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www.policymagazine.ca January—February 2020

Canadian Politics and Public Policy

Chrystia At the Freeland Centre

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Ottawa Up to 20 450 km 4 h 25 min 4 h 46 min $487 $49 $438

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Ottawa Québec City Up to 8 482 km 5 h 39 min 4 h 47 min $510 $49 $461

Toronto Montréal Up to 13 541 km 4 h 49 min 5 h 39 min $583 $49 $534

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EDITOR AND PUBLISHER L. Ian MacDonald [email protected] ASSOCIATE EDITOR Lisa Van Dusen [email protected] CONTRIBUTING WRITERS The Trudeau cabinet, class of 2019, with Governor General after their swearing-in at , last November 20. Adam Scotti photo Thomas S. Axworthy, Andrew Balfour, Yaroslav Baran, Derek H. Burney, Catherine Cano, Margaret Clarke, Celine Cooper, Rachel Curran, John Delacourt, In This Issue Susan Delacourt, Graham Fraser, 1 From the Editor / L. Ian MacDonald Dan Gagnier, Martin Goldfarb, Now What? Sarah Goldfeder, Patrick Gossage, Frank Graves, Shachi Kurl, 3 Jeremy Kinsman Brad Lavigne, Kevin Lynch, The Many Stages of Jeremy Kinsman, Andrew MacDougall, John Delacourt Peter Mansbridge, Carissima Mathen, 7 , Velma McColl, Chrystia Freeland’s Domestic Pearsonian Mission David McLaughlin, David Mitchell, Yaroslav Baran Don Newman, Geoff Norquay, 10 Ten Lessons for the Conservatives as They Seek to Rebuild Fen Osler-Hampson, Kevin Page, Robin V. Sears, Gil Troy, Lori Turnbull, 13 Thomas S. Axworthy Jaime Watt, Anthony Wilson-Smith All Parliament, All the Time: Life in a Minority Government WEB DESIGN Robin V. Sears Nicolas Landry 16 [email protected] Minority Mood Music SOCIAL MEDIA EDITOR 18 Graham Fraser Grace MacDonald François Legault’s Doctrine of WWDD: ‘What Would Duplessis Do?’ [email protected] 24 Sarah Goldfeder GRAPHIC DESIGN & PRODUCTION Beyond Realism: Canada and America’s Trumpian Discontent Monica Thomas [email protected] 27 Chand Sooran Indigenous Procurement: Too Important to Fail Policy Column / Don Newman Policy is published six times annually 29 by LPAC Ltd. The contents are Keep Calm…or Not. We’ve Seen Worse. copyrighted, but may be reproduced with permission and attribution in print, and viewed free of charge at the Canada and the World Policy home page at 30 www.policymagazine.ca. Seeking Canada’s Place in a World Transformed Printed and distributed by St. Joseph Communications, 1165 Kenaston 33 Column / Elizabeth May Street, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 1A4 From Paris to Madrid Available in Air Canada Maple Leaf 34 Verbatim / Lounges across Canada, as well as ‘Still Place for Daring in the Canadian Soul’: How to Lead VIA Rail Lounges in Montreal, Ottawa on Climate Change and Toronto. Now available on PressReader.

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From the Editor / L. Ian MacDonald Now What? elcome to our special is- Mexico. Expanding on an agreement between Lester B. Pearson and NDP sue on the results and after- reached only last year with the Trump Leader Tommy Douglas was about W math of the 2019 election, administration, the new deal could be nation-building, resulting in achieve- probably the most bothersome cam- called NAFTA 2.5. There was Freeland, ments such as , the Cana- paign of the modern era, which pro- “At the Centre” of it all. da-Quebec Pension Plan, new feder- duced one of the most interesting Our lead foreign affairs writer, Jere- al-provincial fiscal arrangements, and outcomes—a minority Parliament my Kinsman, has known Freeland for the Maple Leaf Canadian flag. in which no single opposition party a quarter century, from their overlap- Graham Fraser writes of the similarity holds the balance of power. ping posts abroad, he as ambassador between François Legault’s Coalition The unveiling of the Liberal-minor- to Moscow and high commissioner Avenir Québec government, conser- ity ministry on November 20 was to London, while she was creating a vative nationalists along the lines of more like a Cabinet shuffle than the remarkable career in journalism. As Maurice Duplessis, as the model for swearing-in of a new government— Kinsman writes: “it’s worthwhile to Yves-François Blanchet’s Bloc Québé- with one exception, the emergence of look back at who she is, where she’s cois deputation rather than the for- Chrystia Freeland as a uniquely pow- from, and what she’s done.” He’s got mer sovereigntist-leaning Bloc. erful second-in-command. the whole story. Sarah Goldfeder, a former U.S. diplo- As and minis- Veteran Liberal strategist John Dela- mat in Ottawa, writes that “Canada’s ter of Intergovernmental Affairs, Free- court writes that with the newly up- reliability as a partner and ally is of- land is clearly “At the Centre”, as we dated NAFTA, “Freeland’s political ten taken for granted. But that is no say in the caption for our cover pack- capital is both affirmed and enhanced small part of the intrinsic value of age, in which our fascinating lead ar- around the cabinet table.” Canada to the United States—that it ticles are focused on her. acts predictably in the best interests nd the opposition Conserva- of North America.” It wasn’t long before Freeland was tives, since ’s meeting provincial and territorial sudden resignation in mid- Investment executive Chand Sooran leaders to hear them out on challeng- A writes that the Liberals have promis- December, find themselves in a real es facing the second Trudeau govern- leadership race, a story fast develop- es to keep with Indigenous Peoples on ment. Far from the “sunny ways” pro- ing over the holidays. Yaroslav Baran social procurement, and points to a claimed by in 2015, looks at the way ahead, and the one well-developed system in the U.S. un- the numbers of the new Parliament behind where Scheer was let off at the der the federal Small Business Admin- reflect linguistic and regional divi- side of the road. istration and states such as New York. sions as old and profound as Confed- Tom Axworthy knows a lot about the Finally, columnist Don Newman looks eration itself—English and French, difference between majority and mi- at the issues on the bonfires of Trump East and West. nority governments, having worked and , and takes comfort from It’s a situation made for a leader like in both categories in ’s the fact that we’ve been here before. Freeland—an girl born and office during the 1972-74 Liberal mi- In Canada and the World, we offer a raised, she now represents Toronto nority, and during the subsequent thoughtful article on our changing Rosedale, perhaps the most cosmopol- Trudeau majority of 1974, followed by political environment from Chamber itan neighbourhood in the country. the Conservative minority of Commerce President Perrin Beat- Along the way, she’s studied at Har- of 1979. When the Liberals regained ty, adapted from Western University’s vard and Oxford, worked at the upper majority territory in 1980, Axworthy Thomas d’Aquino Lecture. levels of global journalism in Moscow, stayed on as Trudeau’s principal sec- London and New York as well as To- retary from 1981-84. Of minority gov- Elizabeth May’s column offers a situ- ronto, written bestselling books and ernments, Axworthy writes: “Repre- ational update on climate change— raised three children to adolescence. sentation of the regions is crucial, but from Paris to Madrid. And in a notable And she wasn’t long on the new job so, too, are policy outcomes.” Verbatim, former Prime Minister Brian when her retained responsibility for Robin Sears looks at the history of mi- Mulroney looks at the many current Canada-U.S. relations came to the nority governments and concludes challenges of the environment and fore with the re-signing of the updat- that the 1963-68 Liberal-NDP alliance says: “There still is place for daring in ed North American Free Trade Agree- set the standard for progressive and the Canadian soul.” ment with the United States and productive legacies. The partnership Enjoy.

January/February 2020 2

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Foreign Minister Chrystia Freeland and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau at the successful conclusion of the NAFTA 2.0 trade talks in October 2018. She retained responsibility for Canada-U.S. relations in the post-election cabinet shuffle and was in Mexico City as deputy PM for the signing of the further updated NAFTA 2.5 in December 2019. Adam Scotti photo The Many Stages of Chrystia Freeland

Policy foreign affairs writer and veteran diplomat Jeremy Jeremy Kinsman Kinsman first met Deputy Prime Minister Chrystia Free- eeing Deputy Prime Minister land over dinner at a mutual friend’s apartment in Mos- Chrystia Freeland on December S 10, holding up the just-signed cow in the tumultuous early 90s, when he was Canada’s NAFTA II agreement in Mexico City ambassador to Russia and she was a young journalist. on live television alongside Presi- dent Manuel López Obrador, towered Since that moment, he has seen her dance on a tabletop over by U.S. and Mexican negotiators, at the Hungry Duck pub, provoke , finesse was a reminder of how very far she and become the most powerful woman in has come. Freeland was named foreign affairs Canada. It’s been a trip. minister in January, 2017 to defend Canada’s vital interests against a hos- tile overturning of the very notion of North American cooperation by Don- ald Trump. It was doubtful that anybody else in government had the chops, the knowledge, the chutzpah, and per- haps decisively, the status beyond

January/February 2020 4 Canada to effectively counter the bul- seas war duty with a war bride from the unforgettable, Canadian-operat- lying, grandstanding, and outright Glasgow. Grandmother Helen dressed ed Hungry Duck pub, when Freeland misrepresentation that can character- Chrystia and her sister in kilts as lit- was late-night dancing on a tabletop. ize White House negotiation in the tle girls; Scottish blood mingles with Still, to quote Lloyd again, she came age of Trump. With a superb profes- Slavic in those ministerial veins. across as a young “woman of huge in- sional team, Freeland pulled it off. But back in Moscow at the Grays, the telligence, energy, and good sense.” When John left Moscow at last, Chrys- As evidence mounted over the course dinner table talk wasn’t about Scot- tia, still in her twenties, was named of the last year that the prime minis- land: it was all Ukraine. Chrystia was bureau chief for the FT. ter’s judgment could use buttressing trying out the idea, then simmering from people with significant experi- in Kiev, that maybe Ukraine ought She had been super-bright as a kid, ence, he called on Chrystia Freeland to hold on to its Soviet-legacy nucle- winning a scholarship out of high to step up as a clear number two in the ar weapons to bargain for air-tight se- school in Edmonton to a world col- country. He needs her help. curity guarantees from Russia, which lege stint in Italy followed by a schol- clearly had trouble coming to terms arship to Harvard where she studied Given that the dangling question— with the idea of Ukraine as a separate Russian history. But she didn’t surf how much farther can she go?—has state, no matter what deal Boris Yelt- her way through exams—she did all only one answer, the situation is a sin had struck with Ukrainian Presi- the work, all the way. bit delicate for both Freeland and dent Leonid Kravchuk to bust up the Trudeau. In the meantime, it’s worth- And so she did at the FT, in London, USSR and thereby enable Yeltsin to re- while to look back at who she is, where before being hired away to be deputy place Mikhail Gorbachev. For a Cana- she’s from, and what she’s done. editor of in 1999, dian ambassador then in the thick of then heading back to the FT in Lon- I have known Chrystia Freeland since a massive and costly NATO campaign don as its Deputy Editor. When a she turned up in Russia 25 years ago to help Ukraine and Kazakhstan rid male colleague 20 years older got the as a newbie reporter, stringing out of themselves of their worrisome “loose top job, Chrystia went to New York as Kiev in newly independent Ukraine nukes”, this was a destabilizing and the FT’s U.S./Americas editor and col- for several A-level UK publications. unwelcome thought. umnist on international finance and We first met her for dinner in Moscow business. In 2010, looking for new at John and Elizabeth Gray’s, back e settled warily but am- challenges, she got hired away as Re- when the Globe and Mail and every icably, and parted as new uters global editor at large, based in other Canadian outlet of consequence friends. Ukraine did be- W New York, and then spearheaded their maintained a Moscow bureau to cover come officially a non-nuclear weap- leap into the new media world as ed- the monumental story of the end of ons state, and Chrystia soon after itor of Thomson Digital. Her communism, the Cold War, the Sovi- joined the swelling crowd of Western- rise in journalism had been phenome- et Union, and in effect, the 20th cen- ers in Moscow, hired as a reporter by the . John Lloyd, who nal. As a journalist, Chrystia produced tury. Canadians, especially—possibly top-flight deadline copy that was out because of the culturally and political- was the FT’s Moscow bureau chief re- calls “It was very clear she was bright, there for all to see. As an editor of top- ly potent Ukrainian-Canadian com- flight operations, she got the best out munity—had also to cover the new driven to get the story right, always af- ter the minister/official/dissident who of talented people and, said Lloyd, story of how an independent Ukraine was “loyal up and down.” was working out. This bright, Ukraini- could tell the story best. She was, of an-and Russian-speaking, high-ener- course a Ukrainian patriot: but she long the way, she had mar- gy, dauntless young woman fresh out was clear about keeping her views out ried a soft-spoken, fine British of Oxford, a Rhodes Scholar from Al- of the reportage.” Awriter, Graham Bowley (now berta, was a real find. And she did, doing excellent reporting with , commuting She had come to Kiev to join her from Russia, initially on the economic to NYC from Toronto). Together, they mother, Halyna, who was helping chaos that nobody understood, detail- have raised three non-passive chil- the Ukrainians draft their inaugural ing how Western treasury departments dren. But it would have been impos- constitution. Both Chrystia’s parents and multilateral institutions (nota- sible without help, especially from her were legal professionals. Halyna was bly the International Monetary Fund) mother, Halyna, who, having done her a scholar, who had met Donald Free- were whipping shock therapy on Rus- best on Ukrainian constitution-draft- land at law school in Edmonton. He is sia—at the grotesque cost, as The New ing, moved into the New York house- also the son of a lawyer, whose fam- Yorker’s David Remnick put it, of “the hold for her grandkids. When she trag- ily roots were on a farm in Alberta’s destruction of everyday life.” ically died a decade ago, it was “the Peace River district, though Donald There was an exuberance to Chrystia. Ukrainian ladies” of Nannies Interna- earned his living mostly practising law Montreal take-no-prisoners freelanc- tional who helped keep it all afloat. in the provincial capital. Donald’s dad er Sandy Wolofsky recalls our post- Chrystia somehow found time to had returned to Peace River from over- Chrétien visit “wheels-up” party in write two big books. Sale of the Century

Policy 5 (2000), about Russia’s rigged privati- cia, Western Ukraine. It was historical- CETA makes the new NAFTA look al- zations, remains a must-read for those ly part of the Austro-Hungarian Em- most clunky. It’s said that it took sev- of us who still care about what the pire, which was more permissive of en years to negotiate. Actually, it be- hell went wrong with the naive best Ukrainian cultural autonomy and lan- gan in 1972, but that’s another story. intentions for Russia’s forward jour- guage rights than the Soviet Union, Jean Chrétien reanimated it, Premier ney from Gorbachev’s heroic acts that which repressed them. So, there is forced the issue with changed the world. Plutocrats (2012) is ample historic anti-Moscow national- France, and ultimately it fell to the a sweeping survey of the landscape of ist sentiment in Lviv, which was the Harper government to open formal international capitalism, in the wake capital of Galicia, that still animates negotiations. But it would take Chrys- of its breakdown, which exposed Canada’s Ukrainian community. tia’s leadership to pull off a complex 2008’s financial frauds, and led to the and ground-breaking comprehensive When the Euromaidan protests broke near-collapse of the global system. It is deal through very hard work, superb out in 2014 between the wary union of clear from her scathing narrative that personal connections with top Euro- reformist and nationalist Ukrainians Freeland is no neo-liberal. peans, and political persuasion of par- and the Moscow-supported regime of liamentary doubters in several capitals. So, she was super-busy. It wasn’t her Viktor Yanukovich, , ambition to get into politics, but as Kenney and the Conservatives chose Cut to November 2016, and the world she did tell me over some Chardon- the side of Ukrainian diaspora votes. gets Donald Trump and his vow to nay on a shared flight to Newark a de- Harper wouldn’t shake Vladimir Pu- tear up NAFTA. It was hard to imagine cade ago, she wanted to come back to tin’s hand at a meeting without the all-important NAFTA re-negotia- Canada. But Canadian media space (so he boasted to Canadian media) tion with the America Firsters under doesn’t offer many opportunities to snarling, “Get out of Ukraine.” anyone else, and so she replaced Sté- operate at the very top. When the phane Dion as foreign minister. But the diminished Liberals had one Liberals came calling, having done Ukrainian/Canadian parliamenta- At the top, it was Chrystia Freeland a big and ambitious book, and with ry card to play. They sent Chrystia head-to-head against U.S. Trade Rep- enough-already of New York City, she off to Kiev, where she encouraged resentative Bob Lighthizer. They se- wondered if public service could be a the young reformers occupying the riously underestimated her (always a rewarding Canadian alternative. Maidan. Speaking the language, be- plus for a negotiator) and weren’t very Chrystia agonized about running for ing a master communicator, owning nice, resenting her exceptional me- office. The Liberals were in third place, an apartment with her sister, Natal- dia impact, especially in Washington. going nowhere fast. But party politics ka, overlooking the Maidan, she was a Who the hell did she think she was? is actually pretty close to the fam- hit, carrying weight precisely because Only Canada’s foreign minister. And ily bone. Halyna had run in Edmon- she was an old Moscow hand. The she was about as good as any, ever. As ton Strathcona in 1988—for the NDP! Russians noticed. John Delacourt writes elsewhere in this And father Donald Freeland’s paternal issue of Policy, she never negotiated in After the Liberals won in October, aunt Beulah was married to long-time public but somehow came out with all 2015, Chrystia was a shoo-in for a top Peace River MP Ged Baldwin, who was the good lines, that, bit by bit moved economic portfolio. She must have Progressive Conservative Opposition the political dial in our direction. been hoping for Finance. Over-reach- House Leader for years. ing? Hardly—read her book. But Bay She was tough and she and her team She went for the Liberal nomination Street doesn’t read books, so she be- were tough-minded enough to know to replace in a by-election in came minister of trade. Canada could live without a deal if we in 2013 and was elect- had to. It showed. In the end, it was There haven’t been that many polit- ed to Parliament. It was around then Trump who ended up most needing ical leaders in Canada who actually that Ukraine began to boil. The Con- the win. It was Chrystia who could had a record of running operations servative Party had been trying under say at the end win-win-win, and who of consequence—Brian Mulroney ’s organization to break made Bob Lighthizer dinner in her To- and stand out. Chrystia into the Liberals’ traditional appeal to ronto kitchen with the kids. stood out in that first Trudeau cabi- immigrant communities. The Canadi- net for competence and experience, The U.S. deal was the essential nation- an-Ukrainian community, more than including a sound instinct for know- al existential defensive save. It was his- a million strong, was a prime target. ing whom to connect with and what toric. But as foreign affairs minister, , refugees from made them tick. she began some other things that are the Soviet Union’s revolution and also very important. I thought they oppression, especially from the trag- er biggest task was to deliver would rank her tenure with Joe Clark’s ic Holodomor, the forced famine of the CETA trade deal with the and ’s as among the the early 1930s that killed an estimat- H . As a 21st- very best if she stayed to press these ed 3.5 million Ukrainians (and many century economic partnership treaty themes across the global board. They Russians), are mostly sourced to Gali- that breaks new progressive ground, have laid the groundwork for her suc-

January/February 2020 6 cessor, François-Philippe Champagne, Last year, German Foreign Minister the government stood out. As veteran to pursue, especially mounting a like- Heiko Maas invited her to address Ger- Liberal strategist Peter Donolo puts it, minded rally in support of inclusive many’s heads of mission from around “Her well-tuned sense of political the- democracy and liberal international- the world. Germany awarded her the atre was a contrast to the slavish at- ism. In the pro-Russian, anti-Western, prestigious Warburg Award—for the tachment to talking points exhibited pro-nationalism media out there she first time to a Canadian—for steering by most of her cabinet colleagues,” is caricatured as an adversary, a hu- Canada’s firm commitment to multi- who seemingly hadn’t been given her man rights interventionist. lateralism and to shared transatlantic latitude. Once the election results were In reality, her much-publicized stand values. He praised Chrystia for stand- in, it became inevitable that she would in favour of Saudi women was not ing by her convictions. “You are an ac- be transferred out of foreign affairs be- from some longstanding human tivist in the best sense of the word— cause of the Alberta credibility deficit rights vocation. She had been primar- both principled and realistic.” and the evident need of Trudeau to have a strong deputy. ily an international business writer. She has tried to apply the rights and But in the summer of 2018, the facts democracy value proposition to oth- It now makes her a potentially deci- were eloquent and dark. University er relevant international conflict is- sive figure across the Canadian land- of British Columbia mentors report- sues where Canada had some stand- scape. Let’s be candid. Her good judg- ed that Loujain al-Hathloul, who had ing. But a few outreach efforts fell ment is going to be calling some big done a degree there while becoming flat or didn’t happen. For example, shots in this minority government, in committed to gender equity was be- as minister, she didn’t go to Afri- place of big shots in the PMO calling ing tortured back home for advocat- ca. She would have, but had to tri- them in the last one. When the min- ing women’s rights. She wasn’t a Ca- age her time. Overall, our relation- isterial mandate letters surfaced on nadian citizen but the news distressed ship with Russia could scarcely be December 13, Freeland’s described an Chrystia, and when , worse. It’s partly their fault, obvi- unprecedented level of deputized ex- the sister of jailed and flogged blogger ously. Chrystia Freeland actually did ecutive power. Justin Trudeau ought , got arrested a few weeks want to connect even though she was to be the beneficiary, and good for later, the minister took a critical stand on their sanctions list. But when she him for understanding her value. against Saudi behaviour on behalf of did meet Putin and Foreign Minister Howard Balloch who was a long-time Raif Badawi’s wife, Ensaf Haidar, who Sergei Lavrov at a G20 event, Putin’s ambassador to China, comments: had fled to Canada for asylum. well-known inner misogynist seems “Chrystia Freeland listens, deeply and to have reacted badly to this rather Freeland believed the sincerity of our intently, to as wide a spectrum of in- small, very bright Russian-speaking values was on the line. She wasn’t formed views as possible as she formu- content just to signal our virtue. She minister setting out some ideas that lates her own.” In this, she reminds believed we had to help. weren’t wholly congenial to Putin’s Balloch of previous very successful for- souring world view. The relationship A tweet from our Embassy in Ryadh eign minister Joe Clark whose “same flat-lined near zero. that they should at once release Sa- respect for both facts and the complex mar Badawi provoked the Saudi the- On China, the ruination of relations prisms that refract perception of those ocracy to a massive over-reaction. is not her fault. She wasn’t part of the facts when seen from other cultures Chrystia was then slammed by some ambush but has loy- and backgrounds,” also put him in pro-business groups for letting do- ally defended what happened as re- charge of federal-provincial relation- gooder naïveté put Canadian jobs specting the rule of law. The cruel re- ships at a vexed time in our history. at risk. She didn’t get much interna- prisal captivity of the two Michaels Let’s hope it works out for Freeland, tional support at first—until Jamal sears at her, as it should. China in- for Trudeau, and for the country; that Khashoggi was butchered. siders confide that her Beijing coun- the Peace River part of the Alberta girl terparts respect her. Still, howev- The experience was jarring. It made clicks in enough to win back the pub- er the immediate hostage situation Chrystia Freeland want to use her lic’s trust that the government is lis- plays out, things with China have ministry for value issues as well as tening while it leads. changed. We’ll not be as friendly macro-trade deals. with Beijing as we once thought we Chrystia Freeland has risen to new Trump’s reversal of U.S. policy on hu- would be, but nor can we be hostage heights. Everyone knows she may go man rights and international coopera- to an emerging epochal duel for glob- higher. It’s an impressive story. We tion, notably climate change, as well as al leadership between the world’s two should count ourselves lucky that she what he was doing to democracy’s rep- biggest economies. had a hankering for home. utation were preoccupying other like- Contributing Writer Jeremy Kinsman is a minded democratic leaders. Chrystia s last year produced govern- former Canadian ambassador to Russia, found herself building a caucus, an in- ment blunders and polls indi- and the EU, and high commissioner to formal alliance with her colleagues in A cating minority government the U.K. He is a distinguished fellow of Berlin, Paris, Stockholm and elsewhere. prospects, her own performance in the Canadian International Council.

Policy 7

Chrystia Freeland is sworn in as deputy prime minister and minister of intergovernmental affairs during the cabinet swearing-in ceremony at Rideau Hall in Ottawa, November 20, 2019. Adam Scotti photo Chrystia Freeland’s Domestic Pearsonian Mission

In facing Donald Trump’s surrogates in the NAFTA II John Delacourt negotiations, Chrystia Freeland proved she could navi- ou could take it as an auspi- gate the novel conflict terrain of triangulated social me- cious start to the 43rd Parlia- Y ment. As the Liberals returned dia pressure and weaponized trade tweets. As veteran to Ottawa for the new session under Liberal strategist John Delacourt writes, the environment grey skies, with fresh snow on the of her new fed-prov mandate may not look that different. ground, their second throne speech strained to summon a few bright beams of inspiration from the sunny ways of 2015. Justin Trudeau’s team is ostensibly chastened; the aspira- tions of their minority mandate were reflected less in the top line messag- es adroitly woven through the Speech from the Throne than in the last para- graphs, in a quote from the late Lib-

January/February 2020 8 eral prime minister and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Lester B. Pearson:

“Tonight, we begin a new chapter in our country’s story. Let the record of that chapter be one of co-operation and not conflict; of dedication and not division; of service, not self; of what we can give, not what we can get. Let us work together as Canadi- ans to make our country worthy of its honoured past and certain of its proud future.”

Such sepia-toned optimism. Prime Minister Pearson spoke those words on December 31, 1966, as he lit the Centennial Flame for the first time in front of the Parliament Buildings.

Pearson could look Justice Minister Pierre Trudeau and Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson at the conclusion of a 1968 constitutional conference, as Pearson’s second minority term as PM came to a close and Trudeau’s south to our largest time drew near. The two Pearson minorities of 1963-68 and the later Trudeau minority of 1972-74 were among the most productive Canadian governments of the modern era. Reg Innell, trading partner and be Photograph Archive, Courtesy of Toronto Public Library assured of a congenial reception for any bilateral with President Lyndon B. sured of playing a part in this “proud Minister’s Office began this subtle recalibration of statecraft back in Johnson, a figure as future.” The lines of division between the provinces and the parties were early 2017. historically remote as a less pronounced. The coarsened, po- This was when it became clear the Roman senator in relation to larized rhetoric of free-ranging hostil- Trump administration’s plans to rip ity and alienation had yet to emerge, the current U.S. president. up the North American Free Trade perhaps because it didn’t have the Agreement could send our econo- echo chambers of two social media my into a tailspin, and that the gov- platforms to enable it. ernment’s best person on the front Pearson could look south to our larg- line to negotiate the new agreement est trading partner and be assured of was Chrystia Freeland, backed by a At that moment, Pearson could a congenial reception for any bilater- dream team of senior officials and look back on nearly four years and al with President Lyndon B. Johnson, staffers working closely with Ambas- two terms of the most successful mi- a figure as historically remote as a Ro- sador David MacNaughton’s office nority parliament in Canada’s histo- man senator in relation to the current in Washington. ry—and probably the most success- U.S. president. And perhaps most im- ful Canada will ever experience. It The drama and high-stakes cri- portant as a point of differentiation was a government that managed to sis management this team worked between now and then, fears of cli- introduce the Canada Pension Plan, through over the last three years is a mate change and “extreme weather our health care system—and our Ma- story that has yet to be written. But events” would have seemed like the ple Leaf flag. It was capable of bold any conversation with those close to most dystopic of science fiction tales thinking and ambitious projects, the Canada-U.S. file will confirm for to Pearson’s electorate. and an implicit transactional rap- you that Freeland and team pulled port among all parties, regardless of off a remarkable feat with the newly the requisite theatrics in the House, f the first four years of Trudeau’s signed agreement, despite the dam- to get those projects done. Liberal government are any indi- age the negotiations have caused to I cation, the chapter in the coun- the steel and manufacturing sectors Pearson’s speech, televised to a baby try’s story this parliament is fated to in particular. For anyone close to the boom generation not yet old enough write features a shift in the dynam- centre of this government, it is con- to vote, resonated strongly to Cana- ics of executive leadership itself. sidered the signal achievement of dians who could be realistically as- Trudeau’s team within the Prime the first four years. As the bill is set

Policy 9 to move quickly through the House More worrisome for Trudeau is the fluencers among those who would now, Freeland’s political capital is potential impact of this dynamic on be inclined to work more congenial- both affirmed and enhanced around federal party politics. Earlier this year ly with Conservative governments. the cabinet table. Jason Kenney’s United Conservative During the worst of the negotiations Party (UCP) and ’s Progres- with the U.S. on the Section 232 steel There were two principles behind sive Conservatives (PCs) did some in- tariffs, Freeland surprised by her ac- the best practices of Freeland and teresting, strategically savvy polling cessibility and responsiveness, tex- team. First and foremost: no nego- on whether their voters would give tiating in public. Throughout the ting CEOs to provide them with up- their leaders licence to take on the dates and to hear their concerns. She many scrums Freeland lived through federal government on issues that over the last three years, she perfect- accomplished this without sacrificing were not necessarily provincial in na- any of the discretion and confidence ed a technique of saying just enough ture; in essence, were both able to cut that the news media had a sense of high level negotiations required. She Andrew Scheer’s grass and not pay can achieve that magical balance of the direction negotiations were tak- for it in terms of political capital. ing while revealing virtually nothing being perceived as both principled about how marked the divide might and tough, flexible and constructive. have been in intentions and objec- Chief negotiators Chief negotiators and key stakehold- tives across the table. and key stakeholders ers all come away from their inter- actions with Freeland and her team The second principle: execute a all come away from their interactions with Freeland with at worst a begrudging sense of “doughnut strategy.” This is a pro- respect. More often than not, it’s ad- cess of building political capital and her team with at worst miration for how well she knows her among the influencers on policy a begrudging sense of files and how ably she manages diffi- outside the inner circle of decision cult conversations. making. As the political capital ac- respect. More often than cumulates the pressure from these not, it’s admiration for how With the release of the cabinet man- influencers increases. The result: in- well she knows her files and date letters on December 13, we now tractable positions at the start of the how ably she manages know what we already knew—Free- negotiations begin to shift and soft- difficult conversations. land will continue her oversight role en. Win-win propositions begin to on Canada-U.S. relations along with emerge. Given the burgeoning chaos her other responsibilities. at the heart of the Trump adminis- And, as any colour-coded map of par- tration, that such a strategy actually ty seats in each province and terri- worked is a minor miracle. tory will confirm, her mandate in intergovernmental relations will be ow, with Freeland in the role The results were encouraging, if you to stitch together a functioning dia- of deputy prime minister, were a premier with designs on an logue from a stark patchwork of re- that strategy will be directed eventual federal run. In contrast to N gional interests. To create, as Pearson where it is needed most: at the in- the challenge the Liberals face from hoped, “co-operation not conflict … tergovernmental level. To see a por- Legault’s Coalition Avenir Québec dedication and not division” is to trait of the first ministers in 2019 is (CAQ) and Blanchet’s revived Bloc fulfill a promise that requires more to acknowledge that there is a re- Québécois (BQ), neither Ford nor markably different cast of charac- Kenney have stuck to their knitting than the prime minister’s tarnished ters than those around the table and solely spoken to what they deem charisma and renewed focus on cau- in 2015. British Columbia’s Chris- good for their respective provinces; cus management. It will require the ty Clark, Ontario’s Kathleen Wyn- they have taken on the mantle of transposition of Freeland’s winning ne and Alberta’s Rachel Notley have speaking for the larger Conservative strategy into an arena that may prove been replaced by premiers who, in project—on regional alienation, on even more challenging than dealing gender and age, look a lot more like national , on the potential of a with Trump. Trump’s inner circle. The Liberals resurgent conservatism that Andrew Contributing Writer John Delacourt, have no illusions about the tense Scheer failed to grasp. To be Justin Vice President and Group Leader negotiations that will take place on Trudeau in a room with such poten- of Hill + Knowlton’s public affairs carbon pricing, on universal phar- tial adversaries is to limit the scope of practice in Ottawa, is a former director what can be achieved. macare and, with perhaps the most of communications for the Liberal difficult of conversations, on sup- Research Bureau. He is also an author port for the energy sector in its tran- here Freeland and team of three books. sition to a radically different econo- have excelled is in their my over the next two decades. W diligence in swaying in-

January/February 2020 10

Jason Kenney and Andrew Scheer walking down from the West Block during the Alberta premier’s working visit to Ottawa December 9-10. When Scheer resigned as Conservative leader, Kenney immediately took himself out of the running to succeed him. Andrew Scheer Flickr photo

Ten Lessons for the Conservatives as They Seek to Rebuild

The conventional wisdom about parties that lose an Yaroslav Baran election is that they need time in the ‘wilderness’ to reas- urrently embarking on a lead- sess their priorities. The Conservative Party of Canada ership race, the Conservative C Party of Canada is poised for won the popular vote in October, increased its seat count collective introspection and renewal, and then dumped its leader. While the wilderness there- the result of which will determine the likelihood of the party emerging from fore may not be in order, some soul-searching still may the next election with a mandate to be. Veteran Conservative strategist Yaroslav Baran pro- govern the country. vides this thumbnail post-mortem and action memo for Much has been written, stated and moving forward. overstated about the state of the par- ty in recent weeks. It is not teetering at the edge of an abyss. It is not fa- tally divided between factions—most notably social conservative versus the others. It does not suffer from a fun- damental existential crisis. Conserva- tives know who they are, just as Liber- als and New Democrats do. Moreover, not all members—within either of the parties—are the same. All political parties enjoy, and benefit from, an in-

Policy 11 ternal diversity that pollinates differ- We need to get over the mental tether to ‘equality ence of perspective. of opportunity’ and recognize that government can In short, the vast majority of Cana- and should actively defend and protect. That includes gay dian voters voted in the last election to oust Prime Minister Justin Trudeau rights and that includes women’s rights. and his government. A plurality of voters voted for the Conservative Party to be that vehicle of change. The party gained ground in a major- ity of provinces. It increased its seat is the value of—and need for—vali- regulate large final emitters sector by count by more than any other party dation. Many Canadians and groups sector, similarly to Barack Obama’s in Parliament. Proportionally, it had of Canadians do face systemic chal- climate GHG plan. This can be ef- the second-largest growth. This is not lenges and barriers. It’s a fact. We fective but economists agree that a crisis—this is more than a halfway need to get over the mental teth- a is more efficient. It is step, very similar (though admitted- er to “equality of opportunity” and also the quintessential small-c con- ly not identical) to the party’s feat recognize that government can and servative approach. It harnesses in 2004, when it brought the Martin should actively defend and protect. market forces and follows a pollut- government down to a minority and That includes gay rights and that er-pay model. It’s by no means the finished the job two years later. includes women’s rights. We tend only way forward, but the party may to herald certain values anyway— want to get past its political rhetoric There is no crisis. things like human rights and our on carbon pricing (a carryover from here are, however, important governing institutions—so we are al- the 2008 campaign against Stéphane Dion), and give it a second look. lessons to be learned. Depend- ready in the signaling game. Well, if T ing on its collective choices, we are, then it’s inexcusable to not • Taxation. On that note, the party the party can set a one-election path be proactive on both women’s rights would be wise to get over its general to victory or mire itself in prolonged and LGBTQ rights because we know mantra that “all taxes are bad”. This difficulties before it again sorts itself there is lots still to be done. is an importation from American out and emerges with an efficient, dis- • Climate change. The more quickly libertarianism, and not a traditional ciplined and united machine ready to conservatives get past the idea that Canadian conservative notion. Yes, vie competently for power. “our voters don’t vote on climate conservatives tend to want taxes to be low and for state activity to be re- The following are 10 pieces of advice change”, the better. Yes, it is true stricted to where necessary or over- the Conservative Party would be wise that all parties have a different ag- whelmingly more beneficial. But to heed: gregated profile of supporters, and that different concerns rank differ- taxation is a critical tool for achiev- • Reconcile the role of social conser- ently among parties. But something ing policy objectives. We have al- vatives in the party. There is noth- has changed in recent years. Even if ways had “sin taxes” and for good ing wrong with climate change is number five or six reason. The tax system is a power- or social conservatives. They deserve on the average conservative’s rank- ful tool for incenting desirable be- no more ridicule nor scorn than any ing of top concerns, it needs to be haviours and disincenting harmful other group of Canadians. Social ones. We provide tax credits or re- treated very seriously. For one thing, conservatives should be welcome ductions for the good stuff, and levy it is climbing as a concern for Ca- just like any other group, but any fines for the bad. It’s not only legit- nadians at large, so avoiding it only ideological or zealous wing of social imate; it’s smart. Let’s please move distances the party from the Canadi- conservatism must be held at bay. past the rhetoric—it makes the party an trendline—especially the young No special interests should be per- sound ideological and naïve. replacing the older cadre of voters as mitted to either try to hijack the par- they die off. • Reclaim environmental policy. The ty for its own narrow agenda, nor to Conservative Party has a proud leg- bully the leader or caucus. The party needs to accept the full acy in environmental stewardship. importance of climate change as a • Get over the aversion to express the It’s time to get back to that. Be it major concern, and not only have values for which the party stands. protection of land, water and air, be a plan but to actively talk about its Many conservatives roll their eyes at it habitat remediation, be it fighting plan. They need to demonstrate it’s “virtue signaling”—not so much be- critical pollutants, or be it establish- not just a check box (“yes, we have cause they disagree with the values ment of national parks, Conserva- a climate plan”) but that they genu- themselves, but because they detest tive governments have in fact done the constant talk backed up by lit- inely recognize the full import. more than any other on the tradi- tle or no action. What conservatives They would also be wise to reconsid- tional measures of environmental need to better understand, however, er their model. The party pledged to protection. It is time to reclaim that

January/February 2020 12 conservationist heritage and contin- er’s office official notes “the kids have the other candidates, so he steadily ue building on that legacy. This isn’t taken over the orphanage” since the inched up in each round of tabula- a Liberal issue. It is very much a Con- post-election ouster of senior staff. tion as opponents dropped off the servative one. It always has been. The strongest people at the party’s ballot. This is a great strategy to win, Again, let us stop hiding from issues disposal need to be brought in to take but a poor one for building a strong we think don’t work for us, and em- charge of this rudderless mess and loyal support base for when the go- brace who we are—particularly as keep the ship on course until after the ing gets tough. There is indeed some- that is where the Canadian public is leadership contest is done. They’re thing to be said for a traditional dele- increasingly heading. out there, and some of them are the gated convention where the strongest • Have a comprehensive policy plat- best political strategists Canada has faction wins and gets to govern for a form. Before the last election cam- to offer. They need to be brought while. It guarantees the new leader paign, the Conservative Party put back in from the cold. Yesterday. has an army of foot soldiers to later tremendous energy into devising a come to his or her defence. non-carbon-tax GHG emissions re- There is indeed • Reach out to unions and Indigenous duction plan, then proceeded to something to be said groups. There is no reason organized not talk about it. Campaign man- for a traditional delegated labour and Indigenous Canadians agers were told that when residents convention where the should be rolling their eyes or in- note climate change as a top issue stinctively bristling when they hear at the door, to not waste their time strongest faction wins and the word “Conservatives”. A gen- and move on. That is madness. Sim- gets to govern for a while. eration ago, the party had similar- ilarly, the 2019 platform had virtu- It guarantees the new leader ly weak ties with most ethnocultur- ally nothing on Indigenous policy. has an army of foot soldiers al groups, but recognized the many This is a critical error and underap- reasons that was a liability. It now preciation of voters’ sophistication. to later come to his or has deep roots and new support bas- Cost of living may well have been her defence. es in many communities. It needs to the appropriate “ballot question” follow this same path of good-faith in 2019, but voters what to know outreach with labour and Indige- that the man or woman who would nous groups. There is plenty to work be prime minister has thought about, with, fruitful policy partnerships to and has something meaningful to • Have a short race. Prime Minister be had, and plenty of headaches to say, about everything. Trudeau is governing in a minority be avoided if done well. parliament. As stable a minority as it The biggest mistake of the 2019 The Conservative Party is not in exis- campaign was that it was a mile deep might be, nobody knows when the next election is going to be. A pro- tential crisis. It is on an upward track. on tax credits and pocketbook perks, Continuing this trajectory, however, but it was only an inch wide in pol- longed leadership race will only de- lay a new leader’s onboarding and does require that it learn from the Harp- icy breadth. Fifteen years ago—even er decade and from the brief Scheer 10—you could win an election by transition hiccups, defer the ability of a new team to gel, and postpone all era—including the deficiencies of the laser-targeting certain more accessi- 2019 campaign and the mistakes of ble demographic profiles. That sim- the critical pre-election work of nom- the 2015 campaign, which was much ply is not enough anymore. Voters inating candidates, raising funds and worse. The party has all the tools and collectively will not reward a party preparing a platform. The party cur- talent of a formidable and modern ma- that has only a partial agenda. They rently has a convention booked for chine, but it needs to choose to learn appreciate that governments need to Toronto in April. This should not be and adapt. It cannot just try the same be comprehensive, so rightly expect a mid-campaign debate opportunity. thing again but with a different face. that from their politicians. And let’s This should be the culmination of The leadership contenders are starting not be allergic to big and bold ideas. the leadership race—voting time to to line up. Let’s hope that they—and We cannot assume that people only select the new leader. the party hierarchy—have the wisdom want small-stakes retail. The leader- • Fix the balloting system. If at all pos- to do what they ought to do to fashion ship race—and the next election— sible for this race, the party would be a modern Conservative party for the should not be shy about showcasing wise to rethink its single preferential 21st century. some vision. ballot for choosing a leader. Events, Contributing Writer Yaroslav Baran is • Bring in good, seasoned senior staff. post-election, illustrate why. Andrew Scheer won the helm with an “every- a partner with the Earnscliffe Strategy The next several months will be cha- Group. He was communications body’s second choice” strategy. He otic. The party will be managing a director in Stephen Harper’s successful was inoffensive, didn’t stick his neck leadership race. The caucus has an leadership race, and ran Conservative interregnum, so critics will feel em- out (beyond supply management) Party communications through three boldened. On the staff side, one lead- and was generally well-liked by all election campaigns.

Policy 13 All Parliament, All the Time: Life in a Minority Government

When Pierre Trudeau’s first, Trudeaumania-fueled majority tinguished Professor Emeritus, David E. Smith, thus writes: “Government was followed by the hangover of his 1972 minority gov- and Opposition are part of a shared ernment, the Liberal team adapted its approach and tone, community-Parliament.” As the writes longtime Pierre Trudeau advisor Tom Axworthy. only elected part of Canadian gov- ernment, “the House of Commons,” Axworthy, who remained with Trudeau during Joe Clark’s Smith writes “is Canada’s premier in- minority government of 1979-80 and beyond, provides stitution for the authoritative expres- sion of electoral opinion and for ap- invaluable perspective on the minority governing experi- proval of public policy formulated in ence from both sides of compromise. response to that opinion. The House of Commons is the voice of the Ca- nadian people, the one place where the people’s representatives from all Thomas S. Axworthy government as the government’s very regions can debate and legislate.” To existence depends upon securing a quote Smith again, “Parliamentary wo cheers for minority majority of members on votes of con- debate is a great leveller of conflict- governments,” exclaims fidence. I served as a junior policy ad- ing interests as well as a calming in- “ T Professor Emeritus Peter visor in Pierre Trudeau’s minority gov- fluence on intense feeling”. H. Russell of the University of To- ernment of 1972-74 and was in his anada will need Parliament ronto, one of Canada’s most distin- Opposition office during Joe Clark’s as a national articulator and guished political scientists. Russell’s minority government of 1979-80 and, conciliator of conflicting in- argument is that majority govern- in both cases, it was “all Parliament, C terests and, even more hopefully, ments are too easily dominated by all the time.” the prime minister and the coterie of as a calming influence, because the unelected advisors in the Prime Min- A prime minister still has the pre- 2019 election revealed a country ister’s Office which, in turn, reduces dominant role in deciding upon deeply divided on critical issues of the role of ministers and MPs, “there- the government’s agenda and legis- the environment, the economy and by weakening parliamentary democ- lative priorities in a minority situa- regional fairness. racy itself.” tion. But, unlike in a majority gov- ernment context, his will alone does The campaign was bitter and nasty The main difference between major- not resolve the issue. Compromise, (recall that in his opening remarks, ity and minority governments in the adjustment, and understanding the in the English-language debate, Con- parliamentary world, he writes “is in priorities of the other parties are the servative Leader Andrew Scheer be- their method of decision making. The order of the day. So, a parliament gan by calling Justin Trudeau a “pho- difference is fundamentally between of multiple parties with none com- ney and fraud”). Social media trolls a system in which the prime minis- manding a majority is a countervail were hard at work, too, spewing ru- ter dominates the decision-making to the growing power of an imperial mor, and scurrilous process and a system in which policy- prime ministership. personal attacks. making is subject to the give and take The election results reflected this of parliamentary debate and negotia- Countervail, however, is a check- mood, with no party being hap- tion.” As Eugene Forsey, another con- ing mechanism. There is a broader, py about the result except the Bloc stitutional sage, put it: “A government more positive, even idealistic vision Québécois. But the Liberals can nego- without a clear majority is more likely of Parliament. The key starting point tiate with either the Bloc or the NDP to stop, look, and listen.” is that governments are not elected, MPs are and governments arise out to win majority votes in the House, Russell and Forsey are correct. Parlia- of Parliament if they can command so there is room for manoeuvre if the ment can’t be ignored by a minority a majority of members. Another dis- Trudeau Liberals are adept.

January/February 2020 14 But the results may be a portent of to inflation, thereby eliminating the a looming national unity crisis book- hidden revenues accruing to govern- ended in two regions: in Quebec, the ments through the effects of infla- Bloc was a close second to the Liber- tion on a progressive tax system. In als with 32 percent of the vote com- 2019, the Justin Trudeau government pared to the Liberals’ 41.5 percent pledged to be as accommodating as and 32 seats to the Liberals’ 35. A its long-ago predecessor, proclaiming party espousing sovereignty is again in the Speech from the Throne that a major force in La Belle Province. in the 43rd Parliament “this govern- On the Prairies, it was a stupendous ment is open to new ideas from all victory for the Conservatives and a Parliamentarians.” near-shutout of the Liberals: in Al- berta, the Conservatives rolled up egional tensions are endemic 69 percent of the vote to the Liberals to Canada—they can never be 13.7 percent, and in R eliminated, only managed. the Liberals did even worse with only The starting point in managing them 11.6 percent of the vote compared to is to ensure that regional perspectives 64 percent for the Conservatives. Of are well articulated in all policy de- the Prairie provinces, only in Mani- bates. Facing a resurgent Bloc, a prom- toba did the Liberals have a decent inent Quebecer should be recruited to Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and advisor Tom showing, with 26 percent of the vote Axworthy in the mid-1970s. Minority the PMO and with no cabinet repre- and four seats—the only seats won governments, Axworthy writes, present sentation from Alberta and Saskatch- by the Liberals between Ontario and challenges but also opportunities for change. Jean-Marc Carisse photo ewan, the need is even greater to have British Columbia. senior advisers from the Prairies at the centre of the action. Responding to iven the startling polariza- tant is a carbon tax to reduce green- a similar Prairie political drought in tion of the 2019 election, is house gas emissions in the fight 1972, Joyce Fairbairn and Jim Coutts, G there any chance that the against climate change, which the re- both from Alberta, became key advi- hopes of scholars like Russell and cent Speech from the Throne said was sors to Pierre Trudeau. Cabinet-mak- Smith for collaboration and positive “the defining challenge of the time.” ing is a key part of the puzzle too: outcomes in the new minority gov- That’s not a definition that appeals to Justin Trudeau’s options were limit- ernment will be realized? the Conservative Party as the carbon ed by the Liberal shut-out in Alberta and Saskatchewan but he made some History, at least, offers one positive tax is stoutly rejected by the conser- astute moves to quell the Prairie fire precedent—the 1972-74 minority vative premiers of Alberta, Saskatche- government of Pierre Trudeau. There wan and Ontario. by naming Chrystia Freeland deputy are significant parallels between the prime minister and minister of Inter- Pierre Trudeau responded to these governmental Affairs (after negotiat- two Trudeau minority governments: multiple pressures (and the shock in 1972, Trudeau faced an Ameri- ing NAFTA II with Donald Trump’s of being nearly defeated in October team, even Jason Kenney will be a can president who had recently im- 1972) with a fundamental change posed economic penalties on Canada relief) and she was born and raised in approach and tone. Liberal House in Alberta. and had little love for the Canadi- Leader Allan MacEachen, the parlia- an PM, although Richard Nixon was mentary wizard from Cape Breton, Wise appointments can fill some of not as erratic as Donald Trump. The was given a mandate to negotiate se- the regional gaps, but a more funda- Parti Québécois was steadily build- cretly on the legislative agenda with mental change is long overdue. One ing support for separatism at the David Lewis, the leader of the NDP of the key functions of the Senate same time as a “New West” was be- and the new Liberal stance was one of when it was created in 1867 was to ing proclaimed by the dynamic Peter contrition, accommodation and com- represent the interests of the regions: Lougheed in Alberta. promise. The creation of Petro-Cana- instead, through most of its history, So, as today, regional tensions were da and other positive measures were party interest, not regional represen- felt on two fronts. Back then, the fed- the result. And it was not just the NDP tation was its organizing focus. In one eral government had a core policy— who were accommodated: in perhaps of his most significant reforms, Justin the Official Languages Act— based on the most significant and long- lasting Trudeau broke the excessive partisan- a fundamental principle of national reform of the 1972-74 minority gov- ship of the Senate by appointing in- bilingualism that went down partic- ernment, Finance Minister John Turn- dependent senators without party af- ularly badly in the Prairies (the Na- er, in 1973, adopted the major plank filiation. Such independents are now tional Energy Program was still nearly of the 1972 Conservative platform to a majority of the Senate. But as Hugh a decade off).Today, the regional irri- index the country’s personal tax rates Segal and Michael Kirby, two former

Policy 15 senators, make clear in their 2016 re- ment to equalization where richer a more meaningful role. port, A House Undivided, the regional provinces contribute to providing an New Zealand has a protocol, agreed role of the Senate is still underdevel- equal base for public services across to by all parties, on how parliamen- oped. The Senate is now organized the land. If Alberta and Saskatche- tary business in a minority govern- into various groups: the largest, at wan have a good case that the stabi- ment should be conducted. Canada 49 members, is the Independent Sen- lization fund needs to be topped up has need of such a protocol, which ate group; next is the Conservative to help with the very real difficulties should cover topics such as the elec- group (26); nine senators in the Pro- that they are in, then Ottawa should tion of chairs of parliamentary com- gressive group, various non-affiliated do it. The point is to ensure that Ca- mittees, the prorogation issue, the Senators, and, just recently formed, nadians know that their region has misuse of omnibus bills, more strict a of 11 received a fair hearing and that the definition of non-confidence mo- members largely made up of former Confederation dice are not loaded tions which would encourage MPs to Conservatives. The new group is ded- against them. vote their conscience, and a review of icated to representing their various what accountability should mean for regions. The next stage of Senate re- a 21st century parliament, since so form should be to ensure the orig- If Alberta and many ministers deny their personal inal vision of the Fathers of Con- Saskatchewan have a responsibility for what departments federation to have a second House good case that the are doing. It is especially important alert to the fundamental characteris- to make the committee system work. tic of Canada’s polity—the enduring stabilization fund needs to Becoming a committee chair should strength of regions. be topped up to help with be one of the desirable and important Representation of the regions is crucial the very real difficulties that jobs in Parliament, open to MPs of all but so, too, are policy outcomes. Here, they are in, then Ottawa parties and decided by secret ballot. the new minority government could should do it. One step in the right direction was have lots of running room. Often it taken in December, when members is best when faced with pronounced of Parliament voted to create a spe- regional divides not to make it a ze- cial committee on Canada’s relation- ro-sum game by a frontal assault on a ship with China. given position but instead to achieve In 1973, the minority Trudeau gov- the objective by finding new routes to ernment, prodded by the opposition the promised land. The throne speech In response to the western dissatisfac- parties, strengthened Canadian de- posits a new goal of net-zero emissions tion of his day, in July 1973, Pierre mocracy by amending the Elections by 2050, but the problem is Canada Trudeau and his key ministers met Act to regulate election expenses for has made little progress in achieving the Western Premiers at the Western the first time, establishing the elec- much less ambitious goals. Economic Opportunities Conference, (WEOC) the first time the prime min- tion regime, which still stands, of ister had met a subgroup of premiers disclosure of donations, political tax ow should Ottawa proceed? in an official gathering. The politi- credits and the reimbursement of po- The carbon tax is but one of cal situation today is very different litical party election expenses. It was many policy instruments, al- H (Pierre Trudeau had to contend with a landmark achievement. beit one that’s like waving a muleta to three NDP premiers and one Conser- the Conservative bull. So, maintain Today, the 43rd Parliament has a sim- vative, Justin Trudeau instead would the existing tax, but concentrate on a ilar opportunity to make our parlia- meet three Conservative premiers massive building-refit program to en- mentary democracy work better both and one NDP stalwart) but the con- sure that the built environment con- by strengthening the powers of indi- cept still has merit today. tributes mightily to energy efficiency. vidual MPs and parliamentary com- Similarly, some Albertans are upset mittees and by enhancing the repre- f the Trudeau government must with the federal equalization formula sentation of regional interests at the respond to the changed circum- negotiated by Stephen Harper (with centre of government. If that occurs stances of a parliament without Jason Kenney a senior member of I in this new minority parliament, it a one-party majority, so, too, should that government). will earn not two cheers but a grand opposition MPs. One crucial area that “Hurrah!” It is the principle of equalization that they should cooperate on is reform- is important, not the details of a par- ing Parliament itself to enhance the Contributing Writer Thomas S. Axworthy ticular formulation. The Fiscal Stabi- role of MPs and roll back the exces- is Public Policy Chair at Massey College, lization Program is intended to help sive powers of the executive. In a mi- at the . He was provinces when they experience a nority setting, much can be done to principal secretary to Prime Minister sudden drop in revenues, a comple- correct past abuses while giving MPs Pierre Trudeau from 1981-84.

January/February 2020 16

Minority Mood Music

Canada has a notable history of minority governments, hen Lester Pearson and some of them the most productive and successful of their Tommy Douglas worked W together in those same times. The Liberal minorities of 1963-68, supported by the years in two minority governments NDP, left an enviable record of achievement. This was due from 1963-68, we had a seasoned in- ternational Nobel Prize winning dip- to the leadership of Lester Pearson as prime minister, and lomat in one chair, and the premier the vision of Tommy Douglas holding the balance of power. who had dragged Saskatchewan from bankruptcy to stability through years Their record includes Medicare, the Canada-Quebec Pension of painful compromises on programs, Plan and, not least, the Maple Leaf flag. As Robin Sears taxes and creditor battles, in the oth- writes, Pearson and Douglas set the standard for success. er. They were leaders who well under- stood that the winner cannot take all. The parallels with today are fascinat- Robin V. Sears have dozens of interests to balance ing. It was the time of nationalist sen- and placate. As Robert Caro describes timent rising in Quebec, strong pres- uccessful minority governments it in his magisterial biographies of sure from Conservative premiers for a are more a matter of nuance than Lyndon B. Johnson, the Democratic larger share of the fiscal pie, and deep concerns about national unity. S numbers, more about mood and majority leader in the Senate persuad- motivation than method. Canadi- ed, cajoled, threatened and pleaded A strong cabinet, capable advisers to ans, not surprisingly, are quite good for months to get the Senate votes re- the prime minister in Tom Kent, Rich- at managing minority governments quired to pass Republican President ard O’Hagan and Jim Coutts, along both federal and provincial. We’ve Dwight Eisenhower’s civil rights legis- with shared political agenda items had many and most had impressive lation in the 1950s, and his own land- with the New Democrats made for records of achievement. mark civil rights bills as president in formidable and lasting achievements. Two seasoned House leaders, given the 1960s. Among them were the Canadian Ma- a broad mandate, can facilitate the ple Leaf flag, universal health care, the The final 100 pages of hisMaster of Canada-Quebec Pension Plan and the smooth passage of even challenging the Senate are devoted to a day-by- beginning of new fiscal arrangements legislation in a minority Parliament, day chronicle of that epochal achieve- with the provinces. often better than a majority govern- ment. As Caro says, “…there are cases ment House leader with a hammer. The next minority period, 1972-74, in which the differences between the was shorter and more intense in every In the irrational digital sturm und two sides are so deep that no meeting respect, but equally full of legislative drang that passes for political games- placed can be located, for no such place landmarks, including consumer price manship today, what is often lost is exists…[then] it is necessary for the controls, limits on election expenses, the reality that the geniuses of parlia- legislative leader to create a common and more generous pensions. As he mentary mastery always understood ground.” This is what LBJ achieved had been in the earlier period, NDP that there needs to be something for several times, notably working with House Leader Stanley Knowles was an both sides, or even all sides. The “I President Eisenhower during the Little effective go-between. win, so you must lose” zero-sum game Rock crisis of 1957, when the gover- of the Harper era can work, but not for NDP Leader David Lewis and Pierre nor of Arkansas barred African Ameri- Trudeau had a cooler relationship long, and not without high cost. The cans from a local school, in violation than did Douglas and Pearson, but losers—often including government of the landmark 1954 Supreme Court it was respectful and effective. Only backbenchers—eventually unite in ruling in Brown vs. Board of Education when it became difficult for each par- “working to rule” or even open revolt. against segregation of public schools. ty to defend to their own activists why Marshalling the votes for a tough legis- Johnson’s own civil rights bill of 1965, they were ‘’sleeping with the enemy’’ lative victory in the United States Sen- passed by his former Senate colleagues, did the compromise process come to ate is similar to our minority House completed the historic work begun by an abrupt end in the spring of 1974, management, but harder because you President John F. Kennedy. when the Liberals famously arranged

Policy 17 for two reasons. The first is that the Lib- erals have many more challengers to balance and appease than most federal governments, with hostile premiers in more than half of the provinces. Those premiers will be tempted to push the federal Tories, and the Bloc, to be more difficult if they feel Otta- wa needs pressure to bend on their grievances. Secondly, it seems likely that enough Liberals of an older gen- eration remain who will point to the truncated success of Stephen Harp- er—and the continuing reputation- al damage the party still carries—as a result of his rougher, more American For Lester Pearson and Tommy Douglas, their partnership in two minority Parliaments from 1963-68 was more than an alliance of convenience, it was about nation-building. With Pearson’s style of politics and governing. strong Liberal minority only a few seats short of majority territory, and Douglas leading an NDP caucus holding the balance of power, their achievements included progressive policies such as For harder-edged Liberal advisers, the Medicare and the Canada-Quebec Pension Plan, as well as the Maple Leaf Canadian flag.Toronto distraction of the leadership campaign Star Photograph Archive, Courtesy of Toronto Public Library within the Conservative Party will be tempting to make even more dis- their own defeat over ’s laboration and partners in pushing abling through rough House tactics. budget and were returned with a ma- through their legislative agenda. The political success of jority government. Interestingly, Da- It was a high-wire act that consisted in leading the New Democrats in stav- vid Lewis’ son Stephen then stepped mainly of threats and provocation di- ing off a resounding defeat in the re- into a similar minority success, as On- rected mostly at the Liberals. The Lib- cent campaign is not matched by their tario NDP leader, with Ontario Con- erals were deeply weakened by a suc- financial health—bluntly stated, the servative Premier Bill Davis for anoth- cession of poor leadership choices, New Dems are broke. For the same po- er two-year period from 1975 to 1977. and the residue of the decade-long civ- litical pounders around Trudeau, hu- il war between the Chrétien loyalists miliating New Democrats will be sim- either the Martin nor the and the Martin insurgents. Tory par- ilarly tempting, as the enthusiasm to Harper minority eras in the tisans of the era maintained it worked bring the government down will not early 2000s could be seen to N well, as they forced the Liberals to become a real threat until this time have reached the same heights as those vote with them more than 100 times next year at the earliest. earlier periods, in terms of either co- over the period from 2006 to 2011, in operation or achievement. Politics had If Trudeau has matured sufficiently to two separate minority governments. hardened and the activist cores of each understand that his best chance of re- of the parties were even more skeptical A more nuanced view, perhaps, is gaining a majority is campaigning on of the wisdom of co-operation. that it hardened the Harper approach some achievements, won by partner- to his majority government when ship and compromise in this Parlia- Martin’s 2004 minority of a year and he won it, and poisoned the view of ment, Canadians can look forward to a few months was also hobbled by many Canadians towards his style of another successful minority chapter the continuing civil war in the Liber- politics. The content was less Draco- probably lasting two to three years. al Party, between his often over-con- nian than advertised, but promoted If not, an election forced over their fident and too- confrontational advis- with heated and aggressive partisan second budget in the spring of 2021 ers and the Chrétien-ites still bitter at rhetoric, which deeply soured Cana- would be more likely, if our minority what they saw as their leader’s ouster. dian federal politics. The seeds of his history is any guide. They misjudged NDP Leader Jack Lay- heavy defeat in 2015 can be traced, in Perhaps the stars will align for a re- ton and he organized their defeat in part, to the manner in which he man- turn to a more mature minority gov- the House in late 2005, and hurt them aged power when he needed partners. ernment style again. And the math on the hustings as well. The result was of a minority House such as this one, he tone-deaf arrogance that is the 2006 Conservative minority re- where the balance of power is shared, often seen to be in the DNA of placing the Liberal one. is impossible to predict. T federal Liberals has led many Harper’s approach was unique in Ca- commentators to suggest that Trudeau Contributing Writer Robin V. Sears is nadian politics, and will hopefully will be more of the Harper school than a Sunday columnist with The Toronto not be repeated in this minority or in Pearsonian in his approach to minori- Star and former national director of the any future governments seeking col- ty management. That appears doubtful NDP during the Broadbent years.

January/February 2020 18 François Legault’s Doctrine of WWDD: ‘What Would Duplessis Do?’

You don’t have to be a fan of Shirley Bassey to know that because they wanted the money those students brought, and business lead- history—especially its most ignominious entries—tends to ers only wanted cheap labour. repeat if not rhyme. There have been many moments since The most embarrassing case, which Coalition Avenir Québec Leader François Legault became made the front section of The New York Times and headlines around the premier of Quebec in October of 2018 that have evoked world, was when a doctoral student his conservative populist predecessor, Maurice Duplessis. from France was refused a residency As Graham Fraser writes, the enacting of Bill 21 has been permit because one of the chapters of her PhD thesis for Université Laval one of them. was written in English. After mockery unmatched since the Pastagate scan- dal—when a restaurant was found in contravention of the Charter of Graham Fraser To begin with, the electoral map pro- the French Language for having pas- duced by the 2018 Quebec election is ta on its menu rather than using the ast October, Quebec Premier almost a replica of the Union Natio- French word “pâtes”—the decision François Legault met Serge Sa- nale electoral base: a sea of CAQ blue was reversed. L vard, one of the pillars of Les interrupted by a peninsula of Liber- Duplessis used his power to arrest Je- Canadiens when the team was win- al red up the Ottawa River and across hovah’s Witnesses and take away the ning Stanley Cups. In addition to la- the island of Montreal (with the ex- liquor licence of a restaurant owner, menting that the team no longer had ception of two seats in Montreal’s Frank Roncarelli, who had provided a monopoly on Quebec hockey play- east end). funds to bail them out. ers, Legault made an allusion to Sa- Duplessis encouraged the election of McGill law professor F. R. Scott chal- vard’s preferred party, the old Union 50 Progressive Conservative MPs in lenged him, taking the case to the Su- Nationale—the conservative nation- 1958, who became part of the sweep- preme Court and winning. alist coalition created by Maurice ing Diefenbaker majority. Legault has Duplessis that dominated Quebec pol- looked on benevolently as Yves-Fran- egault’s echo of this is Bill 21, itics after the Second World War. çois Blanchet leads a group of 32 Bloc the Laicity Act, which for- Québécois MPs to Ottawa, depriving “Now it’s called the CAQ,” Legault bids government employees, Justin Trudeau of a Liberal majority. L quipped, referring to his own coalition including teachers, from wearing any- party, the Coalition Avenir Québec. Duplessis exercised his power over thing that displays religious affilia- universities, insisting that dissident tion. Despite the fact that the govern- It was hardly a joke; the CAQ bears academics be fired or transferred, and ment used the notwithstanding clause a remarkable similarity to the Union refusing federal funding for post-sec- of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms Nationale: a coalition between conser- ondary education. to exempt it from a Charter challenge vatives and nationalists with a rural on the grounds of religious freedom, and small-town base that had virtual- Legault did his best impression of Duplessis when there was a massive legal and equality rights, the question ly no support in Montreal, fought for of the law’s constitutionality is now Quebec autonomy but not indepen- outcry against the abolition of the Pro- gramme de l’expérience québécoise, before the courts. dence, was contemptuous of univer- which allowed foreign university stu- The English Montreal School Board sities and vilified religious minorities. dents to acquire residency in Quebec, (EMSB) has chosen to intervene on At times, it seems as if Legault and and its replacement with a dramatical- Article 23 of the Charter, which deals his ministers ask themselves “What ly smaller program. Before he reversed with the criteria for access to minori- would Duplessis do?” when faced himself, he snarled that university ty language education, and Article 28, with a policy decision. presidents were simply complaining which deals with rights guaranteed

Policy 19 equally to both sexes. The notwith- standing clause does not apply to ei- ther language rights or gender equality. Article 28 is very clear: “Notwith- standing anything in this Charter, the rights and freedoms referred to in it are guaranteed equally to male and fe- male persons.” In its statement of claim, the EMSB ar- gues that the Act exercises “an illegiti- mate control of the right to manage- ment and control of English language school boards in Quebec, regulates the cultural setting of English-language education, and interferes with the cul- tural concerns of Quebec’s English- speaking community.” Furthermore, the statement contin- ues, the Act “specifically targets and has a disproportionate effect on wom- en, specifically Muslim women wear- Quebec Premier François Legault at the Francophone Summit in Yerevan, Armenia in October, ing the hijab.” 2018. Legault represents a conservative stream of , the old school of Maurice Duplessis, rather than the pro- independence movement, Graham Fraser writes. XVIIe Sommet de la Francophonie à Erevan Flickr photo t is worth noting that in Bill 40, his legislation to abolish school in a letter to a prominent Liberal The storm of public disapproval over boards, Legault has made an ex- I businessman who had interests in the reckless abolition of the foreign ception for English-language school the Electrical Development Com- student residency program, and Le- boards, implicitly acknowledging pany was this: “The local legislature gault’s churlish reaction to it before re- that the Supreme Court’s Mahé de- has certain powers vested in it. These versing himself has been widely seen cision guarantees the rights of lan- powers may be abused, but we have as the end of a year-long honeymoon. guage minorities to control their always held that the remedy was not school boards. And his use of the not- In addition, it has damaged the rep- in the exercise of the power of disal- withstanding clause was an indica- utation of the cabinet star and Min- lowance in Ottawa, but by the people tion that he wanted to avoid a court ister of Everything (technically, he is of the Province themselves.” challenge. No such luck. Minister of Immigration, Francization and Integration, Minister Responsible During the federal election, Legault his was almost exactly what for the French Language, Minister Re- declared that federal leaders should Pierre Trudeau said in response sponsible for Laicity and Parliamen- commit themselves to not interven- T to the Protestant School Board tary Reform and Government House ing in the case, and Justin Trudeau of Greater Montreal, which had begged Leader) Simon Jolin-Barrette—partic- was the only one to point out that him to disallow Robert Bourassa’s lan- ularly when Denis Lessard of La Pres- the federal government has an ob- guage legislation, Bill 22, in 1974. se reported that public servants had ligation to examine every case that Both those cases, of course, were be- warned him of the problems that goes to the Supreme Court, and left fore the introduction of the Charter would occur, but were ignored. open the possibility that his govern- of Rights and Freedoms in 1982. The ment would intervene. It became, as Radio-Canada host and federal power of disallowance is con- columnist Michel C. Auger put it, There is a long history of Liberal prime sidered by many to have shrivelled a question of competence. And in- ministers being asked to intervene through lack of use (It has not been competence can be a fatal flaw for on—or use the federal power of dis- used since 1943, but most dramatical- any government. allowance against—legislation passed ly in 1938 when the federal govern- by provinces. ment disallowed Social Credit legisla- Graham Fraser is a senior fellow at the Graduate School of Public and When Ontario Hydro was created in tion in Alberta governing credit), and it is highly unlikely that the federal International Affairs at the University 1909, there was a petition for disal- of Ottawa and the author of René government will use it now. lowance from a group of private in- Lévesque and the Parti Québécois vestors who argued it was unconsti- However, intervening on a Charter in Power and Playing for Keeps: The tutional. ’s response, case is a different matter. Making of the Prime Minister 1988.

January/February 2020 Isotopes: Canada’s opportunity to lead in the fight against cancer and disease around the world with some of the rarest drugs on earth.

For more than 60 years, Canada has been a leader globally in the research, development and production of medical isotopes and radiopharmaceuticals. The world has always counted on Canada, but the fragility of our efforts has threatened the critical supply of these materials.

THE CANADIAN SITUATION

Canada’s nuclear isotope program pioneered a new era in cancer-fighting treatments, and research and development around health care. Without champions, however, Canada risks not only ceding that leadership role but living in a future world where people have no access to life-saving cancer treatments. 2018 marked the end of an era for medical isotope production in Canada, as the National Research Universal (NRU) reactor was taken out of service after six decades of supplying medical isotopes to the world’s health-care community. This has happened as new advances are quickly being made in the field of targeted therapeutics for the treatment of cancer.

The landscape of medical isotope production in Canada is diverse, due in part to the long-standing and world-class research into reactor and accelerator technologies. Canada is a leader in the development and production of medical isotopes that have been used globally for the past several decades. Canada relies on both domestic production and the global supply chain to provide medical isotopes to our hospitals.

To find solutions and guarantee future production and advancements of medical isotopes, the Canadian Nuclear Isotope Council (CNIC) was created. The Canadian Nuclear Isotope Council (CNIC)

The CNIC is an independent organization consisting of representatives from various levels within the Canadian health sector, nuclear industry and research bodies, convened specifically to work with governments and advocate for our country’s role in the production of the world’s isotope supply.

The CNIC represents organizations across Canada and around the globe.

Green PMS 368 Blue PMS 285 Black PMS black WHAT CANADIANS THINK Canadians want to remain at the forefront of research and development, commercializing, 63% of Canadians and supply of medical isotopes. Two-thirds of respondents in a national survey expressed support the development of a concern that Canada was losing its leadership position in isotope supply with nearly one-third national strategy for isotopes to of respondents being seriously concerned. This support goes so far that a further 63 per cent of ensure Canada remains at the Canadians support the provincial and federal governments adopting a Pan-Canadian strategy to forefront of this sector. secure the global supply of isotopes. Taken together, these two indicators clearly demonstrate that isotope leadership is important to Canadians, and they are largely in favour of government playing a critical role in pushing that forward. 66% of Canadians Canadian policymakers should be acutely aware of the previous challenges faced by Canadians are concerned about ceding our and global citizens during a past isotope supply shortage and take measures to ensure this leadership position in isotope doesn’t happen again. production and research and These results, generated from a survey of n=1804 adult Canadians, was conducted online by Innovative Research development between July 26-31, 2019. The results are weighted to n=1,200 based on Census data from Statistics Canada.

THE FUTURE OF MEDICAL ISOTOPES IN CANADA

Nuclear medicine is rapidly following the trends in personalized medicine. One example is the combination of therapy and diagnostics, called “theranostics”, which is an emerging application of medical isotopes. Theranostics allows the treatment to be targeted and modified for maximum effectiveness and the fewest possible side effects.

Dozens of clinical trials using medical isotopes are currently underway in Canadian hospitals. A new Lutetium-177-based drug that targets metastatic prostate cancer is being investigated. The medical grade isotope is used to destroy cancer cells while leaving healthy cells unaffected. Another is the first-ever clinical trial of an Actinium-225-based TIRT agent known as [225Ac]-FPI-1434 was launched in Canada in 2019. This investigational drug targets a receptor that is common to many solid tumours, and therefore has potential for treating a range of cancers.

Patients fighting cancer and other medical conditions all over the world rely on Canada for the safe and stable supply of medical isotopes. This presents a major challenge — and 68 Ga PSMA11 PET images at baseline and 3 months after 177 Lu PSMA617 opportunity — for Canadian leadership in the training, research, development, deployment showing significant response. J. Nucl . and export of medical isotopes for the global market. Med 2018; 59: 531

Global Isotope Needs

ISOTOPE Number of procedures Expected using medical isotopes trend in the worldwide in 2017 next 10 years

Technetium-99 (Tc-99) 35 million + Iodine-131 (I-131) 1 million = Radium-223 (Ra-223) 10,000 ++ Xenon-133 (Xe-133) 100,000 -- Yttrium-90 (Y-90) 20,000 + Holmium-166 (Ho-166) 400 ++ Lutetium-177 (Lu-177) 15,000 +++ Alpha emitters 2,000 +++ New targeted radiotherapy Reference: C Kratochwil et al, J Nuc Med (2016) (Ac-225, Ra-223 etc.) doi:10.2967/jnumed.116.178673 Strontium (Sr)/Rhenium (Re)/ 10,000-20,000 --- Samarium (Sm) Iodine-125 (I-125) 120,000-140,000 + Iodine-123 (I-123) 1,000,00 + Iodine-111 (I-111) 100,000 +

Drafted based on data from the OECD, IAEA and RG WHAT CANADA MUST DO

Recognizing the opportunity presented by continued Canadian leadership in isotope Worldwide there are over development, the CNIC has seven recommendations: 40 million nuclear medicine 1. Develop a Pan-Canadian Strategy for Isotopes

procedures There’s an opportunity with the support of the federal and provincial governments, performed each year using through a forum such as the Council of the Federation, to adopt a Pan-Canadian strategy isotopes, with approximately which integrates and supports Canada’s leadership role in the supply, distribution and 36 million for diagnostic development of isotopes for medical and industrial applications. nuclear medicine and four 2. National Supply Infrastructure Framework million for therapy. Designate the supply of isotopes as a key element of strategic national infrastructure for domestic and international use, allowing the same access to funding and other tools as is the case with roads, bridges, energy projects and many other initiatives.

Nuclear 3. Federal Strategic Innovation Fund (SIF) technology Designate Canada’s isotope community as a key focus area within the SIF to help Canada saves lives leverage its infrastructure advantage and strong network of researchers, clinicians and through the use of isotopes entrepreneurs to position our country as a global leader in medical isotope innovation. for screening, diagnosis and treatment of a wide variety 4. Break down barriers within Canada and abroad of medical conditions. Removing regulatory red tape will help to accommodate new treatments and new clinical trials to give patients easier access, and support the interprovincial trading and international export of critical isotopes.

5. Technology Applications for rural, northern and remote Regions 125I Deploy new technologies accessible to Canadians in rural, northern and remote communities that will reduce travel requirements, improve outcomes and equality around the standard of care.

60% 6. Promote Canadian isotope leadership abroad and continue with of the world’s market of international co-ordination Iodine-125 is produced at Canada’s focus should be on the promotion of exporting our products, allowing for The McMaster Nuclear affordable and reliable cancer care. Reactor at McMaster University. 7. Secure Canadian talent and expertise by supporting our isotope research institutions

With government support, we can ensure the right projects are being funded and facilitate partnerships with the private sector to continue leading isotope innovation.

Support of these recommendations would demonstrate a firm commitment to Canada’s role as a leader in nuclear medicine, and dramatically bolster the country’s capacity to innovate while delivering substantial economic and societal benefits to both Canadians and patients around the globe. With the size of the global isotope market projected Canada has to grow to more than $17.1 billion (US) by 2023, Canada stands on the edge of a 45 approved tremendous opportunity to bolster this industry. radiopharmaceuticals 23 currently approved radioisotopes, FIND OUT MORE AT WWW.CANADIANISOTOPES.CA and is the world’s leading supplier of two key medical isotopes. @IsotopesCanada IsotopesCanada Canadian Nuclear Isotope Council 24

Prime Minister Justin Trudeau meets U.S. President Donald Trump at the 70th anniversary NATO Summit in London in December. Sarah Goldfeder writes that the Trump administration has made the Canada-U.S. relationship “far less predictable than either side is used to.” Adam Scotti photo Beyond Realism: Canada and America’s Trumpian Discontent

As the United States copes with the domestic and inter- Sarah Goldfeder national consequences of the manufactured commotions he relationship with the of Donald Trump’s presidency, Canada is doing its own United States has never been T simple for Canada. From the adapting to the unprecedented nature of the current bi- beginning, Americans have pushed lateral dynamic. Former American diplomat Sarah Gold- and prodded Canadians to act in feder delivers a notably unvarnished assessment of the ways that, while undeniably in the national interest of the United relationship heading into a new decade. States, are not always in the best in- terest of Canada.

As the larger partner in population, economy, and military power, the United States, it could be argued, has the upper hand. That said, Canada has often benefitted from the asym- metry. But with the clouds of a great power rivalry and a softening global

Policy 25 economy promising a darker decade in front of us, how does Canada man- The gap between haves and have-nots is not age this relationship moving forward? just increasing, the factors that influence an individual’s likelihood of being in one or the other of those American Domestic Politics: groups are hardening. The result is a deep suspicion of Americans are not global thinkers. Americans by Americans. From the beginning, we have been focused inward, proudly mercantilist and isolationist. It took the horrors of World War II for us to recognize our shared destinies and assume a man- tle of responsibility for global securi- Are Americans concerned about how ed States—that it acts predictably in ty and prosperity. While Americans the rest of world perceives them? Not the best interests of North America, reluctantly took on a role of glob- really. Only when it means that in- which usually translates into being a al leadership and most were proud dividuals or groups are out to do us reliable partner. We know when Can- of what we could bring to the table, harm. Our core values are rooted ada will push back, what it will push this shift was not without controver- in libertarianism, meaning that we back on, and what we have to do to sy both at home and abroad. Many don’t much care about what goes eventually gain their support. It’s a would argue that it is no small mir- on beyond our borders as long as it predictable relationship—and that is acle that the post-WWII internation- doesn’t encroach on our way of life. what makes it special. al rules-based order has sustained as But that has changed in the last gen- The past three years of the Trump ad- long as it has. eration—since September 11th, into less of a “live and let live” mentality ministration have been far less pre- and more of a fortress America. dictable than either side is accus- As we barrel along tomed to. Beginning with the newly into the 2020 While, since the election of Donald elected president’s rejection of the election, the rest of the world Trump, the U.S. has hovered with Trans-Pacific Partnership and decla- one foot in the international commu- ration that the North American Free holds its collective breath, nity and one foot out, the rest of the Trade Agreement would be re-opened waiting to see what new world endures the churn of American and re-negotiated in order to get the manufactured commotion domestic politics. At the moment, United States a better deal, but not will drown out the best those politics are particularly disrup- stopping there. The deployment of interests of the international tive to our foreign and trade policy the 1962 Trade Expansion Act’s Sec- and undermining the internation- tion 232 national security tariffs on rules-based order. al and multilateral engagements we steel and aluminum created a level of have maintained since the mid-20th economic angst that frayed the nerves century. As we barrel along into the of investors, industry, and politicians 2020 election, the rest of the world as well as government officials. The holds its collective breath, waiting to U.S. trade war with China has dis- see what new manufactured commo- rupted supply chains continentally Meanwhile, at home, for two genera- tion will drown out the best interests as well as globally. Continued threats tions, Americans have watched their of the international rules-based order. of future 232 national security tariffs centres of industry crumble. Both against automobiles, uranium, and large and mid-sized cities have suf- other commodities continue to un- fered—Detroit, Buffalo, Cleveland, dermine investor confidence. Youngstown. And yet, at the same he Risks for Canada: time, hubs of emerging technolo- T Arguably, any Canadian govern- Canada often cites its special rela- ment would have been ill-suited to gies are thriving—Plano, Austin, Ir- tionship with the United States. And manage Donald Trump. Despite the vine, San Francisco, Seattle. The gap between haves and have-nots is not for Canada, that relationship is par- obvious inconsistencies in values just increasing, the factors that in- amount. But the United States has and approach, the Trudeau team has fluence an individual’s likelihood of always maintained multiple special done as well or better than any oth- being in one or the other of those relationships, each one more spe- er rules-based, market-based, demo- groups are hardening. The result is cial than the others. The result is cratic government in the world. De- a deep suspicion of Americans by that Canada’s reliability as a partner spite some missteps and presidential Americans, not to mention a gulf in and ally is often taken for granted. -tantrums, the relationship the commitment to the role the U.S. But that is no small part of the in- between the two countries appears plays on the world stage. trinsic value of Canada to the Unit- to have endured in fine fashion.

January/February 2020 26 That said, there are still some areas trade actions by China that are polit- The incumbent Liberals recalibrat- where Canada is at risk. ical in nature. Expectations that the ed over the past four years in order American president could be help- to both manage and minimize the ful with China have so far come up relationship between Canada and short, and Canada should expect that the United States. The further divid- Trade: trend to continue. ed America becomes, the more Can- ada moves closer to other allies. The Geography is destiny. Canada has Comprehensive Economic and Trade lived this truth through the years, Agreements mean Agreement with the European Union but most notably perhaps, these past nothing if one and the Comprehensive and Progres- three years. Since the renegotiation partner is not acting in good of NAFTA was announced, the focus sive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Part- of the Canadian corporate world has faith. President Trump has nership both facilitate trade diversi- been on holding the North American proven repeatedly that if he fication and the cultivation of new market together. While the new and wants more tariffs, he will go strategic partnerships. improved NAFTA 2.0 has been signed after more tariffs and Canada’s global value is far more by all three partners, it has yet to be than neighbour to the United States, ratified. The U.S remains in the throes international norms and and as it participates in reform of the of some of the most partisan political rules are meaningless. World Trade Organization and re-for- fights in its history and the chances tifies itself in other multilateral fora, that this renegotiated renegotiation the predictable support that Ameri- falls flat in the Senate persist. cans have taken for granted will be House Speaker Nancy Pelosi made a embraced by others. calculated political decision to an- As politicians headed back to their nounce both the impeachment olitics: P ridings for the holidays, fresh on the charges and the agreement on the The Prime Minister’s comments heels of a revised NAFTA and with trade deal on the same day. It molli- about Donald Trump’s behaviour their partner heading into a gruel- fied her caucus and provided “purple district” members of Congress some during a reception for NATO lead- ing impeachment battle, Canadi- good news to soften the blow of im- ers in December became a viral sen- ans should have felt confident. Their peachment. But the Senate does not sation. In the rest of the world, the government believes it still works for share her political concerns—only story was that world leaders also see them. That’s something Americans one third of the Senate is up for re- how rude and boorish the U.S. presi- no longer take for granted, but that election in 2020. That one third in- dent can be, but in Canada, the sto- quiet Canadian certainty will do the cludes Senate Majority Leader Mitch ry was politicized as another lapse in world good. McConnell and Trump supporter judgment by a naïve Prime Minister. Contributing Writer Sarah Goldfeder, a Lindsey Graham. They may choose The former is the right story. Presi- principal with the Earnscliffe Strategy to punish Pelosi for her timing by dent Trump showed no respect or Group in Ottawa, has served as a ragging the puck on the trade agree- special assistant to two former U.S. ment and blaming impeachment for courtesy for the other 28 NATO lead- ambassadors to Canada and was the delay. ers and has appeared to have missed the briefing note where the consen- previously a career officer at the U.S. All that said, agreements mean noth- sus model for NATO was explained. State Department. ing if one partner is not acting in good faith. President Trump has Canada Needs More Canada: proven repeatedly that if he wants Canada just emerged from what is more tariffs, he will go after more generally thought to be one of the tariffs and international norms and nastiest election campaigns in its his- rules are meaningless. He has also tory. The divisiveness that character- used Twitter to impact business and ized 2019 is often thought of as an international trade in unreasonable American export. Regardless of ori- fashion—something that no trade gin, it is toxic. The Westminster sys- deal will mitigate. tem as it is practised in Canada might Simply put, the uncertainty of Ameri- be the antidote, with the strong mi- can trade actions will persist for the nority Liberal government required immediate future. Meanwhile, Cana- to work collaboratively with other da continues to suffer from punitive parties in order to move legislation.

Policy 27 Indigenous Procurement: Too Important to Fail

In other jurisdictions from the United States to Austra- zation’s process of purchasing goods and services.” lia, government procurement is leveraged as an economic Toronto’s definition of supplier di- development tool for communities traditionally hindered versity is consistent with that of oth- by discrimination, including Indigenous businesses. Af- er buyers: ter an election campaign during which the Liberal Party “A diverse supplier is a business that is at least 51 percent owned, managed adopted a 5 percent Indigenous procurement target in its and controlled by an equity-seeking platform, entrepreneur and investor Chand Sooran lays community or social purpose enter- out what the government’s Indigenous procurement policy prise. These communities include, but are not limited to, women, Ab- could look like. original people, racial minorities, per- sons with disabilities, newcomers and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer, Chand Sooran able 5 percent Aboriginal procure- Two-Spirit (LBGTQ2S) community.” ment spending target has been ad- he federal government looks opted in the Liberal Party platform, set to announce a substantial CCAB encourages other political par- hese set-asides are consistent T policy on procurement from ties to do the same or even better.” Twith international experience. Indigenous-owned businesses. It is a The Prime Minister’s 2019 Mandate The European Union’s public procure- high risk-high reward strategy for all Letter to the Minister of Public Ser- ment directives permit the allocation stakeholders. A successful outcome vice and Procurement Canada fol- of some portion of public procurement can transform economic develop- lows through with this commitment budgets to “disadvantaged persons”. ment for this beset community. Fail- instructing her to “work with Min- ure would mean the ossification of In the United States, support for so- ister of Indigenous Services and the the obstacles that this policy ostensi- cial procurement goes back to the civil President of the Treasury Board to bly seeks to overcome. rights movement of the 1960s. Martin create more opportunities for Indig- Luther King Jr. delivered his famous “I What would an effective policy look enous businesses to succeed and grow Have a Dream” speech at the March like? by creating a new target to have at on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. least 5 per cent of federal contracts Its primary organizer, the bold activist In the 2019 election, the Canadi- awarded to businesses managed and Bayard Rustin, writing in the event’s an Council for Aboriginal Business led by Indigenous Peoples.” (CCAB) was successful in lobbying organizing manual, cited the “twin for the inclusion in Liberal Party pol- This parallels the policy the Trudeau evils of racism and economic depriva- icy of a 5 percent set-aside of federal government announced in the 2018 tion” as motivation for the march. procurement spending with its Sup- Budget in which they announced a The Small Business Administration ply Change initiative: 5 percent target of federal procure- sets out a government-wide statutory ment spending from businesses small business contracting goal of “not “Federal procurement spending owned by women. through the Procurement Strategy less than 23 percent of the total value for Aboriginal Business (PSAB) has These policies are an expression of of all prime contract awards for each accounted for an average of less than a global phenomenon called “social fiscal year.” Further minimum targets 1 percent (0.32 percent) of total an- procurement”. The City of Toronto, include 3 percent for small business- nual federal procurement spending for example, defines social procure- es owned by service-disabled veterans, since 1996,” the Council noted in a ment as: “The achievement of stra- 3 percent for HUBZone small busi- campaign statement, adding: “Now tegic social, economic and workforce nesses, 5 percent for small businesses that a realistic and more than achiev- development goals using an organi- “owned and controlled by socially and

January/February 2020 28 economically disadvantaged individu- panies who identify as Indigenous- find, engage, and mentor Indig- als,” and 5 percent for small business- ly owned as sub-par, as if to say that enous-owned suppliers. Connect es owned and controlled by women. these firms require special treatment. Indigenous suppliers to one anoth- er for teaming. State governments also have versions Divergent public policy in the two of their own targets. New York State countries leads to different percep- • Bona Fides: Set a standard by has been in the vanguard of social tions of supplier risk for the same having the federal government im- procurement. Governor Andrew Cuo- company. It may be easier for Canadi- partially verify the Indigenous own- mo aims to have 30 percent utilization an Indigenous businesses to sell in the ership, control, and management of of what Americans call “MWBEs” (Mi- U.S. than at home. The public spill- these suppliers, and vet their com- nority and Women-Owned Business over effect is that economic develop- mercial qualifications, while shar- Enterprises) in state contracts, a tar- ment is slowed, leading to more gov- ing this information with buyers. get the state came just short of hitting ernment transfers. Without a credible, disinterested, in the fiscal year 2018-2019 at 29.13 and enforceable mechanism for cer- Buyers (in government or the pri- percent. When he was first elected tification, there remains the possi- vate sector) want “value-for-money”: to office in 2011, Cuomo’s target for bility of buyer skepticism. American buying the right thing from the right MWBE contracting was 20 percent. law enforcement is rigorous in pros- supplier at the right price, with the ecuting procurement fraud. The focus on empowering business- least risk. • Access to Capital: Establish work- es owned by members of historically- There are three classes of risk for buyers: ing capital financing for contracts disadvantaged communities cascades into which the government enters in the U.S. into private sector purchas- • Capacity and Capabilities: Do with Indigenous-owned firms. Guar- ing activities. Large corporations that these firms have the capacity to antee real property lending to this sell to different levels of government deliver at sufficient scale and the community by third-party financial are encouraged and, in some cases, capability to deliver complicated institutions. Encourage private required to purchase from disadvan- goods and services? Have they been sector sources of working capital taged businesses. Organizations like shut out of so much business pre- finance. Link financing to perfor- the National Minority Supplier Devel- viously that they have not been in mance on government contracts. opment Council certify, mentor, and a position to mature commercially? advertise MWBEs to corporate buyers. • Bona Fides: Are these firms really Ideally, whatever solution the federal owned by Indigenous people, or are government chooses will be extensi- they just trying to game the system? ble to other disadvantaged groups. hat is the public policy • Access to Capital: Is there some- Presumably, there has been pressure problem? W thing about the disadvantage these on government and commercial buy- Set-asides are a novel concept in Can- firms face that makes it more diffi- ers to purchase from disadvantaged ada. Cities like Toronto, seeking to cult for them to finance themselves, groups for some time. Their disap- benchmark themselves against glob- making them riskier as suppliers? For pointing performance points to the al contemporaries, have embraced the example, Indigenous-owned firms fact that historical approaches, essen- concept, with mixed success. Govern- may not be able to obtain credit be- tially Yellow Pages directories of puta- ments have resisted the push for set- cause of the inability to use property tively relevant suppliers vetted opaque- asides from communities like the First or contracts located in First Nations ly, have been profoundly inadequate. Nations, preferring instead non-bind- territory as collateral. Our hypothesis is that buyers have ing guidelines with limited effect. The most competitive Indigenous been kept at bay by worries about sup- In the United States, when a company firms may either end up concealing plier risk, perceptions that have been advertises the status of its ownership their provenance or deciding to com- exaggerated in a way that government or control as a minority-owned busi- pete outside of Canada. is uniquely positioned to mitigate. ness, or a women-owned business, Failure to deal with these factors af- the general understanding is that this ter an optimistic, idealistic announce- ith the right policy, Ottawa is just another facet of their market- ment without material improvement ing. The supplier can provide a non- W can help mitigate these risks. in actual procurement from Indige- pecuniary benefit to the buyer who • Capacity and Capabilities: Make nous businesses may cement misper- can demonstrate his commitment data available about the perfor- ceptions of risk for years to come. to meeting self-imposed or external mance of Indigenous businesses Chand Sooran is the Founder and CEO thresholds for social procurement. on set-aside government contracts. of EdgeworthBox, which seeks to make In Canada, in the absence of govern- Connect buyers to one another to it easier for SMEs to sell to corporations ment leadership on the topic and data share market intelligence. Make and governments. He is a graduate of showing the performance of these available a platform for govern- RMC, Queen’s, and the Massachusetts firms, buyers may tend to view com- ment and commercial buyers to Institute of Technology

Policy 29

Column / Don Newman Keep Calm…or Not. We’ve Seen Worse. lberta and Ottawa at each shipments to Central Canada. Final- tions, minority governments and other’s throats. Separatists ly, cooler heads prevailed. Trudeau multiple rejections by Parliament of A winning votes in Quebec. and an Alberta premier named Pe- various divorce agreements have un- Britain collapsing over Brexit. And ter Lougheed had their governments derscored the political cost of the the rolling cataclysm of Donald negotiate a deal both sides could live plan against a soundtrack of warn- Trump’s presidency colliding with with. Now, Justin Trudeau will have ings as to its economic costs. impeachment proceedings in the to do the same thing with another United States. Alberta premier, Jason Kenney. Giv- All of this pales beside the crisis Brit- en the history, that doesn’t seem too ain went through in the 1980s. Then, The world’s going to hell in a hand- difficult a task. the showdown between Margaret basket, right? Don’t worry. We’ve Thatcher and the National Union of seen it all before. Most of it, 30 or The revival of the Bloc Québécois Mineworkers brought the country to more years ago. And by and large it was perhaps the greatest surprise of its knees with a yearlong strike from turned out not too badly. the October election. Running only 1984-85 that served as a scaled-up ver- in Quebec, the party went from just sion of Ronald Reagan’s 1981 show- Alberta and Ottawa are at odds over a handful of seats to 32, under a dy- the lack of new pipelines and addi- down with air traffic controllers. The namic and experienced leader named standoff provided the proof of politi- tional capacity to transport oil—and Yves-François Blanchet. While still particularly oil sands bitumen—to cally risky resolve that Thatcher used officially espousing the separation of first to decimate the miners’ union tidewater and Asian export markets. Quebec from the Canadian Confed- To show their displeasure, in the re- and its powerful figurehead, Arthur eration, the party says it isn’t going Scargill, before privatizing and de- cent federal election Albertans elect- to happen any time soon. ed no Liberal MPs to support Prime regulating much of the rest of the Minister Justin Trudeau’s govern- ertainly, the resurgence of U.K. economy. ment, or to sit in his cabinet. No- the Bloc is nothing compared And finally, the impeachment of body from Alberta at the federal de- C to its emergence—after the Donald Trump. As interesting as it cision-making table. 1993 election and the constitution- sometimes is, it is nothing compared al failure of the Meech Lake Accord— But today’s imbroglio is nothing to the impeachment proceeding that with 52 seats under the dynamic compared to the fight between Ot- led the firing of a special prosecu- leadership of . That tawa and Alberta in the late 1970s tor, the revelation of secret tape re- result heralded an almost disastrous and early 80s. That was over the cordings in the White House, and ul- set of circumstances, including a high price of oil, not the low price timately the resignation of Richard Quebec independence referendum in in place now. It was about whether Nixon from the presidency. 1995 that almost passed and broke Alberta and the oil industry should up the country. What has been happening with charge world prices for their prod- Trump is often fascinating. But, given uct, and how the revenues collect- But since then, independence pas- the arithmetic in the Senate and the ed should be distributed among the sions have slowly cooled in Quebec. math of the Electoral College, rath- federal and provincial governments The recent election results for the er than resigning or being removed and the oil industry. Bloc mean that they are not dead yet, from office, there is a better chance but careful management and mon- There were no Liberal MPs from Al- than either that Donald Trump will itoring of the situation should keep berta supporting the Pierre Trudeau be re-elected in November. things under control. government either. As the dispute Columnist Don Newman, who has grew, Ottawa moved to unilaterally Beyond our borders, Brexit is present- joined Rubicon Strategy as Executive impose an oil price regime and rev- ing Britain with its worst crisis since Vice President based in Ottawa is a enue-sharing plan. Alberta retaliated the Second World War. The referen- lifetime member of the Parliamentary by staging planned cutbacks to oil dum three years ago and the elec- Press Gallery.

January/February 2020 30 Canada and the World Seeking Canada’s Place in a World Transformed

The United States under Donald Trump is retreating from II and the subsequent post-war recon- struction, but it also reflected the per- its role as a reliable, predictable, values-driven, rules- sonal relationships that existed be- based leader on the world stage. While America’s dem- tween Prime Minister Brian Mulroney ocratic institutions process the constitutional implica- and other key heads of government. The third difference between that pe- tions of Trump’s corruption, Canada must re-evaluate its riod and today was the sense that the own geopolitical footprint. Former Conservative cabinet leaders were bigger than the issues. minister and current President of the Canadian Cham- When Reagan, Thatcher, Kohl, Mit- terrand and Mulroney met, we were ber of Commerce Perrin Beatty offered a way forward in confident that global issues would be the d’Aquino lecture, delivered at the National Gallery of resolved. In contrast, when the G7 Canada in November. met in Biarritz late last August, suc- cess was defined by the fact that the talks did not break down. Perrin Beatty are confusing and the stakes are high, and where the pace of events leaves any of our instruments for ixteenth century cartographers little time for thoughtful study. global governance and se- didn’t have anything like the curity, including the Bret- The challenge of finding our way in M mapping technologies we use ton Woods institutions, NATO and S this new world is further complicated today, so mapmakers often filled in the United Nations Security Council, unknown areas with illustrations of by a growing distrust of institutions are products of the post-World War exotic creatures such as sea serpents and leaders throughout much of the II era. Their structures exclude many or mermaids. Western world. of the players that have risen to new On the Hunt-Lenox Globe, one of We all view how the world is pro- prominence in the intervening years, the oldest terrestrial globes in exis- gressing based on our own experienc- and more recent institutions like the tence, the notation “HERE BE DRAG- es. In my case, I received a close-up G20 and the World Trade Organiza- ONS” appears in Latin near the east view of the world during my time in tion appear lost in a cacophony of coast of Asia. It was a warning that the federal cabinet in the 1980s and competing voices. travelers to the region would find early 1990s. Compounding this problem is the U.S. themselves beset by unknown dan- Three characteristics of this peri- shift away from multilateralism to a gers of the gravest kind. od stand out in particular. First, it grumpy, mercantilist nativism that Today, Canadians looking for our was a time of tremendous hope. We prefers having clients to allies. The place in the realms of diplomacy, se- watched as hundreds of millions of Trump administration’s trade, securi- curity and commerce find ourselves people moved from dictatorship into ty and diplomatic policies have cost in terra incognita, where the dragons freedom. This progress was most evi- its friends while empowering its stron- may be very real. dent with the collapse of Soviet Com- gest opponents. As the United States munism, but it extended to much of pulls back from its traditional allies, Amid the geopolitical upheaval, one the world. it has also turned against some of its of our most pressing priorities is to own creations, including the WTO. decide what role we want to play—in Second, Canada enjoyed a seat at the diplomacy, security and business— table when the most critical decisions If job one on the international in the global community as it is to- were being made in the G7, NATO, scene is to define Canada’s role in day. It’s an issue on which none of NORAD and on the Security Council the world, it starts in Washington, our political parties has presented a of the United Nations. This was partly where Canada faces a sometimes coherent vision, where the questions a legacy from our role in World War hostile administration.

Policy 31 we hope to achieve if we are accepted. Third, our actions need to be guided by a sense of modesty or, at least, by realism. We should speak clearly and work tirelessly in defence of human rights throughout the world, but we also need to engage all countries, in- cluding those whose systems of gov- ernment we find oppressive. We must do so with clear eyes, with a fo- cused view of Canada’s interests and with an understanding that the game won’t be won in the first period. Fourth, we need allies among coun- tries that share our values and interests and that are not so large that they be- lieve they can go it alone, such as the The G7 leaders at Hart House in Toronto in 1988 when, as Perrin Beatty notes, the G7 was a countries of the European Union and powerful force for positive change in the world. From left, Italian Prime Minister Ciriaco De Mita, Scandinavia, Japan, Australia, New British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, American President Ronald Reagan, Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, French President François Mitterrand, German Chancellor Helmut Zealand, Mexico and South Korea. Kohl, and Japanese Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita. Wikipedia photo I want to be very clear here. While the challenge of asserting Canada’s ternative to a democracy they consid- It’s tempting to assume that this leadership is more complex and diffi- er undisciplined, divided and weak. will be a one-term aberration and cult than in the past, we can exercise that things will return to normal af- So, where do these developments global influence well beyond what ter either the 2020 or 2024 presi- leave us? What are our options, and the size of our population or our GDP dential elections, but we simply no what should be our priorities? And would suggest if we have a coherent longer have the luxury of quiet com- on what assumptions should we plan view of what we want and a strategy placency that all will be for the best. a new role for Canada in global af- to get us there. Instead, we need to lessen our vul- fairs? Here is my assessment. Finally, we need to rebuild a multi- nerability to capricious actions by re- partisan consensus on our interna- ducing our economic and diplomatic First, Canada is more alone today in tional role. In recent years, consensus dependence on the U.S. the world than it has been at any pre- vious period in our lifetimes. While has frayed and Parliament is increas- A final difference from how we ex- the United States will continue to be ingly dividing along partisan lines on pected the world to evolve 30 years our most important partner, custom- issues, including how to manage our ago is the challenge posed to West- er and ally, we can no longer take our relationships with the world’s most ern liberal values by competing sys- relationship for granted. powerful countries, the amount and tems of politics and ideology. The fall nature of our international aid, our of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of Second, while our role as a middle- role in the UN and whether the pur- Soviet Communism seemed to sym- power country gives us a platform, it pose of our trade agreements should bolize precisely that. Nor did it seem provides no guarantees that we can be to permit Canadian businesses to unreasonable to think that bringing get our way in international affairs, compete or to promote a multiplicity particularly when we are dealing with China into international organiza- of social policy goals. much larger players. As a result, Can- tions and encouraging partnerships ada’s interest is ensuring that oth- ut however the government with its government would advance er countries play by the rules. That manages the process, what human rights in that country. is why multilateral institutions like B should be the basis of our strat- The events of the last three decades NATO, the UN and the World Trade egy? In my view, Canada’s diplomat- show that, while others may want Organization are essential to us. ic role should be what we have his- torically done very well: to engage, to to have what we have, they may well We will need to fight for a seat at the convene, to present innovative ideas not want to be what we are. The forc- table when decisions are being made and to build consensus. es that explicitly reject the basic te- and demonstrate why we deserve it, nets of Western society—democracy, as Canada’s uphill struggle to win Our aspirations need to reflect our ca- equality, human rights, individual- election to the UN Security Council pabilities. We do not have unlimited ism, tolerance and diversity—present demonstrates. A starting point would resources and friends, and Canadians a credible and, to many, attractive al- be to give a clear explanation of what need to know why our internation-

January/February 2020 32 al engagement is so important here tional markets, we need to concen- world face today are daunting, and at home. We need to pick the areas trate much more on how to get Ca- principled, visionary leaders are in where our international involvement nadian businesses through them. short supply. Yet, this is far from the advances Canadian interests and ex- first time that we have had to con- plain to Canadians how what we do front threats that seemed existential. benefits them. History provides no In the last century alone, we were forced to deal with a global depres- On this latter point, we should not be guarantees of our sion, pandemics, two world wars, and shy about promoting Canada’s com- future success, but it does a protracted struggle between nucle- mercial interests. Canada, as a trade- demonstrate that the ar-armed superpowers with the ca- dependent nation, should act like one. gravest challenges often pacity to destroy every living organ- Our success in international markets produce the most ism on Earth. requires a rules-based global trad- transformative leaders. History provides no guarantees of ing system overseen by a reformed our future success, but it does dem- and renewed World Trade Organiza- onstrate that the gravest challenges tion, in addition to our bilateral trade often produce the most transforma- agreements and membership in other tive leaders. global standard-setting bodies. For all of our problems, we Canadi- Our NAFTA, CETA and CPTPP mem- Businesses can also play a key role ans remain the most fortunate people berships give us privileged access by promoting Canadian objectives on the planet. The challenge now is to key international markets. No in fora like the G7, G20, and OECD. to ensure that our leaders have the vi- doubt we should be looking at oth- Each of these groups has business ad- sion, the principle and the strength of ers as well, but any new negotiations visory bodies that provide a platform purpose to achieve our potential both should be based on commercial con- for Canadian companies. The gov- here at home and in our relations with siderations, not photo-ops. We need ernment should work closely with the rest of the world. to focus on where bold leadership the private sector to coordinate Ca- Perrin Beatty, President and CEO of can achieve the greatest benefit for nadian priorities rather than having the Canadian Chamber of Commerce, Canada and resolve barriers to our us row in separate directions. was a minister in the Mulroney companies’ market access in areas government. Adapted from the like agriculture, industrial subsidies s the threat posed by climate 2019 Thomas d’Aquino Lecture on and digital trade. And while trade change demonstrates, the Leadership last November 6 at the agreements open doors into interna- A problems Canada and the National Gallery of Canada.

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Policy 33

Column / Elizabeth May From Paris to Madrid he painful, one-step-forward, butions (NDCs) to meet the Paris goal period of catastrophic instability. two-steps-back process of mul- of as far below 2 degrees as possible That is why we cannot risk political- T tilateral climate negotiations and aiming to hold to 1.5 degrees. ly convenient incrementalism. nearly came to its breaking point at COP25 in Madrid in December, my he sense of failure that hung If there is to be any hope of avert- 11th United Nations Framework Con- over the conference like a pall ing a climatic meltdown that de- vention on Climate Change (UNFCC) came from the inability to stabilizes our hospitable biosphere Conference of the Parties (COP). T come to agreement on the interna- such that it becomes quite inhospi- table, then the 2020 NDCs have to Our agenda was largely technical, fo- tional carbon trading regime, as set cused on the details of how to estab- out in Article 6 of Paris. A whole be at least double what they are now. lish a global carbon market. The de- range of technical issues have been That is the direction that the Euro- bate centred not on our survival as punted to next year’s COP26 in pean Union is trying to put in place much as on new sources of revenue Glasgow. And 2020 will be pivotal in its Green New Deal (GND). from a trading scheme. The presi- for climate action. It is the year, un- I heard quite a few ministers at this dent of COP25, Chilean Environ- der the terms of the treaty, in which COP speculate that if the EU can get ment Minister Carolina Schmidt, re- every country must revise its targets. minded delegates that “the eyes of Even before we negotiated in Paris, its ducks in a row for the GND, it could the world are on us.” the experts told the delegates that spark real action at COP26. There is global average temperature would speculation of an EU deal with Chi- With global demonstrations in the increase above 3 degrees—even if na. The 15th Biodiversity COP will millions and millions of people this every country delivered on their take place in October 2020 in Kun- year, with the impact of Greta Thun- promises. ming, China. That creates a high-lev- berg’s extraordinary power and clar- el opportunity for China to also im- ity in conveying the science and the Media coverage of these seeming- prove on its climate commitments. urgency, the disconnect with the ly trivial changes in global aver- snail’s pace, backroom negotiations age temperature consistently fails If the EU and China are able to ink a was incomprehensible. But then, to contextualize the threat of more deal for substantial cuts in GHG be- consider the realpolitik. The U.S. than 1.5 degrees C global average fore Glasgow, that could start bend- was in the room. The Trump admin- temperature rise. One degree C is a ing the emissions curve toward a sta- istration, having confirmed it would huge change in global average tem- ble earth system. exit the Paris agreement next year, perature. We have already changed created obstacles to any progress the chemistry of the atmosphere and In all of this, despite the track re- this year. Likewise, Brazil under Bol- driven that global average to a one- cord of mediocrity from the Trudeau sonaro blocked progress, as did Aus- degree C rise. The October 2018 re- government, I continue to hope tralia. A great deal of sabotage can port of the Intergovernmental Pan- that Canada will seize the opportu- come in effective use of diplomatic el on Climate Change made it very nity to demonstrate leadership. A strangulation. clear that in order to hold to 1.5, strong and early NDC from Cana- In the end, we did get a strong call for dramatic and transformative global da in spring 2020 could kick-start a improved targets. And on that criti- action is required. The threat of hit- year of significant global action. The cal issue, COP25 language exhorts ting tipping points that take us past stakes could not be higher. It is time every country to “reflect the high- a point of no return is looming. At for us to say “Canada is back” and est possible ambition in response to some point, and no one knows ex- actually deliver. the urgency” of the climate emergen- actly when, we risk self-accelerating, cy with new targets in 2020. All na- unstoppable global warming where Contributing Writer Elizabeth May tions on earth are to revise upward 3 degrees becomes 4 degrees and 4 is the former Leader of the Green Party their Nationally Determined Contri- becomes 5 degrees and we enter a of Canada.

January/February 2020 34 Verbatim

Former Prime Minister Brian Mulroney gives the keynote at the Pollution Probe Ceremonial Gala last November 19 in Toronto, where he received the Environmental Leadership Award for a record that includes helping stop acid rain and saving the ozone layer. Pollution Probe photo ‘Still Place for Daring in the Canadian Soul’: How to Lead on Climate Change

Former Prime Minister Brian Mulroney received the Brian Mulroney Environmental Leadership Award at the Pollution Probe came to office as Prime Minister 50th Anniversary Gala in Toronto last November 19. In determined to place the environ- I ment at the top of our national his acceptance speech, he reflected on the accomplishments priorities. Why? Well, for many rea- of his tenure on acid rain and GHG emissions, among sons, but when I was young we used to swim in the waters of Baie-Co- other environmental issues, and shared his prescription meau. Over time, they became com- for leading on the controversial questions of our time. pletely polluted by the pulp and pa- per mills in the region. And so, no one swims in Baie-Comeau anymore. I had seen the same thing happening in hundreds of communities across Canada and decided to act.

Policy 35 Lorsque j’étais très jeune, aller Now is the time to act. Now is not the time to jusqu’au bout de la rue Champlain imprison ourselves in ideological arguments. Now is pour se baigner dans la baie Comeau, d’où ma ville natale a tiré son nom, the time to test the outer limits of what we can achieve for était un plaisir. future generations. Aujourd’hui, là où nous nagions, se trouve un parc. Les déchets de l’usine à papier se sont accumulés, là où jadis l’eau était claire. Et plus per- sonne ne se baigne dorénavant dans la baie. industrialized country to sign the That was 30 years ago. Bio-Diversity Accord Treaty. From the perspective of our govern- Thirty years on, we now witness dai- ment, the environment was a prior- Following the remarkable discov- ly examples of the perfect storms ity from the day we took office. We ery by two British scientists in 1985 of global warming—the hurricanes knew we had to lead by example at that a hole in the ozone layer had ap- slamming the Gulf Coast, incubat- home, and engage the international peared over Antarctica—there was a ed in the warm waters of the Gulf community on environmental issues hole in the sky—world action was ur- of Mexico and the Caribbean, wild- that knew no borders. gently required. fires from California to Australia that conjure up images of Dante’s Inferno, And so came the Montreal Protocol, At home, we established eight new and the inexorable shrinking of the organized by Canada in 1987, which national parks, including South Mo- polar ice cap. resby in British Columbia, and our a New York Times headline has called: Green Plan put Canada on a path to “A Little Treaty That Could”. Could it What were trends in 2006—the year I create five more by 1996 and another ever, as it turns out. was honored to be chosen the Green- 13 by 2000. est Prime Minister in history by Ca- t has cut the equivalent of more nadian environmentalists—are now We began the long overdue cleanup than 135 billion tonnes of carbon- part of the new normal and are more of the Great Lakes, St. Lawrence and dioxide emissions, while averting frightening for that fact. More Cat- Fraser rivers, and we launched the I the collapse of the ozone layer and egory 4 and 5 hurricanes, hundred- Arctic strategy to protect our larg- enabling its complete restoration by year floods now seemingly become est and most important wilderness the middle of this century. an annual occurrence, more severe area—the North. tornadoes, more devastating hurri- Former UN Secretary General Kofi We passed both the Canadian Envi- canes, rising sea levels, higher storm Annan has called the Montreal Pro- ronmental Assessment Act and the surges, an earlier spring, hotter sum- tocol “the most successful interna- Canadian Environment Protection mers and warmer winters. tional agreement to date.” Act. As The New York Times reported in ow is the time to act. Now In Toronto in 1988, Canada hosted 2013: “The Montreal Protocol is is not the time to imprison the first international conference widely seen as the most successful ourselves in ideological ar- with politicians actively present on N global environmental treaty.” guments. Now is the time to test the climate change. Gro Brundtland de- outer limits of what we can achieve livered a powerful keynote address, In The Guardian, Mario Molina, the for future generations. and Canada was the first western Nobel co-laureate in chemistry for country to endorse the historic rec- his work on ozone depletion wrote The climate change issue is admitted- ommendations of the Brundtland that: “The Montreal Protocol has a ly a difficult problem to address but Commission, and the first to em- claim to be one of the most success- from my own experience as prime brace the language of “sustainable ful treaties of any kind.” minister, I would say there are three development.” elements to Canada playing an im- Professor Molina continued: “The portant and influential role on the In 1991, we signed the Acid Rain Ac- same chemicals that attacked the environment: First, leading by ex- cord with the United States, an issue ozone layer also warmed the cli- ample, with a clean-hands approach, we had been working on since taking mate. Thus, in phasing them out, claiming the high ground. Second, office in 1984. the Montreal Protocol has made a engaging the Americans at the high- large contribution to protecting the At the Rio Earth Summit in 1992, we est level of government which, be- world’s climate. helped bring the U.S. on board in cause of geography and history, no support of the Convention on Cli- “The Montreal Protocol is, therefore, other nation can do. Third, involv- mate Change, and we were the first a unique planet-saving agreement.” ing industry in solutions.

January/February 2020 36 The clean hands approach provid- ed us moral leverage when I was giv- en the high honour of addressing a joint session of the U.S. Congress in April 1988. Here’s what I told them: “You are aware of Canada’s grave concerns on acid rain. In Canada, acid rain has already killed nearly 15,000 lakes, another 150,000 are being damaged and a further 150,000 are threat- ened. Many salmon-bearing rivers in Nova Scotia no longer support the species. Prime agricultural land and important sections of our ma- jestic forests are receiving excessive amounts of acid rain.” And here’s where the clean hands came in, allowing me to put the onus on the Americans to act. “We have concluded agreements with our prov- inces to reduce acid rain emissions in eastern Canada to half their 1980 lev- els by 1994. But that is only half the solution—because the other half of our acid rain comes across the bor- der, directly from the United States, falling upon our forests, killing our lakes, soiling our cities.” I continued: “The one thing acid Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and U.S. President George Bush in Toronto for the Major League Baseball All Star Game in July 1991. The conversation included their agreement that year to end rain does not do is discriminate...It the threat of acid rain, culminating a Canada-U.S. campaign Mulroney began upon taking office is damaging your environment from in 1984. Rick Eglinton, Toronto Star Photograph Archive, Courtesy of Toronto Public Library Michigan to Maine and threatens marine life on the eastern seaboard. It is a rapidly escalating ecological Just recently, on November 11, the tragedy in this country as well. Canadian Press reported: o, what are we, as Canadians, “We acknowledge responsibility for “Canada’s plan to meet its green- S to do? some of the acid rain that falls on house-gas emissions targets is among Lead. the United States. Our exports of acid the worst in the Group of Twenty, ac- rain to the US will have been cut in cording to a new report card on cli- As our politicians gather in Ottawa excess of 50 percent. We ask nothing mate action. for the opening of a new Parliament, more than this from you.” I would encourage them to dream I left the joint session of Congress “Climate Transparency issued its big and exciting dreams for Cana- with this question: “What would be annual report Monday grading all da. They should keep their eyes on said of a generation of North Ameri- the countries in the G20 with large the challenges confronting Cana- cans that found a way to explore the economies on their climate perfor- da’s golden future and avert them stars, but allowed its lakes and forests mance and finds none of them has from constant and misleading pub- to languish and die?” much to brag about. lic opinion polls and focus groups that dictate the nature of many of “Canada, South Korea and Australia ortunately, we averted such a their public policies, often choosing are the farthest from meeting targets damaging verdict of history, by the easy way out. F forging ahead until we got an to cut emissions in line with their agreement. We must follow the same Paris Agreement commitments… Otherwise, when they leave office strategy again. No one complains Canada’s per-capita emissions are and history says: “What visionary about acid rain anymore because it the second highest in the G20, be- or courageous policies did you in- not around much anymore. hind only Australia.” troduce that improved Canada’s en-

Policy 37 vironment and perhaps inspired the Change of any kind requires risk, Time is the ally of leaders who place world?” If the answer is “none, but political risk. It can and will gener- the defence of principle ahead of the I was very popular”, then, they will ate unpopularity from those who op- pursuit of popularity. History has lit- have an eternity to reflect on the pose change, but it is the job of po- tle time for the marginal roles played tough, unpopular but indispensable litical leaders to convince Canadians by the carpers and complainers and decisions for Canada‘s progress they that there is opportunity to be found less for their opinions. It is in this avoided, in order to bask in the fleet- in accepting the challenge because perspective that great and controver- ing sunlight of high approval ratings achievement occurs when challenge sial questions of public policy must that served only their own personal meets leadership. be considered. vanity and interests. History tends to focus on the build- They must realize that there still ers, the deciders, the leaders—be- is place for daring in the Canadian Time is the ally of cause they are the men and women soul. leaders who place whose contributions have shaped As St. Thomas Aquinas admonished the defence of principle the destiny of their nations. As Re- leaders everywhere, and for every ahead of the pursuit of inhold Niebuhr reminded us: “Noth- age: “If the highest aim of a captain popularity. History has little ing worth doing is completed in our were to preserve his ship, he would time for the marginal roles lifetime; therefore, we must be saved keep it in port forever.” That was not by hope. Nothing fine or beautiful or my way when I was prime minister played by the carpers and good makes complete sense in any and it cannot be our way now. In complainers and less for immediate context of history; there- fact, Minister Catherine McKenna their opinions. fore, we must be saved by faith”. has worked in a highly challenging area for the last four years in a com- As difficult as the process may be to petent manner in which she sought arrest and to mitigate the effects of to advance our national interest as global warming, the work cannot be she saw it. left to the next fellow. The stakes are too high, the risks to our planet and All those who seek to lead would do Those who aspire to national lead- the human species too grave. well to remember the words of Walter ership must craft an agenda that re- Lippman that “these duties call for sponds to the hopes and aspirations We are all on the same side, deter- hard decisions…because the gover- of all Canadians. Small, divisive mined to leave a better world and a nors of the state…must assert a pub- agendas make for a small, divided more pristine environment to all suc- lic interest against private inclination country. It is not enough to simply ceeding generations. and against what is easy and popular. please “the base.” If they are to do their duty, they must May our leaders summon the wis- often swim against the tides of pri- Leaders should be blessed with great- dom and courage to make this hap- vate feeling.” er ambition than simply satisfying pen, knowing that history will cel- ebrate such achievement and their In my opinion that is how it should subsets of the population and they children and grandchildren will be be today. should leave niche marketing strate- gies to retailers. proud and grateful to them for such a brilliant and decisive legacy. eaders are not chosen to seek But leadership is not simply possess- popularity. They are chosen to ing the vision that recognizes the Brian Mulroney, Canada’s 18th Prime provide leadership. There are L need for action or change, it is also Minister from 1984-93, spoke at the times when voters must be told not the process involved in making the Pollution Probe 50th Anniversary Gala what they would like to hear but case for action or change. Ceremony in Toronto, where he received what they have to know. There is a its Environmental Leadership Award. quotation from the book of proverbs In the final analysis, successful lead- He was previously named Canada’s carved into the Nepean sandstone ers do not impose unpopular ideas on Greenest Prime Minister in 2006 by over the west arch window of the the public, successful leaders make national environmental activists. Peace Tower of the Parliament in Ot- unpopular ideas acceptable to the tawa that serves as both an inspira- nation. This requires a compelling tion and a warning for all who seek and convincing argument, one made to lead. “Where there is no vision, from conviction and combined with the people perish”. the will, the skill, and the disciplined The true test of leadership hinges on commitment to make that argument judgments between risk and reward. over, and over, and over again.

January/February 2020 The Review | Pharmacare What’s Next for Pharmacare?

BY DALE SMITH Sixth Estate “NO ONE IN CANADA SHOULD SUFFER BECAUSE harmacare was a major issue in the re- cent federal election, and the re-elected THEY CANNOT AFFORD MEDICINES THEY NEED” Liberal government has promised to implement national pharmacare, a Plegislative priority in a minority Parliament on which the of Jag- 3% meet Singh has concurred. The Liberals have endorsed the principles laid out in the report of the Advisory Council on the Implementation of National Pharmacare delivered last June, and set aside money in their fiscal framework for 27% a “down payment” while they negotiate with 92% the provinces on how to implement the system. 65% How is that likely to work? Before the Bell agree assembled a panel of experts and stakeholders to discuss the current landscape. Ihor Korbabicz, executive director of Abacus Data, said that during the election campaign, 18 percent of Canadians polled stated that they were driven by trying to reduce out-of- pocket health costs like pharmaceuticals, and that 92 percent of Canadians polled said that nobody should suffer because they can’t afford Associates, said that while the country can af- Peter Cleary, senior consultant with Santis medicines that they need. As well, 78 percent ford it, the question was whether it was the best Health, said that there is a real discussion of those polled felt that pharmacare was an area use of $15 billion. happening among bureaucrats across Canada be- where the Liberal government and the NDP “That’s going to be the discussion with prov- cause drugs for rare diseases are the number one could work together in the new parliament. inces and territories because they have to deliver growth item for drug budgets across the country. During the Pulse segment of Before the Bell, healthcare — they are constitutionally respon- “It’s unsustainable, and nobody has a good an- with special guest co-host Derick Fage, Jennifer sible for this,” said Curran. “If they push back swer for it right now,” said Cleary. “There are ac- Stewart, president and founder of Syntax at all, it’s going to be around how they have tual questions that will be driving the conversation Strategicsaid that pharmacare was likely to be a other pressing needs and looking at models that behind the scenes, that will be happening while we priority for the government after Prime Minister fill the gap, that provide support or coverage to have a fun show of health ministers meeting.” Justin Trudeau’s adoption of the Hoskins report. Canadians who are under-insured and uninsured, During the Policy segment of the event, “It will be very difficult in terms of how you and the estimates for those are between eleven with host and Before the Bell president Andrew implement this, how do you work with the prov- percent and twenty percent of the population.” Beattie, Dr. Seema Nagpal, vice president of inces, how do you get the premiers on board that The Pulse on Before the Bell. From left to science and policy with Diabetes Canada, said don’t necessarily have the best relationship with right: Special guest co-host Derick Fage, Rachel that having a national formulary to ensure equal Trudeau right now?” said Stewart. “Not an easy Curran with Harper and Associates, Peter Cleary but limited access to drugs across the country is path forward, but definitely a priority.” with Santis Health and Jennifer Stewart with not what the government should be aiming for, Rachel Curran, principal with Harper and Syntax Strategic. CONTINUES ON PAGE 2

Opinions expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the policy or position of the Sixth Estate caffeine Sixth Estate | Before the Bell is a live journalism event series focused on important issues that impact Canadians. To further its commitment to editorial excellence and support and its mission, Sixth Estate relies on sponsorship support. To learn more about sponsorship content THE REVIEW opportunities please email us at [email protected] or call us at 613- 232-1130.

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just what is clinically effective, but what are native medicines, and that was clearly outlined CONTINUES FROM PAGE 1 justjust whatwhat isis clinicallyclinically effective,effective, butbut whatwhat areare nativenative medicines,medicines, andand thatthat waswas clearlyclearly outlinedoutlined CONTINUESCONTINUES FROMFROM PAGEPAGE 11 provinces willing to pay for things, and you in the Hoskins report,” said Cox. “If you’re just but that the goal should be broader access to a haveprovincesprovinces to make willingwilling very todifficultto paypay forfor choices,” things,things, andand said youyou goinginin thethe to HoskinsHoskins pay for report,” report,”products saidsaid that Cox.Cox. have “If“If been you’reyou’re on justjust rangebutbut thatthat of drugs. thethe goalgoal shouldshould bebe broaderbroader accessaccess toto aa Walker.havehave toto “Health makemake veryvery providers difficultdifficult and choices,”choices,” pharmacists saidsaid can thegoinggoing market toto paypay for for fortwenty, productsproducts thirty thatthat or havefortyhave beenyearsbeen on onand rangerange“Patients ofof drugs.drugs. are requiring medications across provideWalker.Walker. the “Health“Health clinical providersproviders expertise, andand but pharmacistspharmacists developing cancan continuethethe marketmarket to pay forfor twenty,hightwenty, prices thirtythirty for oror those fortyforty products, yearsyears andand What’s Next for Pharmacare? “Patients“Patients areare requiringrequiring medicationsmedications acrossacross provideprovide thethe clinicalclinical expertise,expertise, butbut developingdeveloping continuecontinue toto paypay highhigh pricesprices forfor thosethose products,products, different disease groups, and require devices a national formulary is going to take a lot of then you won’t be able to afford innovative new anddifferentdifferent supplies diseasedisease — in groups, groups,the case andand of diabetes,requirerequire devicesdevices to test time.”aa nationalnational formularyformulary isis goinggoing toto taketake aa lotlot ofof therapies.thenthen youyou won’tThat’swon’t bebethe ableable value toto propositionaffordafford innovativeinnovative for both newnew BY DALE SMITH theirandand suppliesbloodsupplies sugar —— ininand thethe to case casemonitor ofof diabetes,diabetes, their condition toto testtest time.”time.”The Policy panel on Before the Bell. Pic- generictherapies.therapies. and That’sThat’s biosimilar thethe valuevalue medicines.” propositionproposition forfor bothboth Sixth Estate overtheirtheir time,” bloodblood said sugarsugar Nagpal. andand toto “These monitormonitor are theirtheir things conditioncondition that turedTheThe from PolicyPolicy left to panelpanel right, onon Host BeforeBefore Andrew thethe Bell.Bell. Beattie, PicPic- - genericgenericDr. Jennifer andand biosimilarbiosimilar Shulman, medicines.”medicines.” partner with KPMG “NO ONE IN CANADA SHOULD SUFFER BECAUSE needoverover to time,”time,” be included saidsaid Nagpal.Nagpal. in the “These“Thesediscussion areare thingsaboutthings a thatthat Dr.turedtured Jennifer fromfrom leftShulmanleft toto right,right, with HostHost KPMG, Andrew Andrew Jody Beattie,Beattie, Cox LLP,Dr. Dr.said JenniferJennifer that the Shulman,Shulman, Hoskins report partnerpartner specifically withwith KPMGKPMG harmacare was a major issue in the re- formularyneedneed toto bebe that includedincluded defines inin thethewhat discussiondiscussion is covered aboutabout by a aa withDr.Dr. JenniferCanadianJennifer ShulmanShulman Generic with withPharmaceutical KPMG,KPMG, JodyJody Associa CoxCox - recommendsLLP,LLP, saidsaid thatthat the thethe idea HoskinsHoskins of covering reportreport 50 specificallyspecifically percent of cent federal election, and the re-elected THEY CANNOT AFFORD MEDICINES THEY NEED” pharmacareformularyformulary that thatsystem.” definesdefines whatwhat isis coveredcovered byby aa tionwithwith and CanadianCanadian Biosimilars GenericGeneric Canada, PharmaceuticalPharmaceutical Joelle Walker Associa Associa with -- currentlyrecommendsrecommends prescribed thethe ideaidea medications ofof coveringcovering as 5050 part percentpercent of the of of Liberal government has promised to pharmacarepharmacareNagpal also system.”system.” said that having a patient-cen- thetiontion Canadian andand BiosimilarsBiosimilars Pharmacists Canada,Canada, Association JoelleJoelle WalkerWalker and Dr. withwith firstcurrentlycurrently phase prescribed prescribedof the national medicationsmedications pharmacare asas partpart plan. ofof thethe implement national pharmacare, a tred policyNagpalNagpal and alsoalso bringing saidsaid thatthat patients havinghaving into aa patient-cenpatient-cen the discus--- Seemathethe CanadianCanadian Nagpal PharmacistsPharmacistswith Diabetes Association Association Canada. andand Dr.Dr. firstfirst“Figuring phasephase ofof out thethe what nationalnational that 50pharmacarepharmacare percent is, plan.plan. is Plegislative priority in a minority Parliament on tredtred policypolicy andand bringingbringing patientspatients intointo thethe discusdiscus-- SeemaSeema NagpalNagpal withwith DiabetesDiabetes Canada.Canada. “Figuring“Figuring outout whatwhat thatthat 5050 percentpercent is,is, isis sion from the beginning is important to show Jody Cox, vice president of federal and going to be challenging,” said Shulman. “They which the New Democratic Party of Jag- 3% thatsionsion governments fromfrom thethe beginningbeginning value their isis importantimportant opinion. toto showshow internationalJodyJody Cox,Cox, affairs vicevice presidentwithpresident the Canadian ofof federalfederal Generic andand pointgoinggoing to toto the bebe price challenging,”challenging,” to the patient saidsaid ofShulman.Shulman. the drug, “They“They as meet Singh has concurred. The Liberals have thatthatJoelle governmentsgovernments Walker, vice valuevalue president theirtheir opinion.opinion. of public af- Pharmaceuticalinternationalinternational affairsaffairs Association, withwith thethe and CanadianCanadian vice president GenericGeneric wellpointpoint as to tothe thethe clinical priceprice to toeffectiveness thethe patientpatient ofof thethe drug,drug,drug asas endorsed the principles laid out in the report of fairs JoelleJoellefor the Walker,Walker, Canadian vicevice Pharmacists presidentpresident ofof Association, publicpublic afaf-- ofPharmaceuticalPharmaceutical Biosimilars Canada, Association, Association, said that andand generic vicevice presidentpresident drugs itself.wellwell asThisas thethe notion clinicalclinical of effectiveness effectivenessvalue for money ofof thethe is druggoingdrug to the Advisory Council on the Implementation of saidfairsfairs that forfor pharmacists thethe CanadianCanadian do PharmacistsPharmacists a lot of the Association, backgroundAssociation, currentlyofof BiosimilarsBiosimilars fill about Canada,Canada, 73 percent saidsaid thatthat of genericgenericall prescrip drugsdrugs- beitself.itself. quite ThisThis critical. notionnotion How ofof valuethat’svalue forspecificallyfor moneymoney isis goinggoing toto National Pharmacare delivered last June, and worksaidsaid thatwiththat pharmacists pharmacistsdrug plan management. dodo aa lotlot ofof thethe Because backgroundbackground tionscurrentlycurrently in Canada, fillfill aboutabout and account7373 percentpercent for ofofabout allall prescrip prescrip20 -- tobebe be quitequite defined critical.critical. is still HowHow uncertain, that’sthat’s specificallyspecifically and which goinggoingdrugs set aside money in their fiscal framework for 27% implementingworkwork withwith drugdrug a pharmacare planplan management.management. program BecauseBecause will be percenttionstions inin of Canada,Canada, the total andand expenditure accountaccount forfor on aboutabout prescriptions, 2020 willtoto be befall defineddefined on the isinitialis stillstill formulary.”uncertain,uncertain, andand whichwhich drugsdrugs a “down payment” while they negotiate with 92% implementingimplementing aa pharmacarepharmacare programprogram willwill bebe percentpercent ofof thethe totaltotal expenditureexpenditure onon prescriptions,prescriptions, willwill fallfall onon thethe initialinitial formulary.”formulary.” tricky, patients and healthcare providers should yet the use of generics in Canada is lower than Shulman said that supply will be a critical the provinces on how to implement the system. 65% betricky,tricky, included patientspatients in the andand discussion. healthcarehealthcare providersproviders shouldshould inyetyet comparable thethe useuse ofof genericsjurisdictions.generics inin CanadaCanada isis lowerlower thanthan componentShulmanShulman of saidpharmacare,said thatthat supplysupply especially willwill bebe aifa criticalAmercritical- How is that likely to work? Before the Bell agree bebe “Developingincludedincluded inin thethe a national discussion.discussion. formulary can be inin comparable“There’scomparable a role jurisdictions.jurisdictions. in the new Canadian Drug icanscomponentcomponent start coming ofof pharmacare,pharmacare, north to take especiallyespecially advantage ifif Amer Amer of -- assembled a panel of experts and stakeholders to very “Developing“Developingdifficult because aa nationalnational we’re formularyformularytalking about cancan benotbe Agency“There’s“There’s for the aa rolepromotionrole inin thethe newofnew cost-saving CanadianCanadian DrugalterDrug- cheapericansicans startstart prices. comingcoming northnorth toto taketake advantageadvantage ofof discuss the current landscape. veryvery difficultdifficult becausebecause we’rewe’re talkingtalking aboutabout notnot AgencyAgency forfor thethe promotionpromotion ofof cost-savingcost-saving alteralter-- cheapercheaper prices.prices. Ihor Korbabicz, executive director of Abacus Data, said that during the election campaign, 18 percent of Canadians polled stated that they were driven by trying to reduce out-of- pocket health costs like pharmaceuticals, and that 92 percent of Canadians polled said that nobody should suffer because they can’t afford Associates, said that while the country can af- Peter Cleary, senior consultant with Santis medicines that they need. As well, 78 percent ford it, the question was whether it was the best Health, said that there is a real discussion of those polled felt that pharmacare was an area use of $15 billion. happening among bureaucrats across Canada be- where the Liberal government and the NDP “That’s going to be the discussion with prov- cause drugs for rare diseases are the number one could work together in the new parliament. inces and territories because they have to deliver growth item for drug budgets across the country. During the Pulse segment of Before the Bell, healthcare — they are constitutionally respon- “It’s unsustainable, and nobody has a good an- with special guest co-host Derick Fage, Jennifer sible for this,” said Curran. “If they push back swer for it right now,” said Cleary. “There are ac- Stewart, president and founder of Syntax at all, it’s going to be around how they have tual questions that will be driving the conversation Strategicsaid that pharmacare was likely to be a other pressing needs and looking at models that behind the scenes, that will be happening while we priority for the government after Prime Minister fill the gap, that provide support or coverage to have a fun show of health ministers meeting.” Justin Trudeau’s adoption of the Hoskins report. Canadians who are under-insured and uninsured, During the Policy segment of the event, “It will be very difficult in terms of how you and the estimates for those are between eleven with host and Before the Bell president Andrew implement this, how do you work with the prov- percent and twenty percent of the population.” Beattie, Dr. Seema Nagpal, vice president of inces, how do you get the premiers on board that The Pulse on Before the Bell. From left to science and policy with Diabetes Canada, said don’t necessarily have the best relationship with right: Special guest co-host Derick Fage, Rachel that having a national formulary to ensure equal Trudeau right now?” said Stewart. “Not an easy Curran with Harper and Associates, Peter Cleary but limited access to drugs across the country is path forward, but definitely a priority.” with Santis Health and Jennifer Stewart with not what the government should be aiming for, Rachel Curran, principal with Harper and Syntax Strategic. CONTINUES ON PAGE 2

Opinions expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the policy or position of the Sixth Estate caffeine Sixth Estate | Before the Bell is a live journalism event series focused on important issues that impact Canadians. To further its commitment to editorial excellence and support and its mission, Sixth Estate relies on sponsorship support. To learn more about sponsorship content THE REVIEW opportunities please email us at [email protected] or call us at 613- 232-1130.

1 // Sixth Estate OPINION | Technology

Technology: The Great Equalizer

ne in five Canadian children live in connection, and technology enables connection. Investing and poverty. There are 235,000 Canadi- Let’s start there. ans experiencing homelessness and Technology has the power to connect us all, Innovating to bridge one in eight Canadian households but only if we all have access to it. At our core, Ostruggling to put food on the table. Thousands TELUS believes that Canada is only as strong as socio-economic divides. of youth will age out of foster case this year its communities, which is why we are steadfast- and be on their own for the first time. Millions ly committed to leveraging technology to help of Canadians do not have a primary health care strengthen communities and ensure no Canadi- provider. an, regardless of their socio-economic status or Jill Schnarr Social and economic barriers are complex: geographic location, is left behind. VICE PRESIDENT, there is no one-size fits all approach to bridge With 5G on the horizon, we are on the prec- CORPORATE CITIZENSHIP these barriers and support vulnerable Canadians. ipice of unprecedented technological innovation TELUS Yet, when looking at this challenge, there are and the possibilities for supporting communities two things I know to be true: all humans value CONTINUES ON PAGE 4

3 // Sixth Estate Technology | OPINION

over 20,000 patient visits with some of the most CONTINUES FROM PAGE 3 vulnerable and chronically underserviced Ca- to drive improved health, social and economic nadians since the program’s inception in 2014. outcomes for all Canadians are endless. TELUS’ fully-connected mobile health clinics Take the TELUS portfolio of Connecting for provide essential primary medical care to this Good initiatives for example. Our life-changing significantly marginalized population, including programs provide TELUS-subsidized access to All humans value establishing electronic health records. the technologies that underpin the success of so Speaking of electronic health records, many Canadians at risk of being left behind in TELUS is the leading provider of electronic our digital society. connection, medical records connecting physicians and phar- TELUS Internet for Good currently offers macists so they can provide better care across 80,000 low-income families access to low-cost, the healthcare continuum; secure access to high-speed Internet service and a computer, as patient files and detailed patient medical history well as digital literacy training and TELUS Wise and technology helps to ensure more continuity of care. support to help them participate safely in our According to Statistics Canada, today, more digital world. This number will shortly increase than five million Canadians are without a pri- to 200,000 as the next phase of the program rolls enables mary care physician. We believe that by placing out. These resources will connect underserved patients at the centre of care and empowering families to their community and to the tools that them to manage their own healthcare, we can characterize today’s world. From searching for connection. help deliver better health outcomes, for less affordable housing to educational resources, ev- money spent. Importantly, using technology, we ery family deserves to be connected, regardless can also shift the focus from the treatment of of economic status. disease to the prevention of illness. Through TELUS Mobility for Good, we In March 2019, we launched the Babylon are offering 20,000 young people ageing out support networks, when they are on their own by TELUS Health virtual care service nation- of foster care a fully subsidized cell phone and for the first time. ally. Delivered through a free smartphone app, data plan at no cost, as well as training and tools TELUS Health for Good is removing many Canadians can check their symptoms with the to participate safely in our digital world. For of the barriers Canadians living on the streets AI-powered Symptom Checker, and in BC, youth leaving foster care, a phone is often their face in receiving medical care and re-connecting video consultations with a locally-licensed lifeline. The Mobility for Good program allows thousands of patients to the public healthcare doctor are covered under the provincial MSP them to build credit, access educational apps and system. We will have nine mobile health clinics and available seven days a week including eve- websites, find education and job opportunities, operating by the end of 2019 (with more to nings, weekends, and holidays. This is a huge and stay in communication with their critical come in 2020), and we have already recorded step forward in the evolution of how Canadians currently access healthcare. Technology is also playing a significant role in emerging, sustainable agriculture practices. TELUS is committed to building a world that is safe and sustainable for future generations. By leveraging technology innovation and artificial intelligence, we are helping farmers and ranch- ers produce greater yields for the growing global population. At TELUS, we understand the power of technology to bridge social and economic divides. We operate on the principles of social capitalism and we believe corporations have a responsibility to make social capitalism a standard business practice. Bringing this technology to all Canadians is core to who we are and remains a top priority, and that is why since 2000, TELUS has invested $175 billion to connect Canadians to the people, resources and information that make their lives better. We are a technology company, yes. We are a technology company using our network to enable remarkable human outcomes for all Canadians.

The Review // 4 PDF/X-1a:2003 42Avec vous à bord, on est sur la bonne voie

Ensemble, nous menons les Canadiens vers un avenir durable

La voie productive La voie écologique La voie économique La voie collective

Avec un accès Wi-Fi gratuit, Notre destination commune : En avançant ensemble, on En connectant plus de 400 com- des sièges spacieux et des un avenir durable. En choisis- donne un coup de pouce au munautés au Canada, on permet à bornes de rechargement à sant le train, vous contribuez portefeuille des Canadiens. près de 4,8 millions de voyageurs portée de main, vous serez à bâtir un Canada plus vert. de se rapprocher des personnes aussi confortable qu’au bureau. et des endroits qu’ils aiment.

Liaison Nombre Distance Temps Temps Coût du voyage Coût du voyage Économies pour de départs productif non productif en voiture** en train le contribuable par jour en train en voiture* (à partir (voyage en train)*** de seulement)

Ottawa Toronto Jusqu’à 20 450 km 4 h 25 min 4 h 46 min 487 $ 49 $ 438 $

Ottawa Montréal Jusqu’à 12 198 km 1 h 50 min 2 h 21 min 230 $ 37 $ 193 $

Ottawa Québec Jusqu’à 8 482 km 5 h 39 min 4 h 47 min 510 $ 49 $ 461 $

Toronto Montréal Jusqu’à 13 541 km 4 h 49 min 5 h 39 min 583 $ 49 $ 534 $

Les employés du gouvernement du Canada sont admissibles à un rabais de 10 % sur leurs voyages personnels réservés auprès de VIA Rail. Les employés du gouvernement du Canada peuvent profiter de tarifs spéciaux pour leurs voyages d’affaires réservés par l’entremise des Services HRG de voyage partagés. Le rabais ne s’applique ni aux tarifs Évasion ni à la classe Prestige. * Donnée issue d’une application de voyage en date du 22 mars 2019, à 17 h. ** Le coût du voyage en voiture est calculé selon la formule suivante : coût en $ du voyage en voiture (taux de 0,58 $/km établi par le Conseil du trésor pour l’Ontario pour une voiture conduite par un employé du gouvernement X distance parcourue) + frais en $ d’employé gouvernemental (taux horaire moyen d’un employé gouvernemental de 48 $/h selon un salaire de 100 000 $ par année, y compris les avantages sociaux X durée du voyage) = coût total en $ pour le contribuable. *** L’économie pour le contribuable associée aux voyages en train est calculée selon la formule suivante : coût en $ du voyage en voiture – coût en $ du voyage en train = économies en $ pour le contribuable. Les tarifs et les conditions peuvent changer sans préavis. MC Marque de commerce propriété de VIA Rail Canada inc.

Policy

2100, rue Drummond Cossette Montréal (Québec) H3G 1X1 24/04/19_13:07 client : VIA Rail Canada Nº Septième 111159146-1 format pap : 100 % @ 300 dpi description : Magazine Nº Cossette 111159146 trim — : 8,5” x 11” publication : Policy magazine – FR Nº VIA 6XXX-X safety - - - : 7,5” x 10” (0,5 po) conseillère : Andréanne L. Livraison: 4 octobre bleed — : 8,75” x 11,25” (0,125”) infographiste : Eric L. Parution: 15 octobre visible : — nom fi chier : 59146-1_VIA_GovAd_Policy-FP-October-Fr.indd

Check couleur : C M J N Les sorties laser ne refl ètent pas fi dèlement les couleurs telles qu’elles paraîtront List sur le produit fi ni. Cette épreuve est utilisée à des fi ns de mise en page seulement. An Open Letter to the and the Minister of Finance

The Right Honourable Justin Trudeau, P.C., M.P. William Morneau, P.C., M.P. Prime Minister of Canada Minister of Finance

Dear Prime Minister and Minister of Finance,

Re: Some Common Ground for all Political Parties in the 2020 Budget HEALTHCARE

As you now lead a minority government, it is a challenge to find some common ground with your upcoming 2020 budget. The proposal on increasing charitable giving provides a unique opportunity to demonstrate some common ground that will resonate with all parties. You can simply re-introduce the measure that was in the 2015 budget and remove the capital gains tax on charitable donations of private company shares and real estate, the same tax treatment that currently applies to gifts of listed securities.

All stakeholders in the charitable sector will be very grateful and it will strengthen your government’s relationship with all provinces and municipalities. Hospitals and universities will be two of the greatest beneficiaries of this CIBC Run for the Cure measure. The provinces will be grateful because they fund healthcare and education and 2/3 of the fiscal cost of the measure is borne by the federal EDUCATION government and only 1/3 by the provinces. Cities, towns and all communities across Canada will be grateful because hospitals, universities, social service agencies and arts and cultural organizations will receive additional funding.

There is no fiscal cost to the municipalities because they derive their revenues from property taxes, not income taxes. In addition, charities in the western provinces, particularly in Alberta, have been experiencing fiscal challenges because of the decline in the oil and gas sector.

It is reasonable to assume that the Conservatives, the NDP and the Bloc Québécois will be supportive because it was in the 2015 budget and Thomas Mulcair, the University of British Columbia Leader of the NDP, was publicly supportive of the measure, as well as the Finance Critic of the Bloc Québécois with the support of their Leader . SOCIAL SERVICES

The Special Senate Committee on the Charitable Sector recommended INCENTIVIZING THE DONATION OF REAL ESTATE AND PRIVATE COMPANY SHARES in Section 3 of its June 2019 report.

Thank you for giving consideration to including this proposal in your 2020 budget.

Yours truly,

Donald K. Johnson, O.C., LL.D. Homeless A. Bielousov Man, FlickrToronto cc: Mr. Andrew Scheer, Leader of the Conservative Party of Canada Mr. Jagmeet Singh, Leader of the New Democratic Party of Canada M. Yves-François Blanchet, Chef du Bloc Québécois Ms. Jo-Ann Roberts, of the