Wessex Archaeology

Stonehenge Environmental Improvements Project

Installation of Interpretation Panels, Archaeological Presentation Works and Associated Access Works

Heritage Impact Assessment

Ref: 71658.02 December 2012

STONEHENGE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENTS PROJECT

Installation of Interpretation Panels, Archaeological Presentation Works and Associated Access Works

Heritage Impact Assessment

Prepared for: English Heritage National Collections Group 29 Queen Square BRISTOL BS1 4ND

by Wessex Archaeology Portway House Old Sarum Park SALISBURY Wiltshire SP4 6EB

Report reference: 71658.02

December 2012

© Wessex Archaeology Limited 2012 all rights reserved Wessex Archaeology Ltd is a company limited by guarantee registered in England, company number 1712772. It is also a Charity registered in England and Wales, number 287786; and in Scotland, Scottish Charity number SC042630. Our registered office is at Portway House, Old Sarum Park, Salisbury, Wilts SP4 6EB. Stonehenge Environmental Improvements Project Installation of Interpretation Panels, Archaeological Presentation Works and Associated Access Works Heritage Impact Assessment

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QUALITY ASSURANCE

SITE CODE 71658.02 ACCESSION CODE CLIENT CODE

PLANNING APPLICATION REF. NGR

VERSION STATUS* PREPARED APPROVED APPROVER’S DATE FILE BY BY SIGNATURE

01 E CWM 10/12/12 X:\PROJECTS\71650\INTERP_SMC_NOV12\HIA\SEI P_INTERPRETATIONSTRATEGY_HIA_DRAFT_10D EC2012.DOC

02 F CWM 19/12/12 X:\PROJECTS\71650\INTERP_SMC_NOV12\HIA\SEI P_INTERPRETATIONSTRATEGY_HIA_FINAL_19DE C2012.DOC

* I= INTERNAL DRAFT E= EXTERNAL DRAFT F= FINAL

WA Project No. 71658.02 ii Stonehenge Environmental Improvements Project Installation of Interpretation Panels, Archaeological Presentation Works and Associated Access Works Heritage Impact Assessment

STONEHENGE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENTS PROJECT

Installation of Interpretation Panels, Archaeological Presentation Works and Associated Access Works

Heritage Impact Assessment

Contents

Non-Technical Summary ...... v 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Project Background ...... 1 1.2 Purpose of this document ...... 2 2 METHODOLOGY ...... 2 2.1 Aims and Scope ...... 2 2.2 Impact Assessment Methodology ...... 2 2.3 Scope of Assessment ...... 3 2.4 Definition of Assessment Area ...... 4 2.5 Assessment of Impacts on OUV ...... 5 2.6 Evaluation of Existing Conditions ...... 5 2.7 Sources ...... 5 2.8 Chronology ...... 5 2.9 Terminology ...... 5 3 SITE HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION ...... 6 3.1 Introduction ...... 6 3.2 The Stonehenge World Heritage Site ...... 6 3.3 Monument Groups and Outstanding Universal Value ...... 9 3.4 Scheduled Monuments ...... 13 3.5 Listed Buildings and Structures ...... 14 3.6 Registered Parks and Gardens ...... 14 3.7 Conservation Areas ...... 14 3.8 Area of Special Archaeological Significance ...... 14 3.9 Historic Development of the Study Area` ...... 14 3.10 Previously Consented Scheme ...... 14 4 SCHEME DESCRIPTION ...... 15 4.1 Introduction ...... 15 4.2 Presentation at Stonehenge ...... 15 4.3 Presentation in the landscape ...... 19 4.4 Access Works at Fargo ...... 23 5 IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 24 5.1 Introduction ...... 24 5.2 Presentation at Stonehenge ...... 25 5.3 Presentation in the landscape ...... 26 5.4 Access Works at Fargo ...... 29 6 EFFECTS ON THE OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE OF THE WHS ..... 30 6.1 Introduction ...... 30 6.2 Stonehenge and the Stonehenge Avenue ...... 31 6.3 The Stonehenge barrow group ...... 31 6.4 The Cursus ...... 31

WA Project No. 71658.02 iii Stonehenge Environmental Improvements Project Installation of Interpretation Panels, Archaeological Presentation Works and Associated Access Works Heritage Impact Assessment

6.5 The Cursus Barrows ...... 32 6.6 The King Barrows ...... 32 6.7 Durrington Walls ...... 32 6.8 Woodhenge ...... 32 6.9 The Winterbourne Stoke Group ...... 33 6.10 Summary ...... 33 7 MITIGATION AND MONITORING STRATEGY ...... 33 7.1 Mitigation by Design ...... 33 7.2 Proposals for Archaeological Recording ...... 33 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ...... 35 8.1 Summary of Effects ...... 35 8.2 Effects on the Outstanding Universal Value of the WHS ...... 35 9 REFERENCES...... 37 10 APPENDIX 1: IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY ...... 38 10.1 Evaluation of Resource ...... 38 10.2 Assessment of Magnitude of Impact ...... 40 10.3 Determination of Significance of Effect ...... 42 11 APPENDIX 2: SOURCES ...... 44 12 APPENDIX 3: STATEMENT OF OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE 2011 45 13 APPENDIX 4: WRITTEN SCHEME OF INVESTIGATION FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONITORING AND RECORDING ...... 51 13.1 Introduction ...... 51 13.2 Aims and Objectives ...... 51 13.3 Standards ...... 52 13.4 Permissions and notifications ...... 52 13.5 Method Statement ...... 53 13.6 Quality Standards ...... 56 13.7 Health and Safety ...... 57 13.8 Procedures for Approval, Monitoring and Control Measures ...... 57 13.9 Annex 1: National Trust Standard Method Statement...... 59

Figures

Figure 1 Proposed interpretative features: overall location plan showing attributes of OUV Figure 2 Proposed interpretative features: Stonehenge, the Avenue and King Barrow Ridge Figure 3 Proposed interpretative features: Fargo and the Cursus Figure 4 Proposed interpretative features: Durrington Walls and Woodhenge Figure 5 Proposed interpretative features: the Winterbourne Stoke Group Figure 6 Proposed interpretative features: the Cursus Barrows

WA Project No. 71658.02 iv Stonehenge Environmental Improvements Project Installation of Interpretation Panels, Archaeological Presentation Works and Associated Access Works Heritage Impact Assessment

Non-Technical Summary

The Stonehenge Environmental Improvements Project (SEIP) has been developed to deliver an improved landscape setting for Stonehenge; a new sensitively designed and environmentally sustainable Stonehenge visitor centre; and better interpretation of the Stones and the Stonehenge World Heritage Site (WHS), through development of a proposed New Visitor Centre site and associated access facilities and highways improvements. Planning permission and listed building consent for this development was granted in June 2010, and related Traffic Regulation Orders were made in 2011.

A key element of the SEIP is the provision of new public interpretation at the Stones and in the landscape, as part of an integrated interpretation and presentation strategy. In order to achieve this, planning permission is being sought for a programme of works (‘the Scheme’), comprising:

 Limited archaeological presentation works and portable interpretation panels around the Stonehenge Monument;  Installation of 11 interpretation panels across the landscape, plus 3 information points at the Fargo and Stonehenge Visitor Transit System1 drop-off points and the Durrington Walls/Woodhenge car park.  Access works associated with the Fargo visitor transit system drop-off point (creation of new footpath and associated platform works).

This document has been prepared by Wessex Archaeology on behalf of English Heritage and presents a Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) of the effects on the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of the WHS that would arise due to the proposed Scheme, in line with the ICOMOS Guidance on Heritage Impact Assessments for Cultural World Heritage Properties.

Existing Conditions

The proposed Scheme would introduce new interpretation and presentation features at key monuments in the central part of the WHS, including Stonehenge itself. The previously consented elements of the SEIP will result in the following existing conditions before implementation of the proposed Scheme:

 The existing visitor facilities and car park at Stonehenge will be decommissioned and replaced with New Visitor Facilities, car and coach parking at Airman’s Corner, leaving only a minimal Operations Facility and emergency toilets at Stonehenge. The decommissioned visitors’ car park at Stonehenge will be returned to grassland.  The A344 will be closed to non-exempt motorised vehicles and a Visitor Transit System will be provided along the restricted A344 between the Visitor Centre and Stonehenge. The A344 between Byway 12 and Stonehenge Bottom will be decommissioned and returned to grassland, restoring the link between Stonehenge and the Avenue.

The World Heritage Site

The Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites WHS was inscribed onto the World Heritage List in 1986 and a Statement of Significance setting out the Outstanding

WA Project No. 71658.02 v Stonehenge Environmental Improvements Project Installation of Interpretation Panels, Archaeological Presentation Works and Associated Access Works Heritage Impact Assessment

Universal Value (OUV) of the WHS was agreed by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee in July 2008. The Management Plan for the Stonehenge WHS (January 2009) identifies a series of seven attributes, which contribute to the OUV of the WHS:

1. Stonehenge itself as a globally famous and iconic monument; 2. The physical remains of the Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial monuments and associated sites; 3. The siting of Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial sites and monuments in relation to the landscape; 4. The design of Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial sites and monuments in relation to the skies and astronomy; 5. The siting of Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial sites and monuments in relation to each other; 6. The disposition, physical remains and settings of the key Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary, ceremonial and other monuments and sites of the period, which together form a landscape without parallel; and 7. The influence of the remains of Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial monuments and their landscape settings on architects, artists, historians, archaeologists and others.

There are 180 Scheduled Monuments within the WHS, comprising 415 individual monuments. A number of key monument groups express attributes of OUV. Of these, the Scheme has the potential to impact the following; other key monument groups have no intervisibility with the Scheme and would not be affected:

 Stonehenge and the Stonehenge Avenue;  The Stonehenge barrow group;  The Cursus;  The Cursus barrows;  The King Barrows;  Durrington Walls;  Woodhenge; and  Winterbourne Stoke Barrows.

Scheme Effects and Mitigation Measures

The Scheme would have beneficial effects through presentation and re-interpretation to visitors of the Stonehenge monument, the Cursus, Durrington Walls and Woodhenge, incorporating the results of recent archaeological investigations and current thinking.

The Scheme design incorporates measures to address the potential for erosion due to visitor footfall at interpretation points, through the use of portable or semi-portable panels and by provision of hardstanding at static panels and information points where appropriate. All works to remove existing markers and panels and install the proposed new markers, panel foundations and hardstanding would be monitored by an Archaeological Contractor under a continuous archaeological watching brief. It is considered unlikely that any key deposits would be affected: there would be a neutral effect on archaeological remains. Any adverse effects on the settings of individual monuments due to installation of new panels would be outweighed by the benefits of the enhanced presentation and interpretation of the monuments.

WA Project No. 71658.02 vi Stonehenge Environmental Improvements Project Installation of Interpretation Panels, Archaeological Presentation Works and Associated Access Works Heritage Impact Assessment

Summary

Implementation of the Scheme would address the following policies set out in the 2009 WHS Management Plan:

 Policy 4d – Access and circulation to key archaeological sites within the WHS landscape should be encouraged (taking into account archaeological and ecological needs) to increase public awareness and enjoyment; and  Policy 4f – Interpretation both on and off site should be improved to enhance visitor enjoyment and appreciation of Stonehenge and the whole of the WHS.

The Scheme would have the following effects on the Outstanding Universal Value of the Stonehenge WHS as expressed in the Management Plan:

1 Stonehenge itself as a globally famous and iconic monument: there would be beneficial effects on the interpretation of Stonehenge and associated monuments 2 The physical remains of the Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial monuments and associated sites: any effect on physical remains due to implementation of the Scheme would be negligible 3 The siting of Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial sites and monuments in relation to the landscape: there would be beneficial effects on the interpretation of some key monument groups in their landscape setting 4 The design of Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial monuments in relation to the skies and astronomy: there would be beneficial effects on the interpretation of the relationship between the monuments and the solsticial axes 5 The siting of Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial monuments in relation to each other: there would be beneficial effects on the interpretation of key monument groups that are intervisible with each other and with Stonehenge 6 The disposition, physical remains and settings of the key Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary, ceremonial and other monuments and sites of the period, which together form a landscape without parallel: there would be beneficial effects on the interpretation of key monument groups intervisible with Stonehenge 7 The influence of the remains of Neolithic and Bronze age funerary and ceremonial monuments and their landscape settings on architects, artists, historians, archaeologists and others: there would be beneficial effects on the interpretation of Stonehenge and key monument groups that are intervisible with each other and with Stonehenge On balance, taking into account the benefits of the proposed interpretation in the landscape and presentation at Stonehenge in sustaining the Outstanding Universal Value of the Stonehenge WHS, the overall cumulative effect of the Scheme would be beneficial.

WA Project No. 71658.02 vii Stonehenge Environmental Improvements Project Installation of Interpretation Panels, Archaeological Presentation Works and Associated Access Works Heritage Impact Assessment

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background 1.1.1 The Stonehenge Environmental Improvements Project (‘the Project’) has been developed to deliver an improved landscape setting for Stonehenge; a new sensitively designed and environmentally sustainable Stonehenge visitor centre; and better interpretation of the Stones and the Stonehenge World Heritage Site (WHS), through development of a proposed New Visitor Centre site and associated access facilities and highways improvements. Planning permission and listed building consent for development of the Project was granted by Wiltshire Council in June 2010, subject to a number of conditions and a legal agreement (S/2009/1527/FULL).

1.1.2 A key element of the Project is the provision of new public interpretation at the Stones and in the landscape. In order to achieve this, planning permission is being sought for a programme of installation of interpretation panels, archaeological presentation works and associated access works (‘the Scheme’). The Scheme comprises:

 Limited archaeological presentation works and portable interpretation panels around the Stonehenge Monument;  Installation of 11 interpretation panels across the landscape plus 3 information points (comprising panels in a roughly semi-circular arrangement) at the Fargo and Stonehenge Visitor Transit System2 drop-off points and the Durrington Walls/Woodhenge car park.  Access works associated with the Fargo visitor transit system drop-off point (creation of new footpath and associated platform works).

1.1.3 The proposals form part of an integrated interpretation and presentation strategy intended to:

i Ensure that visitors are made aware of the options open to them for exploring all aspects of the Stonehenge WHS including the wider landscape and that they are encouraged to do so; ii Ensure that the monuments, landscape and collections are presented as an intellectual whole through a complementary approach to content; iii Improve the presentation and visibility of archaeological monuments in the landscape through management techniques, interpretation, routes and viewpoints.

1.1.4 The land on which most of the Scheme would be implemented is owned by the National Trust. The exceptions are those features and panels in the Stonehenge ‘triangle’ and the panel at Woodhenge, which are owned by the Department for Culture Media and Sport and managed on its behalf by English Heritage, and the information point at Durrington Walls, which is to be sited on land owned by Wiltshire Council.

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1.1.5 The Scheme has been jointly developed by English Heritage and The National Trust in consultation with advice provided by the following:

 Stonehenge WHS Archaeological Working Group – comprising archaeological representatives from Wilshire Council, The National Trust and English Heritage.  Stonehenge WHS Interpretation & Presentation Expert Panel – comprising a panel of academics with specialist knowledge of Stonehenge and its surrounding landscape.

1.2 Purpose of this document 1.2.1 This document has been prepared by Wessex Archaeology on behalf of English Heritage and presents a Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) of the effects of implementation of the Scheme on heritage assets and the OUV of the WHS. The HIA has been prepared in line with the Guidance on Heritage Impact Assessments for Cultural World Heritage Properties adopted by ICOMOS in January 2011 (‘the ICOMOS Guidance’) and advice provided by the AWG. The HIA will support a planning application for the Scheme. Proposed works affecting scheduled areas will be the subject of separate applications for Scheduled Monument Consent.

1.2.2 The HIA is presented in the following sections:

 Section 2 - assessment methodology  Section 3 - site history and description  Section 4 - scheme description  Section 5 - impact assessment  Section 6 - effects on the Outstanding Universal Value of the WHS  Section 7 - mitigation and monitoring strategy

2 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Aims and Scope 2.1.1 The aim of this HIA is to determine the impacts (both positive and negative) that may occur as a result of implementation of the Scheme and assess the magnitude of these impacts and the resultant significance of effect on the OUV of the WHS.

2.2 Impact Assessment Methodology 2.2.1 The effects of the Stonehenge Environmental Improvement Project proposals on archaeology and the historic environment were assessed as part of an Environmental Statement (ES) published in 2009 in support of a planning application (Chris Blandford Associates/Wessex Archaeology 2009). The approach to assessment of the significance of effects presented in this HIA follows that used in the ES. This approach is derived from the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges Volume 11, Section 3, Part 2, ‘Cultural Heritage’ (HA 208/07) (‘DMRB 11.3.2’), published in August 2007, and is consistent with the suggested procedures for Heritage Impact Assessment set out in the ICOMOS Guidance. The approach and

WA Project No. 71658.02 2 Stonehenge Environmental Improvements Project Installation of Interpretation Panels, Archaeological Presentation Works and Associated Access Works Heritage Impact Assessment

assessment criteria used in the ES were agreed with the Archaeological Working Group (AWG).

2.2.2 The significance of the effects of the Scheme has been assessed through a process combining an evaluation of the importance of the archaeological and historic environment resource (‘heritage assets’) and the scale or severity of impacts (magnitude of change) that would arise due to the construction and operation of the Scheme, taking into account mitigation measures incorporated into the design and/or delivered during the construction and operation stages of the development.

2.2.3 The detailed assessment methodology and criteria are set out in section 5.2 of the ES (Chris Blandford Associates/Wessex Archaeology 2009) and in Appendix 1 below.

2.3 Scope of Assessment 2.3.1 The AWG advised (meeting 4 October) that the scope of the HIA need not be overly detailed and should include (i) a scheme description/justification for each proposed element; (ii) assessment of the impact of each proposed element on attributes of OUV; and (iii) proposed mitigation and monitoring measures.

2.3.2 The Scheme involves limited archaeological presentation works and portable interpretation panels around the Stonehenge Monument; installation of 11 interpretation panels across the landscape, plus 3 information points; and access works comprising the creation of a new footpath and associated VTS drop-off platform works at Fargo. The Scheme has been developed in consultation with English Heritage’s statutory adviser, the County Archaeologist and the National Trust’s Archaeologist through the auspices of the Archaeological Working Group.

2.3.3 The designated and non-designated heritage assets potentially affected by the proposal are:

 Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites World Heritage Site.  A number of Scheduled Monuments.  Archaeological remains.

2.3.4 A description of these heritage assets and their significance is provided in Section 5.3 of the ES (Chris Blandford Associates/Wessex Archaeology 2009).

2.3.5 Effects on upstanding remains would be confined to impacts on the settings of scheduled monuments. Potential damage to or loss of archaeological remains due to works associated with the removal of existing panels and markers, installation of new panels and markers and installation of hard standings would be highly localised minimal due to the very limited extent of proposed ground disturbance. Potential effects on known archaeological remains are assessed at section 5 below.

2.3.6 There would be no significant change to the historic landscape character of the WHS due to implementation of the Scheme. However, the relationships

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of the extensive prehistoric funerary and ritual monument groups within the Study Area are significant in terms of the OUV of the WHS.

2.4 Definition of Assessment Area 2.4.1 The Assessment Area is defined as the area within which significant effects may occur, taking into account the nature and scale of change arising from the Scheme proposals. The principal construction impacts on the archaeological and historic environment resource (heritage assets) would comprise:

 Direct effects on potential buried archaeological remains due to installation of footings, foundations and hardstandings; and  Direct impacts on the settings of scheduled monuments due to installation of information points, interpretive panels and marker features.

2.4.2 The Assessment Areas for the Scheme proposals are defined as follows, taking into account the nature of the change and likely impacts (Figure 1):

 Up to 100m around the Stonehenge monument; and  Up to 100m from the locations of the proposed interpretation panels and information points in the landscape.

2.4.3 Within these Assessment Areas, the effects on the settings of monuments would diminish with distance from the Scheme. Field inspection indicates that any effects on the settings of monuments due to the Scheme during the construction or operational phases would be insignificant beyond 100m, taking into account the nature of the monuments, their settings and the nature of the impact or changes due to the Scheme. Within this distance, a scale of effects on setting has been defined as follows:

Magnitude of impact (change) 0-25m 25-50m 50-100m > 100m Minor Negligible No change No change

2.4.4 Operation of the Scheme has the potential to introduce direct impacts on archaeological remains due to erosion from visitor footfall at interpretation points, and direct impacts on the setting of scheduled monuments due to increased visitor movements in the landscape.

2.4.5 The potential for impacts due to erosion from visitor footfall at interpretation points has been addressed in the Scheme design through the use of portable or semi-portable panels and by provision of hardstanding at static panels and information points where appropriate.

2.4.6 Although the Scheme would promote access to the WHS landscape by visitors, it is not considered that additional visitor movements in the landscape would have adverse impacts on the setting of any monument, based on the scale of effects defined above. However, as it is hoped that the number of visitors visiting the landscape will rise, this will be monitored. At Stonehenge itself, visitor numbers are such that the proposed new interpretation and presentation features here would have no significant additional impact on the setting of the monument during operation.

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2.5 Assessment of Impacts on OUV 2.5.1 The attributes of the OUV of the WHS are identified in the Stonehenge WHS Management Plan 2009 (English Heritage 2009, 3.2) and a number of key monument groups that convey these attributes may also be identified. The potential impact of the Scheme on the setting of key monument groups within the Study Area that convey attributes of OUV has been assessed, regardless of whether or not these key monument groups lie within the Assessment Area; other key monument groups have been excluded as they have no intervisibility with the proposed Scheme elements.

2.5.2 Assessment of impact on the authenticity of the WHS is achieved through the assessment of impacts on the attributes of OUV. Integrity refers to the wholeness or completeness of the WHS and is assessed separately.

2.6 Evaluation of Existing Conditions 2.6.1 Baseline existing conditions for archaeology and the historic environment were established through desk-based review of existing sources of information, following the Institute for Archaeologists’ Standard and Guidance for Desk-based Assessments (IfA 2008). Baseline data was sourced from the English Heritage ‘Stonehenge WHS GIS’, which includes the EH record of Scheduled Monuments, data from the EH National Mapping Programme, and the Wiltshire Sites and Monuments Record, updated to include the results of surveys undertaken as part of the assessment process. Data was handled using ArcGIS to facilitate spatial querying.

2.7 Sources 2.7.1 Extensive archaeological and historical analysis and survey has been undertaken within the WHS. Key data sources are set out at Appendix 2:

2.8 Chronology 2.8.1 Where mentioned in the text, the main archaeological periods are broadly defined by the following date ranges:

 Palaeolithic c. 500 000 – 10 000 BC  Mesolithic c. 10 000 – 4000 BC  Neolithic c. 4000 – 2500 BC  Bronze Age c. 2500 – 800 BC  Iron Age c. 800 BC – AD 43  Romano-British AD 43 – 410  Anglo-Saxon AD 410 – 1066  Medieval AD 1066 – 1540  Post-medieval AD 1500 – 1800  Modern AD 1800 – present

2.9 Terminology 2.9.1 Throughout this document the term ‘monument’ means an archaeological site recorded in the WHS GIS, and is used to distinguish such records from ‘events’, e.g. the occurrence of an archaeological investigation.

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3 SITE HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION

3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 This section sets out the site history and existing archaeological and historic environment conditions, and reviews the heritage assets that could be directly or indirectly affected by the Scheme.

Heritage Assets 3.1.2 A heritage asset is defined in the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF), Annex 2 as ‘A building, monument, site, place, area or landscape identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions, because of its heritage interest. Heritage assets include designated heritage assets and assets identified by the local planning authority (including local listing)’.

3.1.3 A designated heritage asset is defined as ‘A World Heritage Site, Scheduled Monument, Listed Building, Protected Wreck Site, Registered Park and Garden, Registered Battlefield or Conservation Area designated as such under the relevant legislation’.

3.1.4 The designated heritage assets within the WHS and Scheme Assessment Areas are discussed below. Non-designated heritage assets are identified where these would be directly affected by the Scheme.

3.2 The Stonehenge World Heritage Site 3.2.1 The Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites WHS was inscribed onto the World Heritage List in 1986. The nomination focused on the two megalithic monuments of Stonehenge and Avebury. However, it also included a number of Associated Sites within the WHS boundary; those at Stonehenge include: the Cursus; Woodhenge; Durrington Walls; and numerous Bronze Age round barrows surrounding Stonehenge. As well as these Associated Sites, the nomination document mentioned a number of other sites outside the WHS boundary, including Robin Hood’s Ball and a number of Neolithic long barrows within a 5km radius of Stonehenge.

3.2.2 The Site was inscribed onto the World Heritage List under three of the criteria set out in the 1972 UNESCO Convention:

 Criterion i – represent a masterpiece of human creative genius;  Criterion ii – exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town planning or landscape design; and  Criterion iii – bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition to a civilisation which is living or which has disappeared. 3.2.3 The Avebury part of the WHS is geographically separate from the Stonehenge part and benefits from its own management plan; it is not considered further in this assessment. The Stonehenge part of the WHS is referred to hereafter as ‘the Stonehenge WHS’.

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Statement of Outstanding Universal Value 3.2.4 A Statement of Significance setting out the OUV for Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites was agreed by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee in July 2008. The Statement of Significance has since been expanded (2011) as a Draft Statement of Outstanding Universal Value including sections on the integrity, authenticity and management of the Site. The Draft Statement of OUV is included at Appendix 3 for completeness; within this, the Statement of Significance remains unchanged from that adopted in 2008 and the summary is quoted below:

The Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites World Heritage Site is internationally important for its complexes of outstanding prehistoric monuments. It comprises two areas of chalkland in Southern Britain within which complexes of Neolithic and Bronze Age ceremonial and funerary monuments and associated sites were built. Each area contains a focal stone circle and henge and many other major monuments. At Stonehenge these include the Avenue, the Cursuses, Durrington Walls, Woodhenge and the densest concentration of burial mounds in Britain. At Avebury, they include Windmill Hill, the West Kennet Long Barrow, the Sanctuary, Silbury Hill, the West Kennet and Beckhampton Avenues, the West Kennet Palisaded Enclosures and important barrows.

The World Heritage Site is of Outstanding Universal Value for the following qualities:

 Stonehenge is one of the most impressive prehistoric megalithic monuments in the world on account of the sheer size of its megaliths, the sophistication of its concentric plan and architectural design, the shaping of the stones, uniquely using both Wiltshire Sarsen sandstone and Pembroke Bluestone, and the precision with which it was built.  At Avebury, the massive Henge, containing the largest prehistoric stone circle in the world, and Silbury Hill, the largest prehistoric mound in Europe, demonstrate the outstanding engineering skills which were used to create masterpieces of earthen and megalithic architecture.  There is an exceptional survival of prehistoric monuments and sites within the World Heritage Site including settlements, burial grounds, and large constructions of earth and stone. Today, together with their settings, they form landscapes without parallel. These complexes would have been of major significance to those who created them, as is apparent by the huge investment of time and effort they represent. They provide an insight into the mortuary and ceremonial practices of the period, and are evidence of prehistoric technology, architecture, and astronomy. The careful siting of monuments in relation to the landscape helps us to further understand the Neolithic and Bronze Age. 3.2.5 The Statement of Significance considers the relevant UNESCO criteria for inscription as follows; the accompanying commentary is quoted in full in Appendix 3.

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 Criterion i: The monuments of the Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites World Heritage Site demonstrate outstanding creative and technological achievements in prehistoric times.  Criterion ii: The World Heritage Site provides an outstanding illustration of the evolution of monument construction and of the continual use and shaping of the landscape over more than 2,000 years, from the early Neolithic to the Bronze Age. The monuments and landscape have had an unwavering influence on architects, artists, historians and archaeologists, and still retain a huge potential for future research  Criterion iii: The complexes of monuments at Stonehenge and Avebury provide an exceptional insight into the funerary and ceremonial practices in Britain in the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Together with their settings and associated sites, they form landscapes without parallel. Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan 2009 3.2.6 The Stonehenge WHS Management Plan 2009 (hereafter ‘the Management Plan’) identifies a series of seven attributes derived from the 2008 Statement of Significance (above and Appendix 3), which contribute to the OUV of the Stonehenge WHS:

1. Stonehenge itself as a globally famous and iconic monument. 2. The physical remains of the Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial monuments and associated sites. 3. The siting of Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial sites and monuments in relation to the landscape. 4. The design of Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial sites and monuments in relation to the skies and astronomy. 5. The siting of Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial sites and monuments in relation to each other. 6. The disposition, physical remains and settings of the key Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary, ceremonial and other monuments and sites of the period, which together form a landscape without parallel. 7. The influence of the remains of Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial monuments and their landscape settings on architects, artists, historians, archaeologists and others.

3.2.7 Authenticity and integrity are also used as additional criteria in assessing the OUV of a World Heritage Site; although these were not considered for Stonehenge by the World Heritage Committee in 1986, the Draft Statement of OUV (Appendix 3) now addresses these criteria. Authenticity refers to the credibility and truthfulness of the way in which attributes carry evidence for the OUV of the Site. Integrity is a measure of the wholeness and intactness of the cultural heritage and whether it includes all attributes necessary to demonstrate its OUV, e.g. whether the WHS is of adequate size to ensure the complete representation of the attributes which carry the Site’s OUV. Integrity also applies more specifically to individual sites within the WHS.

3.2.8 The 2009 Management Plan sets out the following Vision for the Stonehenge WHS:

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 ‘The Stonehenge WHS is globally important not just for Stonehenge, but for its unique and dense concentration of outstanding prehistoric monuments and sites, which together form a landscape without parallel. We will care for and safeguard this special area and its archaeology and will provide a more tranquil, biodiverse and rural setting for it, allowing present and future generations to enjoy it and the landscape more fully. We will also ensure that its special qualities are presented, interpreted and enhanced where necessary, so that visitors can better understand the extraordinary achievements of the prehistoric peoples who left us this rich legacy.’

3.2.9 This Vision is addressed by the following aim and policies relevant to the proposed Scheme:

Aim 4: To interpret the Outstanding Universal Value of the whole WHS, to increase understanding and conservation of the cultural assets, to acknowledge and take account of its spiritual and religious significance for some, and to promote the importance of the heritage resources for public enjoyment, education and research.

 Policy 4d – Access and circulation to key archaeological sites within the WHS landscape should be encouraged (taking into account archaeological and ecological needs) to increase public awareness and enjoyment.  Policy 4f – Interpretation both on and off site should be improved to enhance visitor enjoyment and appreciation of Stonehenge and the whole of the WHS.

3.3 Monument Groups and Outstanding Universal Value 3.3.1 Based on the discussion of the attributes of the OUV of the Stonehenge WHS in sections 3.3.7 – 3.3.23 of the 2009 Management Plan and discussions with the AWG, the following key monument groups which express attributes of OUV may be identified (NB: this is not an exhaustive list):

 Stonehenge and the Stonehenge Avenue;  The Stonehenge barrow group;  The Cursus;  Normanton Down barrow group;  The Cursus barrows;  The King Barrows;  Coneybury henge;  Durrington Walls;  Woodhenge;  The Durrington Down barrow groups;  The Lesser Cursus and associated barrows;  The Winterbourne Stoke barrow group;  Lake barrows;  Wilsford Barrows;  Lake Down barrows;  Vespasian’s Camp barrows; and

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 Robin Hood’s Ball and various long barrows outside the WHS boundary.

3.3.2 Of these, the Scheme has the potential to impact the following key monument groups; other key monument groups listed above have no intervisibility with the Scheme and/or are located at distance:

 Stonehenge and the Stonehenge Avenue;  The Stonehenge barrow group;  The Cursus;  The Cursus barrows;  The King Barrows;  Durrington Walls;  Woodhenge; and  The Winterbourne Stoke barrow group.

3.3.3 The components of these potentially impacted monument groups are discussed below.

Stonehenge and the Stonehenge Avenue 3.3.4 The Stonehenge monument, a focal point within the WHS, is unrivalled in its design and unique engineering. Its relatively good survival adds to its OUV as an iconic monument. It is also unique in expressing all seven attributes of the OUV of the WHS.

3.3.5 Stonehenge was formed in several phases. The first phase comprised the bank and ditch of the henge and the Aubrey Holes, which may have held timber posts or stones before they were removed and cremation burials placed in the holes. Phase 2 is represented by timber structures of uncertain form. Phase 3 comprises the stone settings. There were a number of different arrangements of the stones and the exact layout and date of each of these arrangements is continually discussed. The first setting is thought to have been of bluestones which were moved into different positions when the larger sarsen stones were brought to the site. The settings which survive today represent the last of several phases and, as with some earlier phases, are aligned on the midsummer sunrise and/or midwinter sunset axis.

3.3.6 The Avenue is thought to be contemporary to the construction of the stone circle and originally consisted of twin parallel banks with external ditches c.34m apart, extending for nearly 3 kilometres from the River Avon to the north eastern entrance of Stonehenge. Only the one-third nearest to Stonehenge survives as extant earthworks. The final approach to Stonehenge is aligned with the sunrise of the summer solstice, suggesting that the Avenue acted as a ceremonial approach. It has also been suggested that the route was used to transport the bluestones from the River Avon to their final destination.

3.3.7 The North and South barrows within the Stonehenge monument add to the expression of the attributes of OUV, together with the moderate preservation of a short length of bank and internal ditches in the northern part of the Stonehenge monument.

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Stonehenge Barrow Group 3.3.8 The Stonehenge Barrow Group lies within the Stonehenge Triangle immediately south of Stonehenge itself between the A303 and A344, with uninterrupted views of the Stones. The group consists of 8 barrows, mainly of bowl barrow type. An oval, twin disc barrow containing a primary cremation in one of the mounds, and a bell barrow containing a cremation with bone tweezers beneath an urn are also represented. Fragments of bluestone were also found within the mound. Evidence of Mesolithic and Neolithic activity is present in the form of one tranchet axe or adze and a polished stone axe, probably of jadeite, reportedly from a barrow near Stonehenge. The proximity to Stonehenge itself, and the good preservation of many of the barrows, allows the group a key relationship with many integral aspects of the WHS, which adds to the OUV of the group.

The Cursus 3.3.9 The Neolithic Cursus is represented by an earthwork ‘enclosure’ with a bank and outer ditch surviving. The extensive monument provides views of Stonehenge from its eastern end; the King Barrows; Cursus Barrows; Durrington Down barrows; Normanton Down Group; and the lesser Cursus and associated barrows.

3.3.10 The monument is roughly 3km long and between 100 – 150m wide aligned east-west, and its eastern end crosses the head of the Stonehenge Bottom dry valley. It has been suggested that the Cursus acts as a boundary between areas of settlement and ceremonial activity, and was probably a processional way (English Heritage 2009, 155). It has also been suggested that it is also aligned on the equinox sunrise which rises over the eastern long barrow. A long barrow is situated at the eastern end of the Cursus. The side ditches of this long barrow have been ploughed away and the mound has been eroded by a track.

3.3.11 The Cursus became a focus for barrow construction in the Bronze Age, with an irregularly spaced linear group of barrows on the south-east edge of the Cursus. A bowl barrow lies within the western terminus.

The Cursus Barrows 3.3.12 A slight swell of the ground to the western end of the Cursus monument, immediately north-west of Stonehenge, identifies a rounded ridgeline upon which a number of barrows lie.

3.3.13 A group of 16 barrows can be identified. Five are classified as bell barrows, eight as bowl barrows and two are unclassified. A twin bell barrow is represented, with both mounds containing human inhumations with associated grave goods.

3.3.14 A further Bronze Age round barrow cemetery of five bowl barrows is located near the southern end of Fargo Plantation and south of the western end of the Cursus, and is comprised of five bowl barrows.

The King Barrows 3.3.15 The King Barrows are situated on a prominent ridge to the immediate east of Stonehenge, at the eastern extent of the Study Area. King Barrow Ridge is

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visible from Stonehenge, Normanton Down Ridge to the south-west, and other monuments such as the Cursus. The monument group includes several round barrows dated to the Bronze Age forming two separate barrow groups, the New King Barrows and Old King Barrows, divided by the Avenue as it passes through at this point.

3.3.16 The groups together consist of 15 barrows: 7 associated with the Old King Barrows, 7 with the New King Barrows, and a single barrow west of the New King Barrows. All but two are of a bowl barrow type; two amongst the New King Barrows are of a bell barrow type. Preservation of the monuments within the group is generally good. A number of ring ditches are located at the northern end of the King Barrow Ridge, south-east of the eastern end of the Cursus. Preservation though is generally poor, with many features seen only through cropmark data and geophysical survey.

Durrington Walls 3.3.17 Durrington Walls is situated in the north-eastern corner of the WHS on a south east slope overlooking the River Avon. It is not intervisible with Stonehenge.

3.3.18 The largest henge monument in Britain, a roughly circular area of 19ha is surrounded by a ditch up to 17.6m wide. An outer bank which survives as a spread feature on the east side, where it is c.40m wide and 1m high. The henge has two opposed entrances, one in the north-west and the other in the south-east, the latter facing the River Avon.

3.3.19 Radiocarbon dates of approximately 2600 BC are broadly contemporary with the earliest stone phase at Stonehenge. Excavations by the Stonehenge Riverside Project identified domestic structures at the eastern entrance, nearest the River Avon. It is has been suggested that that Durrington Walls was a complementary structure to Stonehenge, represented life and a land of the living, whilst Stonehenge and the down around it, encircled by burial mounds, represented a land of the dead, the two being connected by the River Avon and their respective avenues.

3.3.20 Excavations have also revealed Late Neolithic settlement to the north, south west and south of Durrington Walls, Middle Bronze Age settlement to the south of Durrington Walls and indications of Iron Age settlement. A Romano-British settlement has also been found south west of Durrington Walls. The presence of Iron Age and Romano-British settlements provides evidence of the continued use of Durrington Walls beyond the period of its primarily ceremonial function.

Woodhenge 3.3.21 Woodhenge, 70m south of Durrington Walls, is a small henge monument, circular in plan, with an internal area of c.0.16ha surrounded by a ditch and outer bank; it has an overall diameter of 110m and a single entrance to the north-east. The ditch survives as a slight earthwork c.0.25m deep, while the outer bank is up to 10m wide and c.1m high. Six concentric rings of post- holes representing the site of a large circular structure are marked by concrete posts. Radiocarbon dating indicates that Woodhenge was in use c.1800 BC.

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3.3.22 To the south and west of Woodhenge, excavations and parch marks have revealed a Middle Bronze Age settlement comprising a series of rectangular enclosures and an egg-shaped enclosure.

Winterbourne Stoke Group 3.3.23 The Winterbourne Stoke group is located immediately north-east of Longbarrow Roundabout at the intersection of the A303 and the A360 and contains a high density of prehistoric ritual monuments, including a moderately preserved Neolithic long barrow and extensive Bronze Age barrow cemeteries. Later periods are represented by isolated find spots and intrusive burials.

3.3.24 The group contains a total of 33 monuments, of which 30 are round barrows. All the main types of round barrow are represented (bowl barrows; ditched bowl barrows; disc barrows; bell barrows; pond barrows; saucer barrows; and three of unspecified type). Two lines of round barrows run in a north- easterly direction from the long barrow, and are notable for representing a sustained period of burial activity, and for containing men, women and children. A low earthwork or mound 1582, measuring 10 metres in diameter and 0.4m high is recorded amongst the Bronze Age barrow group, and may represent a spoil heap from excavations by Colt Hoare in the early 19th century.

3.3.25 The Neolithic long barrow adjacent to Longbarrow Crossroads is orientated northeast – southwest and represents the earliest burial mound in the group. Seven inhumations and also grave goods were recovered upon excavation in 1863. It is thought that the later arrangement of the later barrow cemeteries, extending to the northeast of the long barrow, settlement and land divisions reflect the orientation of the long barrow.

3.3.26 A further group of four barrows north of the Winterbourne Stoke Group may also be considered to express attributes of the OUV of the WHS.

3.4 Scheduled Monuments 3.4.1 The landscape surrounding Stonehenge contains archaeological features such as barrow cemeteries/groups, other henges, and earthworks (e.g. linear boundaries). Evidence of these features survives as upstanding monuments or buried features, but is also recorded from earlier fieldwork, aerial photography and historic documents. The WHS includes 180 scheduled areas, comprising 415 individual monuments.

3.4.2 The Scheme proposals have the potential to impact on the following scheduled monuments (Figure 1):

SM no. Description SM10365 Henge monuments at Durrington Walls and Woodhenge, a round barrow cemetery, two additional round barrows and four settlements SM10452 A twin bell barrow and a bell barrow forming the eastern part of The Cursus round barrow cemetery SM10390 Stonehenge, The Avenue and three Barrows adjacent to The Avenue

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SM no. Description SM10324 The Cursus, two round barrows situated within its western end, and a long barrow situated at its eastern end SM10306 Eighteen round barrows forming the greater part of the Winterbourne Stoke crossroads round barrow cemetery

3.4.3 The Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport has requested that English Heritage apply for Scheduled Monument Consent (SMC) in respect of works affecting these monuments, rather than proceeding under Class 6 consent procedures.

3.5 Listed Buildings and Structures 3.5.1 A Grade II listed milestone lies within the Scheme Assessment Area at Stonehenge, alongside the A344.

3.6 Registered Parks and Gardens 3.6.1 The nearest Registered Park and Garden is at Amesbury Abbey (Grade II), which lies approximately 1km from the nearest Scheme Assessment Area, south of the A303 (T). This would not be affected by the Scheme proposals.

3.7 Conservation Areas 3.7.1 Similarly, the West Amesbury Conservation Area lies approximately 1km from the nearest Scheme Assessment Area, south of the A303 (T). Again, this would not be affected by the Scheme proposals.

3.8 Area of Special Archaeological Significance 3.8.1 The whole of the WHS and the surrounding area is identified as an Area of Special Archaeological Significance within the Salisbury District Local Plan.

3.9 Historic Development of the Study Area` 3.9.1 A detailed rehearsal of the development of Stonehenge and its landscape can be found in the Research Framework (Darvill 2005) and at Appendix G of the 2009 Management Plan; a summary is included at section 5.3 of the Stonehenge Environmental Improvements Project ES (Chris Blandford Associates/ Wessex Archaeology 2009) and is not repeated here.

3.10 Previously Consented Scheme 3.10.1 The proposed Scheme would introduce new interpretation and presentation features at key monuments in the central part of the WHS, including Stonehenge itself. The previously consented elements of the SEIP comprise:

 The Existing Visitor Facilities and car park at Stonehenge will be decommissioned and replaced with New Visitor Facilities, car and coach parking at Airman’s Corner, leaving only a minimal Operations Facility and emergency toilets at Stonehenge. The decommissioned visitors’ car park at Stonehenge will be returned to grassland.  A Visitor Transit System will be provided along the restricted A344 between the Visitor Centre and Stonehenge and the A344 between

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Byway 12 and Stonehenge Bottom will be decommissioned and returned to grassland, restoring the link between Stonehenge and the Avenue.

3.10.2 Planning permission and listed building consent for these works were granted by Wiltshire Council in June 2010. Traffic Regulation Orders were made in 2011 to restrict non-exempt motorised vehicles on the A344 between Airman’s Corner and Byway 12.

4 SCHEME DESCRIPTION

4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 This section describes the proposed Scheme and associated works. The Scheme comprises:

 Limited archaeological presentation works and portable interpretation panels around the Stonehenge Monument;  Installation of 11 interpretation panels across the landscape plus 3 information points (comprising panels in a roughly semi-circular arrangement) at the Fargo and Stonehenge Visitor Transit System3 drop-off points and the Durrington Walls/Woodhenge car park.  Access works associated with the Fargo visitor transit system drop-off point (creation of new footpath and associated platform works).

4.1.2 The proposals form part of an integrated interpretation and presentation strategy intended to:

i Ensure that visitors are made aware of the options open to them for exploring all aspects of the Stonehenge WHS including the wider landscape and that they are encouraged to do so; ii Ensure that the monuments, landscape and collections are presented as an intellectual whole through a complementary approach to content; iii Improve the presentation and visibility of archaeological monuments in the landscape through management techniques, interpretation, routes and viewpoints.

4.1.3 All existing panels in the Stonehenge WHS installed as part of previous schemes would be removed as part of the Scheme; some panels would not be replaced.

4.1.4 The components of the Scheme for which planning consent is sought are described below.

4.2 Presentation at Stonehenge 4.2.1 The proposed limited archaeological presentation works and portable interpretation panels around the Stonehenge Monument comprise the following:

 Installation of a 3-panel Information Point (Panel 2);

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 The marking of 6 former stone or post settings within the henge monument;  The installation of 5 portable information panels, 4 around the henge monument and 1 to interpret the adjacent bell barrow;  The marking of the solsticial alignment on the Avenue; and  The marking of the locations of 3 Mesolithic postholes and a tree throw in the grassed-over former visitors’ car park.

Footpath Works 4.2.2 It is proposed to create a short section of new path connecting the pedestrian path from the VTS drop-off along the former bed of the A344 to the existing footpath, as outlined on drawing 10110301-K-GA005. The panel would be situated in made-up ground and would not affect any known archaeological remains. The proposed panel would lie outside any scheduled area and would not require Scheduled Monument Consent.

4.2.3 The existing hard-surfaced footpath adjacent to the Stonehenge Monument would be re-surfaced with ‘Henge Green’ resin bonded aggregate or similar as indicated on drawing 10110301-K-GA005. Details of materials and construction methods will be agreed with the planning authority prior to commencement of the path works as appropriate. The path lies within the scheduled area of the Stonehenge Monument: Scheduled Monument Consent for the resurfacing of the path was granted in 2012.

Information Point 4.2.4 A 3-panel information point would be installed within the grass area alongside the new path from the Visitor Transit System de-embarkation point to the Stones. This would provide a panoramic explanation of the northern view from the path to the Stones and would reinforce key messages about Stonehenge first introduced in the visitor centre exhibition (Figure 2; CBA drawing 10110301-MP-001).

4.2.5 The panel would be located within the previous A344 road alignment, set back 100 mm from the path edge. A pre-cast concrete footing would be installed into the new soil profile and/or existing road base. Planting soils would be placed on top of the concrete footing to the required levels (HSD drawings 8877 VC 019 and 8877 VC 018). The panel would be situated in made-up ground and would not affect any known archaeological remains. The proposed panel would lie outside any scheduled area and would not require Scheduled Monument Consent.

Stonehole 97 and Station Stone markers 4.2.6 It is proposed to mark the locations of three missing stones around the periphery of the monument to help visitors to better understand the archaeology of the site (Figure 2):

 Stonehole 97 is thought to show either where the Heel Stone once stood, or the position of a now lost partner to the Heel Stone.  Station Stones 92 and 93, the missing two of the four that once stood on site, marking the corners of a rectangle aligned on the solsticial axis of the monument.

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4.2.7 The proposed markers would be fully removable and would comprise metal- cased posts of varying heights, in filled with grey cut limestone to help visitors better understand the material composition of what stood in place thousands of years ago (CBA Drawing 10110301-K-DT029). The metal casing of the posts would be of brushed stainless steel, engraved with the text ‘Stonehole’ or ‘Station Stone’, as appropriate.

4.2.8 The footprint of each of the proposed markers would be excavated to a depth of 150mm below the existing ground surface. A compacted sand bedding 50mm-thick would then be installed onto an impermeable geotextile layer with the marker then installed on top of this (CBA drawing 10110301- K-DT29). The markers would be fully assembled and finished off site and would be lowered into the excavated footprint.

4.2.9 Following installation, maintenance and any future removal of the markers would have no adverse effect on archaeological deposits.

4.2.10 The proposed stonehole markers would lie within the scheduled area of the Stonehenge monument and would require Scheduled Monument Consent.

Aubrey Hole markers 4.2.11 There are currently 32 Aubrey holes that have been excavated and marked in concrete. These markers have been allowed to largely overgrow with grass as the topography of the site means that they are not visible to most visitors as they make their way round the tarmac visitor path. Only those closest to and set within the path are maintained and visible to the majority of visitors.

4.2.12 The visitor path would be re-surfaced as part of the Scheme. It is proposed to re-mark Aubrey Hole 31 situated in the centre of the tarmac path, together with Aubrey Holes 30 and 32, situated either side of the southern part of the path (Figure 2; CBA Drawing 10110301-MP-002;).

4.2.13 The proposed marker for Aubrey Hole 31 would comprise a concrete frame infilled with material to match that used in the resurfaced tarmac path (CBA Drawing 10110301-K-DT027). The concrete frame would be surmounted with a removable brushed stainless steel ring engraved ‘Aubrey Hole’.

4.2.14 The marker for Aubrey Hole 31 would replace the existing marker within the pathway following removal of the existing pathway surface layer for re- surfacing and making good of the sub base layer. The new marker would be installed by excavating out its footprint to a suitable formation depth to ensure that the new marker is flush with the surrounding pathway. The marker would be assembled off-site and lowered into the excavated footprint. The hardstanding finishing forming the internal finish would be installed by hand when the pathway is resurfaced, to ensure a matching finish.

4.2.15 The proposed markers for Aubrey Holes 30 and 32 would replace the two existing concrete markers on the grass with fully removable concrete-framed posts infilled with material to match that used in the resurfaced tarmac path (CBA Drawing 10110301-K-DT027). The concrete frames of the markers would be surmounted with a removable brushed stainless steel ring. The

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existing concrete footing would be removed or reduced to a formation level 150mm below the existing ground surface under archaeological supervision. Compacted sand bedding would then be installed onto an impermeable geotextile layer with the marker then installed on top of this. The markers would be assembled off-site and lowered into the excavated footprint. The hardstanding finish forming the markers’ curved profile would be installed by hand when the adjacent pathway is resurfaced, to ensure a matching finish.

4.2.16 The proposed Aubrey Hole markers would lie within the scheduled area of the Stonehenge monument and would require Scheduled Monument Consent.

Panels at the Stones 4.2.17 In addition to the proposed Information Point (above), it is proposed to provide five further information panels around the Stones (Figure 2; CBA drawing 10110301-MP-002), as follows:

Panel No. Purpose Panel 2 View north from Stonehenge to explain landscape around Stonehenge, the Cursus and other early Neolithic monuments. Panel 3 View inwards towards Stonehenge on the solstice axis, explaining the entrance, the Avenue, the stone settings, the solstice alignment, and the stone settings in the entrance. Panel 4 View south from Stonehenge to explain changes in landscape around Stonehenge after it was built, in particular the early Bronze Age barrow cemeteries, looking towards Normanton Down barrow cemetery. Panel 5 View inwards towards Stonehenge to explain the layout of the Stones, help visitors identify bluestones and sarsens and point out specific points of interest. Panel 6 One further portable panel would be provided to interpret the adjacent bell barrow to the north east.

4.2.18 The proposed panels would be fully portable and would be relocated as required to manage erosion due to visitors using them. The panels would rest on the turf ground surface and their installation and relocation would require no excavation (HSD drawing no. 8877 E VC 018). Four of the panels would be located within the scheduled area of the Stonehenge monument and would require Scheduled Monument Consent.

The Solstice arrow 4.2.19 To demonstrate the solsticial alignment of the stone settings at Stonehenge it is proposed to install a bronze arrow feature set in the turf surface of the grassed-over A344 (Figure 2; CBA drawing 10110301-K-DT031). The proposed arrow would also help to draw visitors’ attention to the position of the Stonehenge Avenue.

4.2.20 The solstice arrow would comprise a bronze strip 15.25m long x 300mm wide x 10mm deep, set in a concrete footing 300mm wide set 300mm into the turf surface of the grassed-over A344 (CBA drawing no. 10110301-K- DT031).

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4.2.21 The proposed Solstice arrow would lie within the scheduled area of the Stonehenge monument and would require Scheduled Monument Consent.

The Mesolithic Postholes Marker and Mesolithic Tree Throw marker 4.2.22 Following restoration of the existing visitors’ car park to grassland, it is proposed to mark 4 Mesolithic postholes, 3 that are currently marked in the existing car park surface and another posthole, together with a tree-throw hole (Figure 2; CBA drawing 10110301-MP-002).

4.2.23 The proposed markers would have a steel outline, with wood in the central sections (CBA drawings 10110301-K-DT028 and 10110301-K-DT030). Explanation of these markers would be available on the panel on the path from the Visitor Transport System Drop off to the Stones. The proposed markers would be assembled off site and installed within the reinstated planting soil layer, secured with metal spikes into the existing sub layers (comprising the punctured former car park surface).

4.3 Presentation in the landscape 4.3.1 The proposed presentation in the landscape would comprise the installation of 11 interpretation panels across the landscape, plus 3 information points (comprising panels in a roughly semi-circular arrangement), as follows:

Panel Location Type Hardstanding Replaces No. proposed existing panel 1 Fargo Information Yes No point 2 The Stones Information No – existing No point path 3 Durrington Walls Information Yes No Point 4 Winterbourne Stoke Static Panel No No Barrow Cemetery (NE) 5 SW of Stonehenge Static panel No No Cursus 6 Cursus Barrows Portable panel No Yes (N of barrows) 7 S of Cursus on E side Static panel No No of Byway 12 8 Avenue ‘elbow’ Static panel Yes Yes 9 King Barrow Ridge – E Static panel No No side of bridleway, N of New King Barrows 10 King Barrow Ridge – at Static panel No No gate to Avenue on W side of bridleway. 11 NE corner of Cursus, Static panel No Yes Strangways 12 NE Corner of Cuckoo Portable panel No No Stone Field 13 Junction of Durrington Static panel No No Walls bank & medieval lynchet (N end) 14 Woodhenge to replace Static Panel Yes No existing EH panel

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4.3.2 The proposed new panels would form part of a focussed interpretive panel scheme that would enable new visitors and those familiar with the landscape to understand better the key archaeological features around them, and are intended to encourage visitors to explore the World Heritage Site. The proposed interpretation scheme adopts a hierarchy through the provision of ‘information points’ which encourage visitors to explore the wider landscape. These are supported by a series of graphic panels across the WHS.

4.3.3 The proposed works are described below as follows:

 New Information Point at Fargo  New Information Point and panels at Durrington Walls, a panel at Woodhenge and in the Cuckoo Stone field  New information panel at the Winterbourne Stoke Barrow Cemetery  New information panels at the Stonehenge Cursus  New information panel at the Cursus Barrows  New information panel at the Avenue  New information panels at King Barrow Ridge

4.3.4 The proposed new 3-panel Information Point at the Stones (included in the table above as Landscape Panel 2) is described at 4.2.2 above.

New Information Point at Fargo 4.3.5 A 3-panel information point (Landscape Panel 1; Figure 3) would be installed at Fargo Plantation (CBA drawing 10110301-MP-001). The 180 degree information point would be accessible by a hardstanding path providing level access from a scheduled Visitor Transit System (VTS) drop- off and pick up point and would offer a panoramic interpretation of a large swathe of the WHS to visitors.

4.3.6 The hardstanding path would terminate at the viewpoint area, inside the existing fence. Two pedestrian gates would be installed in the fence. A pre- cast concrete footing for the panel would be installed and covered with sub- base layer and gravel finish (HSD drawings 8877 VC 019; 8877 VC 018).

New Information Point and panels at Durrington Walls and Woodhenge 4.3.7 At Durrington Walls, a large 180ºInformation Point (Landscape Panel 3; Figure 4) (CBA drawing 10110301-MP-001; HSD drawing 8877 (E) VC 019) would signpost the entrance to the henge and help orientate visitors intellectually and spatially to the rich archaeological vista that surround them at Durrington Walls. The proposed Information Point would require installation of concrete foundations sunk 250mm below the existing ground surface (HSD drawing 8877 (E) VC 018). The proposed panel would lie inside the scheduled area of the Durrington Walls and Woodhenge monument and would not require Scheduled Monument Consent.

4.3.8 A semi-portable panel would be installed in the north-east corner of the Cuckoo Stone Field (Landscape Panel 12; Figure 4), facing south-east and introducing the visitor to the Cuckoo Stone and the surrounding archaeology (CBA drawing 10110301-MP-001; HSD drawing 8877 (E) VC 018.01). Two permanent fixing points would be installed using pre-cast concrete foundations sunk 250mm below the existing ground surface (HSD drawing

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8877 (E) VC 018), to allow the panel to be moved between them and avoid the potential for erosion in a single location. The proposed panel and hardstanding would lie within the scheduled area and would require Scheduled Monument Consent.

4.3.9 A single static panel (Landscape Panel 13; Figure 4) would be installed at the junction of the Durrington Walls henge bank and the northern end of a medieval lynchet at the south-west corner of the henge monument, offering offering a view across the henge interior into the area where the monuments and houses stood (CBA drawing 10110301-MP-001). The new permanent static panel would require installation of pre-cast concrete foundations sunk 250mm below the existing ground surface (HSD drawing 8877 (E) VC 018). The proposed panel and hardstanding would lie within the scheduled area of the Durrington Walls and Woodhenge monument and would require Scheduled Monument Consent.

4.3.10 At Woodhenge, a single static panel (Landscape Panel 14; Figure 4) would be installed facing south-west into the monument (CBA drawing 10110301- MP-001; HSD drawing 8877 (E) VC 018.01). This would replace an existing panel and provide an updated interpretation taking account of the results of modern investigations. The new permanent static panel would require installation of pre-cast concrete foundations sunk 250mm below the existing ground surface (HSD drawing 8877 (E) VC 018).

4.3.11 New hardstanding would be provided at the Durrington Walls Information Point and the Woodhenge static panel (above). The hardstanding would comprise a geotextile membrane under a self-compacting gravel surface retained with a timber edge (CBA drawing no. 10110301-K-DT049 and would be limited to the area in front of each panel, its extent matching the panel shape. Installation of the hardstanding would require excavation 180 mm below the existing ground surface followed by laying of a 150mm layer of sub-base topped with the self-compacting layer of gravel. The gravel would be sourced locally.

4.3.12 The proposed panel and hardstanding would lie within the scheduled area and would require Scheduled Monument Consent.

New information panel at the Winterbourne Stoke Barrow Cemetery 4.3.13 A single static panel (Landscape Panel 4; Figure 5) is proposed to be installed at the north-eastern end of the Winterbourne Stoke Barrow group, an extensive round barrow cemetery that conveys a number of the attributes of the OUV of the WHS (CBA drawing 10110301-MP-001; HSD drawing 8877 (E) VC 018.01). The new permanent static panel would require installation of pre-cast concrete foundations sunk 250mm below the existing ground surface (HSD drawing 8877 (E) VC 018). The proposed panel would lie outside the scheduled area of the Winterbourne Stoke Barrow Cemetery monument but would require Scheduled Monument Consent due to its proximity.

4.3.14 The new permanent panel would face south-west to help visitors understand the importance of this large barrow cemetery; a burial excavated from the barrow cemetery would be on display in the visitor centre. Access to the

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new panel would be promoted via a walking route across permissive open access land from the Fargo drop-off.

New information panels at the Stonehenge Cursus 4.3.15 New interpretation at the Cursus would comprise the removal of existing NT panels south of the Cursus, east and west of Byway 12, and the installation of three static permanent information panels – southwest of the Cursus (Landscape Panel 5); south of the Cursus on the east side of Byway 12 (Landscape Panel 7); and on the north-east corner of the Cursus at Strangways (Landscape Panel 11).

4.3.16 A new single static panel (Landscape Panel 5; Figure 3) would be installed at the south-western end of the Stonehenge Cursus (1044), facing east along its full length (CBA drawing 10110301-MP-001).

4.3.17 The existing NT panels south of the Cursus either side of Byway 12 would be removed. A new single static panel (Landscape Panel 7; Figure 3) would be installed on the east side of Byway 12, facing south-east towards the eastern end of the Cursus and the Amesbury 42 Neolithic long barrow (CBA drawing 10110301-MP-001).

4.3.18 The existing NT panel at the north-eastern end of the Cursus at Strangways would be removed. A new single static panel (Landscape Panel 11; Figure 3) would be installed, facing west down the length of the Cursus and exploring the relationship with the adjacent long barrow facing east (CBA drawing 10110301-MP-001).

4.3.19 The three proposed permanent panels along the Cursus would require installation of pre-cast concrete foundations sunk 250mm below the existing ground surface (HSD drawing 8877 (E) VC 018). Of the proposed new panels, 5 and 7 would lie outside of the scheduled area but will require SMC due to their proximity. Panel 11 lies within the scheduled area of the Stonehenge Cursus monument and the proposed works would require Scheduled Monument Consent.

New information panel at the Cursus Barrows 4.3.20 The existing NT panel at the Cursus Barrows would be replaced with a new semi-portable panel (Landscape Panel 6; Figure 6) capable of being moved to avoid the potential for erosion (CBA drawing 10110301-MP-001; HSD drawing 8877 (E) VC 018.01), to be located just outside the scheduled area of the adjacent SM10342; A bowl barrow and three bell barrows forming part of The Cursus round barrow cemetery (National Heritage List entry number 1012401). The new panel would face south into the barrow cemetery. Two permanent fixing points would be installed to allow the panel to be moved between them; one of the two locations would replace the existing NT panel located nearby.

4.3.21 The existing NT panel lies within the scheduled area of SM10452: A twin bell barrow and a bell barrow forming the eastern part of The Cursus round barrow cemetery (National Heritage List entry number 1009133); its removal would require Scheduled Monument Consent.

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New information panel at the Avenue 4.3.22 The existing NT panel at the Avenue ‘elbow’ would be removed and replaced by a new single static panel (Landscape Panel 8; Figure 2) (CBA drawing 10110301-MP-001). The proposed new permanent panel would require installation of pre-cast concrete foundations sunk 250mm below the existing ground surface (HSD drawing no. 8877 (E) VC 018). Facing south and looking up the Avenue towards Stonehenge, the new panel would reinforce to visitors the importance of the Avenue in understanding the Stonehenge monument and its alignment with the Sun at the summer and winter solstices.

4.3.23 A new hardstanding would be provided to minimise erosion due to visitors using the panel. This would comprise a self-compacting gravel surface retained with a timber edge (see CBA drawing no. 10110301-K-DT049). The hardstanding would be limited to the area in front of each panel and match the panel shape. The surface would be sloped as level as possible to promote water infiltration and limit erosion of the exposed surface. Installation of the hardstanding would require excavation 180 mm below the existing ground surface followed by laying of a 150mm layer of sub-base topped with the self-compacting layer of gravel. The gravel would be sourced locally.

4.3.24 The existing NT panel and the proposed replacement panel lie outside of the scheduled area of the Avenue; the proposed works would require Scheduled Monument Consent due to their proximity.

New information panels at King Barrow Ridge 4.3.25 A new static panel (Landscape Panel 9; Figure 2)(CBA drawing 10110301- MP-001) would be installed on King Barrow Ridge at the northernmost point of the line of King Barrows, facing East to explore this important Barrow Cemetery. The new permanent panel would require installation of pre-cast concrete foundations sunk 250mm below the existing ground surface (HSD drawing no. 8877 (E) VC 018).

4.3.26 A new static panel (Landscape Panel 10; Figure 2; CBA drawing 10110301-MP-001) would be installed on King Barrow Ridge at the gate to the Avenue on the west side of the bridleway; this would replace an existing NT panel close by, which would be removed. The new permanent static panel at King Barrow Ridge would require installation of pre-cast concrete foundations sunk 250mm below the existing ground surface (HSD drawing no. 8877 (E) VC 018). The new panel would face west with a commanding view over Stonehenge, the Avenue and the Cursus barrows.

4.3.27 The existing NT panel and the proposed replacement panel lie within the scheduled area of the Avenue and the proposed works would require Scheduled Monument Consent.

4.4 Access Works at Fargo 4.4.1 Access works associated with the Fargo visitor transit system drop-off point include creation of a new footpath and associated platform works (Figure 3; CBA 10110301-SK-098 – 100).

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4.4.2 To encourage visitors to walk into the landscape, every Visitor Transit System (VTS) vehicle travelling to the Stonehenge monument would stop at Fargo en route. This would allow visitors access to the Fargo Information Point (above), providing a simple overview of the key monuments close to Stonehenge including the Cursus, Cursus Barrow Group and King Barrow Ridge. The Fargo drop-off would also provide access across the former A344 to the barrow cemetery at Winterbourne Stoke (above) via a walking route across permissive open access land.

4.4.3 The proposed access works lie outside of any scheduled area.

Visitor Transit System drop-off platform works 4.4.4 A low impact hardstanding area would be installed at the VTS drop-off to allow for VTS passengers to alight. This would also allow for pedestrian access to the Fargo Information Point via a dropped kerb at the Eastern End of the platform. The materials used would match the previously consented drop-off platform at the Stones. The existing back of sidewalk levels would be retained to allow the hardstanding to tie into the surrounding levels. The existing road kerb would be replaced, with a flush pedestrian kerb at the pedestrian crossing and sloped kerbs up to the platform level. The platform edge would have a high kerb to meet the transit vehicle height requirements, with a tactile paving edge.

New footpath 4.4.5 The new footpath would provide level, all weather, access from the Fargo Drop-off to the Fargo Information Point (Landscape Panel 1, above). A new opening would be made in the existing fence to accommodate a 1.2m pedestrian gate and a 3.1m field gate.

4.4.6 The footpath would be formed of self-compacting gravel edged with timber on both sides. The gravel would have a rounded profile to prevent water accumulating in the middle. Construction of the pathway would require excavation to a depth of 300 mm and installation of 300 mm compacted sub- base on top of a geotextile membrane. It is envisaged that the pathway edges would be allowed to become covered with leaves to tie the pathway into the surrounds.

5 IMPACT ASSESSMENT

5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 This section reviews and evaluates the likely impacts associated with the installation and operation of the proposed Scheme. The principal impacts on the archaeological and historic environment resource (heritage assets) would comprise:

 Direct impacts on known or potential buried archaeological remains due to excavation for footings, foundations and hardstandings; and  Direct impacts on the settings of individual scheduled monuments due to installation of interpretive features.

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5.1.2 Impacts on the OUV of the WHS are assessed in section 6 below.

5.2 Presentation at Stonehenge Footpath Works 5.2.1 The proposed new path connecting the pedestrian path from the VTS drop- off would be located within the previous A344 road alignment. There would be no impact on any buried archaeological remains due to installation of the path.

5.2.2 The re-surfacing of the existing tarmac footpath adjacent to the Stonehenge Monument would not entail any excavation below the existing sub-base. There is little or no potential for archaeological material to be encountered. There would be no change on any key archaeological deposits and no change on the setting of the Very High value Stonehenge monument due to resurfacing of the path, a Neutral impact.

Information Point 5.2.3 The proposed 3-panel Information Point would be located within the previous A344 road alignment. There would be no impact on any buried archaeological remains due to installation of the panel.

5.2.4 The new panel would be situated alongside the principal visitor access path to the Stones. There would be no significant adverse impact on the setting of Stonehenge and the Avenue.

Stonehole 97 and Station Stone markers 5.2.5 Installation of the proposed Stonehole 97 and Station Stone markers would require limited excavation. The proposed locations have previously been archaeologically excavated, although archaeological deposits in each location cannot be assumed to have been removed completely by previous excavation and the potential for archaeological material to be encountered during installation cannot be discounted entirely. Installation of the markers would result in No Change or a Negligible change to key archaeological materials, a Neutral or Slight Adverse effect on the Very High value Stonehenge monument.

5.2.6 Following installation, maintenance and any future removal of the markers would have no adverse effect on archaeological deposits.

5.2.7 The markers would be fully removable and there would be no permanent significant adverse impact on the setting of Stonehenge and the Avenue.

Aubrey Hole markers 5.2.8 The Aubrey Holes where markers are proposed have been fully excavated previously and are marked by existing concrete markers. Installation of the proposed new markers would require minimal excavation and it is considered that there is little or no potential for archaeological material to be encountered. There would be no change on any key archaeological deposits as a result of installation of the new markers, a Neutral impact on the Very High value Stonehenge monument.

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5.2.9 Following installation, maintenance and any future removal of the markers would have no adverse effect on archaeological deposits.

5.2.10 The markers would be fully removable and there would be no permanent significant adverse impact impact on the setting of Stonehenge and the Avenue.

Panels at the Stones 5.2.11 Installation of the five proposed portable panels at the Stones would require no excavation. There would be no change to any key archaeological deposits as a result of installation and occasional relocation of the new markers, a Neutral impact on the Very High value Stonehenge monument.

5.2.12 The panels would be fully removable and there would be no permanent significant adverse impact on the setting of Stonehenge and the Avenue.

The Solstice arrow 5.2.13 The proposed Solstice arrow would be set into the turf surface of the grassed-over A344. This section of the A344 would be subject to full archaeological investigation in advance of and during works to remove the existing road and return it to grass and the arrow would be installed in newly made ground. There would be no impact on any archaeological deposits due to installation of the Solstice arrow. The Solstice arrow would have no significant adverse impact on the setting of Stonehenge and the Avenue.

The Mesolithic Postholes Marker and Mesolithic Tree Throw marker 5.2.14 The proposed Mesolithic posthole and tree throw markers would be installed within the reinstated planting soil layer following restoration of the existing visitors’ car park to grassland. There would be no impact on any archeological deposits due to installation of the markers. The new markers would have no significant adverse impact on the setting of Stonehenge and the Avenue.

Summary 5.2.15 Stonehenge is the only monument in the WHS that expresses all seven attributes of the OUV of the WHS. Although installation of the proposed stone markers would require minimal excavation, the nature and scale of the works is such that it is considered highly unlikely that any key deposits would be affected; the overall significance of effect on archaeological remains would be Neutral.

5.2.16 Overall, the proposals for presentation at the Stones would bring Large beneficial effects through re-interpretation of the henge monument and stone circle as part of an integrated interpretation and presentation strategy. There would be no adverse effects on the setting of Stonehenge and the Avenue or the setting of the Grade II Listed milestone.

5.3 Presentation in the landscape New Information Point at Fargo 5.3.1 Installation of the proposed Information Point at Fargo would require excavation 250mm deep to accommodate the pre-cast concrete footing. There are no known archaeological remains in the area, however the

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potential for archaeological material to be encountered during installation cannot be discounted entirely. Any such material is likely to be of Negligible or Low importance. Installation of the Information Point would result in No Change or a Negligible change to key archaeological materials, a Neutral or Slight Adverse effect.

5.3.2 The new panel would be situated within Fargo Plantation and would result in no change in the setting of any scheduled monument, a Neutral effect.

New Information Point and panels at Durrington Walls and Woodhenge 5.3.3 Installation of the proposed Information Point at Durrington Walls (Landscape Panel 3), footings for the proposed semi-portable panel in the north-east corner of the Cuckoo Stone Field (Landscape Panel 12), and static panels at the Durrington Walls henge bank (Landscape Panel 13) and at Woodhenge (Landscape Panel 14) would require excavation 250mm deep to accommodate the pre-cast concrete footing. Installation of the proposed hardstanding at the Durrington Walls Information Point and the Woodhenge static panel would require excavation 180 mm below the existing ground surface.

5.3.4 The potential for archaeological material to be encountered during excavation for footings or hardstanding in any of these locations cannot be discounted. However, given the limited extent of excavation required, it is considered that installation of the Information Point and panel footings and hardstanding would likely result in No Change or a Negligible change to key archaeological materials, a Neutral or Slight Adverse effect on the Very High value Durrington Walls and Woodhenge monument.

5.3.5 The new Information Point and the static panel at Woodhenge would replace existing panels. There would be no change to the setting of the Very High value Durrington Walls and Woodhenge monument, a Neutral effect.

5.3.6 The proposed static panel on the henge bank would introduce a focal point for visitors to Durrington Walls. Any adverse impact on the setting of the Very High Value monument would be outweighed by the benefits of improved visitor experience, resulting in a Neutral impact overall.

New information panel at the Winterbourne Stoke Barrow Cemetery 5.3.7 Installation of the proposed single static panel (Landscape Panel 4) at the north-eastern end of the Winterbourne Stoke Barrow group would require excavation 250mm deep to accommodate the pre-cast concrete footing.

5.3.8 The potential for archaeological material to be encountered during excavation cannot be discounted. However, given the limited extent of excavation required, it is considered that installation of the panel footings would likely result in No Change to key archaeological materials, a Neutral effect on the Very High value monument.

5.3.9 The proposed static panel would introduce a new focal point for visitors. Any adverse impact on the setting of the Very High Value monument would be outweighed by the benefits of improved visitor access, resulting in a Neutral impact overall.

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New information panels at the Stonehenge Cursus 5.3.10 The removal of existing NT panels south of the Cursus, east and west of Byway 12 would require excavation to extract the existing footings. Given the limited extent of ground disturbance involved, it is considered there would be No Change to key archaeological materials, a Neutral effect on the Very High value Cursus monument.

5.3.11 The installation of three static permanent information panels – southwest of the Cursus (Landscape Panel 5); south of the Cursus on the east side of Byway 12 (Landscape Panel 7); and on the north-east corner of the Cursus at Strangways (Landscape Panel 11) would require excavation to a depth of 250mm to accommodate the pre-cast concrete footings. The potential for archaeological material to be encountered during excavation cannot be discounted. However, given the limited extent of excavation required, it is considered that installation of the panel footings would likely result in No Change to key archaeological materials, a Neutral effect on the Very High value Cursus monument.

5.3.12 The new static panels at Byway 12 and Strangways would replace existing panels. There would be no change to the setting of the Very High value Cursus monument, a Neutral effect.

5.3.13 The proposed static panel to the south-west of the Cursus would introduce a new focal point for visitors. Any adverse impact on the setting of the Very High Value monument would be negligible, resulting in a Slight adverse impact. Installation of the new static panel here would have a negligible adverse impact on Low value archaeological remains relating to the WWI Night Camp (CBA/Wessex Archaeology 2009, section 5.3, monument ref. 1361), a Neutral effect.

New information panel at the Cursus Barrows 5.3.14 The removal of the existing NT panel at the Cursus Barrows would require limited excavation to extract the existing footings. There would be No Change to key archaeological materials, a Neutral effect on the Very High value Cursus Barrows.

5.3.15 Installation of the footings for the proposed semi-portable panel at the Cursus Barrows (Landscape Panel 6) would require excavation 250mm deep to accommodate the pre-cast concrete footing. The new locations are outside the scheduled areas and, given the limited extent of excavation required, it is considered that installation of the panel footings would likely result in No Change to key archaeological materials, a Neutral effect on the Very High value Cursus Barrows.

5.3.16 The new semi-portable panel at the Cursus Barrows would replace an existing static panel. There would be no change to the setting of the Very High value Cursus Barrows, a Neutral effect.

New information panel at the Avenue 5.3.17 The removal of the existing NT panel at the Avenue ‘elbow’ would require limited excavation to extract the existing footings. There would be No Change to key archaeological materials, a Neutral effect on the Very High value Stonehenge Avenue.

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5.3.18 Installation of the footings for the proposed new static panel (Landscape Panel 8) would require excavation 250mm deep to accommodate the pre- cast concrete footing. Installation of the proposed hardstanding would require excavation 180 mm below the existing ground surface. The potential for archaeological material to be encountered during excavation for footings or hardstanding cannot be discounted. However, given the limited extent of excavation required, it is considered that installation of the panel footings and hardstanding would likely result in No Change to key archaeological materials, a Neutral effect on the Very High value Avenue.

5.3.19 The new panel at the Avenue ‘elbow’ would replace an existing static panel. There would be a negligible adverse impact on the setting of the Very High value Avenue due to the introduction of hardstanding, a Slight adverse effect.

New information panels at King Barrow Ridge 5.3.20 Installation of the footings for the proposed new static panel (Landscape Panel 9 and 10) at King Barrow Ridge would require excavation 250mm deep to accommodate the pre-cast concrete footing. The potential for archaeological material to be encountered during excavation for footings or hardstanding cannot be discounted. However, given the limited extent of excavation required, it is considered that installation of the panel footings and hardstanding would likely result in No Change to key archaeological materials, a Neutral effect on the Very High value Avenue and King Barrows.

5.3.21 One of the new panels would replace an existing static panel. There would be no change to the setting of the Very High value Avenue, a Neutral effect.

Summary 5.3.22 Although installation of the proposed Information Points, semi-portable panels, static panels and stone markers would require minimal excavation, the nature and scale of the works is such that it is considered highly unlikely that any key deposits would be affected; the overall significance of effect on archaeological remains would be Neutral.

5.3.23 Overall, the proposals for presentation in the landscape would bring Large beneficial effects through an integrated interpretation and presentation strategy. There would be no significant adverse effects on the setting of any scheduled monument.

5.4 Access Works at Fargo Visitor Transit System drop-off platform works 5.4.1 Although the potential for archaeological material to be encountered during excavation for installation of the low impact hardstanding area at the VTS drop-off cannot be discounted, the platform location lies beyond any scheduled area within the verge of the former A344: it is considered that installation of the drop-off platform would likely result in No Change to any archaeological materials, a Neutral effect, and no change in the setting of any scheduled monument.

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New footpath 5.4.2 Similarly, although the potential for archaeological material to be encountered during excavation for installation of the low impact hardstanding area at the VTS drop-off cannot be discounted, the proposed path lies beyond any scheduled area within Fargo Plantation: it is considered that installation of the drop-off platform would likely result in No Change to any archaeological materials, a Neutral effect.

5.4.3 There would be no change in the setting of any scheduled monument as a result of construction of the new footpath, a Neutral effect.

Summary 5.4.4 Installation of the proposed platform at the Fargo VTS drop-off and construction of the new footpath would produce a Neutral effect on any archaeological remains. Overall, the proposed access works at Fargo would bring Large beneficial effects as part of an integrated interpretation and presentation strategy. There would be no significant adverse effects on the setting of any scheduled monument.

6 EFFECTS ON THE OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE OF THE WHS

6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 This section assesses the effects of the proposed Scheme on the OUV of the WHS. The attributes which together express the OUV of the WHS as set out in the Management Plan are discussed above and summarised below:

1. Stonehenge itself as a globally famous and iconic monument. 2. The physical remains of the Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial monuments and associated sites. 3. The siting of Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial sites and monuments in relation to the landscape. 4. The design of Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial sites and monuments in relation to the skies and astronomy. 5. The siting of Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial sites and monuments in relation to each other. 6. The disposition, physical remains and settings of the key Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary, ceremonial and other monuments and sites of the period, which together form a landscape without parallel. 7. The influence of the remains of Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial monuments and their landscape settings on architects, artists, historians, archaeologists and others.

6.1.2 The following key monument groups that could be affected by the Scheme have been identified with regard to the above attributes, as carrying the OUV of the WHS (see above):

 Stonehenge and the Stonehenge Avenue;  The Stonehenge barrow group;  The Cursus;  The Cursus barrows;

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 The King Barrows;  Durrington Walls;  Woodhenge; and  The Winterbourne Stoke barrow group.

6.1.3 Assessment of the potential impacts of the proposed Scheme (above) has identified a series of impacts on these key monument groups; these are discussed below.

6.1.4 Other key monument groups that express attributes of OUV have no intervisibility with Scheme elements and/or are located at distance and would not, therefore, be affected by the Scheme.

6.2 Stonehenge and the Stonehenge Avenue 6.2.1 The proposed new interpretive features at Stonehenge have been designed to avoid impacts on buried archaeological remains, through the use of portable information panels requiring no excavation for installation or maintenance, and the positioning of the 3-panel Information Point within the footprint of the former A344. The proposed stone and Aubrey Hole markers would be fully removable; although installation would require minimal excavation, a potential Slight adverse effect, the nature and scale of the works is such that it is considered highly unlikely that any key deposits would be affected. Removal of the existing NT panels and installation of the proposed new static information panels at the Avenue ‘elbow’ and King Barrow Ridge would also require minimal excavation. The overall significance of effect on archaeological remains would be Neutral.

6.2.2 Overall, the Scheme would bring Large beneficial effects through re- interpretation of the henge monument and stone circle, and the Avenue, as part of an integrated interpretation and presentation strategy. There would be no adverse effects on the setting of Stonehenge and the Avenue when viewed from other monument groups that express attributes of the OUV of the WHS, including the Cursus, the Cursus Barrows, the King Barrows, the Normanton Down barrows and Coneybury Henge.

6.3 The Stonehenge barrow group 6.3.1 Although barrows amongst the Stonehenge barrow Group lie within 100m of the nearest proposed interpretive feature, the proposed information panels and Aubrey Hole markers would be removable. There would be no adverse effects on the setting of the Stonehenge Barrow Group due to implementation of the Scheme.

6.4 The Cursus 6.4.1 Installation of the proposed new static information panels at the Cursus and removal of the existing NT panels would require minimal excavation; the overall significance of effect on archaeological remains would be Neutral. Overall, the Scheme would bring Large beneficial effects through improved interpretation of the Cursus as part of an integrated interpretation and presentation strategy. There would be no adverse effects on the setting of the Cursus when viewed from other monument groups that express attributes of the OUV of the WHS, including Stonehenge, the Cursus

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Barrows, the King Barrows, the Normanton Down barrows and Coneybury Henge.

6.5 The Cursus Barrows 6.5.1 Removal of the existing NT panel and installation of the proposed new semi- portable information panel at the Cursus Barrows would require minimal excavation. The overall significance of effect on archaeological remains would be Neutral.

6.5.2 Overall, the Scheme would bring Large beneficial effects through re- interpretation of the Cursus Barrows as part of an integrated interpretation and presentation strategy. There would be no adverse effects on the setting of the Cursus Barrows when viewed from other monument groups that express attributes of the OUV of the WHS, including Stonehenge, the Cursus, the King Barrows, the Normanton Down barrows and Coneybury Henge.

6.6 The King Barrows 6.6.1 Installation of the proposed new static information panel at King Barrow Ridge would require minimal excavation. The overall significance of effect on archaeological remains would be Neutral. Overall, the Scheme would bring Large beneficial effects through re-interpretation of the King Barrows as part of an integrated interpretation and presentation strategy. There would be no adverse effects on the setting of the King Barrows when viewed from other monument groups that express attributes of the OUV of the WHS, including Stonehenge, the Cursus, the King Barrows, the Normanton Down barrows and Coneybury Henge.

6.7 Durrington Walls 6.7.1 Removal of the existing panels and installation of the proposed new 3-panel Information Point and static information panels at Durrington Walls and the proposed semi-portable panel at Cuckoo Stone Field would require minimal excavation. The overall significance of effect on archaeological remains would be Neutral.

6.7.2 Overall, the Scheme would bring Large beneficial effects through re- interpretation of the henge monument and its Avenue, related barrows and settlement evidence as part of an integrated interpretation and presentation strategy. There would be no adverse effects on the setting of Durrington Walls when viewed from Woodhenge; no other monument groups expressing OUV are visible from Durrington Walls.

6.8 Woodhenge 6.8.1 Removal of the existing panel and installation of the proposed new information panels at the Durrington Walls and Cuckoo Stone Field would require minimal excavation. The overall significance of effect on archaeological remains would be Neutral.

6.8.2 Overall, the Scheme would bring Large beneficial effects through re- interpretation of the henge monument as part of an integrated interpretation and presentation strategy. There would be no adverse effects on the setting

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of Woodhenge when viewed from Durrington Walls; no other monument groups expressing OUV are visible from Woodhenge.

6.9 The Winterbourne Stoke Group 6.9.1 Installation of the proposed new static information panel at the Winterbourne Stoke group barrow cemetery would require minimal excavation; the overall significance of effect on archaeological remains would be Neutral. Overall, the Scheme would bring Large beneficial effects through re-interpretation of the barrow cemetery as part of an integrated interpretation and presentation strategy. There would be no adverse effects on the setting of the Winterbourne Stoke Group when viewed from other monument groups that express attributes of the OUV of the WHS, including the Cursus and the Normanton Down barrows.

6.10 Summary 6.10.1 The proposed Scheme would have no adverse effects on the settings of key monument groups that express attributes of OUV. Removal where relevant of existing panels and installation of new static panels and information points and associated hardstandings, together with the installation of new stone markers at Stonehenge, would require minimal excavation: this would have a Neutral effect on archaeological remains overall.

6.10.2 Stonehenge itself is the only monument in the WHS that expresses all seven attributes of the OUV of the WHS. The Scheme would bring beneficial effects through re-interpretation of the henge monument and stone circle as part of an integrated interpretation and presentation strategy. There would be no adverse effects on the setting of Stonehenge and the Avenue.

6.10.3 Overall, the Scheme would have a Large beneficial effect on the OUV of the WHS, through provision of an integrated interpretation and presentation strategy within the context of the new visitor facilities and visitor experience being developed as part of the wider Stonehenge Environmental Improvements Project. There would be no effect on the authenticity or integrity of the WHS.

7 MITIGATION AND MONITORING STRATEGY

7.1 Mitigation by Design 7.1.1 The Scheme design incorporates measures to address the potential for erosion due to visitor footfall at interpretation points, through the use of portable or semi-portable panels and by provision of hardstanding at static panels and information points where appropriate.

7.2 Proposals for Archaeological Recording 7.2.1 It is proposed that all works to remove existing markers and panels and install the proposed new markers, panel foundations and hardstanding would be monitored by an appropriate Archaeological Contractor(s) approved by English Heritage and Wiltshire County Archaeology Service, in order to ensure that the approved construction methods are adhered to. Although installation works may result in some localised

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penetration/disturbance beneath the topsoil, it is considered that any damage to archaeological remains as a result of this would generally be minimal.

7.2.2 The proposed provision for archaeological recording as described below is intended to allow the recording of any archaeological remains exposed during the proposed works, taking into account the Statement of Principles Governing Archaeological Work in the Stonehenge World Heritage Site endorsed by the Stonehenge WHS Management Plan Implementation Group (January 2002; Stonehenge WHS Management Plan 2009, Appendix D); and Stonehenge World Heritage site: an Archaeological Research Framework (Darvill 2005). A Written Scheme of Investigation setting out the principles and methods that would apply to archaeological monitoring, recording and reporting to mitigate the potential adverse impacts on archaeological remains due to implementation of the proposed Scheme is provided at Appendix 4.

7.2.3 The appointed Archaeological Contractor(s) would observe all excavation and ground disturbance, including the removal of existing panel foundations and posts; the placing of imported or relocated bedding materials, fill or topsoil; and other tasks relating to the installation of interpretative features as proposed above. The Archaeological Contractor(s) would be permitted access in order to allow any archaeological remains encountered to be recorded to an appropriate level prior to their removal due to construction.

7.2.4 The archaeological work would comprise a continuous watching brief as defined in the Institute for Archaeologists Standard and Guidance for an Archaeological Watching Brief (IfA 2011). As part of the watching brief, a photographic record would be maintained of the extent and nature of all archaeological works undertaken. Plans would be prepared to provide a record of archaeological works carried out and identify any variance from the proposed works.

7.2.5 Where archaeological remains are encountered during the proposed works, whether this is as a result of works carried out under archaeological watching brief or not, the Archaeological Contractor would halt installation works in the vicinity of the remains until such time as the remains have been recorded or a methodology to preserve them in situ has been implemented. The extent of the archaeological remains would be rapidly assessed by the Archaeological Contractor who would arrange for the remains to be protected in situ until they have been recorded. The Lead Advisor for the Stonehenge and Avebury WHS and the County Archaeologist and, where works take place on National Trust land, the NT Archaeologist (Stonehenge and Avebury WHS) would be consulted where necessary regarding the scope of archaeological works to record or preserve the remains.

7.2.6 Implementation of the archaeological programme outlined above would accord with Policy 6a of the Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan (English Heritage 2009) – Sustainable archaeological research into and within the Stonehenge WHS should be encouraged, and should be of the highest quality.

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8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

8.1 Summary of Effects 8.1.1 The Scheme would have beneficial effects through re-interpretation of the Stonehenge monument, the Cursus, Durrington Walls and Woodhenge to visitors, taking into account the results of recent archaeological investigations and current thinking.

8.1.2 The Scheme design incorporates measures to address the potential for erosion due to visitor footfall at interpretation points, through the use of portable or semi-portable panels and by provision of hardstanding at static panels and information points where appropriate. All works to remove existing markers and panels and install the proposed new markers, panel foundations and hardstanding would be monitored by an Archaeological Contractor under a continuous archaeological watching brief. It is considered unlikely that any key deposits would be affected: there would be a neutral effect on archaeological remains. Any adverse effects on the settings of individual monuments due to installation of new panels would be outweighed by the benefits of the enhanced presentation and interpretation.

8.1.3 Implementation of the Scheme would address the following policies set out in the 2009 WHS Management Plan:

 Policy 4d – Access and circulation to key archaeological sites within the WHS landscape should be encouraged (taking into account archaeological and ecological needs) to increase public awareness and enjoyment; and  Policy 4f – Interpretation both on and off site should be improved to enhance visitor enjoyment and appreciation of Stonehenge and the whole of the WHS.

8.2 Effects on the Outstanding Universal Value of the WHS 8.2.1 The Scheme would have the following effects on the Outstanding Universal Value of the Stonehenge WHS as expressed in the Management Plan:

1. Stonehenge itself as a globally famous and iconic monument:  there would be beneficial effects on the interpretation of Stonehenge and associated monuments 2. The physical remains of the Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial monuments and associated sites:  any effect on physical remains due to implementation of the Scheme would be insignificant 3. The siting of Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial sites and monuments in relation to the landscape:  there would be beneficial effects on the interpretation of some key monument groups in their landscape setting 4. The design of Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial monuments in relation to the skies and astronomy:  there would be beneficial effects on the interpretation of the relationship between the monuments and the solsticial axes 5. The siting of Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary and ceremonial monuments in relation to each other:

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 there would be beneficial effects on the interpretation of key monument groups that are intervisible with each other and with Stonehenge 6. The disposition, physical remains and settings of the key Neolithic and Bronze Age funerary, ceremonial and other monuments and sites of the period, which together form a landscape without parallel:  there would be beneficial effects on the interpretation of key monument groups intervisible with Stonehenge 7. The influence of the remains of Neolithic and Bronze age funerary and ceremonial monuments and their landscape settings on architects, artists, historians, archaeologists and others:  there would be beneficial effects on the interpretation of Stonehenge and key monument groups that are intervisible with each other and with Stonehenge

8.2.2 On balance, taking into account the benefits of the proposed interpretation in the landscape and presentation at Stonehenge in sustaining the Outstanding Universal Value of the Stonehenge WHS, the overall cumulative effect of the Scheme would be beneficial.

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9 REFERENCES

Chris Blandford Associates/Wessex Archaeology 2009 Stonehenge Environmental Improvements Project: Environmental Statement

Darvill, T. 2005 Stonehenge World Heritage Site: an archaeological research framework London: English Heritage and Bournemouth University

Department for Communities and Local Government 2010 Planning Policy Statement 5: Planning for the Historic Environment London: The Stationery Office for DCLG

ICOMOS 2011 Guidance on Heritage Impact assessments for Cultural World Heritage Properties Paris: International Council on Monuments and Sites

Institute for Archaeologists 2008 Standard and Guidance for Desk-based Assessments

Institute for Archaeologists 2008 Standard and Guidance for an Archaeological Watching Brief

Wessex Archaeology 2011 Stonehenge and Avebury World Heritage Site: Condition Survey Salisbury: Wessex Archaeology on behalf of English Heritage

Young C., Chadburn A. and Bedu I. 2009 Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan 2009 London: English Heritage on behalf of the Stonehenge World Heritage Site Committee

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10 APPENDIX 1: IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY

10.1 Evaluation of Resource 10.1.1 The value of historic environment assets is assessed in relation to statutory designations, international or national, and priorities or recommendations set out in national research agendas. Professional judgement is used to determine the importance of the resource. The value of the asset is assigned using the following scale:

 Very High  High  Medium  Low  Negligible  Unknown

10.1.2 The importance of archaeological remains is assessed using the Secretary of State’s non-statutory criteria for the selection of monuments for scheduling, as modified by English Heritage for use in their Monuments Protection Programme. The criteria are:

 Period  Rarity  Documentation (archaeological)  Documentation (historical)  Group value (association)  Group value (clustering)  Survival  Diversity (features)  Potential  Amenity value

10.1.3 These criteria are applicable to the assessment of all sites, whether scheduled or not. The application of these criteria is a matter of professional judgement: the importance of scheduled monuments and listed structures is indicated by their designation. Within the WHS, assets that express attributes of the OUV of the WHS are considered to be of enhanced importance for the purpose of this assessment.

Grading Archaeology Built heritage Historic landscape Very high Assets of acknowledged Structures inscribed as of World heritage sites international importance. universal importance as inscribed for their world heritage sites. historic landscape Assets that can contribute qualities. significantly to Other buildings of acknowledged recognised international Historic landscapes of international research importance. international value, objectives. whether designated or

not. Assets that express attributes of the ouv of the Extremely well-

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whs. preserved historic landscapes with exceptional coherence, time- depth, or other critical factors. High Scheduled monuments Scheduled monuments Designated historic (including proposed sites). with standing remains. landscape of outstanding interest. Undesignated sites of Grade i and ii* listed schedulable quality and buildings. Undesignated importance. landscapes of Other listed buildings that outstanding interest. Assets that can contribute can be shown to have significantly to exceptional qualities in Undesignated acknowledged national their fabric or historical landscapes of high research objectives. associations not quality and adequately reflected in importance, and of the listing grade. demonstrable national value. Conservation areas containing very important Well preserved buildings. historic landscapes, exhibiting Undesignated structures considerable of clear national coherence, time- importance. depth or other critical factors. Medium Designated or Grade ii listed buildings. Designated special undesignated assets that historic landscapes. Historic (unlisted) can contribute significantly buildings that can be Undesignated historic to regional research shown to have landscapes that would objectives. exceptional qualities or justify special historic historical associations. landscape designation. Conservation areas containing buildings that Landscapes of contribute significantly to regional value. its historic character. Averagely well Historic townscapes or preserved historic built-up areas with landscapes with important historic integrity reasonable in their buildings, or built coherence, time- settings. depth or other critical factors. Low Designated or ‘locally listed’ buildings. Robust undesignated undesignated assets of historic landscapes. Historic (unlisted) local importance. buildings of modest Historic landscapes Assets compromised by quality in their fabric or with importance to poor preservation and/or historical associations. local interest groups. poor survival of contextual Historic townscape or Historic landscapes associations. built-up areas of limited whose value is limited Assets of limited value, but historic integrity in their by poor preservation with potential to contribute buildings, or built settings. and/or poor survival of to local research contextual objectives. associations.

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Negligible Assets with little or no Buildings of no Landscapes little or surviving archaeological architectural or historical no significant interest. merit; buildings of an historical interest. intrusive character. Unknown The importance of the Buildings with some N/a asset has not been hidden (i.e. Inaccessible) ascertained. potential for historic significance.

10.2 Assessment of Magnitude of Impact 10.2.1 The assessment of the magnitude of impact is the identification of the degree of the effect of the Scheme upon archaeology and the historic environment. The magnitude of impact is ranked without regard to the value of the asset. Impacts can be direct or indirect; primary or secondary; temporary or permanent; reversible or irreversible; and may arise as a consequence of construction or operation of the proposed development. For the purpose of this assessment, the following definitions have been applied.

10.2.2 Direct impacts are those that arise as a primary consequence of the Scheme. Direct impacts can result in the physical loss of part or all of an asset, and/or changes to its setting. English Heritage’s Conservation Principles state that setting is, ‘the surroundings in which a place is experienced, its local context, embracing present and past relationships to the adjacent landscape’.

10.2.3 Direct impacts resulting in physical loss are usually permanent and irreversible; normally occur as a consequence of construction of the Scheme; and are confined within the development footprint (‘the trace’). The magnitude of these impacts will depend on the proportion of the asset affected, and whether its key characteristics would be affected.

10.2.4 Direct impacts that affect the setting of an asset can occur as a consequence of construction or operation of the Scheme and can affect assets some distance from the development. Assessment of impacts on setting refers to perceptible visual and aural (noise) effects that can be appreciated at a given time. Such impacts may be temporary or permanent, reversible or irreversible depending on the extent to which the cause of the impact can be removed. Impacts may also be transient where occurrence is sporadic or of limited duration, for example related to hours of operation or the frequency of passage of vehicles.

10.2.5 Indirect impacts occur as a secondary consequence of construction or operation of the development, and can result in physical loss or changes to the setting of an asset beyond the development footprint.

10.2.6 Severity of impacts has been judged taking into account their direct and indirect effects and whether they are temporary or permanent, reversible or irreversible. The cumulative effect of separate impacts has also been considered. The magnitude of impact (summation of direct and indirect impacts) is assigned one of the following descriptors; impacts may be adverse or beneficial and hence a nine-point scale results with ‘no change’ as its centre point:

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 Major beneficial  Moderate beneficial  Minor beneficial  Negligible beneficial  No Change  Negligible adverse  Minor adverse  Moderate adverse  Major adverse

10.2.7 For the purposes of this assessment, monuments with no visible surface expression are considered to have no setting as they cannot suffer visual intrusion or obstruction of views to them. However, monuments without surface expression may be components of monument groups that express attributes of the OUV of the WHS, the setting of which may be affected by visual impacts. Similarly, key views between monuments that express attributes of OUV may suffer visual impacts. Impacts on context and relationships between monuments are therefore considered through assessment of impact on key monument groups expressing attributes of OUV. Monuments with a visible surface expression have been identified from the condition survey undertaken for English Heritage.

Grading Archaeology Built heritage Historic landscape Major Changes to most or all Change to key historic Change to most or all key archaeological building elements, such key historic materials, such that the that the resource is totally landscape elements, resource is totally altered. parcels or altered. components; extreme Comprehensive changes visual effects; gross Comprehensive to the setting. change of noise or changes to setting. change to sound quality; fundamental changes to use or access; resulting in total change to historic landscape character unit. Moderate Changes to many key Changes to many key Change to many key archaeological historic building historic landscape materials, such that the elements, such that the elements, parcels or resource is clearly resource is significantly components; visual modified. modified. change to many key aspects of the historic Considerable changes Changes to the setting of landscape; noticeable to setting that affect the an historic building, such differences in noise character of the asset. that it is significantly or sound quality; modified. considerable changes to use or access; resulting in moderate changes to historic landscape character. Minor Changes to key Change to key historic Change to few key archaeological building elements, such historic landscape

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materials, such that the that the asset is slightly elements, parcels or resource is slightly different. components; slight altered. visual changes to few Change to setting of an key aspects of Slight changes to historic building, such historic landscape; setting. that it is noticeably limited changes to changed. noise levels or sound quality; slight changes to use or access; resulting in limited change to historic landscape character. Negligible Very minor changes to Slight changes to historic Very minor changes key archaeological building elements or to key historic materials, or setting. setting that hardly affect landscape elements, it. parcels or

components; virtually

unchanged visual effects; very slight changes in noise levels or sound quality; very slight changes to use or access; resulting in a very small change to historic landscape character. No No change. No change to fabric or No change to change setting. elements, parcels or components; no visual or audible changes; no changes in amenity or community factors.

10.3 Determination of Significance of Effect 10.3.1 Significance of effect is a product of the importance of the resource and the magnitude of the impact (change) upon it. Significance of effect on archaeology and the historic environment is assigned one of the following descriptors; effects may be adverse or beneficial, hence a nine-point scale results, with Neutral as its centre point:

 Very Large beneficial  Large beneficial  Moderate beneficial  Slight beneficial  Neutral  Slight adverse  Moderate adverse  Large adverse  Very Large adverse

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10.3.2 The significance of the effects of construction and operation of the Scheme are assessed separately, taking into account agreed mitigation measures. The overall effects of the Scheme on any part of the archaeological resource are assessed as a combination of the impacts of construction and operation.

10.3.3 The table below is reproduced from DMRB 11.3.2 (Annexes 5, 6 and 7) and illustrates how the value of the asset and the magnitude of impact are combined to produce an assessment of the significance of effect, as agreed by the AWG; effects may be adverse or beneficial. Where a range of significance is indicated in the table, professional judgment has been used to take account of relevant factors, such as the nature of the resource and impact, in arriving at a single level of significance.

MAGNITUDE OF IMPACT No VALUE Change Negligible Minor Moderate Major

Moderate/ Large/ Very High Neutral Slight Large Very Large Very Large

Moderate/ Moderate/ Large/ High Neutral Slight Slight Large Very Large

Neutral/ Moderate/ Medium Neutral Slight Slight Moderate Large

Neutral/ Neutral/ Slight/ Low Neutral Slight Slight Slight Moderate

Neutral/ Neutral/ Negligible Neutral Neutral Slight Slight Slight

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11 APPENDIX 2: SOURCES

Extensive archaeological and historical analysis and survey has been undertaken within the WHS. Key data sources include:

Published works

 The Stonehenge Environs Project (Richards 1990);  Stonehenge in its Landscape: Twentieth-century excavations (Cleal, Walker and Montague 1995);  Stonehenge World Heritage Site: An Archaeological Research Framework (Darvill 2005);  A303 Stonehenge Improvement: Environmental Statement (Balfour Beatty Costain/Halcrow Gifford for the Highways Agency, June 2003);  A303 Stonehenge: Historic Landscape Survey (Mott MacDonald 2002), in the A303 Stonehenge Improvement: Environmental Statement;  Archaeology on the A303 Stonehenge Improvement (Leivers and Moore 2008);  Stonehenge Visitor Facilities and Access Scheme: Environmental Statement (Chris Blandford Associates/Wessex Archaeology for English Heritage, August 2004).  Stonehenge Environmental Improvements Programme: Environmental Statement (Chris Blandford Associates/Wessex Archaeology for English Heritage, September 2009)

Unpublished reports

 Reports on archaeological works associated with the proposed A303 improvements (John Samuels Archaeological Consultants/Wessex Archaeology 1991-2003);  Reports on the archaeological works associated with investigation of suitable Visitor Centre sites (Timothy Darvill Archaeological Consultants/Wessex Archaeology 1990-2004);  Stonehenge Military Installations (Wessex Archaeology 1998);  Condition Survey and Management Recommendations for archaeological Sites within the Stonehenge WHS (Wessex Archaeology 2003);  Field walking surveys in the Stonehenge WHS (Wessex Archaeology 2002-2008);  Stonehenge Riverside Project (Parker-Pearson 2008).

Databases

 The English Heritage ‘Stonehenge WHS’ GIS database, which includes the EH Record of Scheduled Monuments, data from the EH National Mapping Programme and the Wiltshire Sites and Monuments Record;  The National Heritage List, English Heritage, Swindon;  The List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest;  The English Heritage Register of Historic Parks and Gardens;  The National Mapping Programme, English Heritage, Swindon.

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12 APPENDIX 3: STATEMENT OF OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE 2011

Statement of Outstanding Universal Value

Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites UK 1986

Date of Inscription 1986 Date of approved Statement of Significance 2008 Date of SOUV 2011

Brief Synthesis 2011

The Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites World Heritage Site is internationally important for its complexes of outstanding prehistoric monuments. Stonehenge is the most architecturally sophisticated prehistoric stone circle in the world, while Avebury is the largest in the world. Together with inter-related monuments, and their associated landscapes, they demonstrate Neolithic and Bronze Age cermonial and mortuary practices resulting from around 2000 years of continuous use and monument building between c. 3700 and 1600 BC. As such they represent a unique embodiment of our collective heritage.

(Statement of Significance 2008)

The Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites World Heritage Property is internationally important for its complexes of outstanding prehistoric monuments.

It comprises two areas of chalkland in southern Britain within which complexes of Neolithic and Bronze Age ceremonial and funerary monuments and associated sites were built. Each area contains a focal stone circle and henge and many other major monuments. At Stonehenge these include the Avenue, the Cursuses, Durrington Walls, Woodhenge, and the densest concentration of burial mounds in Britain. At Avebury they include Windmill Hill, the West Kennet Long Barrow, the Sanctuary, Silbury Hill, the West Kennet and Beckhampton Avenues, the West Kennet Palisaded Enclosures, and important barrows.

The World Heritage Property is of Outstanding Universal Value for the following qualities:

Stonehenge is one of the most impressive prehistoric megalithic monuments in the world on account of the sheer size of its megaliths, the sophistication of its concentric plan and architectural design, the shaping of the stones, uniquely using both Wiltshire Sarsen sandstone and Pembroke Bluestone, and the precision with which it was built.

At Avebury, the massive Henge, containing the largest prehistoric stone circle in the world, and Silbury Hill, the largest prehistoric mound in Europe, demonstrate the outstanding engineering skills which were used to create masterpieces of earthen and megalithic architecture.

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There is an exceptional survival of prehistoric monuments and sites within the World Heritage Property including settlements, burial grounds, and large constructions of earth and stone. Today, together with their settings, they form landscapes without parallel. These complexes would have been of major significance to those who created them, as is apparent by the huge investment of time and effort they represent. They provide an insight into the mortuary and ceremonial practices of the period, and are evidence of prehistoric technology, architecture and astronomy.

The careful siting of monuments in relation to the landscape helps us to further understand the Neolithic and Bronze Age.

Criterion (i): Represent a unique artistic achievement, a masterpiece of human creative genius.

The monuments of the Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites World Heritage Property demonstrate outstanding creative and technological achievements in prehistoric times.

Stonehenge is the most architecturally sophisticated prehistoric stone circle in the world. It is unrivalled in its design and unique engineering, featuring huge horizontal stone lintels capping the outer circle and the trilithons, locked together by carefully shaped joints. It is distinguished by the unique use of two different kinds of stones (Bluestones and Sarsens), their size (the largest weighing over 40t) and the distance they were transported (up to 240km). The sheer scale of some of the surrounding monuments is also remarkable: the Stonehenge Cursus and the Avenue are both about 3km long, while Durrington Walls is the largest known henge in Britain, around 500m in diameter, demonstrating the ability of prehistoric peoples to conceive, design and construct features of great size and complexity.

Avebury prehistoric stone circle is the largest in the world. The encircling henge consists of a huge bank and ditch 1.3km in circumference, within which 180 local, unshaped standing stones formed the large outer and two smaller inner circles. Leading from two of its four entrances, the West Kennet and Beckhampton Avenues of parallel standing stones still connect it with other monuments in the landscape. Another outstanding monument, Silbury Hill, is the largest prehistoric mound in Europe. Built around 2400 BC, it stands 39.5m high and comprises half a million tonnes of chalk. The purpose of this imposing, skilfully engineered monument remains obscure.

Criterion (ii): Have exerted great influence, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture, monumental arts, or town planning and landscaping.

The World Heritage Property provides an outstanding illustration of the evolution of monument construction and of the continual use and shaping of the landscape over more than 2000 years, from the early Neolithic to the Bronze Age. The monuments and landscape have had an unwavering influence on architects, artists, historians and archaeologists, and still retain a huge potential for future research.

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The megalithic and earthen monuments of the World Heritage Property demonstrate the shaping of the landscape through monument building for around 2000 years from circa 3700 BC, reflecting the importance and wide influence of both areas.

Since the 12th century when Stonehenge was considered one of the wonders of the world by the chroniclers Henry de Huntington and Geoffrey de Monmouth, Stonehenge and Avebury have excited curiosity and been the subject of study and speculation. Since early investigations by John Aubrey, Inigo Jones, and William Stukeley, they have had an unwavering influence on architects, archaeologists, artists and historians. The two parts of the World Heritage Property provide an excellent opportunity for further research.

Today, the Property has spiritual associations for some.

Criterion (iii): Bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a civilization which has disappeared.

The complexes of monuments at Stonehenge and Avebury provide an exceptional insight into the funerary and ceremonial practices in Britain in the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Together with their settings and associated sites, they form landscapes without parallel.

The design, position and inter-relationship of the monuments and sites are evidence of a wealthy and highly organised prehistoric society able to impose its concepts on the environment. An outstanding example is the alignment of the Stonehenge Avenue (probably a processional route) and Stonehenge stone circle on the axis of the midsummer sunrise and midwinter sunset, indicating their ceremonial and astronomical character. At Avebury the length and size of some of the features such as the West Kennet Avenue, which connects the Henge to the Sanctuary over 2km away, are further evidence of this.

A profound insight into the changing mortuary culture of the periods is provided by the use of Stonehenge as a cremation cemetery, by the West Kennet Long Barrow, the largest known Neolithic stone-chambered collective tomb in southern England, and by the hundreds of other burial sites illustrating evolving funerary rites.

Integrity 2011

The boundaries of the Property capture the attributes that together convey Outstanding Universal Value at Stonehenge and Avebury. They contain the major Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments that exemplify the creative genius and technological skills for which the Property is inscribed. The Avebury and Stonehenge landscapes are extensive, both being around 25 square kilometres, and capture the relationship between the monuments as well as their landscape setting.

At Avebury the boundary was extended in 2008 to include East Kennet Long Barrow and Fyfield Down with its extensive Bronze Age field system and naturally occurring Sarsens. At Stonehenge the boundary might be reviewed

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to consider the possible inclusion of related, significant monuments nearby such as Robin Hood’s Ball, a Neolithic causewayed enclosure.

The setting of some key monuments extends beyond the boundary. Provision of buffer zones should be considered to protect the setting of individual monuments and the overall setting of the Property.

The survival of the Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments at both Stonehenge and Avebury is exceptional and remarkable given their age – they were built and used between around 3700 and 1600 BC. Stone and earth monuments retain their original design and materials. The timber structures have disappeared but postholes indicate their location. Monuments have been regularly maintained and repaired as necessary.

The presence of busy main roads going through the World Heritage Property impacts adversely on its integrity. The roads sever the relationship between Stonehenge and its surrounding monuments, notably the A344 which separates the Stone Circle from the Avenue. At Avebury roads cut through some key monuments including the Henge and the West Kennet Avenue. The A4 separates the Sanctuary from its barrow group at Overton Hill. Roads and vehicles also cause damage to the fabric of some monuments while traffic noise and visual intrusion have a negative impact on their settings. The incremental impact of highway-related clutter needs to be carefully managed.

Development pressures are present and require careful management. Impacts from existing intrusive development should be mitigated where possible.

Authenticity 2011

Interventions have been limited mainly to excavations and the re-erection of some fallen or buried stones to their known positions in the early and mid- twentieth century in order to improve understanding. Ploughing, burrowing animals and early excavation have resulted in some losses but what remains is remarkable in its completeness and concentration. The materials and substance of the archaeology supported by the archaeological archives continue to provide an authentic testimony to prehistoric technological and creative achievement.

This survival and the huge potential of buried archaeology make the Property an extremely important resource for archaeological research which continues to uncover new evidence and expand our understanding of prehistory. Present day research has enormously improved our understanding of the Property.

The known principal monuments largely remain in situ and many are still dominant features in the rural landscape. Their form and design are well- preserved and visitors are easily able to appreciate their location, setting and interrelationships which in combination represent landscapes without parallel.

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At Stonehenge several monuments have retained their alignment on the Solstice sunrise and sunset, including the Stone Circle, the Avenue, Woodhenge, and the Durrington Walls Southern Circle and its Avenue.

Although the original ceremonial use of the monuments is not known, they retain spiritual significance for some people, and many still gather at both stone circles to celebrate the Solstice and other observations. Stonehenge is known and valued by many more as the most famous prehistoric monument in the world.

There is a need to strengthen understanding of the overall relationship between remains, both buried and standing, at Stonehenge and at Avebury.

Protection and Management Requirements 2011

The UK Government protects World Heritage Sites in England in two ways. Firstly individual buildings, mouments and landscapes are designated under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 and the 1979 Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act and secondly through the UK Spatial Planning system under the provisions of the Town and Country Planning Acts. The individual sites within the property are protected through the Government’s designation of individual buildings, monuments, gardens and landscapes.

National guidance on protecting World Heritage Properties is given in Planning Circular 07/09 on the Protection of World Heritage; while that on the historic environment is contained in Planning Policy Statement 5. Planning Circular 07/09 specifies that policies to protect, promote, conserve and enhance World Heritage Properties and their settings and buffer zones should be included in development plans and frameworks at all levels. The protection of the Property and its setting from inappropriate development could be further strengthened through the adoption of a specific Supplementary Planning Document.

At a local level, the Property is protected by the legal designation of all its principal monuments. There is a specific policy in the Local Development Framework to protect the Outstanding Universal Value of the Property from inappropriate development, along with adequate references in relevant strategies and plans at all levels. The Local Planning Authority is responsible for continued protection through policy development and its effective implementation in deciding planning applications with the management plans for Stonehenge and Avebury as a key material consideration. These plans also take into account the range of other values relevant to the Property. Avebury lies within the North Wessex Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty: a national statutory designation to ensure the conservation and enhancement of the natural beauty of the landscape.

About a third of the Property at both Stonehenge and Avebury is owned and managed by conservation bodies: English Heritage, a non-departmental government body, and the National Trust and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds which are both charities. Agri-environment schemes, an example of partnership working between private landowners and Natural England (a non-departmental government body), are very important for

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protecting and enhancing the setting of prehistoric monuments through measures such as grass restoration and scrub control. Much of the Property can be accessed through public rights of way as well as permissive paths and open access provided by some agri-environment schemes. Managed open access is provided at Solstice. There are a significant number of private households within the Property and local residents therefore have an important role in its stewardship

The Property has effective management plans, coordinators and steering groups at both Stonehenge and Avebury. There is a need for an overall integrated management system for the Property. A review of the current system and governance arrangements should inform any future changes. Research Frameworks have been published for the Property and are regularly reviewed.

An overall visitor management and interpretation strategy, together with a landscape strategy needs to be put in place to optimise access to and understanding of the Property. This can be done through continuing research and landscape level management. This should include improved interpretation for visitors and the local community both on site and in local museums holding collections excavated from the Property as well as through publications and the web.

It is important to maintain and enhance the improvements to monuments achieved through grass restoration and to avoid erosion of earthen monuments and buried archaeology through visitor pressure and burrowing animals.

At the time of inscription the State Party agreed to remove the A344 road to reunite Stonehenge and its Avenue and improve the setting of the Stone Circle. The impact of roads and traffic and the need to improve visitor facilities remain the biggest challenge

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13 APPENDIX 4: WRITTEN SCHEME OF INVESTIGATION FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONITORING AND RECORDING

13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Section 7 of this document sets out the proposed mitigation strategy and approach in respect of the potential impact of the Scheme on archaeological remains. This Appendix 4 sets out a method statement for archaeological recording and monitoring of the works, including quality standards, Health and safety requirements and provision of monitoring and approvals.

13.1.2 This method statement forms part of the planning application for the Scheme, which includes detailed drawings and should be read in conjunction with this document. Implementation of the archaeological programme described below would form part of the consented works.

13.2 Aims and Objectives 13.2.1 The overall aim of the project will be to ensure the identification, protection and recording of any archaeological remains revealed during the proposed works through a programme of archaeological monitoring, supervision and recording. Specifically, the project will aim to:

 Identify, investigate and record any such archaeological remains to the extent possible by the methods set out in this document;  Monitor and record the implementation of measures designed to preserve archaeological remains left in situ; and  Disseminate the results of the project through deposition of an ordered archive with Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum, the deposition of a detailed report with the Wiltshire Sites and Monuments Record, and publication at a level of detail commensurate with the significance of the results.

Research framework 13.2.2 Whilst the watching brief mitigation proposed here has some potential to recover new data, the scale of the works has been designed to minimise disturbance to archaeological deposits: no specific research aims are proposed, therefore. However, implementation of the archaeological programme described below would accord with Policy 6a of the Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan (English Heritage 2009) – Sustainable archaeological research into and within the Stonehenge WHS should be encouraged, and should be of the highest quality.

13.2.3 The proposals for archaeological recording set out below take account of the Statement of Principles Governing Archaeological Work in the Stonehenge World Heritage Site endorsed by the Stonehenge WHS Management Plan Implementation Group (January 2002; Stonehenge WHS Management Plan 2009, Appendix D) and Stonehenge World Heritage site: an Archaeological Research Framework (Darvill 2005).

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Sustainability 13.2.4 The archaeological resource within the Stonehenge WHS is finite and non- renewable. The proposed development works have been designed to minimize the loss of archaeological remains.

13.3 Standards 13.3.1 The archaeological work will comprise a continuous watching brief as defined in the Institute for Archaeologists Standard and Guidance for an Archaeological Watching Brief (IfA 2008). All archaeological work will be undertaken by a professional Archaeological Contractor(s). Archaeological work will comply with the following standards and guidelines:

 English Heritage 1991 Management of Archaeological Projects (2nd ed.)(‘MAP 2’).  English Heritage 2011 Environmental Archaeology: a guide to the theory and practice of methods, from sampling and recovery to post- excavation (second edition).  English Heritage 2006 Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment: a Managers Guide (‘MoRPHE’)  Institute for Archaeologists, Code of Approved Practice for the Regulation of Contractual Arrangements in Field Archaeology.  Institute for Archaeologists, Standard and Guidance for an Archaeological Watching Brief (revised 2008).  Institute for Archaeologists, Code of Conduct.  Institute for Archaeologists, Standard and Guidance for the collection, documentation, conservation and research of archaeological materials (2001) (‘Standard and Guidance for Finds Work’)(revised 2008).  McKinley, Jacqueline I. and Roberts, Charlotte 1993 Excavation and post-excavation treatment of cremated and inhumed human remains. IfA Technical Paper No. 13.  Museums and Galleries Commission 1992 Standards for the museum care of archaeological collections.  Richards, J. and Robinson, D. (eds.) 2002 Digital Archives from Excavation and Fieldwork: A Guide to Good Practice. AHDS Guides to Good Practice/Oxbow Books (2nd ed.).  United Kingdom Institute for Conservation 1990 Guidelines for the preparation of Excavation Archives for long-term storage.  Watkinson, D. and Neal, A. V. 1998 First Aid for Finds. Rescue publications.

13.4 Permissions and notifications 13.4.1 In the event of the discovery of human remains the Lead Advisor for the Stonehenge and Avebury WHS, the County Archaeologist and the landowner(s) will be notified as soon as possible. The human remains will initially be left in situ. Where removal of the human remains is necessary, for example to prevent damage during the works, a licence will be sought from the Ministry of Justice. Further excavation and recording will be carried out in accordance with the conditions of this licence.

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13.4.2 In the event of the discovery of items that fall under the Treasure Act 1996, the District Coroner will be notified within 14 days and the find logged with the Portable Antiquities Scheme. Items falling under the Treasure Act will be removed from site and stored in a secure location pending a decision by the coroner. The Lead Advisor for the Stonehenge and Avebury WHS, the County Archaeologist and the landowner will be notified as soon as possible.

13.4.3 Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum will be contacted prior to the commencement of fieldwork and an accession number obtained (see 6.17.4 below).

13.5 Method Statement 13.5.1 The potential of the proposed works to reveal significant archaeological remains requiring detailed excavation and sampling is limited: the following standard methods are included here for completeness and will be applied as appropriate in the event of archaeological discoveries requiring investigation and recording. Work on land owned by the National Trust will comply with the NT's Standard Method Statement for Minor Interventions in the Stonehenge WHS (Annex 1 below).

Hand excavation 13.5.2 All features of whatever origin encountered during the archaeological mitigation work and requiring clarification will be cleaned by hand and recorded in plan at an appropriate scale.

13.5.3 Where features of probable archaeological origin are revealed, further hand investigation and recording will follow a ‘minimum intervention’ principle, recognising the need to preserve nationally important remains in situ wherever possible. Archaeological intervention is necessarily destructive and will generally be limited to that necessary to inform decisions concerning installation methodology and options for preservation in situ. A careful balance shall be sought between complete preservation in situ and archaeological intervention in order to gain a better understanding of the archaeology, which will inform the options for preservation in situ.

13.5.4 In the event that archaeological remains are encountered that may be vulnerable, or where preservation in situ is not the preferred option, these will normally be subject to 100% excavation. Such remains could include human burials, or archaeological horizons that may obscure deposits that it is considered important to expose in order to inform decisions regarding further treatment, whether investigation or preservation in situ.

13.5.5 The scope of any further investigation and recording required will be determined on site in consultation with the Lead Advisor for the Stonehenge and Avebury WHS and the County Archaeologist and, where works take place on National Trust land, the NT Archaeologist (Stonehenge and Avebury WHS), taking into account the objectives set out in the Stonehenge World Heritage Site Archaeological Research Framework and the Statement of principles governing archaeological work in the Stonehenge WHS, as set out in Appendix D of the Stonehenge WHS Management Plan 2009.

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Recording 13.5.6 All archaeological features and deposits encountered will be recorded using pro forma recording sheets and a continuous unique numbering system. Plans at appropriate scales will be prepared, showing the areas investigated and their relation to more permanent topographical features. The plans will show the location of contexts observed and recorded in the course of the investigation. Other plans, sections and elevations of archaeological features and deposits will be drawn as necessary at 1:10, 1:20 and 1:50 as appropriate. All drawings will be made in pencil on permanent drafting film.

13.5.7 The spot height of all principal features and levels will be calculated in metres relative to Ordnance Datum, correct to two decimal places. Plans, sections and elevations will be annotated with spot heights as appropriate.

13.5.8 Photographs will be taken as necessary to produce a photographic record consisting of digital images, 35mm monochrome prints and colour transparencies, as appropriate. The photographic record will include general shots to record the nature and progress of the development work.

Finds collection 13.5.9 Objects relating to human exploitation of the area that are exposed in the course of excavation will be recovered or, where recovery is impracticable, recorded. All finds will be recorded by context and significant objects will be recorded in three dimensions. All recovered objects of whatever date will be retained in the first instance, pending assessment.

13.5.10 Animal bone samples will be recovered by hand during excavation and processed as part of the finds assemblage. Animal bone recovered from bulk samples will also be retained for analysis.

Finds treatment 13.5.11 All finds will be processed in accordance with the Institute for Archaeologists’ Standard and Guidance for Finds Work (IfA 2008). All artefacts will, as a minimum, be washed, counted, weighed and identified. Spot dating of finds will be undertaken during the course of the fieldwork in order to inform excavation strategy. Provision will be made for liaison with external finds specialists, including site visits, as appropriate.

13.5.12 Objects that require immediate conservation treatment to prevent deterioration will be treated according to guidelines laid down in First Aid for Finds (Watkinson and Neal 1998). Full records will be made of any conservation treatment.

Environmental sampling 13.5.13 Provision will be made for scientific sampling of appropriate archaeological deposits recorded during the investigation for artefactual, economic and environmental data.

13.5.14 The environmental sampling strategy will follow the guidance set out in Environmental Archaeology: a guide to the theory and practice of methods, from sampling and recovery to post-excavation (English Heritage 2011). The scope of environmental sampling will be determined in consultation with

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the Lead Advisor for the Stonehenge and Avebury WHS and the County Archaeologist and, where works take place on National Trust land, the NT Archaeologist (Stonehenge and Avebury WHS).

Samples for dating 13.5.15 Provision will be made for the archaeomagnetic dating of suitable deposits. This will be undertaken by a suitable specialist. Samples of suitable material will be recovered for radiocarbon dating where contexts cannot be closely dated by artefactual or other means.

Post-fieldwork 13.5.16 Analysis of any finds and scientific samples will be undertaken to a level commensurate with the aims and objectives of the investigation as set out in this document and in any updated project design.

Archive 13.5.17 The archive will be prepared to the standards set out in MoRPHE and in Appendix 3 of Management of Archaeological Projects (‘MAP 2’, English Heritage 1991). The written, drawn and photographic archive will be compiled to a standard that allows for the publication of a summary report.

13.5.18 The written archive will be prepared on clean, stable materials, and will be suitable for photocopying. The materials used will be of the standard recommended in Guidelines for the Preparation of Excavation Archives for Long-term Storage (UKIC 1990). The archive will be prepared in accordance with procedures outlined in Standards in the Museum Care of Archaeological Collections (Museum and Galleries Commission 1992) and in accordance with the requirements of Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum, who will be contacted prior to commencement of the investigation. If necessary, the paper records of the site archive will be security microfilmed prior to deposition.

13.5.19 Digital data will be generated as part of the project archive. The digital archive will be prepared in accordance with nationally recommended guidelines (Richards and Robinson 2002) and registered with OASIS: an OASIS online record will be created at the start of fieldwork and site details updated at regular intervals.

13.5.20 GIS spatial datasets generated during the course of the project will be supplied to English Heritage and the Wiltshire HER.

13.5.21 It is intended that the project archive, including written, drawn, photographic and material elements (together with a summary of the contents of the archive), will be deposited with the Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum, Salisbury, upon completion of the post-fieldwork programme (see below). An agreement regarding deposition of the archive with the Museum will be finalised before fieldwork commenced.

Assessment report 13.5.22 Following completion of the fieldwork stage for any specified archaeological mitigation investigation, an assessment report will be prepared within six months.

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13.5.23 The assessment report will be prepared in accordance with the standards set out in MoRPHE and in Appendices 4 and 5 of Management of Archaeological Projects (‘MAP 2’, English Heritage 1991). The assessment report will present detailed proposals as appropriate, for further analysis, report production, publication and archiving, along with the strategies, resources and programme necessary to carry out such work.

13.5.24 An assessment of the potential of the archive (including, where appropriate, the archive from earlier stages of fieldwork) for further analysis will be undertaken. The assessment report will contain, as appropriate:

 A non-technical summary;  A discussion of the archaeological and planning background to the project;  An outline description of the aims of the excavation and the methodology used in order to achieve these aims;  Specialist assessment reports;  A summary of the archive contents;  A site location plan at an appropriate scale;  Proposals for appropriate detailed analysis of the data; and  Proposals for the preparation of an academic report commensurate with the significance of the data recovered, for publication in an appropriate forum.

13.5.25 The results will be presented in such a way that there will be no need for recourse to the archive. Draft copies of the report will be supplied to the Lead Advisor for the Stonehenge and Avebury WHS and the County Archaeologist for comment and, where works take place on National Trust land, the NT Archaeologist (Stonehenge and Avebury WHS), before finalisation. A digital copy of the finalised report will be deposited with the Archaeological Data Service (ADS).

Publication and dissemination 13.5.26 The assessment report will include proposals for the preparation of an academic report commensurate with the significance of the data recovered, for publication in an appropriate forum. Digital publication will be considered to ensure wide dissemination of the report and related data of specialist interest. Copies of all reports will be deposited with the Wiltshire Historic Environment Record.

Copyright 13.5.27 The Archaeological Contractor shall assign copyright to the Client upon written request but shall retain the right to be identified as the author of all project documentation and reports as defined in the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (Chapter IV, s.79).

13.6 Quality Standards Archaeological Contractor(s) 13.6.1 Appropriate Archaeological Contractor(s) will be appointed and approved by English Heritage and Wiltshire County Archaeology Service. All archaeological fieldwork shall be directed and supervised by appropriately

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experienced archaeologists. The overall responsibility for the conduct and management of the project shall be held by a nominated Project Manager who will be a member of the Institute for Archaeologists at an appropriate grade with at least 10 years’ postgraduate experience. The nominated Project Manager shall visit the fieldwork as appropriate to monitor progress and to ensure that the scope of works is adhered to.

13.6.2 All staff directly employed or sub-contracted by the Archaeological Contractor(s) shall be employed in line with The Institute for Archaeologists Codes of Practice and will normally be members of the Institute for Archaeologists at an appropriate grade. CVs of key staff, including retained external specialists, shall be submitted for approval by the County Archaeologist and the Lead Advisor for the Stonehenge and Avebury WHS.

13.6.3 The archaeological project shall be managed in accordance with the guidelines set out in MoRPHE.

13.7 Health and Safety 13.7.1 Health and Safety considerations will be of paramount importance in conducting all fieldwork. Safe working practices will override archaeological considerations at all times.

13.7.2 All work will be carried out in accordance with the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and the Management of Health and Safety Regulations 1992, and all other relevant Health and Safety legislation, regulations and codes of practice in force at the time.

13.7.3 The appointed Archaeological Contractor shall undertake a Risk Assessment before the commencement of any site works and shall comply with any site requirements made by the Main Contractor.

13.8 Procedures for Approval, Monitoring and Control Measures 13.8.1 The implementation of the archaeological work described in this WSI will be monitored by the County Archaeologist and the Lead Advisor for the Stonehenge and Avebury WHS. The Archaeological Contractor(s) will retain a copy of the approved WSI on site at all times.

13.8.2 The Archaeological Contractor(s) shall give at least two weeks’ notice in writing of the commencement of works described in this WSI to the Lead Advisor for the Stonehenge and Avebury WHS and the County Archaeologist, together with a detailed programme and timetable for the works.

13.8.3 The Lead Advisor for the Stonehenge and Avebury WHS, the County Archaeologist and the National Trust Archaeologist (Stonehenge and Avebury WHS) will be invited to inspect the archaeological works on site. Regular monitoring visits will be arranged to review progress and results on site and allow site specific excavation and sampling strategies to be agreed.

13.8.4 Where archaeological remains are encountered during the proposed works, the Archaeological Contractor will halt installation works in the vicinity of the remains until such time as the remains have been recorded or a

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methodology to preserve them in situ has been implemented. The extent of the archaeological remains will be rapidly assessed by the Archaeological Contractor who will arrange for the remains to be protected in situ until they have been recorded. The Lead Advisor for the Stonehenge and Avebury WHS and the County Archaeologist and, where works take place on National Trust land, the NT Archaeologist (Stonehenge and Avebury WHS) will be consulted where necessary regarding the scope of archaeological works to record or preserve the remains.

13.8.5 Control measures to ensure the implementation of the proposed provision for archaeological recording will be incorporated within the specification for the proposed installation works, the implementation of which will be monitored by the appointed Archaeological Contractor(s). The County Archaeologist and the Lead Advisor for the Stonehenge and Avebury WHS will be consulted with regard to the control measures to be incorporated into the specification for the works.

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13.9 Annex 1: National Trust Standard Method Statement

National Trust, Stonehenge Landscape

Standard Method Statement for Archaeological Supervision and Recording of Minor Groundworks

This document presents a standard method statement for archaeological supervision and recording of all works that involve ground disturbance within those parts of the Stonehenge World Heritage Site owned or managed by the National Trust. It has been prepared for use by National Trust personnel and archaeological contractors working on the Trust’s behalf, and for submission in support of applications for Scheduled Monument Consent and Planning Consents that might be required for those works.

Minor groundworks is defined here as shallow excavations of limited spatial extent, invariably dug by hand or 1-tonne mini-digger the archaeological results of which would not be expected to be individually interpretable. Examples might include ‘Finger Posts’ and other impermanent signage supports, fence posts, non-mains service connections, soak-aways, threshold repairs etc. Specifically excluded are all works for which HSE notification is required, building footings, mains service trenching, works for which heavy plant (>1 tonne mini-digger) is necessary, archaeological trial excavations and works to the fabric of standing buildings.

Preliminaries

All works within the designated areas will be carried out in accordance with the Health and Safety Policy of The National Trust or, in the case of works contracted-out, the policy of the contractor. All archaeological works will be conducted in accordance with the published standards and guidance of the Institute for Archaeologists and the archaeological policies of The National Trust.

The National Trust Archaeologist (Stonehenge & Avebury WHS) and, in the case of Scheduled Monuments, the appropriate officers of English Heritage and Wiltshire Council will be notified in advance of the commencement and duration of the works.

The responsible National Trust personnel will apprise themselves of the archaeological potential of the works site and, in the case of works contracted-out, will communicate this to the contractors so that their working methods can be adjusted to reflect the sensitivity of the site.

Excavation

All plant will be operated with regard to the potential archaeological significance of all minor variations in surface topography within the Stonehenge WHS. On soft ground or in wet conditions, plant will either be tracked or will run on ‘bog’ boards’ or similar to prevent wheel ruts.

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Machine-excavation will proceed in spits nominally 200mm thick, so that the area of excavation is lowered evenly, under constant archaeological supervision. Changes in soil type (from Topsoil – Subsoil – Bedrock) will be examined at close quarters to establish whether archaeological features and deposits have been revealed. If none are present then further excavation below the upper surface of chalk bedrock need not be closely supervised once an experienced eye has verified the chalk to be ‘natural’.

Manual excavation will proceed in accordance with archaeological procedures standard to the United Kingdom i.e. stratigraphically. Bulk excavation should be undertaken using digging tools (mattock, pick, fork or shovel), leaving trowels and small tools for cleaning only. All deposits will be inspected at close quarter visually during excavation to assess and record where appropriate soil type, texture, coarse components, artefactual components.

All artefacts recovered during excavation will be visually inspected on-site to establish the need for retention (see below).

Human Remains

The removal of human remains - articulated or disarticulated - from a place of burial without a Ministry of Justice exhumation licence or, in the case of consecrated Church of England burial grounds, a Diocesan Faculty, is a criminal offence. For the purposes of this method statement, a ‘place of burial’ is defined as a feature, structure or specially prepared place in which a deceased human was placed shortly after death in a structured manner or with evidence of ceremony and from which it has not subsequently been moved or disturbed. Excepted from this definition are disarticulated bones within a graveyard ‘cemetery soil’ or prehistoric midden deposits.

Ministry of Justice exhumation licences will be granted to archaeologists and others who discover burials that could not reasonably have been anticipated, on application to the Ministry of Justice. In such situations, the archaeological contractor or, in the case of works conducted by or on behalf of NT personnel, the responsible NT officer will apply immediately for a Ministry of Justice Licence. Before removing human remains from a place of burial, the archaeological contractor or, in the case of works conducted by or on behalf of NT personnel, the responsible NT officer will satisfy themselves that the remains are of pre-Modern date and not of possible interest to the Police. In the case of the latter, all work will cease and the Police will be informed immediately.

For works likely to disturb human remains the responsible NT officer will apply for the appropriate licence or faculty before the works commence and in sufficient time to accommodate the administrative processes of the granting body. In the case of Church of England faculties, a minimum of three months should be allowed. The application will name an archaeological contractor or a responsible NT officer.

Excavation, recording and processing of human remains, irrespective of their context, will be carried out in accordance with Technical Paper No. 13

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of the Institute for Archaeologists (McKinley and Roberts, 1993). This applies to fully articulated burials, disarticulated bone, cremated remains and cremation-related deposits such as pyre sites.

Recording

The physical, stratigraphic and artefactual characteristics of all deposits revealed during excavations within the WHS will be recorded using a complementary recording system of written, drawn and photographic records.

The minimum record acceptable for any one excavation will be a ‘trench log’ or similar that lists and describes the deposits in stratigraphic order with depths below ground level and with cross-references to complementary photographic and drawn records if these are created. The trench log will also record the date on which the work was done, a NT Intervention Code / Wilts SMR number / locational data (NGR or metric distances to fixed features and ground levels as appropriate) and the name of the supervising person.

Deposits of undoubted or potential cultural origin - i.e. archaeological deposits – will be recorded using individual ‘context’ records indexed to a single numerical sequence. These may still be listed / summarised on a trench log or similar, but full descriptions of the context must be recorded. Descriptions will record the physical, stratigraphic and artefactual characteristics of each deposit using the terminology commonly employed in UK archaeology. The written records will be complemented by plan and section/profile drawings at a scale commensurate with the level of detail inherent to the deposit (normally 1:20 or 1:10), and by photographs in 35mm format monochrome and / or colour slide film / and or 35 mm digital images. The type and number of each record created will be listed on indexes i.e. context indexes, drawing indexes and photographic indexes.

The position of each excavation will be recorded on an Ordnance Survey based map that contains sufficient spatial references as to allow future students to identify the location of the excavation relative to the rest of the WHS.

Artefact Retention

All artefacts, including animal bone and shell, disturbed by excavation will be visually inspected on-site and the quantity of each type of material noted on written records (above). Retention for assessment, analysis and museum curation will be restricted to material which is: ‘Treasure’ as defined by the Treasure Act (1996), pre-industrial in date and chronologically or typologically distinct, in situ within deposits of pre-industrial date. Mass- produced materials such as pressed tin plate, plastics, and ‘universal’ building materials such brick, metamorphic roof slate, will not be retained, but the presence of these materials will be recorded in writing, noting their quantity and frequency of occurrence .

Retained artefacts will be cleaned, marked, catalogued and bagged / boxed in accordance with the Conditions of Acceptance of the Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum or the UKIC.

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Soil Sample Retention

Palaeoenvironmental materials such as floral and faunal remains will be recovered from soil samples of known volume in adherence with the Guidelines produced by English Heritage in Environmental Archaeology. A Guide to the Theory & Practice of Methods, from Sampling & Recovery to Post-Excavation (Second Edition) (English Heritage 2011). Samples will be retained from deposits that are undisturbed, contain no residual materials, are stratified and datable and which, on visual inspection, display the potential for containing significant palaeoenvironmental material. Sample volume will be determined by the anticipated recovery process, but will generally be of not less than 10 litres.

Micromorphological samples or other ‘scientific’ samples will be retained by suitably qualified specialists, or in accordance with the written instructions of those specialists.

Samples will be double bagged, and double labelled with the site code, date and sample number. Samples will be processed and the recovered materials transferred to archivally stable conditions.

Archive

All recovered materials and accompanying records from every intervention within the Stonehenge WHS will be assembled into an indexed and ordered archive conforming to the guidance of Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment Planning Policy Note 3: Archaeological Excavation (English Heritage 2008) or the Guidelines and Conditions for the Preparation and Deposition of Archaeological Archives of the Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum. The archive, irrespective of the form of container(s) in which it is retained, will include a clearly labelled and accessible ‘Index’ sheet which lists the form and number of each material and record type within it. Where digital data is present the format and software requirements of that data will be detailed and where practicable (e.g. in the case of digital images) hard copies of that data will be included as part of the archive.

All archives created by NT personnel will be deposited with, or the contents and whereabouts notified in writing to, the Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum within 12 months of completion of site works. All archives created by non–NT personnel / organisations will be deposited with the National Trust Archaeologist (Stonehenge & Avebury WHS) for subsequent deposition with the Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum.

Reporting

Written reports will be appropriate to the scale and significance of the work and its results, and will, as a minimum, comprise a single A4 sheet summarising the date, situation, extent and circumstances of the work and who did it; a brief summary of the results and conclusions arising from them; and an index to the archive or a copy of the archive index. The report will include an Ordnance Survey extract or other clear cartographic indicator of the situation and extent of the site.

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Methodological statements will not be included in the written report unless this has a direct bearing on the quality of archaeological data recovered.

Summaries of all affective groundworks and archaeological observations carried out by the National Trust within the Stonehenge WHS will be presented by the National Trust to the Wiltshire Historic Environment Record.

Reports created under Scheduled Monument Consent will be submitted by the National Trust to English Heritage in accordance with the conditions of SMC.

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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 145000 1 0 2 3 4 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Durrington Down Group

SM10365

144000

Lesser Cursus and Associated 13 SM10365 Barrows

12 3 14 Durrington 11 Walls and The SM10324 Woodhenge Cursus King Barrows

143000 7 5 6 6 SM10342 SM10452 Cursus Stonehenge 8 1 Barrows SM10390 and the Avenue 10

2 9

SM10371 Winterbourne Stonehenge Stoke Group Triangle Barrows 142000 SM10306 SM10390 4

SM10390 Coneybury Hill Normanton Down Group

141000

0 2

km

This map is reproduced from Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office © Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution World Heritage Site boundary Monument Groups Proposed Interpretation panel Mini-hub Proposed Semi-Portable Interpretation lectern or criminal proceedings. English Heritage 100019088. 2012 This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction. 100m impact buffer Landscape Features Proposed Static Interpretation lectern Proposed Static Interpretation lecterns to replace existing signage

Scheduled Monument Proposed Portable Interpretation lectern Existing Interpretation panel to be removed Date: 10/12/12 Revision Number: 0 Scale: 1:20 000 at A3 Illustrator: LJC Path: X:\GIS\PROJECTS\ChrisMoore_Interp_Dec2012\GIS\FigsMXD Proposed interpretative features: overall location plan showing attributes of OUV Figure 1 Cursus412000 412500 413000 413500 414000 Barrows King 8 Barrows Stonehenge SM10390 and the Avenue 10 142500

9

2

Stonehenge Triangle SM10371 Barrows

SM10390 142000

Proposed Interpretation panel Mini-hub Proposed Static Interpretation lectern Proposed Portable Interpretation lectern Proposed Static Interpretation lecterns to replace existing signage Existing Interpretation panel to be removed Avenue Arrow Partner stone marker SM10390 Stonehenge and the Avenue Station stone marker Coneybury SM10390 Aubrey hole marker Hill 141500 SM10371 Aubrey hole marker in path Monument Groups Landscape Features Normanton Down Group Scheduled Monument 0 500 Stonehenge Triangle Barrows 100m impact buffer m

This map is reproduced from Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Date: 10/12/12 Revision Number: 0 Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office © Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or criminal proceedings. English Heritage 100019088. 2012 Scale: 1:10 000 at A4 Illustrator: LJC This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction. Path: X:\GIS\PROJECTS\ChrisMoore_Interp_Dec2012\GIS\FigsMXD Proposed interpretative features: Stonehenge, the Avenue and King Barrow Ridge Figure 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 6 1 6 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 143498

11 SM10324 King Barrows The Cursus 142998 7 5

Cursus Barrows

1 Stonehenge and the Avenue

142498

Proposed Interpretation panel Mini-hub Proposed Static Interpretation lectern Stonehenge Proposed Static Interpretation lecterns to replace existing signagTeriangle Barrows 1 Monument Groups Cursus Barrows Landscape Features Scheduled Monument 141998 Path 0 500

VTS drop off m 100m impact buffer

This map is reproduced from Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Date: 10/12/12 Revision Number: 0 Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office © Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or criminal proceedings. English Heritage 100019088. 2012 Scale: 1:12 500 at A4 Illustrator: LJC This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction. Path: X:\GIS\PROJECTS\ChrisMoore_Interp_Dec2012\GIS\FigsMXD Proposed interpretative features: Fargo and the Cursus Figure 3 4 4 4 1 1 1 4 5 5 5 0 5 0 0 0 144500 0 0 0

SM10365

Durrington 144000 Walls and Woodhenge

SM10365

13

143500 3

12 14

World Heritage Site boundary 143000 100m impact buffer

Scheduled Monument

Monument Groups

Landscape Features

Proposed Interpretation panel Mini-hub

Proposed Static Interpretation lectern

Proposed Portable Interpretation lectern

Proposed Semi-Portable Interpretation lectern 142500 Proposed Static Interpretation lecterns to replace existing signage 0 500

Existing Interpretation panel to be removed m

This map is reproduced from Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office © Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or criminal proceedings. English Heritage 100019088. 2012 This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction.

Date: 10/12/12 Revision Number: 0 Scale: 1:10 000 at A4 Illustrator: LJC Path: X:\GIS\PROJECTS\ChrisMoore_Interp_Dec2012\GIS\FigsMXD Proposed interpretative features: Durrington Walls and Woodhenge Figure 4 4 4 4 0 1 1 9 0 0 6 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0

141998

4

Winterbourne Stoke Group

SM10306 World Heritage Site boundary Proposed Interpretation panel Mini-hub Proposed Static Interpretation lectern Proposed Portable Interpretation lectern 141498 Proposed Static Interpretation lecterns to replace existing signage Existing Interpretation panel to be removed Monument Groups Landscape Features Scheduled Monument 100m impact buffer 0 200 m

This map is reproduced from Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Date: 10/12/12 Revision Number: 0 Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office © Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or criminal proceedings. English Heritage 100019088. 2012 Scale: 1:10 000 at A4 Illustrator: LJC This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction. Path: X:\GIS\PROJECTS\ChrisMoore_Interp_Dec2012\GIS\FigsMXD Proposed interpretative features: the Winterbourne Stoke Group Figure 5 4 4 1 1 1 2 5 0 0 0 0 0

SM10324 The Cursus

143000

6 Cursus 6 SM10342 Barrows SM10452

142500

Proposed Interpretation panel Mini-hub

Proposed Static Interpretation lectern

Proposed Portable Interpretation lectern 0 250 Proposed Semi-Portable Interpretation lectern m Proposed Static Interpretation lecterns to replace existing signage

Existing Interpretation panel to be removed

Monument Groups

Landscape Features

Scheduled Monument

100m impact buffer

This map is reproduced from Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office © Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or criminal proceedings. English Heritage 100019088. 2012 This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction.

Date: 10/12/12 Revision Number: 0 Scale: 1:10 000 at A4 Illustrator: LJC Path: X:\GIS\PROJECTS\ChrisMoore_Interp_Dec2012\GIS\FigsMXD Proposed interpretative features: the Cursus Barrows Figure 6 WESSEX ARCHAEOLOGY LIMITED. Registered Head Office: Portway House, Old Sarum Park, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 6EB. Tel: 01722 326867 Fax: 01722 337562 [email protected] Regional offices inEdinburgh , Rochester and Sheffield For more information visit www.wessexarch.co.uk

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