The Responsibility to Protect
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Thethe responsibilityResponsibility Toto Protectprotect RESEARCH, BIBLIOGRAPHY, BACKGROUND SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME TO THE REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON INTERVENTION AND STATE SOVEREIGNTY The Responsibility To Protect RESEARCH, BIBLIOGRAPHY, BACKGROUND december 2001 SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME TO THE REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON INTERVENTION AND STATE SOVEREIGNTY II Published by the International Development Research Centre PO Box 8500, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1G 3H9 http://www.idrc.ca © International Development Research Centre 2001 National Library of Canada cataloguing in publication data International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty The Responsibility to Protect: Research, Bibliography, Background Supplementary Volume to the Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty Issued by the International Development Research Centre. ISBN 0-88936-963-1 1. Intervention (International law). 2. Sovereignty. 3. Security, international 4. United Nations. Security Council. 5. Humanitarian assistance. I. International Development Research Centre (Canada) II. Title. JZ6368.I57 2001 327.1’7 C2001-980329-X All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the International Development Research Centre. Mention of a proprietary name does not constitute endorsement of the product and is given only for information. IDRC Books endeavours to produce environmentally friendly publications. All paper used is recycled as well as recyclable. All inks and coatings are vegetable-based products. The full catalogue of IDRC Books is available at http://www.idrc.ca/booktique. III TABLE OF CONTENTS CO-CHAIRS’ FOREWORD ....................................................................................................V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................VII RESEARCHERS’ PREFACE ....................................................................................................X LIST OF ACRONYMS ..........................................................................................................XII LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES ......................................................................................XIV PART I RESEARCH ESSAYS ..........................................................................................1 Section A. ELEMENTS OF THE DEBATE ..............................................................................3 1. State Sovereignty..............................................................................................................5 2. Intervention ..................................................................................................................15 3. Prevention......................................................................................................................27 Section B. PAST HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTIONS ......................................................47 4. Interventions Before 1990 ............................................................................................49 5. Interventions After the Cold War ................................................................................79 Section C. MORALITY, LAW, OPERATIONS, AND POLITICS ......................................127 6. Rights and Responsibilities ...................................................................................... 129 7. Legitimacy and Authority ..........................................................................................155 8. Conduct and Capacity ................................................................................................177 9. Domestic and International Will ..............................................................................207 PART II BIBLIOGRAPHY ..........................................................................................223 1. Humanitarian Intervention ........................................................................................227 2. Sovereignty and Intervention ....................................................................................235 3. Conflict Prevention ....................................................................................................243 4. Ethical Aspects ............................................................................................................249 5. Legal Aspects................................................................................................................257 6. Interest and Will ..........................................................................................................271 7. National and Regional Perspectives ..........................................................................277 8. Nonmilitary Interventions ..........................................................................................291 9. Operational Aspects of Military Interventions ........................................................303 10. Military Interventions and Humanitarian Action ....................................................311 11. Post-Conflict Challenges ..........................................................................................319 12. Country Cases ..........................................................................................................325 IV The Responsibility to Protect: supplementary volume PART III BACKGROUND ..........................................................................................337 1. About the Commission ..............................................................................................341 2. About the Commissioners..........................................................................................345 3. Regional Roundtables and National Consultations ................................................349 INDEX .............................................................................................................................. 399 V CO-CHAIRS’ FOREWORD The Report of the Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty could not have been produced in an intellectual vacuum. There is an enormous literature on the subject, in many languages and going back many years, which the Commission had a responsibility to take into account – and every reason to want to. In order to aid our own work, and as a contribution to future scholarship, we asked our research team to prepare an annotated list – necessarily selective, but as wide-ranging as possible – of the best writing on the subject. The Bibliography thus produced, set out in Part II, is an important component of the present volume. Notwithstanding the wealth of existing literature, the Commission felt the need to generate a good deal of additional research of its own, to fill gaps in that literature, to bring it up to date and to draw together in a more manageable way information and ideas scattered through many primary and secondary sources in many languages. Thus the Research Essays in Part I, which constitute the bulk of this volume. Between them, the nine essays cover, in depth, the full range of issues with which the Commission had to grapple. We were particularly concerned to ensure that we had before us, as an input into our deliberations, a thoroughly balanced analysis of all those issues, with all the major arguments and counter- arguments fully laid out. To the extent that views or conclusions are expressed from time to time in these essays – almost unavoidable in an exercise of this kind – they are, of course, those of the researchers and not the Commission. The primary authors of these essays in their final published form were Thomas G. Weiss and Don Hubert, of the Commission’s research team, to whom the Commission owes an enormous debt of gratitude. Their writing was based, in turn, on substantial contributions from over fifty other scholars and specialists, whose names are listed in the acknowledge- ments which follow, who submitted either specially commissioned research papers, or who made specifically requested contributions to the regional and national roundtables further described below. The Commission’s Report – and in particular its central theme of “The Responsibility to Protect” – goes in a number of ways beyond the discussion in the Research Essays collected here. But those essays were very much the quarry from which the Report was mined. They should also be seen as supplementing, and adding a great deal of detail (for example in its descriptions of past interventions, both before and after 1990) to a Report which was delib- erately limited in length to increase its chances of being read. The Commission very much hopes that the Research Essays will in turn prove to be, for policy makers and commentators of the future, a mine of detailed and useful information and analysis. Access to high quality written research was a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for the Commission to produce its report. Dealing with subject matter of this kind, involving such sensitive and volatile policy issues, and with many different views evident in different parts of the world, it was absolutely crucial for the Commission to hear directly from those actually or potentially affected by interventions, or in a position to undertake them, or with strong and well-considered views on the issues in