resolution 1514 (XV). for. July, August and September 1961. do~ent S/4898. General Aa.sembly -Sixteenth Session - Plenary Meetings I .Sec~rity-.Council V calling for a cea.se-fire and the re episodes in the dramaof decolonization,decolonizatiql1 turn of all armed foroe8to their originalposition, and by those unWilling and unable to understand the sig,; recognizing the "sovereign right of Tunisia to canfor nificance of the historic changes in our \Yrprld in tbfe the withdrawal of all French armed forces present on second half of the twentieth century, uJ;4willing and its territory without its consent" .. unable to make the necessary adjustm~nt and av.oiq 167. Since this resolution, the Tunisian Government violence and bloody clashes between the parties con. has taken the initiative of inviting the French Govern cerned-against this dark backgrQund, developments ment to oarry out th~ withdrawal of itsforces to their in the Congo justify a measure of cautious optimism. original position and to decide on tqe timing of the As a result of the intelligent action taken, the various final withdrawal of .its troops from the whole of political groups have sunk their differences and are Tunisian territory. General de Gaulle's statement of 5 resolutely embarked on the path of reconcilationand .September last and note addressed to the Tunisian understanding. A government of national union, desig.. Government give reason to hope that the situationmay nated by the President of the Republic and invested progress towards a reasonable and honourable solu by Parliament has assumed responsibility for the tion of the conflict. destinies of the Congolese people and has expressed its determination to devote the nation's full efforts 168. Basing its position on the positive and objective to the reconstruction of the country and to the estab ~lements in these two documents, and in particular on lishment of an administrative structurethatwill ensure the words "While declaring that it will be necessary peace and the safety of persons and property and eventually to negotiate the withdrawal of Frenchtroops promote the social development of the people and the .from Bizerta", the Tunisian Government has'soughtto economic advancement of the country. Aid should be afford the French Government the opportunity of an given unstintingly for the accomplishment of this honourable solution and a peaceful settlement. noble and inspiring task. 169. My Government notes with satisfaction that the 174. The ending of the Katanga secession, the re French forces have begun their withdrawal to their integration of the Province in the Congolese nation original positions in accordancewith theproces-verbal as a whole and the elimination of foreign interference signed on 29 September 1961, which details the move must be unremittingly pursued. ments that should result in the return of the French forces to their initial positions within a We6lt. TillS 175. My Government, which hasparticipatedin United preliminary operation can thus be regarded as im Nations operations in the Congo by supplying troops, plementing the second requirement of the interim technicians and experts, welcomes this encouraging resolution adi>pted by the Security CoUncil on 22 July development and will continue to make the contribu 1961. It remains now to tackle the substantive prob tion its resources permit to bring to a successful lem dealt with in the operative part of the resolution conclusion the efforts the United Nations has under adopted by the General Assembly at its third special taken in accordance with the decisions and resolutions session, on 25 August 1961. of the General Assembly and the Security Council. 170. The Tunisian Gove,.rnment's goodWill should not 176. Sierra Leone's accession to independence is be taken as a signofweSkness or surrender. Tunisia's another. encouraging episode in the stormy drama of Willingness to make it easier for itspartnerto under decolonization. I should like in this connexion to ex take phased operations leading to the total withdrawal tend to the delegation of Sierra Leone inthis Assembly I of its forces from the whole of Tunisian territory is and to its chairman, Sir Milton Margai, our warmest equalled by its determination to see that withdrawal congratulations and very best wishes on the occasion shall in fact take place. If the Tunisian Government of Sierra Leone's admission to membership in the has reason to believe that the French Government has United Nations. In accordance with what is now a well mistaken its true intentions, it will unhesitatingly re established tradition Tunisia sponsoredSierra Leone's sume the struggle and make every sacrificenecessary admission and joined with other Member states in to secure the final liberation of the whole of its national submitting resolution 1623 (XVI). We look forward with territory from French military occupation, this last pride and pleasure to Tanganyika's entrance into our vestige of the colonial era. Organization in December. The United Kingdom also deserves our congratulations for these examples of 171. Indeed, my Government could not accept any decolonization carried out without obstruction or attempt to override or to ignore General Assembly violence. It would be most encouraging if the Powers resolution 1622 (S-IU), which was passed by an enor stiH, clinging to outmoded imperialist ideas wouldtake mous majority ~~ld With no dissenting votes. It wi1~ the examples of Sierra Leone and Tanganyika toheart make every ef!~rl to ensure the resolution's full and and change the old relations based on domination into scrupulous implementation. The TunisianGovernment relations based on co-operation in equality and hopes to achieve this end by peaceful'means and to, friendship. "- find, on the part of the French Government, a desire 177. The United Nations must do more than simply for peace and a spirit of goodwill equal to that which welcome newly independent countries into its midst. we ourselves have unceasingly shown throughout the It must also aid peoples struggling under the colonial crisis. yoke to free themselves from foreign domination. 172. I apologize for the length of my statement, but Only thus can it remain true to the principles of the my Government is anxious thatrepres2ntatives should Charter and give effect to the Declaration on the be informed of its true intentions in regard to this granting of independence to colonial countries-and' problem which engaged the attention of the Assembly peoples adopted by the General Assembly on 14 at its special s~ssion in August 1961. December 1960. 173. Against this dark backgrQund of shifts and u,ll 178. If it is to work usefully and effectively towards heavals in the Mrican continent-whj,on are but a solution of the many different issues requiring its attention, the United Nations which has over theyears 11;Ibid. document 8/4882. been strengthened by the admission of the new MeIn-, 1028*b meeting - 6 October 1961 301 'r decolonization- bers,'must bring the composition of itsvarioue organs ment. Such action would be doubly profitable andwould 'stand the sig into line with its present membership. In particular, moreover promote the expansio~.fndrationalization of ~ "l0rld in this the memb~rsq.ip of the Security Council and of the international trade. ' ur..twilling and Ec'onomic and Social Council should be enlarged On ~nt and avoid the basis of a more equitable geographioal distribu-' 183. Finally, our Organization should be furnished 9 parties con tion. The ~frican c9ntinent is especially under with sufficient resources to' ensure the successful developments represented despite the presence of some thirty implementation of the programmes of technical and )US optimism. African countries inthe Organization. On thesevarious economic assistance elaborated by its variousspe n, the various points my delegation will make positive proposals in cialized committees. ences and are ·the competent committees, and hopes that its action 184. In these areas, international solidarity has an oncllation and will reoeive the support of all Member states that opportunity for practical appli~ationwhose advantages I union, desig wish to co~rect an imbalance which is pre~:udicial to are obvious to all and whose ultimate goal is the crea i and invested the Organization as a whole and to the contribution tionof a society in which justice, pr9sperity, and bility, for the new Member, states could make to the maintenance of happiness will prevail. ' . las expressed peace and the work of our Organization. Is full efforts 185. I should like to conclude by reaffirmingourfaith I to the estab 179. The imbalance I ~ave just mentioned is ag in the Organization and its mission. gravated by the exclusion of the People's Republic of latwill ensure 186. Peace is a continuing creation which i~raquires property and .China from this Organization. It is inconoeivable that constant vigilance. While.the great Powers may be leople and the .a country whose population represents .one fourth of capable of unleashing a general conflagration, the Aid should be the world population should continue tobebarredfrom maintenance of peace can be assure~ only with the Iment of this the deliberations and work of our Organization. help of the small and medium Powers. In the accom 180. My Government, which has hitherto remained plishment of that great task our Organization has a :sion, the re on the sidelines onthis issue, inthehope that an agree special responsibility. This is the fervent hope in the Igolese nation ment would be reached between the parties directly hearts of millions"of men andwomen besetby fear and 1 interference concerned, feels that it must now reconsider its anxiety. I position and declare itselfinfavour of theparticipation of the People's Republic of China in the deliberations 187. The PRESIDENT (translated from French):' I )ated in United and work of our Organization. call upon the representative of the United Kingdom, plying troops, who wishes to exercise his right of reply. ; encouraging 181. I turn now to economic and socialproblems. The the contribu economic and social problems with which we are con 188. Mr. GODBER (United Kingdom): I shall be very a successful cerned in this Organization are of various types. In brief. I wish only,onbehalfofmydelegation, to record ns has under my delegation's view, some of them should receive our deep regret that the Foreign Minister of Iraq, in our particular attention at the present session. Of his address to the General Assembly earlier today, nd resolutions Sh9Uld have chosen so grossly to misrepresent.j the y Council. all the problems confronting formerly oolonized coun tries upon the achievement of independence, theprob policies of the United Kingdom. This is all the more lependence .is lem of under-development is unquestionably the most painful to us because of the continuing desire of my rmy drama of serious. The newly-won, fragile independence ofthese . Government to live in the closest harmony in' our lIlexion to ex countries will be in jeopardy until they succeed in relations with the GoVernment of Iraq, as indeed with lis Assembly, overcoming the lag in their development and have all the Arab nations. our warmest secured for their peoples the minimum conditions for ,,189. It would be tedious to enter now into a detailed l the occasion a decent life worthy of human dignity, until they have ership in the refutation of what Mr. Jawad had to say; indeed, 1 do given their political independence a real economic not cons~der it necessary to do so because I am con is now a well and social content add have safeguarded their inde fident that the true motives and policies of my Govern ierra Leone's pendence against the covert encroachment of neo ment are well understood by the great majority of the bel' states in colonialism. In this context the financial andtechnical dorwardwith Members of tliis Assembly. I would, however, like to assistance which must be given to under-developed comment briefly on two particular points. 'ance into our countries to ensure their full development shoUld be Kingdom also freed from politics and internationaUzed in order to 190. The Foreign Minister of Iraq sought to cast examples of eliminate the sometimes unduly onerous conditions doubts on the independence of the Kingdom of Kuwait. )struction or involved in bilateral agreements. It is surelypossible It is, of course, for Kuwait itself in the first place to if the Powers to envisage aprogramme of this kind carriedout within give the lie to this, and indeed I trust that it will not, ~as would take the framework and underthe auspices of our Organiza be long before that country, as a member of this llyika to heart tion, co-ordinate~ where necessary by its organs and Organization, will be in a positionfully to do so. Since, Imination into specialized agencies. Ifthe Organizationfound itpossi however, the Foreign Minister of Iraq, in questioning equality and ble to undertake such an enterprise,itwould contribute the independence of Kuwait, chose to misrepresentthe significantly.to improving the stability of the develop relations of my Government with the Emir of Kuwait, 9 than simply ing countries and hence to consolidating the peaoe. I wish to place on record simplythatthere is absolute Ilto its midst. 182. In this same connexiol1, the problem of primary ly no question about the independence of Kuwait-and r the colonial commodities and the fluctuations of commodity prices this view, I would remind the Assembly, is shared by l domination. many other Members here, including members of the lciples of the On the world market is a matter of serious concern Arab League who have welcomed Kuwait bito full ration on the to 'states which derive the bUlk of their income from membership of their association. ~ountries' and ' commodity trade. Moreover, most of the States. are ~mbly developig.g countries which devote a substantialportion 191. My second comment relatestothe remarksmade on 14 of their earnings from primary commodity trade to by the representative of Iraq about United Kingdom development programmes. Effective actiontostabilize military dispositions in Kuwait. Itwillnotbenecessary lvely towards primary commodity prices and the markets would for me to rehearsethe reasonswhich inducedthe Emir requiring its assure producing countries of a regular income and of Kuwait to call for ,the assistance of the United \Ter theyears would thus lighten the financial burden assumed by Kingd,om Government. Let me merely state what the le new Mem- the international community in assistingtheir develop- facts are at present. I.'think they are well enough 302 General Assembly - Sixteenth Session - Plenary Meetings t *" known. but 1 must place them on the recor.d in view of 195. Mr. VAKIL (Iran) (translated from French):-I what has been said here this morning. apologize for taking the floor at this very late hour and hasten to assure you that I shallmake only a very 192. The Emir of Kuwait has made satisfactory ar brief statement by way of clarification. The Minister rangements now with the Arab League for certain for Foreign Affairs of a neighbouring and friendly other Arab states to help him to defend his country. country, Iraq, several times referred, in his state This has now made it possible for, the United Kingdom ment this morning, to the gulf lying south of Iran as troops that were s~mmonedtoKuwait earlierthisyear, at the request of the Emir', to be withdrawn. This "the Arabian Gulf". withdrawal is in fact now taking place in accordanc~ 196. I wish simply to point out that historians and with the undertakings which were given at that time' geographers from all parts of the world, includingthe that they,would only remain so long as requested to do great Arab historians and geographers, have always so by the Emir himself. called this gulf "the Persian Gulf". I believe that in Iraq, too, it isknown, in Arabic, as "the Persian Gulf". 193. 1 have felt 'it necessary to make this statement , - in view of the remarks made earlier this morning. I 197. I apologize again for making this clarification think it is ,very important that the facts should be which was necessary for the record. I, clearly known and kept before all Members of this Assembly. 194. The PRESIDENT (translatedfrom French): I call on the representative of Iran to exercise his right of reply. The meeting rose at 1.30 p.m
Litho inU.N.I 77001-October 1962~2,175-
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