5.2.1 Negative Environmental Impacts of Site Selection and Mitigation Measures

Home , Anren County, Dingcheng District, Guiyang County, Leiyang, Lei River, Mi River

E3043 v1

World Bank Loan

Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project (HFRDP) Public Disclosure Authorized

Environmental Management Plan

Public Disclosure Authorized

Forestry Foreign Capital Project Management Office of Hunan Province Central South University of Forestry and Technology

June 2012 Public Disclosure Authorized

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

Content

1. Introduction ...... 6 1.1 Background ...... 6 1.2 Main References ...... 6 1.2.1 Relevant policies, laws, regulations issued by national and local authorities in China ...... 6 1.2.2 Technical Specifications and Guidelines ...... 7 1.2.3 Requirements of the World Bank ...... 8 2. experience and lessons learnt from previous World Bank loan forestry projects in Hunan province in execution of environmental management measures ...... 9 2.1 The preparation and execution of EPG ...... 9 2.2 Preparation and execution of “Pest Management Plan” (PMP) ...... 10 2.3 Organization of Training on Environmental Protection Measures at All Levels ...... 10 2.4 Conduction of Ecological Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation ...... 10 2.5 Environmental Management Performance of Previous World Bank Loan Forestry Projects ...... 11 2.6 Ecological Environmental benefits achieved in Previous World Bank Loan Forestry Projects ...... 12 3. Project Description ...... 14 3.1 Project Objectives ...... 14 3.2 Project components ...... 14 3.3 Distribution of project areas ...... 15 4. Description of Environmental Conditions and Analysis of Environmental Quality in project areas ...... 17 4.1 Description of present environmental conditions in project areas ...... 17 4.1.1 Natural environment ...... 17 4.1.2 Social environment ...... 22 4.1.3 Ecological environment...... 23 4.1.4 Natural Habitats and physical cultural resources ...... 27 4.2 Analysis of current environmental quality related to the project ...... 28 4.2.1 Soil erosion and surface runoff in Hunan ...... 28 4.2.2 Water quality of related water bodies ...... 28 4.2.3 Vegetation Coverage and Plant Community Structure ...... 29 4.2.4 Biodiversity status ...... 29 4.2.5 Environment pollution ...... 30 5. Environmental Impact Analysis of Project Construction ...... 31 5.1 Positive Environmental Impacts...... 31 5.1.1 Water conservation, soil and water conservation and soil improvement ...... 31 5.1.2 Increase biodiversity ...... 31 5.1.3 Increase carbon sequestration and condition micro-climate...... 31 5.2 Potential negative environmental impacts and mitigation measures………………….…26 5.2.1 Negative environmental impacts of site selection and mitigation measures ...... 32

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

5.2.2 Negative environmental impacts of species (variety) selection and distribution and Mitigation measures ...... 33 5.2.3 Negative environmental impacts of site slashing and preparation and Mitigation measures ...... 34 5.2.4 Negative environmental impacts of tending management measures on forest plantations and Mitigation measures ...... 34 5.2.5 Negative environmental impacts of forest path construction ...... 35 5.2.6 Negative environmental impacts of application of pesticides and fertilizers ...... 35 5.2.7 Negative environmental impacts of timber felling and yarding ...... 36 5.2.8 Negative environmental impacts of nursery construction ...... 37 5.3 Risk analysis and prevention measures ...... 39 5.4 Summary of mitigation measures of negative impacts and prevention measures of risks 42 6. Public Participatory Mechanism and Public Consultation Results ...... 51 6.1 Public consultation by EIA team and its results ...... 51 6.1.1 Methods and scope of survey ...... 51 6.1.2 Public consultation results ...... 52 6.1.3 Public suggestions ...... 53 6.1.4 Conclusions of public consultation in EIA ...... 53 6.2 Public consultation by social assessment team and its results (see details in the Social Assessment Report) ...... 55 6.2.1 Methods and scope of survey ...... 55 6.2.2 Public consultation results ...... 56 6.3 Participatory consultation and planning and its results (see details in the Participatory Consultation and Planning Summary Report) ...... 56 7. Environmental Management Scheme and Technical Measures ...... 59 7.1 Development and execution of EPG ...... 59 7.2 Development and execution of PMP ...... 59 7.3 Reporting procedure in case cultural relics were found ...... 60 7.4 Consistency analysis with World Bank forestry policy (OP 4.36) ...... 61 8 Environmental Management Agencies and Supervision Mechanism ...... 62 8.1 Environmental management agencies and responsibilities ...... 62 8.2 Supervision and inspection mechanism ...... 63 9. Environmental Monitoring Plan ...... 65 9.1 Monitoring contents and indicators ...... 65 9.2 Types and distribution of monitoring sites ...... 65 9.3 Monitoring methods ...... 68 9.4 Organization and implementation of monitoring ...... 69 9.5 Report system ...... 69 9.6 Fund budget ...... 69 9.7 Summary table of annual work plan ...... 72 10. Training Plan ...... 74 10.1 Training content ...... 74 10.2 Trainees and training methods...... 74 10.3 Training programme and budget ...... 75

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

11. Source of Fund and Budget ...... 77

Annex 1: Environmental Protection Guidelines Annex 2: Pest Management Plan

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

Abbreviations

Cm: County Project Manager CPMO: County Project Management Office Ct: County Technician EIA: Environmental Impacts Assessment EMP: Environmental Management Plan EPG: Environmental Protection Guidelines FDPA: Forestry Development in Poor Areas Project Fm: Farmer Representatives or Village Cadre FPCQS: Forest Pest Control and Quarantine Station FRPDP: Forest Resource Protection and Development Project HFRDP: Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project IPM: Integrated Pest Management NAP: National Afforestation Project PMO: Project Management Office PMP: Pest Management Plan PPMO: Provincial Project Management Office SFDP: Sustainable Forestry Development Project Tt: Township Technician

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

1. Introduction

1.1 Background In order to mitigate the negative environmental impact caused by the ice storm occurred in Hunan province in 2008, and support the Government’s effort to prevent further degradation of forests and restore the ecological balance in the storm-affected landscapes, the World Bank Loan Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project (HFRDP) has been proposed. According to the Safeguard Policy of World Bank, it is necessary to make an “Environmental Impact Assessment” (EIA) of projects proposed for the World Bank financing. As this project refers to forest restoration and development, the World Bank Expert Group agreed that a detailed “Environmental Management Plan” (EMP) should be made, which should be carried out during the implementation of the project to mitigate or eliminate the negative environmental impacts, thereby to ensure the maximization of environmental benefits and minimization of environmental loss. Based on a detailed analysis on the environmental status and environmental quality in the project areas, the EMP makes detailed description and arrangement in the personnel task allocation of project environmental management agencies, the environmental protection measures, and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) methods, monitoring activities on ecological environment benefit, procedures and record mechanism of public participatory, training on environmental management knowledge and technology to relevant persons as well as the budget of environmental management activities for guiding the environmental management in project implementation. 1.2 Main References 1.2.1 Relevant policies, laws, regulations issued by national and local authorities in China (1) “Law on the Protection of Wildlife of People's Republic of China”, 2004. (2) “Wild Plant Protection Ordinance of People's Republic of China”, 1997 (3) “Law of Water of People's Republic of China”, 2002 (4) “Afforestation Technical Regulation”, 2006 (5) “Environmental Protection Law of People's Republic of China”, 1989

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

(6) “Water Pollution Prevention Law of People's Republic of China” 2008 (7) “Detailed Rules of Water Pollution Prevention Law of People's Republic of China”, 2000; (8) “Solid Waste Pollution Prevention Law of People's Republic of China”, 2005. (9) “Environmental Impact Assessment Law of People's Republic of China”, 2002 (10) “Construction Project Environmental Protection Management Regulations”, 1998 (11) “Management Notice on Strengthening Loans from International Financial Organizations in Environmental Impact Assessment of Construction Projects”, 1993 (12) “Interim Measures of Public Participation in Environmental Impact Assessment”, 2006 (13) “Measures on Disclosure of Environmental Information”, 2007 (14) “Construction Project Environmental Protection Management Directory” 2002 (15) “Regulations on Forest Pest Control” 1989 (16) “Afforestation Quality Management Interim Measures” 2001 (17) “Forest Law of the People’s Republic of China”, 1985 (18) “Land Management Law of the People’s Republic of China”, 1999 (19) “Soil and Water Conservation Law of the People’s Republic of China”, 2011 (20) “Plant Quarantine Regulation of the People’s Republic of China”, 1992 (21) “Forest Fire Prevention Regulation”, 2009 (22) “Implementation Rules of Soil and Water Conservation of the People’s Republic of China”, 1993 (23) “Nature Reserve Regulation of the People’s Republic of China”, 1994 (24) “Cropland Conversion for Forest Regulation”, 2003 (25) "The Plant Quarantine Rules", 1992 (26) “Technological Rules for Forest Quarantine”, 1998 (27) “Management Measures for Target Forest Pest Control”, 1992 (28) “Standards on Safe Use of Pesticides”, 1982 (29) “Regulation on Pesticide Management”, 2001 (30) “Cultural Relics Protection Law of the People's Republic of China", 2007 1.2.2 Technical Specifications and Guidelines

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

(1) “Technical Guidelines for Environment Impact Assessment of General Programme” (HJ2.1-2011) (2) “Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment of Atmospheric Environment” (HJ2.2-2008) (3) “Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment of Surface Water Environment” (HJ/T2.3-93) (4) “Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment of Acoustic Environment” (HJ2.4-2009); (5) “Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment of Ecological Impact” (HJ19-2011) (6) “Environmental Impact Risk Assessment Guideline of Construction Project” (HJ/T169-2004) (7) “Hunan Province Surface Water Function Zone Standard” (DB43/0232005) (8) “Formulation Technique of Local Standards for the Discharge of Atmospheric Pollutants” (GB/T13201-91); 1.2.3 Requirements of the World Bank The requirements of the World Bank mainly include three safeguard policies, namely: (1) Environmental Assessment (OP4.01) (2) Pest Management (OP4.09) (3) Forestry (OP4.36)

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

2. experience and lessons learnt from previous World Bank loan forestry projects in Hunan province in execution of environmental management measures

The previous World Bank Loan forestry projects in Hunan, including “National Afforestation Project” (NAP), “Forest Resource Protection and Development Project” (FRDPP), “Forestry Development in Poor Areas Project” (FDPA) and “Sustainable Forestry Development Project” (SFDP) have paid a high attention to environmental management through identification and implementation of mitigation measures to avoid or mitigate the damage caused by project activities to the nature reserves, natural forests and important habitats of wildlife, soil erosion, decline of soil fertility and occurrence of pests/diseases, as well as to promote the stability of forest plantation ecosystem and its sustainable management. 2.1 The preparation and execution of EPG During the implementation of the previous four World Bank loan forestry projects, the EPGs were prepared and executed, which put forward and required to carry out specific environmental protection measures in the following linkages: selection and distribution of project afforestation sites, tree species (variety) selection and distribution, site slashing/preparation, young forest tending management, fire management, timber felling/yarding, forest road construction, etc.. In order to strengthen the technologies and measures put forward in the EPG, the Provincial Project Management Office (PPMO) took whether EPG was executed as one of the important indicators to evaluate the project implementation quality. The "Environmental Protection Compliance Rate" was set up as one of criteria for quality checking and acceptance of each afforestation sub-compartment, which strengthened the supervision and management of environmental protection. In the implementation of previous four World Bank loan forestry projects, the "Environmental Protection Compliance Rate" reached 96% in average, which shows that the EPG has been well carried out in project implementation. However, there are some lessons from the previous projects. The key lesson is that the species (varieties) of project plantation were limited and forest pests/diseases

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project occurred sometimes. The low diversity of tree species caused the relatively lower stability of project plantation ecosystem and week resistant to the incidents of forest pests/diseases. xisted in the project implementation, such as improper selection and configuration of afforestation tree species in those project counties, overlarge size of pure forest and low-effect of pest control in some project areas. The project designers should aim at the features of all project forests belong to the ecological forest, and fully learn lessons and experience from the preparation and execution of the previous EPGs, so as to improve the project environmental management to a higher standard. 2.2 Preparation and execution of “Pest Management Plan” (PMP) The previous two World Bank loan forestry projects in Hunan, namely "NAP", "FDPA", "FRDPP", and "SFDP" were prepared and executed a PMP with specific provisions to the project plantations in the aspects of pests/diseases prevention and monitoring as well as the safe use of chemical pesticides. The use of physical and biological methods was encouraged; the high-efficient and low-poisonous chemical pesticide was requested when chemical method is necessary. Many successful experience were acquired in the previous projects, such as making use of Forest Pest Control and Quarantine Station (FPCQS) and Pest Forecasting Stations at all levels for the timely forest pests/diseases monitoring and forecasting as well as the effectively pests/diseases prevention. This project would not only continually make use of FPCQS at all levels, but also will increase the monitoring sites and extend monitoring area for better monitoring and forecasting of the pests/diseases occurrence. 2.3 Organization of training on environmental protection measures at all levels A great number of trainings were held to project technical and management staff at all levels as well as project entities and farmers to enhance their environmental awareness and help them to learn and master the knowledge and techniques required in the EPG and PMP, so that they can carry out them precisely in the project implementation.. 2.4 Conduction of Ecological Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

The ecological environmental monitoring on soil erosion, soil fertility and pests/diseases was conducted in the main timber forest, economic forest, bamboo forest and multi-function protection forest to reveal the impacts on soil erosion and soil fertility caused by project afforestation activities, as well as the regular pattern of pests/diseases occurrence in project forests. 2.5 Environmental Management Performance of Previous World Bank Loan Forestry Projects In the project areas, there were no negative impacts caused by project implementation on local natural forests, natural reserves and wild animal habitats. The improper traditions of sites without careful preparation and “mountain burning” site preparation methods were abandoned. Alternatively, the forest ecological structures of project plantation forests coexisted with the rationally retained natural arbors, bushes was formed to increase the ecological stability of forest plantations and to maintain the soil fertility in forest plantations. Such environmental protection measures of partial site preparation along contour line and “triangle” form planting hole layout, partial forest tending method, retention of under-forest vegetations were applied in the project afforestation and plantation forest management to reduce soil and water loss, as well as to maintain soil fertility and biodiversity of plantation forest. The project plantation forests were formed as the multiple-variety and small-scale continuous forests with more reasonable structure, by altering the traditional practice of single superior variety plantation forest in large continuous scales, so that the risks of land degradation and pests/diseases occurrence of the artificial forest ecosystems have been reduced. The pests/diseases in the project plantations has been well prevented, and the occurrence of pests/diseases was controlled by a low level. The pests/diseases occur in the individual forest stands were controlled timely and effectively. The main pests/diseases prevention measures are physical and biological methods, and the adopted chemical pesticides are all in accordance with related WHO requirements. The environmental monitoring on different types of projects plantations showed that, in the forest planting year and the followed year, the majority of forestland will

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project experience a mild soil erosion (erosion modulus<2500 t/a·km2) as the result of site slashing, site preparation, intercropping, young forest tending; moderate or heavy soil erosion (erosion modulus>2500t/a`km2) only occur when overall site preparation method or overall site forest tending method applied on slope lands; the occurrence of pests/diseases in new forest plantation is low, and with almost no large-scale outbreak of that. The project technical and management staff at all levels as well as the project beneficiaries (including local farmers) gained the environmental protection consciousness in afforestation and plantation management, and mastered necessary methods and measures of environmental protection, which ensured the environmental protection compliance of project implementation, and the personnel foundation for extending environmental protection measures in the establishment and management of forest plantations in the project areas. 2.6 Ecological Environmental benefits achieved in Previous World Bank Loan Forestry Projects (1) The areas of forest land, the forest coverage and the amount of carbon sequestration are increased. Hunan province has successfully implemented the four World Bank loan forestry projects, i.e. “NAP”, “FRDPP”, “FDPA” and “SFDP”. The newly afforestation established by the four project is totally accumulated by 25.83 ×104 hectares which brought a 4.8% increase of the forest coverage to the project areas. Meanwhile, the amount of carbon sequestration was increased and the function of carbon sequestration was enhanced in the project areas. (2) The ecological environment is well protected and greatly improved. Each previous project has prepared an practical EMP and executed it strictly in project implementation, which resulted in the promoted ecological benefits such as reduction of soil erosion, increase of forest coverage, enhancement of ecological function of forest in water and soil conservation, etc., so that the ecological environment of project areas got well protected and greatly improved. (3) The biodiversity is protected and increased The increase of forest area and form of forest microclimate provide a more suitable

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project living conditions for wildlife, so that the numbers and varieties of wild plants and animals are significantly increased, and the biodiversity is more enriched..

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

3. Project Description

3.1 Project Objectives The objectives of this project include improving the ability of forest ecological system in resistance to disaster climate and adaptation to climate change, as well as enhancing the environmental function by developing and adopting forest restoration and management methods, exploring the new forest operation models in storm-affected areas where forest resources were seriously damaged. 3.2 Project components A. Component One: Reforestation and rehabilitation of damaged ecological forest plantations: (1). This component includes two subcomponents: (a) The full reforestation of ecological forest plantations completely denuded by the ice storm. This reforestation would be achieved by reforesting 27,665.0 ha of forestland with various locally adapted mixes of conifer and broadleaf indigenous species. (b) The rehabilitation of damaged ecological forest plantations, which would

include: (i) The supplemental reforestation of 18,635.0 ha of damaged and partially denuded ecological forest plantations by inter-planting them with mixes of conifer and broadleaf indigenous species; and (ii) The regeneration of 12,560.0 ha of damaged ecological forest plantation where natural regeneration (spontaneous germination of forest seedlings from seed dropped by mature trees and stored in the ground, as well as the sprouts from damaged stumps) would be promoted.

(2) The project interventions envisaged under this component would result in the creation of rehabilitated multi-species ecological forest plantations that would have multi-level structures (trees of different heights and ages) with an optimum canopy cover allowing them to be more resilient to the effects of future natural

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

disasters and to provide better soil and water conservation and other

environmental functions. B. Component two: Institutional support and technology enhancement: Under this component, the project would finance five subcomponents: (a) The upgrading of two central nurseries in Taoyuan County and Suxian District and a provincial demonstration nursery in Ningxiang County, as well as improve the quality of seedlings throughout the project areas. The proposed upgrading would: (i) increase the number of seedling species and

supply amount as well as improve the quality of planting materials; and (ii) support the adoption of better nursery management technologies. (b) The establishment and strengthening of 22 beneficiaries’ cooperatives for the purpose of reforesting, rehabilitating and long-term management of ecological forest plantations. (c) The implementation of research activities aimed at identifying and disseminating new technologies and better adapted reforestation species; the implementation of training and extension activities to introduce more adapted

ecological forest plantation species, new plantation technical models and species mixes, as well as nursery production and management techniques.These activities would also upgrade the capacity of forestry staff and beneficiaries. (d) Project monitoring and evaluation systems would be put in place to monitor project progress and quality, measure its outputs and evaluate the achievement of its anticipated impacts. (e) Support to project management and institutional development, including

the establishment and continued satisfactory operation of the Project Management Office at the provincial level (PPMO) and the 22 County PMOs. 3.3 Distribution of project areas

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

The project will be implemented in 22 counties (city, district) of 10 prefectures in Hunan province (see table 3-1 and figure 3-1). Table 3-1 Distribution of project areas No. Prefecture County (city, district) 1 Changsha Ningxiang 2 Zhuzhou Liling 3 Hengyang Leiyang, Changning and Hengnan 4 Yueyang Yueyang, Pingjiang 5 Shaoyang Xinshao 6 Changde Taoyuan and Dingcheng Rucheng, Zixing, Suxian, Guiyang, Anren, Guidong and 7 Chenzhou Yongxing 8 Yongzhou Shuangpai and Jingdong 9 Huaihua Yuanling, Mayang 10 Autonomous Luxi Prefecture

Figure 3-1 Distribution of project areas

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

4. Description of Environmental Conditions and Analysis of Environmental Quality in project areas

4.1 Description of environmental status in project areas 4.1.1 Natural environment Hunan is located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in the south-central China. The Chinese “Hunan” means “south to lake”. The name of "Hunan' comes from most parts of the province located in the south to the DongTing Lake, and its abbreviation of "Xiang" comes from the largest river in the province, i.e. Xiang River. The climate in Hunan is continental subtropical monsoon humid climate, with distinct four seasons, abundant sunshine and rainfall, a long frost-free period. The annual sunshine hours are 1,300-1,800 hours, the annual average temperature is 16-19℃, and annual precipitation is 1,200-1,700 ㎜ in the province, which is suitable for human living and plants growth. Water resource in Hunan is abundant for it owns the second largest fresh-water lake, i.e. Dongting Lake and 4 main rivers, namely Xiang River, Zi River, Yuan River, and Li River. The total amount of natural water resources is 1.9982×1011m3, among which the total surface water resources is of 1.5652×1011m3, underground water (shallow) is of 4.33×1010m3. The general situation of natural environment in project areas is shown in table 4-1

Table4-1 General situation of natural environment in the project areas No. County Topography Soil types Climate Hydrology 1 Ningxiang The northern, western and Red soil is the main Annual Wei River county southern margins of the type of mountain soil. average and Jin county are surrounded by temperature River mountains; the southeast is 16.8℃; part is hilly; the northern annual part is small upland; the rainfall is northeast part is low-lying, 1358.3 ㎜. flat and open.

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

2 Liling city The uplifting southwest and Main soil types are Annual Lu River, northern part tilt to the red soil and red average Zhaoling central part from two-way yellow soil developed temperature River and by 4 steps of terrace; the from plate shale and is 18.9℃; Jian River main topography is hill. sandstone. annual rainfall is 1450 ㎜. 3 Leiyang city The terrain is relatively Mainly red soil Annual Lei River complex, including average mountain, hill, small upland temperature and flat land, in which the is 17.9℃; small upland and hill are the annual primary types. rainfall is 1337 ㎜. 4 Changning Three terrain types, Paddy soil, red soil, Annual Xiang city including mountain, hills, purplish soil and average River and plain. yellow soil are the temperature main mountain soils. is 18.1℃; annual rainfall is 1350 ㎜. 5 Hengnan The county is located in a There are Annual Zheng county basin with higher margins granitization red soil, average River Lei and lower midst, which board shale red soil, temperature water open to north. The mainly red sandstone, is 17.8℃; landforms include limestone red soil, the annual mountain, hill, small upland quaternary red clay rainfall is of and flat land, in which hill and so on. 1443 ㎜. and small upland are the commonest landform. 6 Pingjiang The county has relative The main mountain Annual Lian, Zi county complex geological soils are red soil and average River structure, various types of yellow soil, and the temperature landforms. The southeast secondary is the lime is 17.0℃; and northeast terrain is soil. annual higher, and the southwest is rainfall is of lower. 1463 ㎜. 7 Yueyang The proportion of The mountain soils Annual Dongting county mountain, hills, small are red soil, yellow average Lake, upland, plain, and the water bonus rang and temperature Miluo area is 12:11:24:13:40 yellow brown soil. is 16.8℃; River annual rainfall is 1458 ㎜.

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

8 Xinshao Various types of landforms, The main soil tyes Annual Xinqiang average county such as flat land, small include board shale River temperature upland, hill and mountain red soil, granitization is 16.5 ℃; are exited in the county. The red soil, the annual terrain of the middle part is quaternary red clay, rainfall is 1365.3 ㎜. gradually declined from red sandstone,

south to north. granitization yellow soil and purple soil. 9 Taoyuan Located in the transitional Red soil, yellow red Annual Yuan county belt from the western soil and mountain average River, Li Hunan mountainous and yellow soil which temperature River Dongting plain, and the developed from plate is 16.5 ℃, main landscape is shale and sandstone annual middle-to-low mountains. are the main soil rainfall is types. 1358.3 ㎜. 10 Dingcheng Plain and hill are the main Red soil is the Annual Yuan District terrains primary soil type, average River, Li paddy soil is the temperature River secondary type, and is 16.5℃; yellow soil and purple annual clay soil also exist in rainfall is the county. 1423 ㎜. 11 Rucheng The county is surrounded Red soil, yellow red 1558.3 ㎜ Xiang County by mountains and inserted soil, and mountain Annual River with hills and basins. , The yellow soil are the average water terrain is decline from the main soil types. temperature system: northwest to the southeast. is 16. 6℃; Ou river, annual Zhe river, rainfall is Xiu river 1558.3 ㎜. and Ce river; Gan River water system: Jilong river; Bei River water system: Jiulong stream and Cheng stream

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

12 Zixing city The landform is The main soil types Annual Dong middle-to-low mountains. are red soil, yellow average River The terrain is declined from red soil, yellow soil, temperature Cheng east to west in three etc, which were is 16.6℃; River obviously horse-shoe steps. developed from annual Yongle granite, limestone, rainfall is plate shale and 1485 ㎜. glutenite. 13 Suxian The northwest part was The red soil, which Annual Lei River, district located in the south of developed from average Wu river Chayong basin. In this area, limestone, plate shale, temperature the terrain is relatively flat and sandstone is the is 18℃; and broad, hill is the mainly main soil annual type of landscape. The rainfall is altitude is declined from 1358.3 ㎜. southeast to northwest. 14 Anren Various types of landforms The primary soil type Annual Lei river County such as flat land, small is red soil, which was average upland, hill and mountain developed from temperature are mixed in the county. limestone, plate shale, is 17.2℃; The main terrain is with a and sandstone annual trend from the southeast rainfall is part to the northwest part 1430 ㎜. and two basins lay among three mountains, which open to north. 15 Guidong The topography is The primary soil type Annual Yongle County complicated, with rolling is red soil, which was average River mountains. This county has developed from temperature typical mountainous land limestone, plate shale, is 16.2℃; where the mountains, deep and sandstone. annual cut, high cliff, and flat hill rainfall is are freely crisscrossed 1670 ㎜. 16 Guiyang The main landform is hill The soil is vertical Annual Lei river, County and hill, with a higher distributed from average Mi river, northern and southern area yellow-red soil, temperature Sui river and lower middle area. yellow soil , yellow is 16.8℃; brown soil to annual mountain meadow rainfall is soil 1458.3 ㎜.

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

17 Yongxing There are various types of The red soil Annual Lei River County landforms, such as developed from board average mountain, hill, hill and shale is the main type temperature basin. Hill distribute in the of soil, followed by is of 17.6 ℃; east, hill in the west, while red soil developed annual hill and basin are alternated from limestone, and rainfall is of in the middle, open in the sandstone, acid purple 1417 ㎜. south and north like saddle soil, and purple clay or mulberry. soil 18 Shuangpai The main landform is The red soil is the Annual Xiao average River County mountain combined with main soil type, temperature hill, hill and plain. The followed by the is 17.8℃; topography is like a saddle, mountain yellow soil, annual lower in the south and and yellow brown rainfall is 1512 ㎜. north. The topography is soil. complex with numerous divisions. 19 Gold hole The primary Main soil types Annual Xiao administrative geomorphologic pedogenic include paddy soil, average River zones rocks are sandstone, shale aquic soil, red soil, temperature and carbonaceous slate. The mountain yellow is 16.8℃; soil is deep and fertile and earth, yellow brown annual with a high content of soil, mountain rainfall is organic. meadow soil and 1846 ㎜. rendzina, ect. 20 Yuanling The landform is tilted from The main types of Annual Yuan County the southern and northern soil include paddy average River, mountain ridge to Yuan soil, red soil,purple temperature You water River, convex in the soil, etc. is 16.6 ℃; southern area, lower in the annual east and west and sinking in rainfall is the middle which shapes a 1538 ㎜. river valley 21 Mayang The southwestern part is The main type of soil Annual Jin River county mountainous, the northeast include paddy average is hills and the middle is soil,purple soil, aquic temperature valley with hilly plain soil, red soil, is 17.2℃; mountain yellow annual earth,mountain rainfall is yellow brown soil, 1432 ㎜. and mountain meadow soil.

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

22 Luxi county The main landform is low The main type of soil Annual Yuan mountains sloping gently include paddy soil, average River Wu from the east to the west. aquic soil, red temperature River And the topography is like a soil,mountain yellow is 17.0℃; ‘川’from east to west. earth, yellow brown annual soil, mountain rainfall is mountain soil and 1450 ㎜. rendzina.

4.1.2 Social environment (1) Social economy: The total territory area in Hunan province is 21×104 ㎞ 2 with a population of 70 million, including 55 million of agricultural populations. There are 14 prefectures, 122 counties (city, district) in Hunan province. In 2010 the total GDP of Hunan province is RMB 1,590 billion Yuan, among which the GDP of the first, second, and third industry is RMB 233.9, 731.2, and 624.9 billion Yuan respectively. The overview of the economic and social condition of each project county (city, district) is shown in Table 4-2

Table 4-2 Social economic status in the project areas Project Total territory Number of Total Agricultural GDP county (city, area township (town, Population population(×104) (￥×1011 ) district) (×104 hectares) forest farm) (×104) Ningxiang 29 33 136 120 290 Liling 21.6 33 103.2 88.07 260 Leiyagn 26.56 36 130 102 240 Changning 20.46 27 86 70 159 Hengnan 26.2 25 99 91.55 120 Xinshao 17.2 15 80 67.80 100 Pingjaing 21 27 100 82.62 98.6 Yueyang 19.3 20 76 65.40 102 Taoyuan 16.3 40 97.6 82.93 112 Dingcheng 8.8 37 85 72.5 132 Rucheng 29.3 23 37 32.48 82 Zixing 21 27 36 24.3 156 Suxian 5 17 36.42 22.57 93 Guiyang 12 39 86 69 86 Anren 14 21 39 34.75 56 Guidong 13 19 17 12.67 45 Yongchang 21 25 63.85 42.62 87 Shuangpai 26 15 22 14 56

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

Jindong 7.2 5 15 14.5 12 Yuanling 45 23 70 45.67 97 Mayang 18 23 38.83 32.77 45 Luxi 19 17 29 27 32 (2) Land ownership For the 22 project counties of 10 prefectures, 58,860.0 hectares of land have been selected as project areas, 10.6% of which is state-owned, and other 89.4% is of collective-owned. In the other word, 6,239.16 hectares of project areas are belonged to the state owned lands, and 52,620.84 hectares of project areas are belonged to the collective owned lands. 4.1.3 Ecological environment Hunan is located in the central subtropical zone, with mild climate, favorable ecological environment and rich biodiversity. The forest converge is over 57% in the province. Hunan is rich in plant resources, diverse in vegetation types. According to the survey, there are totally 248 families of vascular plants, 1245 genera (including 119 indigenous genera), and more than 5500 species of plants in Hunan, which ranks seventh in China. There are five rare “living fossil" plant species, i.e. Cathaya argyrophylla, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Glyptostrobus pensilis, Ginkgo biloba and Davidia involucrata Baill survive in here. Lush vegetation provides a suitable living condition for wildlife. According the statistic, there are 897 species of vertebrates belonging to 5 classes, 44 orders and 146 families in Hunan province, including 91 species of mammals belonging to 9 orders and 28 families, 448 species of birds belonging to 19 orders and 71 families, 92 species of reptiles belonging to 3 orders and 15 families, 64 species of amphibians belonging to 2 orders and 9 families, 202 species of fish belonging to 11 orders and 23 families, among which there are 18 species of the Grade Ⅰ of national protective animals and 79 species of the Grade Ⅱ of national protective animals. The present situation of ecological environment in the project areas is shown in Table 4-3.

Table 4-3 Ecological environment status in the project areas Project Vegetation resources status Animal resources status county Ningxiang The type of forest vegetation is central There are abundant animal resources, county

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

subtropical evergreen broad-leaved including otter, pangolin, masked civet, forests, and there are 86 families and 691 tiger frog, owls, Tyto, and silver species of seed plants, including 13 pheasant which are Grade Ⅱ of national species of national protective wild plants protective animals (2 species of Grade Ⅰ, and 11 species of Grade Ⅱ). The type of forest vegetation is central There are abundant animal resources, subtropical evergreen broad-leaved including Clouded Leopard which is the forests, and there are 77 families and 396 Grade Ⅰ of national protective Liling city species of seed plants which include 12 animals and otter, pangolin, masked species of the national protective wild civet, tiger frog, owls, Tyto, and Silver plants (2 species of Grade Ⅱ and 10 pheasant which are the Grade Ⅱ of species of Grade Ⅰ). national protective animals. The type of forest vegetation is central Animal populations mainly consist with subtropical evergreen broad-leaved South China fauna, southwest China forests, and there are 93 families and 470 fauna and a few northern China fauna. Leiyang species of seed plants which include 15 According to a survey, there are 18 city species of the national protective wild species of mammals, 17 species of plants (5 species of Grade Ⅰ and 10 birds, 85 species of fish. species of Grade Ⅱ). The type of forest vegetation is central This area is located in the transition subtropical evergreen broad-leaved zone of Palearctic and Oriental region forests, and there are 75 families and 750 according to the forest animal species of seed plants which include 17 regionalization, in which live more than Changning species of the national protective wild 200 species of animals, including 30 city plants (5 species of Grade Ⅰ, 12 species species of mammals, more than 70 of Grade Ⅱ). species of birds, 20 species of reptiles, 20 species of amphibians, more than 80 species of fish. The type of forest vegetation is central This area is located in the transition subtropical evergreen broad-leaved zone of Palearctic and Oriental region forests, and there are 121 families and according to the forest animal 834 genera of seed plants which include regionalization, in which live more than Hengnan 20 species of the national protective wild 200 species of species, including 30 county plants (4 species of Grade Ⅰ, 16 species species of mammals, more than 60 of Grade Ⅱ). species of birds, 20 species of reptiles, 20 species of amphibians, more than 80 species of fish. The type of forest vegetation is central Wildlife resources ecological subtropical evergreen broad-leaved classification belongs to the central Xinshao forests, and there are 243 families and subtropical forest, shrubs, grassland and county 868 species of seed plants which include cropland fauna. There are various 18 species of the national protective wild species, including 33 species of plants (4 species of Grade Ⅰ, 14 species mammals (7 orders, 18 families), 66

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

of Grade Ⅱ). species of birds (12 orders, 29 families ),84 species of reptilian (3 orders, 10 families),species of amphibian (2 orders, 7 families), 89 species of fish (7 orders, 16 families) The type of forest vegetation is central There are 154 species of wild vertebrate subtropical evergreen broad-leaved (24 orders, 59 families), including 29 forests, and there are 95 families and 800 species of mammals (9 orders, 16 Pingjiang species of seed plants which include 18 families), 98 species of birds (11 orders, county species of the national protective wild 28 families), and 27 species of plants (4 species of Grade Ⅰ, 14 species amphibian (2 orders, 7 families). of Grade Ⅱ). The type of forest vegetation is central 289 species of wild animals, including subtropical evergreen broad-leaved 22 species of mammals and 266 species forests, and there are 90 families and 750 of birds. YueYang species of seed plants which include 15 county species of the national protective wild plants (4 species of Grade Ⅰ, 11 species of Grade Ⅱ). The type of forest vegetation is central There are 212 species of terrestrial subtropical evergreen broad-leaved vertebrates (4 classes, 25 orders, 70 forests, and there are 102 families and families), including 24 species of Taoyan 850 species of seed plants which include amphibians, 40 species of reptilian, 106 county 18 species of the national protective wild species of birds and 42 species of plants (3 species of Grade Ⅰ, 15 species mammals. of Grade Ⅱ). The type of forest vegetation is central There are rare and valuable animals, subtropical evergreen broad-leaved including forest musk deer, tufted deer, forests, and there are 90 families and 750 sambar, south China tiger, Panthera Dingceng species of seed plants which include 13 pardus, Chrysolophus pictus, Tragopan district species of the national protective wild caboti golden pheasant, Silver pheasant, plants (4 species of Grade Ⅰ, 9 species Leiothrixlutea etc. of Grade Ⅱ). The type of forest vegetation is central There are rare wildlife species, subtropical evergreen broad-leaved including species of mammals (sambar, forests, and there are 198 families and deer, otter wild goat Malayan pangolin 934 species of seed plants which include etc), tracing of the south China tiger 23 species of the national protective wild which was found in Yangdong mountain RuCheng plants (7 species of Grade Ⅰ, 16 species at the border between Guangdong and county of Grade Ⅱ). Hunan province, species of birds (pheasant, wild duck, eagle, owl, Swan, turtledove, egret, wild goose etc.) and species of fish (Hemiculter, siniperca chuatsi, salangid, Xenocypris davidi

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

etc.) The type of forest vegetation is central There are rare wildlife species, subtropical evergreen broad-leaved including species of mammals (sambar, forests, and there are 178 families and deer, hedgehog, Chinese water deer, 894 species of seed plants which include otter, wild goat, Malayan pangolin etc), Zixing 22 species of the national protective wild species of birds (pheasant, wild duck, county plants (6 species of Grade Ⅰ, 16 species eagle, owl, Swan, turtledove, egret, wild of Grade Ⅱ). goose etc.) and species of fish (Hemiculter, siniperca chuatsi, salangid, Xenocypris davidi etc.) The type of forest vegetation is central There are 75 species of vertebrates (19 subtropical evergreen broad-leaved orders, 70 families), including 17 forests, and there are 82 families and 503 species of mammals (6 orders, 9 Suxian species of seed plants which include 6 families), 38 species of birds (9 orders, district species of the national protective wild 14 families), 20 species of plants (1 species of Grade Ⅰ, 5 species Amphibian-reptiles (4 orders, 7 of Grade Ⅱ). families). The type of forest vegetation is central There are 175 species of vertebrates (19 subtropical evergreen broad-leaved orders, 53 families), including 17 forests, and there are 178 families and species of mammals (6 orders, 19 GuiYang 934 species of seed plants which include families), 58 species of birds (9 orders, county 20 species of the national protective wild 19 families), 40 species of amphibians plants (4 species of Grade Ⅰ, 16 species (4 orders, 16 families). of Grade Ⅱ). The type of forest vegetation is central There are more than 800 species of Wild subtropical evergreen broad-leaved animals, including 22 species of forests, and there are 128 families and mammals, 210 species of birds. 27 Anren 934 species of seed plants which include species of snakes and 79 species of fish. county 17 species of the national protective wild plants (4 species of Grade Ⅰ, 13 species of Grade Ⅱ). The type of forest vegetation is central 240 species of terrestrial vertebrate, and subtropical evergreen broad-leaved 116 species of birds. forests, and there are 178 families and Guidong 2031 species of seed plants which county include 20 species of the national protective wild plants (4 species of Grade Ⅰ, 16 species of Grade Ⅱ). The type of forest vegetation is central Animals in this area belong to the subtropical evergreen broad-leaved central subtropics forest, shrubs, YongXing forests, and there are 95 families and 685 grassland, and cropland fauna, with county species of seed plants which include 18 abundant species and quantities. There species of the national protective wild are more than 200 species of wildlife, plants (2 species of Grade Ⅰ, 16 species including 27 species of rare animals,

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

of Grade Ⅱ). 200 species of common wild animals. The type of forest vegetation is central 153 species of animals, belonging to 7 subtropical evergreen broad-leaved orders, 17 families and 62 genera forests, and there are 134 families and Shuangpai 1245 species of seed plants which county include 25 species of the national protective wild plants (7 species of Grade Ⅰ, 18 species of Grade Ⅱ). The type of forest vegetation is central 110 species of animals, belonging to 7 subtropical evergreen broad-leaved orders, 12 families and 51 genera forests, and there are 98 families and 925 Jindong species of seed plants which include 20 district species of the national protective wild plants (4 species of Grade Ⅰ, 16 species of Grade Ⅱ). The type of forest vegetation is central In Yuanling, wild boar and pangolin are subtropical evergreen broad-leaved the main species of wild mammal, and forests, and there are 111 families and species and quantities of birds, Yuanling 1204 species of seed plants which squamous animals and reptiles are county include 22 genera of the national abundant here. protective wild plants (6 species of Grade Ⅰ, 16 species of Grade Ⅱ). The type of forest vegetation is central In Yuanling, wild boar and pangolin are subtropical evergreen broad-leaved the main species of wild mammal, and forests, and there are 102 families and species and quantities of birds, Mayang 1004 species of seed plants which squamous animals and reptiles are county include 19 species of the national abundant here. protective wild plants (3 species of Grade Ⅰ, 16 species of Grade Ⅱ). The type of forest vegetation is central 130 species of wild animals, including subtropical evergreen broad-leaved 29 species of fish, 8 species of forests, and there are 113 families and amphibians, 11 species of reptilia, 37 Luxi 1237 species of seed plants which species of birds, 19 species of county include 20 species of the national mammals. protective wild plants (4 species of Grade Ⅰ and 16 species of Grade Ⅱ). 4.1.4 Natural Habitats and physical cultural resources The distance of selected project construction sites to any natural heritage and natural habitat is more than 2 kilometers, so it is not involved in issues related to heritage conservation and protection of natural habitats. There is a scattered distribution of

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project cultural relics and historic sites in the project counties, but there are no relics and historic sites in the selected project sites. 4.2 Analysis of current environmental quality related to the project 4.2.1 Soil erosion and surface runoff in Hunan Hunan belongs to typical mountain and hill terrain, with a mountain and hill area accounting for 80% of total provincial land area and an erodible soil area accounting for more than half of the total territory area of the province. With abundant rainfall and frequent rainstorm, a lot of factors are existing that may cause soil erosion. Owing to the dense population and influence of social economic activities, namely development, utilization, production and construction, soil erosion is further aggravated. According to the analysis at the prefectural level, soil erosion areas in 6 prefectures, i.e. Huaihua, Shaoyang, Chenzhou, Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture, Yongzhou and Hengyang occupy 63% of the total erosion area in the province. Huaihua has the largest area of soil erosion in the province, the total erosion area in this prefecture is 5,107 ㎞ 2. It is can be seen from the province's soil erosion figure that the distribution of soil erosion is dispersedly and widely, with “surface erosion” and “local landslides” as its main erosion forms, “collapse” also a common form. Except Anxiang and Nan county which located in the Lake region, soil erosion has occurred in the other project counties in different degree. The red soil hilly region in the middle of Hunan and Wuling mountainous in the west and northwest of Hunan are still with relatively concentrated and severe soil and water loss in Hunan province. According to the overall analysis of soil and water loss situation, the moderate erosion is the main type of soil erosion in Hunan with the area of 22,128 ㎞ 2, which accounting for 54.78% of the total area of soil erosion in the province; the light erosion is rank second with an area of 15,996 ㎞ 2, which accounting for 39.6% of the total area of soil erosion; areas in serious erosion and extremely erosion in Hunan take the smaller percentage. 4.2.2 Water quality of related water bodies Hunan has abundant water resources with good water quality. Water quality in the followed Rivers is above the Grade Ⅲ of national standard: the Wei River and its branch Jin River in Ningxiang County, Lu River, Zhaoling River and Jian River in

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

Liling City, Lei River in Leiyang City, Xiang River and its tributaries Yi River, Tan River and Chunling River in Changning city, Xiang River and Lei River in Hengnan County, Xinqiang River in Xinshao County, Lian River in Pingjiang County, Dongting Lake and Miluo River in Yueyang County, YuanRiver and Li River in Taoyuan county and Dingcheng District, the tributaries of Xiang River namely Ou River, Zhe River, Xiu River, Ce River, and the tributary of North River namely Chengxi River in Rucheng County, East River, Cheng River and Yongle River in Zixing city, Lei River and Wu River in Suxian district, Lei River, Mi River, Sui River in Guiyang County, Lei River in Anren County, Yongle River in Guidong County, Lei River in Yongxing county, Yuan River and You River in Yuanling county, Jin River in Mayang county and Yuan River and Wu River in Luxi County. Water quality in the followed Rivers can reach the Grade Ⅱof national standard: the tributaries of Gan River namely Nine Dragon River and Gathering Dragon River in Rucheng County, Xiao River in Shuangpai county and Jingdong management zone. The water quality of underground water in each of the project counties is good. 4.2.3 Vegetation Coverage and Plant Community Structure Hunan is a province with a high vegetation coverage, in which the forest coverage reaches 57%. Hunan is rich in plant resources and diverse in vegetation types. There are five vegetation type groups, 12 vegetation types and 146 formations in the whole province. Common plant communities include evergreen broad-leaved forest, such as Cyclobalanopsis glauca forest, Castanopsis eyrei forest, lithocarpus forest, Castanopsis sclerophylla forest, forest of Castanopsis kawakamii, castanopsis carlesii forest, schima superba forest; deciduous broad-leaved forest in the middle mountain region, such as Fagus lucida forest and Betula insignis forest; deciduous broad-leaved forest in low mountain region, such as Castanea henryi forest, forest of Quercus glandulifera, white oak forest, cork oak forest, forest of Betula luminifera, Liquidambar formosana forest; coniferous forest mainly consists of masson pine, Taiwan pine, Pinus kwangtungensis, Tsuga longibracteata Cheng, hemlock forest mixed with broadleaf tree, silver fir, Douglas fir, etc. 4.2.4 Biodiversity status

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

Hunan has the favorable climate, diverse environment, rich biodiversity, and a total number of 6254 species of animals and plants among which there are 5361 species of vascular plants (not including the cultivated plants and invasive plants) and 893 species of vertebrates. Hunan has a large number of birds with a total number of 435 species, for instant, there are 9 species of crane in China, and 4 species can be found in Hunan, and the amount of Anser erythropus overwintering in Dongting Lake is accounted for 90% of the entire world. There are 2989 species of Chinese endemic species recorded in Hunan, including 2770 species of endemic plants and 219 species of endemic animals. There are 82 species of vertebrate and higher plants invaded into Hunan, including 65 species of invasive plants, 17 species of vertebrate, and other 12 species of insects. According to the endangered species grade made by IUCN, there are 16 species were critically endangered, 73 species were endangered, 232 species were vulnerable, and 151 species were nearly endangered. 4.2.5 Environment pollution The project areas are in the typical rural district, which is far away from the city and town; basically there are no large scale gas and water pollution source in periphery, so that the regional environmental quality is good, except the soil pollution in limited areas that maybe caused by mineral composition or fertilization of the soil.

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

5. Environmental Impact Analysis of Project Construction 5.1 Positive Environmental Impacts The implementation of the project is helpful for full play of the various functions and benefits of forest, especially by obvious expansion of forested areas, improvement of forest structure and forest quality, and improvement of the regional ecological environment condition. According to the project implementation, it will make positive effects on water conservation, soil and water conservation, soil improvement and biodiversity increase. 5.1.1 Water conservation, soil and water conservation and soil improvement When project completed, the forest coverage in the project areas will be increased by 1%. The forest will weaken the rainfall erosion force, improve the soil structure, rise the erosion-resistant capability of the soil, hold moisture seepage and evaporation, increase the soil permeability, extend the runoff formation time, reduce the surface runoff volume and speed by the biological physical function of the forest canopy, forest litter layer and soil, thus to improve the functions of regulating flood peak, water conservation, soil erosion prevention, soil conservation and water purification. 5.1.2 Increase biodiversity With a success implementation of this project, the original ecological environment condition in the project areas will be improved to create a better conditions for biological population to live and multiply which will increase the plant diversity and vegetation coverage, and attract some birds and small mammals for multiplication, thereby the local diversity will be enriched. 5.1.3 Increase carbon sequestration and condition micro-climate In the photosynthesis process, forest, with an important position in the atmosphere balance of the earth, can absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, therefore it can effectively slow down the greenhouse effect. According to the statistic, one hectare of forest could release 10.7 tons of oxygen and absorb 13 tons of carbon dioxide annually in average. This project will establish 58,860 hectares of project plantation, by roughly calculated, it would release 630,000 tons of oxygen and absorb 765,000 tons of carbon dioxide annually. Forest has the function of adjusting temperature for the tree canopy can sheltering against the sun radiation energy, the temperature

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project difference between day and night or between winter and summer in forest is relatively small, which can reduce the freezing damage. At the same time, transpiration of trees can increase the moisture content of air, which results in the humidity in forest is 5%-20% higher than non-forest land. In addition, the forest also has certain function in increasing precipitation. 5.2 Potential Negative Environmental impacts and mitigation measures 5.2.1 Negative environmental impacts of site selection and mitigation measures 5.2.1.1Impacts Analysis (1) The Improper selection of the sites, such as afforest in the top shrub community or open forest land in relative arid area will cause some negative impacts on maintaining the regional biodiversity as well as the naturalness and integrity of ecosystem. (2) It may cause serious water and soil erosion, if the slope of selected project sites is over 35°. (3) The improper distribution of project sites, such as too close to the natural reserves or ecological welfare forests will cause negative impacts on the habitats or the migrating corridors of wildlifes. 5.2.1.2 Mitigation measures (1) Forest Plantation Areas which are seriously destroyed by ice disaster, of geo-ecological importance, fragile in ecological conditions or have severe ecological problems should be selected for project afforestation. Areas with valuable natural habitats, natural and cultural heritages can never be selected. The forbidden areas for new plantation establishment and existing plantation improvement include areas less than 2000 m from the buffer zones of nature or cultural heritages, less than 50m from the main river banks and 20m from the subsidiary river banks. (2) The area with slope over 35° can not be selected for project afforestation. And the quality of selected project sites should be mainly category Ⅱ and category Ⅲ of site classification. (3) Zoning sub-compartment in a reasonable way, and strictly control the scale of afforestation. Areas of each sub-compartment of the reforestation and rehabilitation of damaged ecological forest should not exceed 20 and 35 hectares respectively.

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

5.2.2 Negative environmental impacts of species (variety) selection and distribution and Mitigation measures 5.2.2.1 Impact analysis Good native tree species should be selected as the main afforestation species in the project. The improper selection of tree species may introduce invasive species. Large scale of pure forest plantation with simple forest structure, less biodiversity, and limited genetic genes will cause negative impacts on forest landscape and biodiversity, meanwhile, it also will weaken the mechanism of pest control, hence to exacerbate the risk of the occurrence of pests/diseases. 5.2.2.2 Mitigation measures (1) Good native tree species should be selected as the main afforestation species in the project. The size of contiguous plantation of single species or variety should be strictly controlled. In the mixed afforestation models, the number of dominant tree species can not exceed 70% of the total tree numbers. (2) Introduction of tree species or varieties should be strictly controlled. The tree species or varieties that have been successfully afforested by experiment can be introduced; the new exotic species or invasive species are forbidden to introduce. (3) In the aspect of allocation of tree species, it is advocated to establish mixed forest with multiple tree species, which should mix with the existing forests and natural vegetation. (4) Proper site selection and scientific allocation of tree species should be considered during the project design, such as combination of tree species, provenance, gene types and tree ages. The strong seedlings cultivated from superior provenance, families or clones of native tree species are selected for afforestation to strengthen the pests/diseases and diseases resistance capacity and to reduce risks of pests/diseases occurrence.. (5) In designing and arranging forest plantations, it is suggest that make full use of wildlife corridor, retain native tree species, using the rivers protection corridor, allocate tree species in different ages, adopt the associated tree species methods to mimic the local natural forest landscape pattern, promote the protection, recovery and maintenance of natural plant communities. 33

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

5.2.3 Negative environmental impacts of site slashing and preparation and Mitigation measures 5.2.3.1 Impacts analysis. Site slashing may cause permanent or temporary disturbs on vegetation and plant resources, including destroy of original vegetation, loss of surface soil, and reduce of soil fertility. In particular, site slashing by mountain burning will totally destroy the original vegetation and cause severe loss of surface soil and soil fertility. The improper site preparation may result in water and soil loss in partial areas. 5.2.3.2 Mitigation measures (1) Mountain burning is forbidden for the site slashing. (2) Bushes or grasses that hinder the afforestation activities should be removed in patch or strip forms. Removed bushes or grasses should be piled between such strips or planting holes for natural decomposition. (3) Vegetations in steep slope land or slope top, and forest land in gully or river bank are forbidden to clean-up. (4) Hole, strip or overall types are selected at the time of site preparation, which should be based on the slopes conditions. The ground breaking area should be controlled below 25%. (5) Vegetation protection belt of l0 m wide should be retained between the edges of the forest plantation block and the farmland. (6) After the site preparation, the litter materials will be mulched on land surface to avoid raw soil exposure. (7) When digging hole on rocky mountain with slope over 25°, the ecological barriers should be built to avoid rolling rock to protect people and farmland. 5.2.4 Negative environmental impacts of tending management measures on forest plantations and Mitigation measures 5.2.4.1Impacts analysis Tending management activities may cause negative environmental impacts on project areas and nearby regions by destroy of vegetation, disturb of surface soil, cause of new soil erosion as well as water and soil loss, etc. 5.2.4.2 Mitigation measures

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

Partial treatment is adopted for young forest tending to keep as far as possible the site natural vegetation. The weed removed thereby will be kept in-site as mulches. Litter collection is forbidden in forest so as to improve the capacity of water conservation and soil fertility maintenance of forest.

5.2.5 Negative environmental impacts of forest path construction 5.2.5.1 Impacts analysis There will be partial excavation in the project construction. Large scale of excavation will cause water and soil loss in some areas; 5.2.5.2 Mitigation measures (1) The forest paths should be constructed with a maximum use of existing paths.. (2) The forest paths should be constructed along contour line as much as possible. (3) The forest paths should be built with a width between 0.8m～1m and an average density between 30~80m/hm2. Large scale of ground digging should be prohibited. 5.2.6 Negative environmental impacts of application of pesticides and fertilizers 5.2.6.1 Impacts analysis (1) In the procedures of nursery stock breeding and forest pest control, the application of pesticides will be increased. Unreasonable use of pesticides may kill natural enemies of pests and harm other wild animals, hence to cause biodiversity reduction and species imbalance. (2) Improper application of pesticides may cause the pollution on water and soil nearby. (3) Improper application of fertilizers such as broadcast fertilizer directly may cause the loss of fertilizers, pollution of water source and decline of water quality nearby. (4) Long-term application of fertilizers will change the physical and chemical properties of soil, lead soil harden, and decline soil fertility. (5) Improper way to clean or handle the pesticide containers may pollute water body and soil. 5.2.6.2 Mitigation measures (1) It is advocate to reduce the use of chemical pesticides by prevention and biological control methods.

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

(2) When pesticide is necessary, it is advocate to use the pesticides of Grade Ⅲ and U of WHO, which have low poisonous on the non-target pests. Pesticides of Grade Ⅰof WHO is forbidden in use. (3) Project farmers or workers should be trained on safe management, storage and use of chemical pesticides before the application of pesticides, in order to avoid the harm to human beings and pollution of water sources or foods. Containers of pesticides or fertilizers should be unified collected and handled. (4) Take the scientific and reasonable fertilizing method. The organic fertilizer and green fertilizer are advocated. Application of chemical fertilizers should strictly followed the requirements of project design that fertilizer should be applied by planting holes or trenches and covered by soil immediately, and broadcast fertilizer addressing is strictly forbidden. (5) It is forbidden to clean containers of pesticide in water sources, water body of aquaculture or watering place of livestocks. Cleaning containers in the irrigation water system is allowed. 5.2.7 Negative environmental impacts of timber felling and yarding 5.2.7.1 Impacts analysis (1) Improper felling will cause harm to rest standing trees and understory vegetation, resulting in the loss of soil nutrients (2) Large-scale of clear-cutting may lead decline of overall function of forest ecosystem. (3) Improper methods of yarding may destroy the surrounding trees and natural water system. (4) Skidding road and loading factory will cause serious water and soil erosion 5.2.7.2 Mitigation measures (1) Prohibit clear-cutting; Felling is allowed under the project only for purposes of tending and regeneration. The understory vegetation should be protected when felling. (2) When felling in bamboo forest, using selection cutting with maintaining a reasonable number and forest age configuration of bamboo. (3) Existing trails should be used for yarding. Forest earth road with width less than 1m could be built if necessary.

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

(4) Yarding should strive to use log-length logging rather than tree-length logging. 5.2.8 Negative environmental impacts of nursery construction Construction of nursery includes construction of office building, laboratory, irrigation canals, transport roads, and inner roads of the nursery. 5.2.8.1 Impacts analysis (1) The construction will change the status of the original land, and affect the local vegetation and biodiversity at a certain extent. (2) Dust, waste water and noise would affect the status of the local ecological environment; improper construction methods and environmental protection measures, such as large scale of excavation, would easily cause new soil erosion and bring negative impacts on the local ecological environment; (3) Improper treatment of laboratory wastewater would cause pollution of water bodies; (4) Acequia construction may affect the productive life of local residents. 5.2.8.2 Mitigation measures (1) The scale and type of construction should be under control strictly to minimize the impact on the local vegetation and biodiversity. (2) Strengthen the management of construction and supervision of environmental protection to reduce negative impacts on environment caused by wastes. Ⅰ.Dust pollution ① Tiny solid materials stacked on the ground in job sites should be sealed kept or covered, According to the nature of materials, measures like watering should be taken to suppress dust effectively. ② Removal and transportation of construction waste should be carried out in closed container. Construction waste should be stored respectively in accordance with the provisions of municipal waste classification, and removed in time. ③ The vehicle used in transportation should be covered with tarpaulins. ④ Measures such as building fence or watering should be used to suppress dust at the construction site.

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

⑤ Earthwork should be centralized kept with cover and vehicles should not be over-loaded. ⑥ Entrances and exits of construction site should take measures to ensure the vehicles keeping clean. Soil attached in the surface of vehicles should be moved off before exiting construction site. ⑦ Construction sites should be watering and keep clean timely. ⑧ Any burning of wastes is prohibited. Ⅱ.Noise In different stages of the construction, various noise sources should cause different impacts on the quality of acoustic environment. Measures should be taken appropriately to reduce the impacts to a minimum level. ① The advanced and reliable low-noise equipment should be selected. ② Construction time should be set from 8:00 am to 20:00 pm. In the lunch break period, i.e. 12:00 ~ 14:00, construction activities should be prohibited. In principle, construction at night is forbidden, the necessary night construction should be certified by the administrative departments of construction, approved by the administrative department of environmental protection, and announced to residents. ③ For noisy machinery and equipment, damping basis or damping bearings should be set or be surrounded by damping material. ④ Reasonable personnel arrangements should be taken, operating time of the noisy machinery operators should be reduced and earmuffs should be equipped to construction workers. ⑤ Regular and effective maintenance should be taken to keep equipments in good condition for the purpose of reducing noise and extending the service life of machine. ⑥ Managements of machinery and operator and operating procedures in construction should be paid enough attention to. Ⅲ.Waste Water

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

① Waste water of vehicle washing, building materials washing, concrete maintenance, sand washing, etc. should be collected into tanks and suspended in temporary sedimentation pond and reused. ② Through strictly construction management to reduce the waste water resulted from improper use of machines, and temporary drainage system, as well as water and soil conservation measures to prevent the negative impacts of soil erosion caused by piling up spoil on the water environment. ③ Construction unit should take measures on treatment of wastewater. ④ Laboratory wastewater should be treated through the sector with professional design to the standard level before discharging to the receiving water body. ⑤ Stuff should be trained on environmental protection and waste treatment knowledge to enhance their environmental protection awareness and ensure the correct treatment of wastes.. Ⅳ.Solid waste In accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations, solid wastes, like construction waste, spoil (slag) and garbage should be properly collected and treated. ① Construction waste should be recycled and reused comprehensively in other secondary construction like road construction. The surplus should be centralized and treated in time. ② Transportation of construction waste should be carried out in closed container and treated in time. ③ Water spraying should be done before shipments of construction waste ④ Garbage should be collected in trash bag and sent to waste disposal facilities ⑤ Toxic and hazardous substances should be treated in accordance with the provisions of laws, burning of these substances is forbidden. ⑥ Irrigation canals should designed reasonably and reduce effects on local residents. 5.3 Risk analysis and prevention measures The risks of the project include fire, freezing, drought and pests/diseases. The risk factors, degrees and prevention measures are shown in table 5-1. Table.5-1 Risk analysis and risk prevention measures

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

Degree Environment Factor Analysis Measures of Risk prevention of risk risk level (1) Improper layout of (1) Construct fire break belt and fire break belt will forest path strictly according to increase the hidden the regulations. The chief fire trouble of fire break belt is required with a occurrence and the length of 20m, and the associate possibility of large area fire break belt of 15m. Schima of damaged forest once and bayberry can be selected as the fire occurs. firebreak tree species with (2) Unsound fire planting space of 2x2m. prevention agencies as (2) To efficiently protect forest well as mechanism can and control fires by making full not timely and use of the existing forest fire efficiently prevent and prevention agencies, control the forest fire. strengthening the publicity, and realizing the forest fire prevention mechanism. Fire (3) Each afforestation entity must General Low work out the forest protection and fire prevention plan as well as the regulation on forest fire prevention for local villages, and define fire prevention responsible area. The enough forest rangers should be arranged to match each afforestation area, and work regarding fire prevention should be reported to the PMO and forest fire prevention organizations in time. Freezing has impacts on Mainly through selection of tree growth in a certain afforestation species or varieties extent. But freezing with strong resistance of cold. If Freezing generally occurs necessary, using the trunk painted General General damage periodically. The cold white, fumigation and other resistant species will be methods to prevent or mitigate selected to avoid the the harm caused by cold risk. temperatures. Drought in the project Minimizing the risk of drought areas will lead a by selection of drought-resistant potential threat to tree species and extension of drought Drought growth. Through tree resistant cultivation techniques in General General species selection, the the project afforestation.. impacts of drought can be reduced. Pests The project forest may Realizing the efficiently Midium General

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

Degree Environment Factor Analysis Measures of Risk prevention of risk risk level and be harmed by pest prevention and control of forest diseases insects and diseases, but pests/diseases by applying the with the established advanced concept and methods of quarantine system of IPM in guiding project pest inserts and diseases pests/diseases prevention, and the making use of sound reporting/forecasting pests/diseases monitoring network, the risk can be network at national and local forecasted and promptly level, extending physical and addressed to ensure biological control measures, health of the project strictly using high-efficiency and forests. low-toxicity pesticides for chemical control, etc.

5.4 Summary of mitigation measures of negative impacts and prevention measures of risks The project construction will cause some negative impacts and environmental risks on environment. The negative impacts and respective mitigation measures as well as the risks analysis in different construction stages are shown in the table 5-2.

Table5-2 Summary of analysis on negative impacts or risks by project construction and their prevention or mitigation measures

Project Executing Supervision Project stages Negative impacts/Risks Prevention or mitigation measures activities agencies agencies 1. Improper selection of the (1) Areas which are seriously destroyed by ice disaster, of project sites will damage the geo-ecological importance, fragile in ecological conditions or have natural vegetation in the severe ecological problems should be selected for project ecological fragile areas. afforestation. Areas with valuable natural habitats, natural and 2. It may cause serious water cultural heritages can never be selected. The forbidden areas for Provincial PPMO, , and soil erosion, if the slope new plantation establishment and existing plantation improvement is greater than 35° include areas less than 2000 m from the buffer zones of nature or and county County Site 3. Improper distribution of cultural heritages, less than 50 m from the main river banks and 20 level Project Design stage selection project sites will cause m from the subsidiary river banks. forestry Management negative impacts on the (2) The area with slope over 35° can not be selected for project survey and Office habitats or the moving afforestation. And the quality of selected project sites should be channels of wildlifes. mainly category Ⅱ and category Ⅲ. design units (CPMO) (3) Zoning sub-compartment in a reasonable way, and strictly control the scale of afforestation. Areas of each sub-compartment of the reforestation and rehabilitation of damaged ecological forest should not exceed 20 and 35 hectares respectively. 1. The improper selection of (1) Good native tree species should be selected as the main Provincial Species the tree species will cause afforestation species in the project. The size of contiguous and county (varitey) the decrease of the plantation of single species or variety should be strictly controlled. PPMO, Design stage selection ecological adaptability and In the mixed afforestation models, the number of dominant tree level CPMO and stability of forest plantation. species can not exceed 70% of the total tree numbers. forestry distribution 2. Large scale of pure forest (3) Introduction of tree species or varieties should be strictly plantation may exacerbate controlled. The tree species or varieties that have been successfully survey and

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

the risk of the occurrence of afforested by experiment can be introduced; the new exotic species design units pests/diseases. or invasive species are forbidden to introduce. (3) In the aspect of allocation of tree species, it is advocated to establish mixed forest with multiple tree species, which should mix with the existing forests and natural vegetation. (4) Proper site selection and scientific allocation of tree species should be considered during the project design, such as combination of tree species, provenance, gene types and tree ages. The strong seedlings cultivated from superior provenance, families or clones of native tree species are selected for afforestation to strengthen the pests and diseases resistance capacity and to reduce risks of pests/diseases occurrence.. (5) In designing and arranging forest plantations, it is suggest that make full use of wildlife corridor, retain native tree species, using the rivers protection corridor, allocate tree species in different ages, adopt the associated tree species methods mimic the local natural forest landscape pattern, promote the protection, recovery and maintenance of natural plant communities. Improper method of site (1) Mountain burning is forbidden for the site slashing. slashing may cause water (2) Bushes or grasses that hinder the afforestation activities should Project Construction and soil loss and damage of be removed in patch or strip forms. Removed bushes or grasses natural vegetable in fragile should be piled between such strips or planting holes for natural entities and PPMO, and operation Site slashing regions. decomposition. project CPMO stages (3) Retain the original vegetation. farmers (4) Protection zone of sufficient size should be divided on both sides of stream. Improper way of site (1) Hole, strip or overall types are selected at the time of site preparation may cause soil preparation, which should be based on the slopes conditions. The Project Construction erosion in some areas. ground breaking area should be controlled below 25%. Soil (2) Vegetation protection belt of l0 m wide should be retained entities and PPMO, and operation preparation between the edges of the forest plantation block and the farmland. project CPMO stages (3) After the site preparation, the litter materials will be mulched farmers on land surface to avoid raw soil exposure. (4) When digging hole on rocky mountain with slope over 25°, the

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

ecological barriers should be built to avoid rolling rock to protect people and farmland. Tending management (1) Partial treatment is adopted for young forest tending to keep as activities may cause negative far as possible the site natural vegetation. The weed removed environmental impacts on thereby will be kept in-site as mulches. Project Construction project areas and nearby (2) Litter collection is forbidden in forest. Young forest entities and PPMO, and operation regions by destroy of tending project CPMO stages vegetation, disturb of surface soil, cause of new soil farmers erosion as well as water and soil loss, etc. There will be partial (1) The forest paths should be constructed with a maximum use of excavation in the project existing paths.. Project Construction construction. Large scale of (2) The forest paths should be constructed along contour line as Forest path entities and PPMO, and operation excavation will cause water much as possible. construction project CPMO stages and soil loss in some areas. (3) The forest paths should be built with a width between 0.8m～ 1m and an average density between 30~80m/hm2. Large scale of farmers ground digging should be prohibited. (1) In the procedures of 1. It is advocate to reduce the use of chemical pesticides by nursery stock breeding and forest pest control, the prevention and biological control methods. application of pesticides will 2. Use the pesticides of Grade Ⅲ and U of WHO. be increased. Unreasonable 3. Take the scientific and reasonable fertilizing method. The use of pesticides may kill CPMO, Application natural enemies of pests and fertilizer should be applied at the upper part of the holes, and the Construction of pesticide project harm other wild animals, broadcast fertilizer addressing is strictly forbidden. PPMO, and operation and entities and hence to cause bio-diversity chemical 4. Containers of pesticides or fertilizers should be unified collected CPMO stages reduction and species project fertilizer and handled. Clean containers of pesticide in water sources, water imbalance. farmers (2) Improper application of body of aquaculture or watering place of livestock is forbidden. pesticides or fertilizars may 5. Conducting training on project farmers or workers in safe use of cause the pollution on water pesticides and fertilizers. and soil nearby. (3) Long-term application of

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

fertilizers will change the physical and chemical properties of soil, lead soil harden, and decline soil fertility. (4) Improper way to clean or handle the pesticide containers may pollute water body and soil. (1) Improper felling will (1) Prohibit clear-cutting; Felling is allowed under the project only cause harm to rest standing for purposes of tending and regeneration. The understory trees and understory vegetation should be protected when felling vegetation, resulting in the (2) When felling in bamboo forest, using selection cutting with loss of soil nutrients maintaining a reasonable number of bamboo and forest age (2) Large-scale of configuration. clear-cutting may lead (3) Existing trails should be used for yarding. Forest earth road Construction Certified Felling and decline of overall function of with width less than 1m could be built if necessary. PPMO, and operation Yarding felling forest ecosystem. (4) Yarding should strive to use log-length logging rather than CPMO stages tree-length logging. institutions (3) Improper methods of yarding may destroy the surrounding trees and natural water system. (4) Skidding road and loading factory will cause serious water and soil erosion.

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

(1) The construction will (1) The scale and type of construction should be under control change the status of the strictly to minimize the impact on the local vegetation and original land, and affect the biodiversity. local vegetation and (2) Strengthen the management of construction and supervision of biodiversity at a certain environmental protection to reduce negative impacts on extent. environment caused by wastes. (2) Dust, waste water and Ⅰ.Dust pollution noise would affect the status ① Tiny solid materials stacked on the ground in job sites should be of the local ecological sealed kept or covered, According to the nature of materials, environment; improper measures like watering should be taken to suppress dust construction methods and effectively. environmental protection ② Removal and transportation of construction waste should be Construction Construction measures, such as large scale carried out in closed container. Construction waste should be Certified PPMO, and operation of nursery of excavation, would easily stored respectively in accordance with the provisions of municipal Units CPMO stages cause new soil erosion and waste classification, and removed in time. bring negative impacts on ③ The vehicle used in transportation should be covered with the local ecological tarpaulins. environment; ④ Measures such as building fence or watering should be used to (3) Improper treatment of suppress dust at the construction site. laboratory wastewater would ⑤ Earthwork should be centralized kept with cover and vehicles cause pollution of water should not be over-loaded. bodies; ⑥ Entrances and exits of construction site should take measures to (4) Acequia construction ensure the vehicles keeping clean. Soil attached in the surface of may affect the productive vehicles should be moved off before exiting construction site. life of local residents. ⑦ Construction sites should be watering and keep clean timely. ⑧ Any burning of wastes is prohibited.

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

Ⅱ.Noise In different stages of the construction, various noise sources should cause different impacts on the quality of acoustic environment. Measures should be taken appropriately to reduce the impacts to a minimum level. ① The advanced and reliable low-noise equipment should be selected. ② Construction time should be set from 8:00 am to 20:00 pm. In the lunch break period, i.e. 12:00 ~ 14:00, construction activities should be prohibited. In principle, construction at night is forbidden, the necessary night construction should be certified by the administrative departments of construction, approved by the administrative department of environmental protection, and announced to residents. ③ For noisy machinery and equipment, damping basis or damping bearings should be set or be surrounded by damping material. ④ Reasonable personnel arrangements should be taken, operating time of the noisy machinery operators should be reduced and earmuffs should be equipped to construction workers. ⑤ Regular and effective maintenance should be taken to keep equipments in good condition for the purpose of reducing noise and extending the service life of machine. ⑥ Managements of machinery and operator and operating procedures in construction should be paid enough attention to. Ⅲ.Waste Water ① Waste water of vehicle washing, building materials washing,

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

concrete maintenance, sand washing, etc. should be collected into tanks and suspended in temporary sedimentation pond and reused. ② Through strictly construction management to reduce the waste water resulted from improper use of machines, and temporary drainage system, as well as water and soil conservation measures to prevent the negative impacts of soil erosion caused by piling up spoil on the water environment. ③ Construction unit should take measures on treatment of wastewater. ④ Laboratory wastewater should be treated through the sector with professional design to the standard level before discharging to the receiving water body. ⑤ Stuff should be trained on environmental protection and waste treatment knowledge to enhance their environmental protection awareness and ensure the correct treatment of wastes.. Ⅳ.Solid waste In accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations, solid wastes, like construction waste, spoil (slag) and garbage should be properly collected and treated. ① Construction waste should be recycled and reused comprehensively in other secondary construction like road construction. The surplus should be centralized and treated in time. ② Transportation of construction waste should be carried out in closed container and treated in time. ③ Water spraying should be done before shipments of construction waste

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

④ Garbage should be collected in trash bag and sent to waste disposal facilities ⑤ Toxic and hazardous substances should be treated in accordance with the provisions of laws, burning of these substances is forbidden. ⑥ Irrigation canals should designed reasonably and reduce effects on local residents. (1) Construct fire break belt and forest path strictly according to County the regulations. The chief fire break belt is required with a length forestry of 20m, and the associate fire break belt of 15m. Schima and bayberry can be selected as firebreak tree species with planting bureau, space of 2x2m. township (2) Efficiently protect forest and control fires by making full use of forestry Construction the existing forest fire prevention agencies, strengthening the station, PPMO, and operation Fire publicity, and realizing the forest fire prevention mechanism. (3) Each afforestation entity must work out the forest protection village CPMO stages and fire prevention plan as well as the regulation on forest fire committee, prevention for local villages, and define fire prevention responsible project area. The enough forest rangers should be arranged to match each afforestation area, and work regarding fire prevention should be entities and reported to the PMO and forest fire prevention organizations in project time. farmers Mainly through selection of afforestation species or varieties with Provincial strong resistance of cold. If necessary, using the trunk painted and county white, fumigation and other methods to prevent or mitigate the Construction level harm caused by cold temperatures. PPMO, and operation Frost damage forestry CPMO stages survey and design units,

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

project entities and project farmers Minimizing the risk of drought by selection of drought-resistant Provincial species and extension of drought resistant cultivation techniques in and county the project afforestation.. level forestry Construction survey and PPMO, and operation Drought design CPMO stages units, project entities and project farmers Realizing the efficiently prevention and control of forest Provincial pests/diseases by applying the advanced concept and methods of and county IPM in guiding project pests/diseases prevention, making use of level Construction sound pests/diseases monitoring network at national and local Plant diseases and insect level, extending physical and biological control measures, strictly FPCQS, PPMO, and operation pests using high-efficiency and low-toxicity pesticides for chemical project CPMO stages control, etc. entities and project farmers

6. Public Participatory Mechanism and Public Consultation Results

According to requirements of relevant EIA laws and regulations of the World Bank and PRC, a specific chapter of public participation is made in EIA to ensure the public right of knowing and decision-making, to find out the public opinions and suggestions of project implementation, and to strengthen the degree of public participatory in project construction, so that the project designers can take full account of the views of the public in the project decision-making stage so as to make a more perfect and reasonable project design. Meanwhile, take consideration of public opinions in environmental decision-making of project construction is beneficial to improve the quality of EIA, and ensure the transparency and credibility of evaluation and decision. 6.1 Public consultation by EIA team and its results 6.1.1 Methods and scope of survey 6.1.1.1 Methods Methods of public participatory approach, including posters, advertisement, meeting of villagers, group or individual interviews, consultation seminars and questionnaire tables have been applied in the survey, meanwhile some farmer households have been visited to get an in-depth understanding with the status of their forest land, use of pesticides and fertilizers, status of living condition, as well as their attitude and understanding of the project. The public participatory survey was helped by the social assessment team, who conducted in-depth social survey on the project social impacts. 6.1.1.2 Time of survey The public participatory survey was started from Aug 13th, 2011 and completed on Nov. 10th, 2011. 6.1.1.3 Scope of survey (1) Questionnaire survey on farmer households and institutions The survey covered 22 project counties (cities, districts). 5 project counties, i.e. Leiyang, Zixing, Rucheng, Mayang and Taoyuan were selected as example counties for detailed survey to visit the local farmers and have consultation with them. The Participation questionnaire tables were provided to the target people of various levels in project areas. Totally 500 copies of questionnaires were provided and received from the target people, including cadres, technicians, and farmers.

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

The survey was also conducted on relevant institutions, 5 representative institutions were selected to provide questionnaire tables in each of the 22 project counties, and totally 110 copies of questionnaires were provided and received. (2) Consultation with expert Experts from Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, and Central South University were hired to form an advisory panel to EIA, who had provided consulting service during the EMP preparation. 6.1.1.4 Publicity of EIA information In the project EIA, the construction units made the public know about the EIA information, which mainly include: a. Name and components of project; b. Name and contact information of project construction unit; c. Name and contact information of EIA agency; d. Procedures and the main scope of work of EIA; e. The main issues for public comment; f. The main way for the public to submit their comments and suggestions. After the preparation of EIA report, EIA agency will make public of the relevant information, which include the basic situation of the proposed project, potential environmental impacts, prevention or mitigation measures of environmental impact, and preliminary conclusions of environmental impact analysis, and request the public to give commons and suggestions in writing or other forms. 6.1.2 Public consultation results 6.1.2.1 Results from Questionnaire survey The survey result of public participation showed that, all target group in the project areas support the project construction, who believe that the project construction will promote the development of regional economy and improve the local ecological environment. 6.1.2.2 Expert comments An expert consultation meeting was held during the survey. The main comments of expert were selected and shown as follows:

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

(1) The project construction should be incorporated into the forestry development plan in Hunan. Making use of loan of World Bank for afforestation has positive effect to ecological construction in Hunan, and it is necessary to strengthen environmental management to reduce the negative impacts on environmental to a minimum level. (2) The project afforestation should focus on the combination of multiple tree species and forest functions, pay attention to biodiversity protection, give full play to the ecological protective effect. (3) Making the clear definition of the project areas and the natural ecological protection areas, any project construction is forbidden in the natural protection areas. (4) The project activities should avoid the destruction of the surface vegetation, decline of biodiversity, pollution of fertilizer and pesticide as well as water and soil loss, so that feasible and practical environmental protection measures should be put forward to reduce the negative environmental impacts cause by project construction to a minimum level. (5) Decreasing the density afforestation, and promoting forest vegetation recovery and growth. 6.1.3 Public suggestions The public participants in the survey also put forward the following suggestions (see table 6-1).

Table 6-1 Public suggestions About environmental protection measures About the project construction (1) Managing forest according to law, strengthening the (1) Strengthening management, and forest protection and management, solving problems rensuing the funds available on time immediately whenever them came out (2) Strengthening the technical training (2) Strengthening the popularization of environmental for farmers and supporting economic protection concepts and measures development of villagers. (3) Using limited pesticides of toxin, and extending (3) Paying reasonable attention to all environmental friendly fertilizers. aspects related to the project 6.1.4 Conclusions of public consultation in EIA The above findings indicate that the public shows a significant interest in the Project, and willing to participate in the project construction. Every interviewer supports the project construction with acknowledge of the project is necessary for it is beneficial to regional ecological environment improvement, optimization of forest quality, increase

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project of forest resistance, improvement of forest water conservation capacity, promotion of the regional economic development and increase of farmers' income. Residents in project areas hope to get technical support, training, and employment opportunities; they also hope the support dynamics can be strengthen by enlarging the planting area, increasing loan limits, providing advance payments, and increasing the counterpart funds. Most interviewers hope the project will be carried out as soon as possible. According to public consultant information, project proposed corresponding measures to address the needs, which have been included in the project design. 6.1.4.1 Corresponding measures to expert comments. （1）The project has been included into “12th five year” development plan of Hunan forestry as a very important project. （2）The project selected at least 41 tree species, especially emphasis on high quality indigenous species, strictly controlling of planting same species in large proportion and in concentrated large scale, added some economic tree species in proper way. （3）As one of the project site selection criteria is that the project would be out of, as well as not nearby natural and cultural heritage protection zone. Base on the review on site selection process, all the sites have been selected according to this criteria. （4）Project emphasize on environmental protection measures, the relevant measures to prevent or mitigate any damage of native vegetation, biodiversity during process of site preparation and fertilization as well as avoid the pollution of pesticide and chemical fertilizer, and avoid soil and water loss have been included in the Environmental Protect Guidelines and technical design. （5）In order to promote natural regeneration, the planting density has been reduced from original 166 plants/mu in conifer forest and 133 plants/mu in broadleaf forest to 111 plants/mu and 74 plants/mu respectively to promote the undergrowth. 6.1.4.2 Corresponding measures to public comments （1）On environmental protection measures. Project encourage and promote the III or U class pesticide specified by WHO while applying chemical pesticide, only aim at specific injurious insect, harmful less to non-target organisms. It is prohibited to use I class pesticide specified by WHO; establish/enhance forest protection and fire prevention institutional arrangements, to strength the capacity of forest fire prevention

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project team, as well as incorporating the fire prevention measures to the reforestation technical design （2）On project implementation. Project has arranged adequate counterpart fund and request it to be allocated on a timely basis; training programs and technical services have been designed. The training to forest farmers and other beneficiaries on forestation technique and forest management reaches 26,400 person/day, on-site planting field training reaches 58,860 person/day. Details measures to address the potential environmental negative impacts have been elaborated in Table 5-1 and Table 5-2. 6.2 Public consultation by social assessment team and its results (see details in the Social Assessment Report) 6.2.1 Methods and scope of survey The social assessment team went to 10 project counties in Changsha, Huaihua, Xiangxi autonomous prefecture, Yongzhou, Chenzhou, Yueyang, etc to conduct the field survey for social assessment on HFRDP from July 25 to August 30, 2011. Meanwhile, the SA team also collected the second-hand baseline data from 22 project counties (city, district). The participatory method was used in the process of social assessment Information was collected by means of information publicity and public consultation, etc. The SA team adopted a participatory impact assessment methodology and tools including village meeting, semi-structured interviews, stakeholders' interviews, village resources research, resource mapping, participatory scoring and ranking, matrix analysis of project’s impact, etc. to ensure that different interest groups and different types of farmers could actively participate in project consultations on tasks and impacts. In the project areas, the propaganda was carried out by means of leaflets, public announcements, meetings at all levels, etc. to the relevant governmental agencies, villages and farmers to let more people know the purpose, aim, components and operation procedures of the project, so as to ensure the smooth implementation of the project. Suggestions regarding project construction provided by project farmers and communities in the public consultation of the social assessment report were fully considered and adopted in the project design, so that the worries of project farmer

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project could be eliminated by the reasonable design of the project. For example, species of economic trees were increased in the afforestation model design in order to decrease the economic loss of project farmers in the early time of project. And the support dynamics of training to forest farmers and technology training is also enhanced. In a word, the suggestions of the public have been fully taken into consideration in the project design. So that the significant increase of ecology, society and economy benefits result from the project can be ensured. 6.2.2 Public consultation results SA team believes that the social effects of the HFRDP are mainly reflected in: (1) The project will have a great impact on improvements of regional ecological conditions in the drainage areas of Xiangjiang River and Yuanshui River. (2) The project will drive regional economic development. (3) The project will also promote institutional capacity building of forestry management institutes. (4) The project will promote the development of the minority communities. (5) The project will improve the living environment and quality of rural poor population. By means of field survey and second-hand data, the SA Team considered the following potential social risks for the project. (1) Discrepancy between the ecological target of the project and the economic pursuits of farmers. 2) Discrepancy between project objectives and the lifestyle of local residents. (3) The social advantaged groups might be marginalized. (4) Unsuitable tree species might be selected. (5) The post-project management. Regarding the social risks discussed above, SA team proposed some recommendations as below: (1) To enhance trainings relative to project implementation. (2) To strengthen the cooperation among different line agencies. (3) To increase the project investment. (4) To develop under-forest cultivation and livestock breeding. (5) To plant some trees with both economic and ecological values. (6) To formulate and implement preferential policies for vulnerable groups. (7) To fully consider the development of poor ethnic minorities. (8) To construct post-project management system. 6.3 Participatory consultation and planning and its results (see details in the Participatory Consultation and Planning Summary Report)

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

The participatory consultation and planning activities were conducted according to the project “Manual for Consultation and Participatory Planning” (hereafter as Manual) in the project design stage. According to the requirement of the Manual, scope of the public consultation was determined, which contains 1147 administrative villages of 230 townships of 22 counties of 10 project prefectures. The public consultation was hold by way of organizing consultation teams, conducting training at all levels, mobilizing the public, consulting extensively with related persons, inviting farmers to apply for project and encouraging women to participate in the project. Forestry technicians from 230 townships or forest farms of 22 project counties input for more than 2500 person-times to offer guidance of participatory consultation. Over 1,535 times of villager meetings of project villages were convened. Besides, over 81,000 leaflets, over 2,020 banners and 18,700 posters were used for promote the public consultation. As a result, more than 42,000 persons of 23,200 farmer households attended the consultation meetings. Based on the comprehensive mobilization and participatory consultation, as well as the respection of the willing of project participated entities, the Agreements for Project Participation were signed by the project forestry communities, farmer households and village committee members to make clear of the rights and obligations of both parties, as well as ensure the smooth and orderly operation of project. The consultation teams of the county and township levels have summarized and sum up the results about the participatory consultations: the consultation teams of project counties has received totally 8,922 voluntary application forms which involves 18,613 farmer households, including: (1) 39 village collective applicants, which involve 12,531 farmer households; (2) 204 forest cooperatives submitted the applications, which involve 4,085 farmers households; (3) 8,219 households that directly participated in the project management; (4) 29 state-owned forest farms or forest research institutes that applied, which involve 1,624 households for management townships and villages. According to the applications that submitted by farmer households (or collective organizations), the county consultation team went to the field to verify the land with technicians of local forest stations. When the forest land did not accord with the project requirements, it would be eliminated or re-selected by

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project communicating and exchanging with concerned applicants. After the verification of project land, letters of intention would be signed with the applicants. In total, 8,854 letters of intention were signed, in which 39 of them were village collectives’; 204 of them are forestry cooperatives’; 8151 of them were households’/partnerships’; 29 of them were state-owned parts. Through consultation and verification by county and township consultation teams, the project land area is in total 58,860 hectares, including 9,921 hectares of state-owned land, 8,844 hectares of village collective land, 13,074.6 hectares of land from forest cooperative, and 27,020.4 hectares of land from farmer households/united households.

The Final EMP, including EPG and PMP, as well as SA report, EMDP and

Participtoring Planning Manual have been publicized on http://www.hnforestry.gov.cn, Hunan Provincial PMO, 22 project county PMOs and county labtories on April 20th, 2012.

7. Environmental Management Scheme and Technical Measures

7.1 Development and execution of EPG In order to apply the mitigation measures of negative environmental impacts and risk prevention measures indicated in Chapter 5 in the process of project design, construction and maintenance of project forests, enhance the ecological environment benefits during the project implementation, and minimize or eliminate the potential negative impacts on natural environment caused by project activities, a detailed EPG regarding main links of project implementation, including the sites selection for reforestation or rehabilitation, tree species (variety) selection and distribution, site slashing/preparation, forest tending management, pests/diseases control, fire management, timber felling/yarding, forest path construction, etc. is prepared and will be executed in the project design and construction, so as to ensure the overall achievement of expected ecological and environmental benefits of the project.

Refer to Annex 1 of “Environmental Protection Guidelines”

7.2 Development and execution of PMP In order to make the full execution of mitigation measures of chemical pesticide pollution and risk prevention measures of pests/diseases put forward in Chapter 5, the PMP has been developed for HFRDP according to the national policy of “prevention first, scientific control, treatment by law and health promotion" and related requirement of World Bank. The PMP makes detailed stipulations regarding existing laws and regulations on pests management in China, pests management capacity of Hunan province, present situation of pest occurrence and control in the project areas, principle and objective of prevention and control, monitoring and forecasting, types of pests/diseases of major tree species and the control measures, safety pesticide recommended and use methods, implementation organization and management of pest control, as well as training of the technical and management staff at all levels and project beneficiaries. The PMP by execution of the definite stipulations in project implementation will promote the application of physical and biological methods of prevention and control, decrease the reliance of chemical methods, for ecological chemical pesticide management and avoiding of environmental pollution.

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

Refer to Annex 2 of “Pest Management Plan” 7.3 Reporting procedure in case cultural relics were found In accordance with the “Cultural Relics Protection Law of the People's Republic of China" (2007,12,29), the construction units would be paused and reported to the local Bureau of Cultural Relics in the case of founding of suspected cultural relics. And construction would be restarted with the consent of the Bureau of Cultural Relics. Cultural relics reporting procedures are shown in Figure 7-1.

founding of suspected cultural relics

Report to CPMO

Pause of construction and CPMO mantaining of the spot

Report to the county Bureau of Cultural Relics and CPMO PPMO County Bureau of Cultural

Relics Identifying and judgement in 24 hours Judgement of degree Non-relics Relics of relics

in situ conservation Provincical Bureau CPMO of Cultural Relics

Notice

Province or national degree relics County degree relics Restart with

State Cultural Relics consent Dicision of Administration Relics Reply and judgement protection treatment

in 15 days Restart with Rescue Admitted as cultural Rescue Admitted as cultural excavation excavation consent relics area. relics area.

Demonstration of Demonstration of area-reselecting area-reselecting

Figure 7-1 Reporting procedures of cultural relics According to Figure 7-1, in case the suspected cultural relics are found during the project construction operation, the following actions should be taken strictly:

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

⑴ Construction should be paused and the spot should be maintained the status quo. ⑵ Construction unit should report to the CPMO. ⑶ CPMO should report to the local Bureau of Cultural Relics and PPMO. ⑷ County Bureau of Cultural Relic should send professional team to identify and judge whether they are cultural relics. In case of non-relics, construction could restart. In the opposite case, it should be reported to the Provincial Bureau of Cultural Relic . ⑸ Degree of the relics should be judged by the Provincial Bureau of Cultural Relic. High degree relics should be reported to the State Cultural Relics Administration. After the appropriate protection treatment and with consent of the State Cultural Relics Administration, construction could be restarted. 7.4 Consistency analysis with World Bank forestry policy (OP 4.36) This project is the ecological reforestation and forest rehabilitation projects. Project sites are selected in the ecological plantation. The project afforestation will use multiple tree species instead of single tree species used in previous projects to increase the biodiversity of forest in project areas. All afforestation tree species should be mainly selected from the native tree species and avoid new exotic species and invasive species. Afforestation and forest management activities are allowed under the project only for purposes of increasing ecologic benefits of forest and felling for commercial purpose is forbidden. This project will be conducted in a wide area, and afforestation and management activities will be mainly depended on communities and farmer households. By consultation with communities and project farmers, this project could assure that communities and farmers participate voluntarily in afforestation and forest management. In conclusion, this project would be in compliance with the forestry policies of the World Bank (OP.4.36).

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

8 Environmental Management Agencies and Supervision Mechanism 8.1 Environmental management agencies and responsibilities The EMP willl be implemented as an important part of the Project. Under the guidance of the World Bank experts, PPMO and CPMOs should designate persons to be responsible for the project's environmental management work. Under the leadership of PPMO, experts in the fields of forestry, ecological, environmental protection, pest control are hired to form a “project environmental management expert support group”, to offer technical supporting service for environmental management training and the environmental monitoring work of the project. PPMO will prepare the EPG and PMP for the project, as well as give guidance and training to CMPOs for their serious execution in the project implementation. Each CPMO, in course of the project participatory design, will propagate and publicize the measures and environmental management requirements of the project. And in the contracts with the project entities or households, there will be clear terms regarding strict conduction of EPG. Each CPMO will organize project entities and households representative for training and on-site consultancy, to let them gave practical grip of the related technical knowledge such as the measures of environmental protection, plant pests/diseases prevention and control, so as to materialize the project environmental management into implementation operations. The relationship of project environmental management agencies is shown in Figure 8-1:

World Bank experts and Project Lead group

PPMO Project environmental management expert support group

CPMO

Operational design unit Township forestry station, forest farms

Project entities and Farmer

Figure 8-1 Relationship of environmental management agencies

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

8.2 Supervision and inspection mechanism Project environmental management inspection and supervision work will go through the following mechanisms: (1) The internal supervision and inspection PPMO is responsible for inspection and supervision of environmental management in each project county. Through on-site inspection as well as review of project design and project implementation progress report, to monitor and evaluate the environmental management quality and outcomes of each project county, thus to identify and help to solve the difficulties and problems existed in project implementation. Each CPMO will take whether the project entities or the farmers strict executed mesures of EPG and PMP in project implementation as one part of a project implementation quality checking index, and incorporated it into the county and township (forest farm) levels of project quality inspection and acceptance system. At the same time, the CPMO will in every half-year and annual project progress report, special report on the environmental management work. CPMO will summarize the environmental monitoring results and report to the PPMO in every monitoring year. In addition, CPMO should also frequently visit and supervise the project construction site to help the project entities and farmers to resolve the problems and difficulties arise in project construction and operation. (2) The external supervision and inspection Based on the management needs, the World Bank experts and provincial Environmental Protection Department will carry out supervision and inspections on the project preparation work and design documents, management and technical regulations, as well as project progress reports at any time. These departments also will carry out examination and assessment of project environmental management work for identifying the problems and providing suggestions for improvement. Environmental Protection Bureau of each project county will inspect and supervise the project preparation work, design documents, management and technical regulations and project progress report at any time according to need, at the same time. They also will conduct on-site inspection and supervision to identify problems

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project and provide suggestions for improvement in the project implementation. Project supervision organization relationship diagram is shown in Figure 8-2:

World Bank experts and PPMO In relevant divisions of the

ternal External project supervision provincial environmental

project supervision protection department

nspection

i CPMO nspection Relevant divisions of county environmental

protection bureau

and

Project entities

and and Farmers

Figure 8-2 Relationship of environmental management supervision and inspection agencies

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

9. Environmental Monitoring Plan

9.1 Monitoring contents and indicators Aiming at the reforestation and rehabilitation of damaged forest land, monitoring activities will be carried out to find out the effects of project afforestation in soil and water conservation, increase of plant diversity and vegetation coverage, the dynamic change of the pests/diseases occurrence and damage degree, as well as the absorption of heavy metal in plants. Monitoring content and indicators are as follows: (1) Monitoring of soil erosion and water conservation

 Soil erosion

 Surface runoff (2) Monitoring of occurrence and damage degree of pests/diseases

 The species of pests insects and diseases

 Occurrence and damage degree (3) Monitoring of vegetation coverage and plant diversity

 The species, number and canopy density of arbor

 The species and coverage of shrub

 The species and coverage of herbs (4) Monitoring of heavy metal absorption in plants

 To monitor the heavy metal content in soil and plant leaf for reflecting the improvement project region environment quality the situation. 9.2 Types and distribution of monitoring sites The environmental monitoring sites should be set up on different afforestation technical models of project forests in the respective project sites. For soil erosion and water conservation monitoring, the monitoring sties will be selected in Zixing city and Leiyang city at M1 and M4. For pests/diseases monitoring as well as plant diversity monitoring, 1 monitoring site of each of the 8 Afforestation technical models will be set up in 8 representative counties with one in each. For the monitoring of heavy metal absorption in plants, 1 monitoring site will be set up in Ningxiang county at M1. It is required to set up fixed monitoring sites in the representative areas to carry out the positioning monitoring on the above-mentioned environmental indicators. 65

Types and distributions of specific monitoring sites are shown in table 9-1, table 9-2, table 9-3 and table 9-4.

Table 9-1 Types and distributions of soil erosion and water conservation monitoring sites Monitoring Number of Technical model Monitoring frequency Project County Executing Agency Supervision agency indicators Monitoring sites M1 The 1st, 3rd, 5th year Zixing 1 Soil erosion and M4 The 1st, 3rd, 5th year Leiyang 1 Certificated PPMO surface runoff M1 The 1st, 3rd, 5th year Luxi 1 institutes CPMO M2 The 1st, 3rd, 5th year Xinshao 1 Note: M1: conifers + general hardwood; M2: conifers + precious hardwood; M4: general hardwood tree fostering

Table 9-2 Types and distributions of occurrence and damage degree of pests/diseases monitoring sites Technical Number of Monitoring Executing Supervision Project County Monitoring indicators model Monitoring sites Frequency (times/year) Agency agency Pingjiang M1 Species, occurrence, and damage degree of pests 2 2 Zixing M2 Species, occurrence, and damage degree of pests 2 3 Mayang M3 Species, occurrence, and damage degree of pests 2 2 Certificated Changning M4 Species, occurrence, and damage degree of pests 2 3 institutes PPMO Guiyang M5 Species, occurrence, and damage degree of pests 2 3 and county CPMO Yuanling M6 Species, occurrence, and damage degree of pests 2 2 FPCQS Ningxiang M7 Species, occurrence, and damage degree of pests 2 2 Leiyang M8 Species, occurrence, and damage degree of pests 2 3 Note: M1: conifers + general hardwood; M2: conifers + precious hardwood; M3: precious tree fostering; M4: general hardwood tree fostering; M5: conifers + general hardwood mingled forest; M6: conifers + precious mingled forest; M7: bamboo + hardwood mingled forest; M8: promoting natural regeneration artificially

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

Table9-3 Types and distributions of vegetation coverage and plant diversity monitoring sites Monitoring Technical Number of Supervision Monitoring frequency Project County Executio Agency contents model Monitoring sites agency M1 once a year in the 1st, 3rd, 5th year Pingjiang 1 M2 once a year in the 1st, 3rd, 5th year Zixing 1 Vegetation M3 once a year in the 1st, 3rd, 5th year Mayang 1 coverage and M4 once a year in the 1st, 3rd, 5th year Changning 1 Certificated PPMO plant diversity M5 once a year in the 1st, 3rd, 5th year Guiyang 1 institutes CPMO M6 once a year in the 1st, 3rd, 5th year Dingcheng 1 M7 once a year in the 1st, 3rd, 5th year Ningxiang 1 M8 once a year in the 1st, 3rd, 5th year Leiyang 1 Note: M1: conifers + general hardwood; M2: conifers + precious hardwood; M3: precious tree fostering; M4: general hardwood tree fostering; M5: conifers + general hardwood mingled forest; M6: conifers + precious mingled forest; M7: bamboo + hardwood mingled forest; M8: promoting natural regeneration artificially

Table 9-4 Type and distribution of monitoring site of heavy metal absorption in plants Monitoring Technical Number of Supervision Monitoring frequency Project County Executing Agency Indicators model Monitoring sites agency The heavy metal Certificated PPMO M1 once a year in the 1st, 3rd, 5th year Ningxiang 1 content in plant institutes CPMO Note: M1: conifers + general hardwood;

9.3 Monitoring methods According to the requirements of environmental monitoring aspects, the soil erosion and water conservation monitoring will be conducted in the 1st, 3rd, and 5th year; the pests/diseases monitoring will be conducted 2-3 times in each year; and the monitoring of vegetation coverage and plant diversity will be conducted once a year in the 1st, 3rd, and 5th year. (1) Method of soil erosion and water conservation monitoring In each of the soil erosion and water conservation monitoring sites, 3 runoff plots (runoff field) will be established in the selected area with leveling slope and representative site condition. Among them, 2 runoff plots are set up in the project forest, which used as the repeated plots; another 1 runoff plots is set up in the non-project site, which used as the control plot. The structure of each plot, including the boundary wall, water catchments channel, water stream channel, water collection tank, drainage ditch built in the margin of the runoff plot, and the protective belt arranged on both sides of the runoff areas, is designed and constructed according to the unified standards. Monitoring contents include the rainfall, duration of rainfall, rainfall intensity, amount of surface runoff and soil loss, etc. The monitoring should be conducted after raining in the monitoring year. (2) pests/diseases monitoring method The fixed monitoring plots will be set up in the project reforestation and rehabilitation forests. Totally 20-30 trees will be selected and marked as the standard trees.. The monitoring on pests/diseases occurrence and damage degree will be conducted on the standard trees for 2~3 times in the pests high-risk seasons each year. Meanwhile, the measures and frequency of pest control will also be recorded. (3) Monitoring methods of vegetation coverage and plant diversity In the representative areas and stands, three fixed monitoring sample plots are set up at the upper, middle and down part of the slope in project forests and non-project sites nearby respectively, with area of 30×30 m2 each. The following measurement should be conducted on the arbor, shrub and herbaceous plant in the sample plots in July or August in the monitoring year. 1) For arbors: name of species, number of trees ≥1m and ＜1m, and canopy density

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project of trees will be measured for all tress in the fixed sample plots. 2) For shrubs: 5 sample plots with area of 5×5 m2 each in the four corners and centre of fixed sample plots for the measurement of the species and coverage of shrub. 3): For herbs: 1 sample plot with area of 2×2 m2 will be set up in the corner of each of the 5 shrub sample plots for the measurement of the species and coverage of herb plants. (4) Monitoring of heavy metal absorption in plants In project forests with M1 at the site nearby urban area, the sample leaves in same-aged-group of each native tree species and soil samples in the forests will be collected within the continuous forest areas of 500×500 m2 in May to July. The contents of heavy metals like lead, cadmium, copper, etc. in the sample leaves and soil will be determined by the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. 9.4 Organization and implementation of monitoring PPMO is responsible for organizing the implementation of the environmental monitoring plan, hiring certificated institutions to undertake the monitoring tasks of soil erosion and water conservation, vegetation coverage and plant diversity and absorption of heavy metal in plant, organizing the certificated institutions, under the assistant of county FPCQS to carry out monitoring of pests/diseases occurrence and damage degree . 9.5 Report system At the end of each monitoring year, each environmental monitoring unit should seriously organize the summary, analysis and report work of monitoring results and data, and submit the summarize and evaluation results to PPMO as one part of the Project Implementation Progress Report in the monitoring year, which eventually form the Overall Project Implementation Progress Report submitted to the World Bank. 9.6 Fund budget In order to ensure the smooth implementation of the environmental monitoring plan, the budget for monitoring activities was made according to the monitoring tasks to be fulfilled. According to the estimation, the total budget is RMB 4 million Yuan, which will come from the counterpart fund of prefecture and county level.

The detailed budget for each of the monitoring contents is shown in Table 9-5, Table 9-6, Table 9-7 and Table 9-8.

Table 9-5 Budget for soil erosion and water conservation monitoring Technical Number of Unit price Total Note Monitoring indicators Monitoring frequency Project County model Monitoring sites (￥10,000) (￥10,000) M1 In the 1st, 3rd, 5th year Zixing 1 16 48 The 1st Year will cost Soil erosion and M4 In the 1st, 3rd, 5th year Leiyang 1 16 48 ￥300,000 for each of surface runoff M1 In the 1st, 3rd, 5th year Luxi 1 16 48 the monitoring sites M2 In the 1st, 3rd, 5th year Xinshao 1 16 48 In total 4 192 Note: M1: conifers + general hardwood; M2: conifers + precious hardwood; M4: general hardwood tree fostering;

.Table9-6 Budget for pests/diseases occurrence and damage degree monitoring Project Technical Number of Monitoring Unit price Total Monitoring indicators County model Monitoring sites Frequency (times/year) (￥10,000) (￥10,000) Pingjiang M1 Species, occurrence, and damage degree of pests 2 2 0.8 4.0 Zixing M2 Species, occurrence, and damage degree of pests 2 3 1.2 6.0 Mayang M3 Species, occurrence, and damage degree of pests 2 2 0.8 4.0 Changning M4 Species, occurrence, and damage degree of pests 2 3 1.2 6.0 Guiyang M5 Species, occurrence, and damage degree of pests 2 3 1.2 6.0 Yuanling M6 Species, occurrence, and damage degree of pests 2 2 0.8 4.0 Ningxiang M7 Species, occurrence, and damage degree of pests 2 2 0.8 4.0 Leiyang M8 Species, occurrence, and damage degree of pests 2 3 1.2 6.0 Pingjiang 16 40.0 Note: M1: conifers + general hardwood; M2: conifers + precious hardwood; M3: precious tree fostering; M4: general hardwood tree fostering; M5: conifers + general hardwood mingled forest; M6: conifers + precious mingled forest; M7: bamboo + hardwood mingled forest; M8: promoting natural regeneration artificially

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

Table9-7 Budget for Vegetation coverage and plant diversity monitoring Monitoring Project Number of Unit price Total Technical model Monitoring frequency contents County Monitoring sites (￥10,000) (￥10,000)

M1 once a year in the 1st, 3rd, 5th year Pingjiang 1 5 15

M2 once a year in the 1st, 3rd, 5th year Zixing 1 5 15

M3 once a year in the 1st, 3rd, 5th year Mayang 1 5 15 Vegetation coverage and M4 once a year in the 1st, 3rd, 5th year Changning 1 5 15 plant diversity M5 once a year in the 1st, 3rd, 5th year Guiyang 1 5 15

M6 once a year in the 1st, 3rd, 5th year Dingcheng 1 5 15

M7 once a year in the 1st, 3rd, 5th year Ningxiang 1 5 15

M8 once a year in the 1st, 3rd, 5th year Leiyang 1 5 15

In total 8 120 Note: M1: conifers + general hardwood; M2: conifers + precious hardwood; M3: precious tree fostering; M4: general hardwood tree fostering; M5: conifers + general hardwood mingled forest; M6: conifers + precious mingled forest; M7: bamboo + hardwood mingled forest; M8: promoting natural regeneration artificially

Table9-8 Budget for monitoring of absorption of heavy metal in plants

Number of Unit price Total Monitoring Indicator Technical model Monitoring frequency Project County Monitoring sites (￥10,000) (￥10,000) Content of heavy metal in plant M1 once a year in the 1st, 3rd, 5th year Ningxiang 1 16 48 Total 48

Note: M1: conifers + general hardwood

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

9.7 Summary table of annual work plan Table9-9 Summary table of annual work plan

Unit: ￥10,000 Technical Project Annual Total Executing Supervision Monitoring contents Monitoring indicators Monitoring frequency model County budget Budget agency agency Rainfall, duration of M1 The 1st, 3rd, 5th year Zixing 16 48 Soil erosion and rainfall, rainfall intensity; M4 The 1st, 3rd, 5th year Leiyang 16 48 Certificated PPMO water conservation amount of surface runoff M1 The 1st, 3rd, 5th year Luxi 16 48 institutions and soil loss. M2 The 1st, 3rd, 5th year Xinshao 16 48 M1 2times/year pingjiang 0.8 4.0 M2 2 times/year zixing 1.2 6.0 M3 3 times/year mayang 0.8 4.0 Provincial Pests/diseases Species, occurrence, and M4 2 times/year changning 1.2 6.0 and county occurrence and damage degree of pest PPMO M5 2 times/year guiyang 1.2 6.0 level damage degree insects and diseases M6 2 times/year yuanling 0.8 4.0 FPCQS M7 2 times/year ningxiang 0.8 4.0 M8 3 times/year leiyang 1.2 6.0 M1 once a year in the 1st, 3rd, 5th year pingjiang 5 15 M2 once a year in the 1st, 3rd, 5th year zixing 5 15 Species, number and M3 once a year in the 1st, 3rd, 5th year mayang 5 15 Vegetation coverage canopy density of trees, M4 once a year in the 1st, 3rd, 5th year changning 5 15 Certificated PPMO and Plant species and coverage of M5 once a year in the 1st, 3rd, 5th year guiyang 5 15 institutions biodiversity shrub and herb plants M6 once a year in the 1st, 3rd, 5th year yuanling 5 15 M7 once a year in the 1st, 3rd, 5th year ningxiang 5 15 M8 once a year in the 1st, 3rd, 5th year leiyang 5 15

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

Content of some heavy Absorption of heavy Certificated PPMO metal element in plants M1 once a year in the 1st, 3rd, 5th year Ningxiang 16 48 metal in plants institutions and soil Note: M1: conifers + general hardwood; M2: conifers + precious hardwood; M3: precious tree fostering; M4: general hardwood tree fostering; M5: conifers + general hardwood mingled forest; M6: conifers + precious mingled forest; M7: bamboo + hardwood mingled forest; M8: promoting natural regeneration artificially

10. Training Plan

10.1 Training content According to the requirement of project implementation, the training contents should include the following aspects:

(1) World Bank safeguards policies and Chinese national/ local environmental protection laws and regulations;

(2) Project environmental impacts, EPG and its implementation;

(3) PMP and its implementation;

(4) Identification prevention and control techniques of major pests/diseases in project forests;

(5) Environmental Monitoring Plan and its implementation;

(6) Pesticides procurement and safe use.

10.2 Trainees and training methods Related environmental management knowledge and skills will be trained to project technical and management staff at all levels and project beneficiaries (especially project household farmers), so that: (1) Make the project technical and management staff at provincial, county and township levels fully understand and grasp the national and local laws and regulations, the positive and the negative environmental impacts caused by project implementation, as well as the environmental management schemes and measures, so they can seriously and accurately execute the EPG, PMP and “Environmental Monitoring Plan” in the project.

(2) Let project beneficiaries, including project entities and representative farmers to learn and master the scheme, measures and related operation techniques of EPG and

PMP, so that they can carrying out the projects construction activities in strict accordance with the requirements of EPG and PMP.

The environmental management training of the project will be conducted at the provincial, county and township (forest farm) levels, to ensure the achievement of the

Environmental Management Plan at Hunan Forest Restoration and Development Project

expected purpose and result.

10.3 Training programme and budget For the smooth execution of project, training to staff at all levels should be conducted. The content, trainee, person-day and budget of training is shown in table 10-1. During the period of project implementation, the total budget for training is RMB 1.692 million Yuan.

Table 10-1 Training programme and budget Number of Training Training Training Budget Training content Trainer Trainee trainees person-times person-days year ￥10,000 A Provincial level 1. Environmental management and EPG, including World Bank safeguards policies and Chinese national/local environmental protection laws and regulations, positive and negative The 1st PPMO Cm, Ct 60 120 240 9.6 environmental impacts; EPG, organization, implementation and and 3rd year supervision of environmental management work, environmental monitoring plan and its implementation The first and 2. PMP and its implementation, pesticide procurement and safe use. PPMO Cm, Ct 60 120 240 9.6 third year Subtotal 240 480 19.2 B. County level 1. EPG and main environmental protection measures conducted in CPMO Tt, Ft 300 300 1500 Every year 30 project implementation. 2. The identification, prevention, and control measures of main CPMO Tt, Ft 300 600 3000 Each year 60 forest insect pests and diseases, and safe use of pesticide Subtotal 900 4500 90 C. Township (fores farm) level 1. EPG and main environmental protection measures conducted in CPMO Fm 2000 2000 10000 Every year 30 project implementation. 2. The identification, prevention, and control measures of main CPMO Fm 2000 2000 10000 Every year 30 forest insect pests and diseases, and safe use of pesticide Subtotal 4000 20000 60 Total budget 169.2 Notes: PPMO: Provincial Project Management Office; CPMO: County Project Management Office; Cm: County Project Manager; Ct: County Technician; Tt: Township Technician; Ft: County, township forestry technician; Fm: Farmer Representatives or Village Cadre.

11. Source of Fund and Budget

The fund for implementing EMP will not be allocated as an independent category in the total budget for project, which will be included in the budget of the training plan, monitoring and evaluation plan, and implementation management. According to the scope and load of the tasks in implementation of EMP, the total budget is RMB 6.258 million Yuan, of which 1.692 million Yuan is for training, 4.00 million Yuan is for monitoring, and 0.566 million Yuan is for management. The detailed budget is shown in Table 9-5, 9-6, 9-7, 9-8, 10-1 and 11-1. Table 11-1 Total budget of environmental management plan Budget Subtotal Type Explanations of expenditure (￥10,000) (￥10,000) Provincial level For training on Cm, Ct. Budget is 19.2 training RMB 400/ person day County level For training Tt, Ft. Budget is Training 90 169.2 training RMB 200/ person day Township lever For training Fm. Budget is RMB 60 training 30/ person day Set up 4 monitoring sites in 4 Soil erosion and representative counties to conduct water 192.0 monitoring in the 1st, 3rd, and 5th conservation year. Set up 8 monitoring sites at 8 technical models in different Pests/diseases 40 counties to conduct 2~3 times of monitoring in every year. Monitoring Set up 8 monitoring sites at 8 400.0 Vegetation technical models in different coverage and plant counties to conduct monitoring 120 diversity once a year in the 1st, 3rd, and 5th year. Set up 1 monitoring site in Absorption of Ningxiang county to conduct heavy metal in 48 monitoring once a year in the 1st, plants 3rd, and 5th year. 10% of the budget of the project management fee of the Management project construction units will be used for 56.6 environmental management. Total 625.8