sign in sign up
<<
Home , Alana Paon, Alfie MacLeod, Amanda Simard, Andrew Furey, Andrew Scheer, Arlene Dunn

PARLIAMENTARIANS OF THE YEAR / PARLEMENTAIRES DE L’ANNÉE

Every year, Maclean’s asks all 338 Members of Parliament to nominate candidates for Parliamentarian of the Year awards, in each of eight different categories. Below are the winners for 2020. This year, the ceremony was held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Chaque année, Maclean's demande aux les 338 députés de proposer des candidats pour les prix « Parlementaire de l’année » dans chacune de huit catégories différentes. Voici les gagnants pour 2020. Cette année, en raison de la pandémie de Covid-19, la cérémonie se déroulera en mode virtuel.

Parliamentarian of the Year / Parlementaire de l’année: Former winners / Anciens gagnants: , , , Peter Stoffer, , , John Baird, ,

Hardest Working / Celui que a fait montre du plus d’ardeur du travail:

CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY GUIDE 2021 xiii PARLEMENTAIRES DE L’ANNÉE

Best Orator / Meilleur orateur:

Most Collegial / Celui qui a fait le plus preuve de collégialité: xiv GUIDE PARLEMENTAIRE CANADIEN 2021 PARLIAMENTARIANS OF THE YEAR

Most Knowledgeable / Celui que connait le mieux ses dossiers: Elizabeth May

Best Represents Constituents / Meuilleur travail dans sa circonscription:

CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY GUIDE 2021 xv PARLEMENTAIRES DE L’ANNÉE

Rising Star / Talent le plus prometteur:

Best Mentor / Meilleur mentor:

xvi GUIDE PARLEMENTAIRE CANADIEN 2021 PARLIAMENTARIANS OF THE YEAR

Lifetime Achievement / Prix d’excellence:

Photographs provided by the Members of Parliament and the House of Commons © House of Commons Collection,

CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY GUIDE 2021 xvii

HINDSIGHT IS 2020: A WALK THROUGH CANADIAN PANDEMIC POLITICS

By: Tyler Downey, Consultant at Ensight 2020 was a year that Canada and the world won’t soon forget. A year marked by economic and political upheaval, by protests, blockades, resignations, scandals, and all the trappings of a truly historic year. With lots of attention paid to our neighbours down south, and the status of the coronavirus worldwide, it’s important to remind of the political events that transpired in 2020, how they shaped the government’s COVID-19 and economic response, and what they could mean for the next federal election and beyond. In the 2019 election campaign, the Liberals were still focused on repairing the brand damage done to their party and leader after four years of governing in a majority. With slips ups and scandals like the Aga Khan vacation, Mr. Trudeau’s over-the-top trip to India, the SNC Lavalin affair, and the blackface scandal, the 2015 bloom had come off the Liberal-red . Despite these problems, the Liberals won the 2019 election, and the government had high hopes of getting to work on their key platform priorities, like more money for middle class families, real action to address climate change, and support for Indigenous peoples. After scraping by with a minority government on the strength of these priorities, and before COVID came to Canada, the government already had their hands full with other pressing issues, namely the Wet’suwet’en rail blockades, the ratification of the Canada-US-Mexico Agreement, and the controversial Teck Frontier Mine decision. Despite how many of us must feel, all these events happened only one year ago, and not ten. No doubt the three main platform planks are still policy directions the Liberals hold dear, but action on these files, even the evergreen urgency of climate change, have fallen to second, third, and fourth places behind the pandemic health and economic responses. So how has the Liberal government handled the political environment surrounding the single greatest challenge of their time in office? That depends on when you ask. In January 2020, early in the global pandemic, when news and case numbers from Wuhan, showed the coronavirus to be a serious health risk, the Canadian government was watching closely, but would not be derailed from the full plate they already had. Staying on message is job number one for any political actor in government, and so trepidation over addressing an emerging disease half a world away is simply good politics, if perhaps bad policy. The opposition Conservatives would later seize upon this trepidation to accuse the government of inaction at a critical time, to some effect. The government would instead focus time and energy on assuring Canadians that the risk to our country was low. Whether this was true at the time just wishful thinking, that claim would soon be proven terribly wrong. As February wore on, more information trickled out of China, and discussions began about the importance of handwashing, limiting contacts, and the possibility of requiring masks in public, which the government and Canadian public health officials opposed at the time. This was perhaps one of the biggest mistakes of the response, as international medical data had shown for years that, despite some possible issues with masking a population that wasn’t used to it, masks are effective at preventing disease spread. The political calculation was a tough one for the government: do we buck the trend of most western countries and force everyone to mask-up, skyrocketing public demand for PPE and creating resentment for this sudden and personal change, or do we wait and see? Choosing to acknowledge a crisis is tough, as

CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY GUIDE 2021 xix HINDSIGHT IS 2020: A WALK THROUGH CANADIAN PANDEMIC POLITICS

any crisis communications expert will tell you, but prompt acknowledgement gives way to quick action, which was sorely lacking in the early pandemic response. By early March, 114 countries had announced domestic cases of COVID-19, and on March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 to be a global pandemic. Within five days, the government had issued guidance on travelling to and from Canada and began the process of rolling out aid. Another two days, and the border with the US would be closed. By this point, Wuhan was reporting no new cases, while western countries were just beginning to grapple with the new normal. By the end of March, in the thick of the pandemic and first lockdown, the government’s badly needed $240 billion aid package, the Prime Minister’s regular TV addresses, and the new investments put into vaccine and treatment research had all brought Mr. Trudeau’s popularity to a new high, particularly when compared to the lacklustre US response. Canadians broadly supported the Prime Minster’s direction, and even deficit-focused political observers found themselves unable or unwilling to effectively push back on huge deficit spending for the sake of health and the economy. The Liberals were clearly in their political element, spending big dollars and being commended for doing so - a political trend that would not last. Moving into the spring, the WHO would finally recommend wearing face masks in public, nearly a month after declaring a pandemic. Canadians would mostly follow this advice, leading to two of the Liberals’ biggest political challenges in the spring, namely procurement of personal protective equipment (PPE) and mask controversies. To their credit, the government’s messaging was clear and so consistent as to be monotonous: Wash your hands, wear a mask, stay at home, keep your distance. The government’s procurement ability, however, was seriously strained, with concerns arising over the quantities of PPE stockpiled in the National Emergency Stockpile System, leading to easy jabs from the Conservative opposition over resource mismanagement. All the complexities of procuring PPE in a highly competitive global environment are inconsequential when faced with the stark reality that Canada did not have enough PPE, and it was damaging the government’s reputation. Procurement was not the only headache for Mr. Trudeau. His party was also being accused of intentionally preventing Parliament from sitting, presumably to prevent scrutiny of their pandemic response. However, on April 20, Parliament returned as promised, with committees studying various aspects of the response. Regular political battles would return over these and other topics, including the government’s contact tracing app, availability of rapid testing, border closures, supporting supply chains, and the beginning of the federal vaccine procurement strategy. None of these topics would immediately prove to be political winners for the opposition, with the exception of now-Conservative Health Critic Michelle Rempel Garner’s relentless pursuit of transparency on rapid testing. By the start of summer, Canada would have crested the first wave, and Canadians were feeling like they had beaten the virus. So much so that the warm weather and faux confidence would entice many in population-dense areas to congregate at beaches and shopping malls, parties and bars, all without adequate contact tracing and sometimes even masks or social distancing. This, along with the relaxing of public health measures and the reopening of non-essential businesses, would accelerate the second wave of the pandemic. Politically, all Canadian governments were in another tight spot. With high levels of unemployment, bankruptcies, and business closures on top of COVID cases and deaths, governments needed to strike a balance between keeping the economy open just enough to prevent total collapse, while not seriously worsening public health outcomes. In short, an impossible task, which was made worse by the lack of coordination between the federal and provincial governments. Indeed, the fact that no single organization was responsible for the entirety of the country’s pandemic response led to serious data gaps, procurement challenges, funding issues, regulatory confusion, and simply mixed messaging on COVID

xx GUIDE PARLEMENTAIRE CANADIEN 2021 HINDSIGHT IS 2020: A WALK THROUGH CANADIAN PANDEMIC POLITICS

rules. The federal nature of our country, although a symbol of representative democracy, was now working against us. As we moved further into the summer, Canadian politics were relatively quiet. Parliament was sitting only occasionally, and the federal government was focused on maintaining the then-low case numbers of COVID-19. Suddenly, in late June, the Canada Student Service Grant (CSSG) was announced, plunging the government into what would become known as the WE Charity scandal. After months of partisan wrangling, Mr. Trudeau’s third ethics scandal ultimately caused a dent in Liberal Party support. This was not helped by Mr. Trudeau’s prorogation of Parliament in August, which many political observers believed was done to prevent committees from investigating the CSSG further. The parallels between this Prime Minister and his predecessor were not lost on keen political watchers. Politically, the ramifications were significant. The Prime Minister was being investigated for failing to recuse himself from the CSSG decision, and Finance Minister was forced to resign for accepting free travel from WE, to be replaced by Minister-of-Everything Chrystia Freeland, ushering in a new tone and a more leftward swing to government fiscal policy. Nowhere is that clearer than the $100 billion over three years promised in the Fall Economic Statement (FES), another astronomical sum on top of already-significant pandemic spending. With the first wave behind us, politicians started in with criticism of the government’s response, with questions on possible rising interest rates, the sustainability of government deficit financing, and missing support for left-behind sectors like airlines and oil and gas. Even a pandemic can only halt regular politics for so long. In the fall, and heading into the holiday season, Canada saw schools reopen and, perhaps consequentially, the emergence of the fated second wave of COVID. As the world got colder, Canadians began to hibernate, staying in as much to stay warm as to stay safe. After robust debate and discussion on the FES, Canadian politics took a long winter nap as lockdowns took effect. The government unveiled the first of the new Pfizer COVID-19 vaccines in an attempt to showcase the government’s procurement ability, but with the hindsight of the vaccine procurement problems we’re seeing today, it risks being remembered as another example of the “all style, no substance” mode of governing the Liberals have often been accused of. Now, with a forecast election on the horizon, and with the Liberals’ re-election hopes pinned to a safe, effective, and thorough vaccine rollout by September, Canadian politics are on a knife-edge. The country is waiting to see how many vaccines enter Canada, and if the Liberals can keep their key promise. Domestic and international observers are criticizing the Liberals for drawing vaccine doses from the COVAX initiative intended for developed countries. Opposition parties are watching and waiting, not wanting to be the one to trigger an election in a pandemic, while also trying to keep pressure on the government. The Liberals, for their part, are hoping vaccines come in on schedule, or at least that they can call, run, and win an election before a possible reckoning in the fall. With only 7 months to vaccinate 36 million Canadians, and with thousands of cases arising per day nationwide, the stakes have never been this high. COVID-19 was the defining issue for the Liberal government this past year, but it may end up being their undoing. Pandemics are an example of the very thing humankind is worst equipped to handle: an invisible, deadly enemy that requires quick, decisive, and most importantly, communal action. Most Canadians understand this and may even sympathize with a government forced to react quickly and forgive some of the mistakes when they are at the ballot box, but any party that says they could have done this better is probably wrong. The Liberals have spent big money; money that has been heralded by most Canadians as the right move for the moment. But government coffers are not infinite, and neither is the lifespan of a minority government. As the Liberals near the typical 18-month lifetime of a minority in

CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY GUIDE 2021 xxi HINDSIGHT IS 2020: A WALK THROUGH CANADIAN PANDEMIC POLITICS

Canada, with the vaccine rollout stuck in first gear and an ambitious agenda planned for their hopeful post-COVID majority, will Canadians see fit to re-elect and a Liberal Government? Or will Canadians tire of the endless spending and seek change? One thing is for sure, if the vaccine distribution plan continues to falter, Conservative Opposition Leader Erin O’Toole may just have the opening he’s been waiting for.

Reproduced with the permission of Tyler Downey and Ensight Canada (ensightcanada.com), February 2021.

xxii GUIDE PARLEMENTAIRE CANADIEN 2021 GOVERNMENT STATISTICS ) % ( ) % ( e of seats g e of seats g Government: Lib Official Opposition: CPC enous percenta g enous Indi g status in May 2020. enous to Indi g ted by December 2016. 43rd general election (2019 / Current) Government: CPC Official Opposition: NDP 41st general election (2011) y Total # of seats Ratio of men to womenTotal # of seats Female percenta Ratio of non-Indi the number of electors in those ridings. Government: CPC y Official Opposition: Lib 40th general election (2008) 42nd general election (2015) Ind. 1Ind. 0 to 1 1 0 to 1 100 100 Part As of Feb. 2021 ) % ( ) % ( e of seats g e of seats g Federal Election Spending by Part Government: CPC Official Opposition: Lib enous percenta g Representation of women in Senate positions by ratio & percentage enous Indi g Federal representation of women & Indigenous people in MP positions by ratio percentage past two elections enous to Indi 42nd general election (2015) g Total # of seats Ratio of men to women Female percentage of seats (%) Government: Lib Official Opposition: CPC 38th general election (2004) 39th general election (2006) Expenses (CAN$) # of seats Expenses (CAN$) # of seats Expenses (CAN$) # of seats Expenses (CAN$) # of seats Expenses (CAN$) # of seats ISGCPCCSGPSGNon-affiliatedVacantTotal 42 5 20 12 12 14 105 15 to 27 12 to 8 3 to 2 9 to 3 7 to 5 N/A 46 to 45 64.3 40 40 25 41.7 42.9 N/A In June 2016, the title Independent was changed to Non-affiliated. A further of Senators Group (ISG) crea In November 2019, a group of 11 Senators broke into new called the Canadian Group (CSG). In November 2019, the became Progressive Group (PSG), but lost status days later. It regained y Part Total # of seats Ratio of men to women Female percenta Total # of seats Ratio of non-Indi y Part LibCPCNDPBQ 184Green 99 44 1 10LibCPCNDP 134 to 50BQ 82 to 18 184Green 99 26 to 17 44 8 to 2 0 to 1 1 10 176 to 8 99 to 0 42 to 2 10 to 0 1 to 0 27.2 18.2 38.6 20 100 4.3 0 4.5 0 0 Lib. CPC BQ 157 121 Green NDP 32 Lib. 3 24 105 to 52 CPC BQ 99 to 22 157 NDP 20 to 12 Green 121 32 1 to 2 15 to 9 24 3 151 to 6 120 to 1 32 to 0 33.1 18.2 22 to 2 3 to 0 37.5 37.5 66.7 3.8 0.8 0 8.3 0 Longest-serving sitting MP: (BQ, Bécancour--Nicolet--Saurel, first elected in 1984) Bill Morneau (Lib.) resigned on Aug. 17, 2020. Michael Levitt (Lib.) resigned on Sept. 1, 2020. (Lib.) and Ya'ara Saks (lib.) won by-elections held on Oct. 26, 2020. (Lib.) left caucus to sit as an Independent on Nov. 9, 2020. (Con.) left caucus to sit as an Independent on Jan. 20, 2021 (Lib.) left caucus to sit as an Independent on Jan. 25, 2021. Lib.CPCNDPBQGreen 16,640,947.00 17,284,256.91 12,041,249.32 135 4,511,087.12 99 19 17,447,130.00 18,019,179.28 n/a 54 13,524,524.81 103 124 4,527,629.97 14,531,853.40 29 0 19,418,579.89 16,813,890.73 51 77 910,979.08 143 4,879,603.59 19,507,745.82 37 19,519,994.87 0 20,372,231.49 49 34 166 2,795,799.59 103 5,343,060.89 43,118,967.08 41,871,574.26 29,758,425.24 0 184 99 4 1,924,478.05 44 2,670,623.50 1 10 3,908,024.23 1 In accordance with rules, a politcal party's spending limit is based on the number of ridings they contest and Election expense returns for the 2019 general election were not yet available at time of publication.

CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY GUIDE 2021 xxiii STATISTIQUES DU GOUVERNEMENT

Representation of Women in Provincial Parliament by Ratio & Percentage

ALBERTA 2015 Election Ratio Percentage 2019 Election Ratio Percentage NDP 28 to 24 46.2 13 to 11 45.8 Female 24 11 Male 28 13 Total Seats by Party 52 24 Wildrose 19 to 2 9.5 Female 2 Male 19 Total Seats by Party 21 PC 8 to 1 11.1 Female 1 Male 8 Total Seats by Party 9 UCP 48 to 15 23.8 Female 15 Male 48 Total Seats by Party 63 Lib. 1 to 0 0 Female 0 Male 1 Total Seats by Party 1 Party 1 to 0 0 Female 0 Male 1 Total Seats by Party 1 The Wildrose and PC parties combined to create the United Conservative Party (UCP) in July 2017.

BRITISH COLUMBIA 2017 Election Ratio Percentage 2020 Election Ratio Percentage Lib. 29 to 14 32.6 21 to 7 25 Female 14 7 Male 29 21 Total Seats by Party 43 28 NDP 22 to 19 46.3 28 to 29 50.9 Female 19 29 Male 22 28 Total Seats by Party 41 57 2 to 1 33.3 1 to 1 50 Female 1 1 Male 2 1 Total Seats by Party 32

MANITOBA 2016 Election Ratio Percentage 2019 Election Ratio Percentage PC 32 to 8 20 27 to 8 22.2 Female 8 8 Male 32 27 Total Seats by Party 40 36 NDP 11 to 3 21.4 11 to 6 33.3 Female 3 6 Male 11 11 Total Seats by Party 14 18 Lib. 1 to 2 66.7 2 to 1 33.3 Female 2 1 Male 1 2 Total Seats by Party 33 (NDP), elected in 2019, identifies as gender non-conforming.

xxiv GUIDE PARLEMENTAIRE CANADIEN 2021 GOVERNMENT STATISTICS

Representation of Women in Provincial Parliament by Ratio & Percentage

NEW BRUNSWICK 2018 Election Ratio Percentage 2020 Election Ratio Percentage PC 18 to 4 18.2 18 to 9 33.3 Female 4 9 Male 18 18 Total Seats by Party 22 27 Lib. 16 to 5 23.8 14 to 3 17.6 Female 5 3 Male 16 14 Total Seats by Party 21 17 Green Party 2 to 1 33.3 2 to 1 33.3 Female 1 1 Male 2 2 Total Seats by Party 33 People's Alliance 2 to 1 33.3 1 to 1 50 Female 1 1 Male 2 1 Total Seats by Party 32

NEWFOUNDLAND & LABRADOR 2015 Election Ratio Percentage 2019 Election Ratio Percentage Lib. 24 to 7 22.6 14 to 6 30 Female 7 6 Male 24 14 Total Seats by Party 31 20 PC 6 to 1 14.3 13 to 2 13.3 Female 1 2 Male 6 13 Total Seats by Party 715 NDP 0 to 2 100 2 to 1 33.3 Female 2 1 Male 0 2 Total Seats by Party 2 3 IND 2 to 0 100 Female Male 2 Total Seats 2 Former (Lib.) resigned on Sept. 7, 2020. Premier (Lib.) won a by-election held Oct. 6, 2020. (Lib.) left caucus to sit as an Independent on Nov. 10, 2020.

NORTHWEST TERRITORIES 2015 Election Ratio Percentage 2019 Election Ratio Percentage Consensus government 17 to 2 10.53 10 to 9 47.4 Female 2 9 Male 17 10 Total Seats 19 19 On Oct. 24, 2019, became the 2nd female Premier of the NWT, and at the time the only female Premier in Canada.

NOVA SCOTIA 2013 Election Ratio Percentage 2017 Election Ratio Percentage Lib. 23 to 10 30.3 20 to 7 25.9 Female 10 7 Male 23 20 Total Seats by Party 33 27 PC 10 to 1 9.09 12 to 5 29.4 Female 1 5 Male 10 12 Total Seats by Party 11 17 NDP 4 to 3 42.86 2 to 5 71.4 Female 3 5 Male 4 2 Total Seats by Party 77 Jamie Baillie (PC) resigned on Jan. 24, 2018. (PC) won a by-election held June 19, 2018. Dave Wilson (NDP) resigned his seat in Nov. 2018. (PC) was removed from caucus in June 2019. (PC) won a by-election held June 18, 2019. The following resigned in June/July/Sept. 2019: Alfie MacLeod (PC), Chris d'Entremont (PC), Eddie Orrell (PC) and (Ind.). Colton F. LeBlanc (PC), Murray Ryan (PC) and (PC) won by-elections held Sept. 3, 2019. Tammy Martin (NDP) resigned in Jan. 2020. Hugh McKay (Lib.) resigned from caucus in Feb. 2020 and continued to sit as an Independent.

CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY GUIDE 2021 xxv STATISTIQUES DU GOUVERNEMENT

Representation of Women in Provincial Parliament by Ratio & Percentage

NUNAVUT 2013 Election Ratio Percentage 2017 Election Ratio Percentage Consensus government 19 to 3 13.64 16 to 6 27.3 Female 3 6 Male 19 16 Total Seats 22 22 Joe Enook died in March 2019. won a by-election held Sept. 16, 2019. Simeon Mikkungwak resigned his seat on Feb. 24, 2020. Mila Kamingoak resigned her seat effective April 3, 2020. and were elected in by-elections held Aug. 24, 2020.

ONTARIO 2014 Election Ratio Percentage 2018 Election Ratio Percentage PC 21 to 7 25 51 to 25 32.9 Female 7 25 Male 21 51 Total Seats by Party 28 76 NDP 10 to 11 52.38 19 to 21 52.5 Female 11 21 Male 10 19 Total Seats by Party 21 40 Lib. 39 to 20 34.48 3 to 4 57.1 Female 20 4 Male 39 3 Total Seats by Party 58 7 Green 1 to 0 0 Female 0 Male 1 Total Seats by Party 1 Amanda Simard left the PC caucus on Nov. 29, 2019. She continued to sit as an Independent. Jim Wilson was removed from the PC caucus in Feb. 2019, and continued to sit as an Independent. was suspended indefinitely from the PC caucus on Feb. 20, 2019, leaving him to sit as an Independent. Nathalie Des Rosiers (Lib.) resigned in July 2019. Marie- Lalonde (Lib.) resigned in Sept. 2019. Amanda Simard (Ind.) crossed the floor to the Liberals in Jan. 2020. (Lib.) and (Lib.) won by-elections held Feb. 27, 2020. (PC) was removed from caucus on July 21, 2020. (PC) was removed from caucus on Jan. 15, 2021.

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND 2015 Election Ratio Percentage 2019 Election Ratio Percentage Lib. 14 to 4 22.2 6 to 0 0 Female 4 0 Male 14 6 Total Seats by Party 18 6 PC 7 to 1 12.5 11 to 2 15.4 Female 1 2 Male 7 11 Total Seats by Party 813 Green Party 1 to 0 0 3 to 5 62.5 Female 0 5 Male 1 3 Total Seats by Party 18 A deferred election was held July 15, 2019, with (PC) winning the seat. Robert Mitchell (Lib.) resigned his seat on Sept. 3, 2020. (PC) won a by-election held on Nov. 2, 2020.

xxvi GUIDE PARLEMENTAIRE CANADIEN 2021 GOVERNMENT STATISTICS

Representation of Women in Provincial Parliament by Ratio & Percentage

QUÉBEC 2014 Election Ratio Percentage 2018 Election Ratio Percentage CAQ 16 to 6 27.27 46 to 28 37.8 Female 6 28 Male 16 46 Total Seats by Party 22 74 PLQ 52 to 18 25.71 15 to 16 51.6 Female 18 16 Male 52 15 Total Seats by Party 70 31 PQ 23 to 7 23.33 6 to 4 40 Female 7 4 Male 23 6 Total Seats by Party 30 10 QS 1 to 2 66.67 5 to 5 50 Female 2 5 Male 1 5 Total Seats by Party 3 10 (PLQ) resigned following the 2018 general election. was removed from the PLQ caucus on Oct. 5, 2018. He continued to sit as an Independent. (CAQ) won a by-election held on Dec. 10, 2018. Sébastien Proulx (PLQ) resigned in Aug. 2019.

SASKATCHEWAN 2016 Election Ratio Percentage 2020 Election Ratio Percentage SP 41 to 10 19.6 39 to 9 18.8 Female 10 9 Male 41 39 Total Seats by Party 51 48 NDP 5 to 5 50 5 to 8 61.5 Female 5 8 Male 5 5 Total Seats by Party 10 13

YUKON 2011 Election Ratio Percentage 2016 Election Ratio Percentage Lib. 2 to 0 0 8 to 3 27.3 Female 0 3 Male 2 8 Total Seats by Party 211 YP 9 to 2 18.18 4 to 2 33.3 Female 2 2 Male 9 4 Total Seats by Party 11 6 NDP 3 to 3 50 0 to 2 100 Female 3 2 Male 3 0 Total Seats by Party 62 David Laxton left the Party to sit as an Independent on May 10, 2016. Don Hutton left the Liberal Party to sit as an independent on March 8, 2021.

CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY GUIDE 2021 xxvii

HIGHLIGHTS OF SIGNIFICANT CHANGES

Below is an up-to-the-minute list of the most recent On November 9, 2020, Liberal MP Yasmin Ratansi changes to elected officials in Canada, which have taken (Don Valley East) quit the Liberal caucus after place since our last publication. Please see the in-depth allegations surfaced that she employed a relative at her listings in this book for contact information, constituency office. She continued to sit as an biographical details, and more. Independent. Federal On November 11, 2020, Norman E. Doyle (Newfoundland and Labrador) retired from the Senate On February 26, 2020, Privy Council member David after reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75. Smith died at the age of 78. On December 29, 2020, Senator Elaine McCoy On April 9, 2020, Tom McInnis () retired (Alberta) died at the age of 74. from the Senate after reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75. On January 12, 2021, Prime Minister Trudeau announced another minor cabinet shuffle in response to On April 24, 2020, Grant Mitchell (Alberta) retired Innovation, Science and Industry minister Navdeep from the Senate, prior to reaching the mandatory Bains resigning from cabinet and signaling that he retirement age of 75. would not run in the next election. The shuffle was as On August 17, 2020, Finance Minister Bill Morneau follows: resigned as minister and MP, following allegations of · François-Philippe Champagne, previously Minister of conflicts of interest involving a lucrative contract given Foreign Affairs, became Minister of Innovation, Science to WE Charity. He and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and Industry were both under investigation at the time by Ethics · , previously Minister of Transport, Commissioner Mario Dion for their family ties to the became Minister of Foreign Affairs charity. · joined cabinet as Minister of On August 18, 2020, Prime Minister Trudeau prorogued Transport Parliament until September 23, 2020. He also made a · joined cabinet as Special Representative for small cabinet shuffle that saw Chrystia Freeland become the Prairies Finance Minister, and her Intergovernmental Affairs duties went to Dominic LeBlanc, who continued as On January 20, 2021, Conservative MP Derek Sloan President of the Queen’s Privy Council. (Hastings—Lennox and Addington, ) was removed from the Conservative caucus after he accepted On August 24, 2020, Erin O’Toole (Durham, Ontario) a donation from a known white nationalist. He was chosen by the Conservative Party of Canada to be continued to sit as an Independent. the party’s new Leader, replacing (Regina—Qu’Appelle, ). He was selected On January 21, 2021, Governor General on the third ballot. announced that she would be stepping down from her role after the Privy Council Office released a damning Also on August 24, 2020, Lillian Dyck (Saskatchewan) report on the toxic work environment at . retired from the Senate after reaching the mandatory She was one of only a few Governors General to resign retirement age of 75. before the end of her term, and the first to do so amid such controversy. Payette’s secretary Assunta di On August 30, 2020, Privy Council member Ralph Lorenzo also resigned. Chief Justice of the Supreme Ferguson died at the age of 90. Court of Canada fulfilled the duties of On September 1, 2020, Liberal MP Michael Levitt Governor General on an interim basis. (York Centre, Ontario) resigned in to become On January 25, 2021, Liberal MP Ramesh Sangha President and CEO of the Canadian Friends of Simon (Brampton Centre) was removed from the Liberal Wiesenthal Centre for Holocaust Studies. caucus after he made public, unsubstantiated On September 19, 2020, Privy Council member and accusations against fellow Liberal MPs former Prime Minister died at the age of and . 91. Also on January 25, 2021, (Ontario) On October 26, 2020, by-elections were held in the resigned from the Senate prior to her mandatory ridings of Centre and York Centre, to fill the retirement date. She had previously been suspended vacancies left by Bill Morneau and Michael Levitt, from the Senate twice, and the Senate was on the verge respectively. Liberal candidate Marci Ien won Toronto of voting on whether to remove her permanently, after Centre, and Liberal Ya’ara Saks won York Centre. she made numerous inflammatory remarks about Indigenous peoples. On October 27, 2020, Privy Council member died at the age of 85.

CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY GUIDE 2021 xxix FAITS SAILLANTS DES CHANGEMENTS SIGNIFICATIFS

On January 31, 2021, Murray Sinclair () . A was slated to retired from the Senate prior to reaching the mandatory take place sometime in 2021. retirement age. On November 26, 2020, Premier Horgan unveiled his On February 23, 2021, Treasury Board President new cabinet: Jean-Yves Duclos announced he would be stepping away from his duties for a short time to recover from a · - Premier pulmonary embolism. Minister of Digital Government · Anne Kang - Minister of Advanced Education and assumed his duties in the interim. Skills Training · Lana Popham - Minister of Agriculture, Food and Alberta Fisheries · David Eby - Attorney General and Minister On August 26, 2020, Salma Lakhani was installed as responsible for Housing Alberta’s 19th Lieutenant Governor. · Mitzi Dean - Minister of Children and Family Development On August 29, 2020, Premier Jason Kenney announced · Katrina Chen - Minister of State for Child Care a minor cabinet shuffle. The changes were as follows: · Lisa Beare - Minister of Citizens’ Services · Doug Schweitzer moved from Justice to the newly · Jennifer Whiteside - Minister of Education created Ministry of Jobs, Economy and Innovation, · Bruce Ralston - Minister of Energy, Mines and Low which replaced the Ministry of Economic Development, Carbon Innovation Trade and Tourism · George Heyman - Minister of Environment and · Tanya Fir, the former Minister of Economic Climate Change Strategy Development, Trade and Tourism, was dropped from · Selina Robinson - Minister of Finance cabinet and continued to serve as MLA for · Katrine Conroy - Minister of Forests, Lands, Natural -Peigan Resource Operations and Rural Development · Kaycee Madu moved from Municipal Affairs to · Nathan Cullen - Minister of State for Lands and Justice Natural Resource Operations · Tracy Allard joined cabinet as Minister of Municipal · Adrian Dix - Minister of Health and Minister Affairs responsible for Francophone Affairs · - On January 4, 2021, Tracy Allard resigned as Minister Minister of Indigenous Relations of Municipal Affairs after it came to light that she had and Reconciliation · - travelled abroad over the holidays, during the height of Ravi Kahlon Minister of Jobs, Economic Recovery the COVID-19 pandemic. She was one of numerous and Innovation government members and civil servants across the · George Chow - Minister of State for Trade country who were reprimanded for taking vacations at · Harry Bains - Minister of Labour the time. · Sheila Malcolmson - Minister of Mental Health and Addictions · Josie Osborne - Minister of Municipal Affairs · Mike Farnworth - Minister of Public Safety and On September 21, 2020, Premier John Horgan Solicitor General announced a general election would be held on October · Nicholas Simons - Minister of Social Development 24, 2020. At the time of dissolution, the NDP and and Poverty Reduction Liberals both held 41 seats, while the Green Party held · Melanie Mark - Minister of Tourism, Arts, Culture 2. and Sport · Rob Fleming - Minister of Transportation and In the 42nd general election held October 24, 2020, Infrastructure Premier Horgan and the NDP won a clear majority · Bowinn Ma - Minister of State for Infrastructure government. Previously, they had been tied for seats with the opposition Liberals. In the election, the NDP On December 7, 2020, NDP Raj Chouhan won 57 seats, the Liberals 28, and the Green Party 2. It (Burnaby-Edmonds) was elected Speaker of the House. was the first NDP majority since 1996, and their majority of 57 seats beat their previous record of 51, held since 1991. Premier Horgan, Liberal Leader Manitoba , and Green Party Leader Sonia On January 5, 2021, Premier made a Furstenau all won their respective ridings. minor cabinet shuffle. The changes were as follows: On October 26, 2020, Andrew Wilkinson resigned as · Liberal Party Leader after their worst election showing Health Minister moved to Justice · in decades. Health was split between and , with Gordon (Manitoba’s first Black On November 23, 2020, (Prince cabinet minister) leading the new Department of Mental George-Valemount) was chosen as the Liberal Party’s Health, Wellness and Recovery · Manitoba’s was added as Minister of xxx GUIDE PARLEMENTAIRE CANADIEN 2021 HIGHLIGHTS OF SIGNIFICANT CHANGES

Advanced Education, Skills and Immigration Newfoundland & Labrador · Derek Johnson was added as Minister of Municipal Relations On April 4, 2020, Sherry Gambin-Walsh was removed from cabinet as Minister of Service NL after the RCMP began investigating her for breach of cabinet confidence. Premier Dwight Ball replaced her with On August 17, 2020, Premier called a snap Finance Minister Tom Osborne on an interim basis, as general election for September 14, 2020 – the first held well as giving him the responsibilities for Workplace in Canada since the COVID-19 pandemic began. At NL and for the Public Procurement Agency. dissolution, the Progressive Conservatives held 20 seats, the Liberals held 20, the Green Party held 3, the The Newfoundland and Labrador Liberal Party held a People’s Alliance held 3, and there was one Independent virtual leadership convention on August 3, 2020, to and two vacancies. choose a new Leader and Premier, after Dwight Ball indicated he would be stepping down as Premier in In the general election held September 14, 2020, February 2020. At the convention, Andrew Furey was electing members of the 60th New Brunswick chosen as the party’s new Leader, and the province’s Legislature, Premier Higgs and the Progressive new Premier, beating out . Conservatives won a majority with 27 seats. The Liberals won 17, the Green Party won 3, and the On August 19, 2020, Andrew Furey was sworn in as the People’s Alliance won 2. Liberal Leader Kevin Vickers province’s 14th Premier. He also shuffled his cabinet, as announced he would be stepping down. follows: On September 28, 2020, the day all MLAs were sworn · Andrew Furey - Premier, President of Executive in, the Liberals chose (Dieppe) as their Council, and Minister for Intergovernmental Affairs interim Leader. · Siobhan Coady - Deputy Premier, Minister of Finance, and Minister responsible for the Newfoundland On September 29, 2020, Premier Higgs unveiled his and Labrador Liquor Corporation and the Public Service new cabinet: Commission · - Minister of Transportation and · Blaine Higgs - Premier, President of the Executive Infrastructure and Minister responsible for the Public Council, and Minister responsible for Intergovernmental Affairs Procurement Agency · - · Margaret Johnson - Minister of Agriculture, Minister of Immigration, Skills and Aquaculture and Fisheries Labour and Minister responsible for WorkplaceNL · - · - Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Steve Crocker Minister of Justice and Public Safety, Minister responsible for Economic Development and President of Treasury Board, and Government House Small Business, Opportunities New Brunswick, and Leader · - Immigration Bernard Davis Minister of Tourism, Culture, Arts · - and Recreation Minister of Education and Early · - Childhood Development Minister responsible for Indigenous Affairs and Reconciliation, Labrador Affairs, and the · - Minister of Environment and Status of Women, and Deputy Government House Climate Change and Minister responsible for the Leader Regional Development Corporation · Dr. - Minister of Health and Community · - Minister of Local Government and Services Local Governance Reform · - · - Tom Osborne Minister of Education Minister of Finance and Treasury · - Board Andrew Parsons Minister of Industry, Energy and Technology and Attorney General · - Minister of Health · - Minister of Children, Seniors and Social · Hugh J. A. (Ted) Flemming - Minister of Justice and Development and Minister responsible for the Public Safety and Attorney General Newfoundland and Labrador Housing Corporation and · - Minister of Post-secondary the Status of Persons with Disabilities Education, Training and Labour · - Minister of Environment, Climate · - Minister of Service New Brunswick Change, and Municipalities, Registrar General, and and Minister responsible for Military Affairs · - Minister responsible for the Multi-Materials Minister of Social Development Stewardship Board · - Tammy Scott-Wallace Minister of Tourism, Heritage · - Minister of Fisheries, Forestry and and Culture and Minister responsible for Women’s Agriculture Equality · - · - Minister of Digital Government and Minister of Transportation and Service NL, and Minister responsible for the Office of Infrastructure the Chief Information Officer and Francophone Affairs · - Minister responsible for Francophonie · Mike Holland - Minister of Natural Resources and On September 7, 2020, Dwight Ball announced he Energy Development would be resigning his seat in Humber-Gros Morne, with a by-election to take place on October 6, 2020.

CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY GUIDE 2021 xxxi FAITS SAILLANTS DES CHANGEMENTS SIGNIFICATIFS

Premier Furey announced he would be running for the · became Minister of Labour and Advanced seat. Education in addition to being Immigration minister · became Minister of Lands and On September 14, 2020, Premier Furey confirmed that Forestry in addition to being Minister of Energy Sherry Gambin-Walsh, who had been removed from cabinet under Premier Ball, would not be re-entering On February 6, 2021, was elected to be the cabinet. The RCMP found that she had broken cabinet next Leader of the Liberal Party and the 29th Premier of confidence, although they stopped short of charging her Nova Scotia at a leadership convention held virtually, criminally. beating rivals and . On October 6, 2020, Premier Furey won Dwight Ball’s On February 23, 2021, Rankin was officially sworn in old seat in Humber-Gros Morne, formally putting him in as Premier. Also sworn in were his new cabinet, which the House of Assembly. consisted of the following:

On November 10, 2020, Liberal MHA Perry Trimper · Iain Rankin - Premier, President of the Executive (Lake Melville) announced he would be leaving the Council, Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs, Liberal caucus to sit as an Independent. His decision Minister of L’nu Affairs, Minister of Regulatory Affairs came after controversy arose over comments he made and Service Effectiveness, and Minister responsible for about the homeless population in Happy Valley-Goose Military Relations, Youth, and the Office of Bay. Citizen-Centered Approaches · - On January 15, 2021, Premier Furey announced a Deputy Premier, Deputy President of general election for February 13, 2021. He was the Executive Council, Minister of Community mandated by law to hold an election within 12 months Services, Minister of Seniors, and Minister responsible of his swearing-in. At dissolution, the Liberals had 19 for the Advisory Council on the Status of Women Act seats, the Progresive Conservatives had 15, and the New · - Minister of Agriculture, Minister of Democrats had 3. Fisheries and Aquaculture, and Minister responsible for the Maritime Provinces Harness Racing Commission On February 11, 2021, Chief Electoral Officer Bruce Act Chaulk announced that the election could not take place · Geoff MacLellan - Minister of Infrastructure and as scheduled on February 13 due to spiking cases of Housing COVID-19 in some communities, which made in-person · - Minister of Health and Wellness and voting hazardous. He postponed in-person voting for Minister responsible for Office of Mental Health & two weeks to monitor the situation, and extended Addictions special ballot submissions to February 25. That deadline · Randy Delorey - Attorney General and Minister of was further pushed to March 5, then March 12, and Justice, Provincial Secretary, Minister of Labour finally March 25, to allow people time to fill out and Relations, and Minister responsible for the Elections return the voting kits. Act, Act, Regulations Act, Part II of the Workers’ Compensation Act, Retail Business Nova Scotia Designated Day Closing Act, Accessibility Act, the Nova Scotia Police Complaints Commissioner, and the On August 6, 2020, Premier Stephen McNeil announced Nova Scotia Police Review Board he would be stepping down as Premier and Leader of · - Minister of African Nova Scotian Affairs, the Nova Scotia Liberal Party, but would stay on until Minister of Communications Nova Scotia, and Minister the party could choose a replacement. He had served as responsible for the Office of Equity and Anti-Racism Premier since 2013. Initiatives · Lena Diab - Minister of Labour and Advanced On September 30, 2020, Labi Kousoulis (Halifax Education, Minister of Immigration & Population Citadel-Sable Island) resigned as Minister of Labour in Growth, Minister of Acadian Affairs and Francophonie, order to run for the leadership of the Liberal Party. and Minister responsible for the Apprenticeship and On October 5, 2020, Iain Rankin (Timberlea-Prospect) Trades Qualifications Act and the Workers’ resigned as Minister of Lands and Forestry in order to Compensation Act (except Part II) run for the leadership of the Liberal Party. · Labi Kousoulis - Minister of Finance and Treasury Board, Minister of Inclusive Economic Growth, On October 8, 2020, Randy Delorey (Antigonish) Minister of Trade, and Minister responsible for the resigned as Minister of Health in order to run for the Credit Union Act, Insurance Act and the Insurance leadership of the Liberal Party. Premiums Tax Act, Liquor Control Act, Part I of the Gaming Control Act, Securities Act, Utility and Review On October 13, 2020, Premier McNeil shuffled his Board Act, Chartered Professional Accountants Act, cabinet in response to the recent departures. The Innovation Corporation Act, Nova Scotia Business changes were as follows: Incorporated, Tourism Nova Scotia, and the Nova Scotia · became Minister of Health Liquor Corporation · - · Suzanne Lohnes-Croft entered cabinet as Minister of Minister of Transportation and Active Communities, Culture and Heritage Transit, Minister responsible for xxxii GUIDE PARLEMENTAIRE CANADIEN 2021 HIGHLIGHTS OF SIGNIFICANT CHANGES

Agency (NS) and the Sydney Steel Corporation Act · Jamie Fox - Minister of Fisheries and Communities · - Minister of Service Nova Scotia and · Ernie Hudson - Minister of Health and Wellness Internal Services and Minister responsible for Part II of · Natalie Jameson - Minister of Education and Lifelong the Gaming Control Act and Residential Tenancies Act Learning and Minister responsible for the Status of · Derek Mombourquette - Minister of Education and Women Early Childhood Development · Matthew MacKay - Minister of Economic Growth, · Chuck Porter - Minister of Energy and Mines and Tourism and Culture Minister of Lands and Forestry · Steven Myers - Minister of Environment, Energy and · Suzanne Lohnes-Croft - Minister of Communities, Climate Action Culture and Heritage, Minister of Gaelic Affairs, · - Minister of Social Development and Minister of the Voluntary Sector, and Minister Housing responsible for the Heritage Property Act · - Minister of Agriculture and · - Minister of Municipal Affairs Land, Minister of Justice and Public Safety, and · - Minister of the Public Service Attorney General Commission On November 2, 2020, a by-election was held in · - Minister of Environment and Climate Charlottetown-Winsloe to fill the vacancy left by Change and Chair of Treasury and Policy Board Liberal Robert Mitchell. Progressive Conservative candidate Zack Bell won the election. Ontario On July 21, 2020, Progressive Conservative MPP Québec Belinda Karahalios (Cambridge) was removed from the On May 11, 2020, became the new PC caucus after she voted against a government bill to Leader of the Parti libéral du Québec, after her only extend or amend some COVID-19 emergency orders a rival, former Drummondville mayor Alexandre Cusson, month at a time, for up to two years, without consulting withdrew his candidacy. She was the first woman to lead the legislature, saying she felt the bill was an overreach. the party, and first Black woman to lead a provincial She went on to form the New Blue Party with her party in Québec. had previously been the husband Jim Karahalios, which was officially registered Interim Leader of the party. on February 2, 2021. On June 22, 2020, Premier François Legault shuffled his On December 31, 2020, Finance Minister Rod Phillips cabinet in response to the evolving COVID-19 resigned from his cabinet post after it was revealed that pandemic. The changes were as follows: he had travelled to St. Barts for a secret vacation during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. Treasury Board · Christian Dubé took over the Health portfolio from President assumed the duties of Danielle McCann Minister of Finance. · Sonia LeBel became Treasury Board President On January 15, 2021, PC MPP Roman Baber (York · Danielle McCann became Minister of Higher Centre) was removed from the PC caucus after he wrote Education a letter to expressing his view that the · Jean-François Roberge maintained the rest of the provincial COVID-19 lockdown was deadlier than the Education portfolio as Minister of Education virus itself, and was responsible for societal problems · Simon Jolin-Barrette moved from Immigration to such as divorce, depression, and bankruptcies. Justice · Minister of International Relations added Immigration to her portfolio On October 9, 2020, Premier Legault made another On September 3, 2020, Liberal MLA Robert Mitchell small cabinet shuffle, promoting Ian Lafrenière to (Charlottetown-Winsloe) announced he would be Minister responsible for Indigenous Affairs. Nadine stepping down from his seat. He had previously served Girault also assumed responsibility for the Laurentides as Interim Liberal Leader after the departure of Wade region. Sylvie D’Amours (Mirabel) originally held these MacLauchlan. positions. On February 4, 2021, Premier shuffled his On February 24, 2021, Premier Legault made further cabinet. The resulting portfolios were as follows: changes to cabinet, making Environment Minister · Dennis King - Premier and President of Executive the Minster responsible for the Fight Council, and Minister responsible for Intergovernmental Against Racism. (Les Plaines) also Affairs, Indigenous Relations, and Acadian and joined cabinet as Minister for the Economy. Francophone Affairs · James Aylward - Minister of Transportation and Saskatchewan Infrastructure · - Deputy Premier and Minister of On September 29, 2020, Premier called a Finance general election to be held on October 26, 2020. At

CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY GUIDE 2021 xxxiii FAITS SAILLANTS DES CHANGEMENTS SIGNIFICATIFS

dissolution, the had 46 seats, the NDP had 13, and 2 were vacant. On April 7, 2020, Premier Caroline Cochrane shuffled In the 29th general election, held on October 26, 2020, her cabinet and assumed responsibility for the Premier Moe and the Saskatchewan Party won a Municipal and Community Affairs portfolio from Paulie majority government with 48 seats, the fourth majority Chinna. The idea behind the shuffle was to allow her to for the party. and the NDP won 13 seats. oversee the Emergency Management Act and Emergency Management Organization, and better direct On November 9, 2020, Premier Moe announced a major the government’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic. cabinet shuffle following his election win. The resulting remained responsible for the Northwest portfolios were as follows: Territories Housing Corporation and for homelessness. · Scott Moe - , President of On July 23, 2020, Premier Cochrane shuffled her the Executive Council, and Minister of cabinet again, giving back the Municipal and Intergovernmental Affairs Community Affairs portfolio to Paulie Chinna. · - Deputy Premier and Minister of Cochrane continued as Minister of Executive and Finance Indigenous Affairs, and as leader of the COVID-19 · - Minister of Crown Investments response. The following other changes also occurred in Corporation, Minister of Labour Relations and the shuffle: Workplace Safety, and Minister responsible for the · Saskatchewan Workers’ Compensation Board and all Paulie Chinna also became Minister responsible for major Crown corporations, including SaskEnergy, SGI, Youth, previously held by SaskPower, SaskTel, SaskGaming and SaskWater · gained responsibility for · - Minister of SaskBuilds and Procurement Procurement Shared Services, added to her portfolios of and Minister responsible for the Public Service Justice and Finance, and Minister responsible for Status Commission and Saskatchewan Liquor and Gaming of Women, previously held by Authority · Diane Thom added responsibility for Seniors to her · - Minister of Education portfolios of Deputy Premier, Minister of Health and · - Minister of Corrections, Policing and Social Services and for Persons with Disabilities Public Safety · Shane Thompson added responsibility for the · - Minister of Justice and Attorney Workers’ Safety and Compensation Commission General (previously with ) to his portfolios of · - Minister of Trade and Export Minister of Environment and Natural Resources, Lands, Development, Minister of Immigration and Career and the Northwest Territories Power Corporation Training, and Minister responsible for Innovation On August 19, 2020, Premier Cochrane stripped Katrina Saskatchewan and Tourism Saskatchewan Nokleby of her cabinet portfolios: Minister of Industry, · David Marit - Minister of Agriculture and Minister Tourism and Investment, and Minister of Infrastructure. responsible for Saskatchewan Crop Insurance Cochrane stated that she had lost confidence in Corporation Nokleby’s ability to perform her duties after ongoing · - Minister of Energy and Resources problems stretching back to May. · - Minister of Health · - Minister of Advanced Education On September 1, 2020, () was · - Minister of Environment sworn into cabinet to fill the vacancy left by Nokleby. She did not immediately receive cabinet portfolios. · Don McMorris - Minister of Government Relations and Minister responsible for , Métis and On September 8, 2020, Premier Cochrane fully shuffled Northern Affairs and the Provincial Capital Commission her cabinet. The resulting portfolios were as follows: · - Minister of Parks, Culture and Sport and Minister responsible for the Status of Women · Caroline Cochrane - Premier, Minister of Executive · - Minister of Mental Health and and Indigenous Affairs, and Minister responsible for the Addictions, Seniors and Rural and Remote Health COVID -19 Coordinating Secretariat · - Minister of Highways and Minister · Diane Archie - Deputy Premier, Minister of responsible for Saskatchewan Water Security Agency Infrastructure, and Minister responsible for the · - Deputy Government House Leader Northwest Territories Power Corporation · Paulie Chinna - Minister of Municipal and On January 4, 2021, Highways Minister Joe Hargrave Community Affairs and Minister responsible for the resigned from cabinet after coming under fire for Northwest Territories Housing Corporation, traveling to California over the holidays, during the Homelessness, Youth, and the Public Utilities Board height of the COVID-19 pandemic. Fred Bradshaw · R.J Simpson - Government House Leader, Minister of assumed his duties of Highways and the Saskatchewan Education, Culture and Employment, and Minister of Water Security Agency. Justice · Shane Thompson - Minister of Environment and Natural Resources, Minister of Lands, and Minister responsible for the Workers’ Safety and Compensation

xxxiv GUIDE PARLEMENTAIRE CANADIEN 2021 HIGHLIGHTS OF SIGNIFICANT CHANGES

Commission Corporation Economic Development and Transportation, Minister of · Caroline Wawzonek - Minister of Finance, Minister Human Resources, and Minister responsible for Trade, of Industry, Tourism and Investment, including Mines, Business Credit Corporation, and responsibility for the Business Development and Nunavut Development Corporation Investment Corporation, and Minister responsible for · - Government House Leader, the Status of Women Minister of Family Services, and Minister responsible · Julie Green - Minister of Health and Social Services, for Homelessness, Poverty Reduction, and Status of and Minister responsible for Persons with Disabilities Women and Seniors · - Minister of Community and Government Services and Minister responsible for Qulliq Energy Corporation Nunavut · George Hickes - Minister of Finance and Chairman of On March 31, 2020, Mila Kamingoak (Kugluktuk) the Financial Management Board, Minister of Justice, resigned her seat, effective April 3, 2020. No reason and Minister responsible for Human Rights Tribunal, was given for her departure. Labour, Liquor Commission, the Liquor Licensing Board, and the Workers’ Safety and Compensation On August 24, 2020, by-elections were held in the Commission ridings of Baker Lake and Kugluktuk. Craig Simailak · - Minister of Education and Minister was acclaimed in Baker Lake, and Calvin Pedersen was responsible for Nunavut Arctic College acclaimed in Kugluktuk. · - Minister of Health and Minister On October 8, 2020, Premier stripped responsible for Suicide Prevention and Seniors · - (Nanulik) of his cabinet portfolios over Minister of Culture and social media posts he made that were critical of the Heritage, Minister of Languages, and Minister Black Lives Matter movement. He had been Minister Responsible for the Nunavut Housing Corporation responsible for the Arctic College and the Nunavut Housing Corporation. Savikataaq became Acting Minister responsible for the Nunavut Housing Yukon Corporation and David Joanasie became Acting Minister responsible for the Arctic College. On May 24, 2020, became the new Leader of the , defeating Linda Benoit and longtime On October 30, 2020, Margaret Nakashuk (Pangnirtung) MLA (Lake Laberge) on the second ballot. was voted into cabinet during a leadership forum held at (Pelly-Nisutlin) had been the Interim the legislative assembly to replace Netser. She was not Leader for over 3 years – one of the longest interim immediately given any portfolios. periods in Canadian political history. Hassard continued On November 6, 2020, Premier Savikataaq shuffled his to serve as the Leader of the Official Opposition, since cabinet. The resulting portfolios were as follows: Dixon did not have a seat in the legislature.

· Joe Savikataaq - , Minister of On March 8, 2021, Mayo-Tatchun MLA and Deputy Executive and Intergovernmental Affairs, Minister of Speaker Don Hutton left the Yukon Liberal caucus to sit Indigenous Affairs, Minister of Energy, Minister of as an independent, and stepped down as Deputy Environment, and Minister responsible for the Utility Speaker, citing his disappointment with the Liberal Rates Review Council and Immigration government’s approach to community issues such as alcohol abuse and addictions. · - Deputy Premier, Minister of

CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY GUIDE 2021 xxxv

HISTORY OF CANADA

Over the past 400 years, Canada has evolved from a deal with unrest and religious crisis. Escalating political sparsely populated trading post to the eighth-richest conflicts enveloped most of Western for de- sovereign power in the world. It stands alone as the only cades, drawing resources away from colonization ef- country to separate from its colonial power through forts. The French Wars of Religion, the Italian Wars, peaceful means. and popular uprisings combined with new religious up- risings to turn the attention of Europe away from the The political boundary of what is now known as New World for more than a century. Canada recorded thousands of years of history before European colonization, but was one of the last places on France looked to North America as the best possible Earth to host human habitation. While modern Homo source of wealth and power and as a relief from war sapiens emerged from the eastern region of Africa debt. When French explorer Jacques Cartier sailed up 200,000 years ago, most scientists agree that it took an- the St. Lawrence River in 1534, he claimed the territory other 175,000 years for humans to find their way across for France, and gave it the name it still bears today: the ice bridge that once joined Alaska and Eastern Sibe- Canada. Once fur traders arrived in in ria. The land that now constitutes Canada has seen the the 1500s, France monopolized the fur trade. While the longest period of human habitation in the New World: French made an effort to establish friendly trading rela- from the original migration 25,000 years ago came all tions with the native population, the Iroquois in particu- the indigenous cultures of North and South America in- lar proved openly hostile. Conflicts with local tribes cluding the Arctic , Blackfoot, Cree, Algonquin, soon convinced that if traders were to make a Dene, and Iroquois League of Five Nations. Estimates profit in Canada, a permanent military and civilian pres- put the number of native peoples in the ence was essential. King Henry IV sent his royal “hy- and Canada before European contact at about two mil- drographer,” Samuel de Champlain to map the region. . In 1605, after exploring the coast of North America Columbus may have been given credit for the “dis- as far south as Cape Cod, Champlain established the covery” of America in 1492, but proof exists that Vi- first permanent French settlement at Port Royal, and in kings voyaged to Greenland and further west as early as 1608 he founded City. New France, as it was 982 A.D. Archeological evidence points to Norse settle- then called, grew slowly, mainly due to disinterest from ments in Newfoundland at L’Anse aux Meadows dating the mainland and war with the Iroquois. The settlers sur- back to approximately 1000 A.D., making Canada the vived attacks from native peoples through their alliance actual site of the European discovery of North America. with the Algonquin, Montagnais, and Huron peoples. The Vikings, however, were not concerned with perma- These alliances not only secured their survival, but nent colonization, only Canadian natural resources. By greatly increased France’s control of the fur trade. Euro- the time Christopher Columbus arrived, the Norse set- peans had little experience in the thick wilderness of the tlements had been abandoned. area, an expertise that the native peoples supplied. With Christopher Columbus came the European fer- Once again religious tensions in Europe interfered vour of colonizing the New World. Seeking a way to with Canada’s settlement and growth. By the mid-sev- circumvent the long land trade routes to Asian goods by enteenth century, while England’s American and Carib- crossing the Atlantic to what he thought was India, Co- bean colonies grew self-sufficient, New France lumbus inadvertently began the Age of Discovery. Euro- remained underpopulated. The struggling colony pean powers established colonies, seeking spice, gold, drained France’s resources. The French crown decided slaves, and new crops, as well as the promotion of to take action by creating land incentives for emigrants Christianity among the native peoples. The earlier colo- to New France. Only one caveat stood in the way: all nies, mostly Spanish and Portuguese, were concentrated settlers must be Roman Catholic, or convert to Roman in South America, Central America, and the Caribbean. Catholicism before leaving Europe. This change of pol- England and France, however, turned their attention icy, undertaken at the urging of the fanatical Catholic north. John Cabot, an Italian-born English explorer, is Cardinal Richelieu, closest advisor to King Louis XIII, credited as being the first European explorer after the created friction. Previously, French Protestants, espe- Vikings to set foot in North America. Although this ex- cially the persecuted sect known as Huguenots, had fled ploration occurred only five years after Columbus’s dis- to New France to escape religious persecution. Cardinal coveries, it was not until 1605 that permanent Richelieu’s new edict would have a lasting impact on settlements were established. Many explorers, including the religious and political makeup of modern Canada. Henry Hudson, still attempted to find the Northwest Passage, a reputed waterway through the New World to In the late seventeenth century, English and French Asia. The reasons for this 100-year gap have more to do colonies in the New World began to take a stronger with European affairs than those of the New World. foothold. Both nations finally saw a large-scale financial return on their investments, but a war in Europe again Two events slowed the colonization of North Amer- infringed on Canada’s nascent growth. New France, al- ica: religious unrest and war in Europe. In 1517 Martin ready in the middle of brutal intertribal warfare with the Luther distributed his list of 95 grievances against the Algonquins, conflicted with the Iroquois confederacy by means of a new invention, the print- opposing them. With the War of the Grand Alliance in ing press. Thus began the Protestant Reformation. This 1688, which pitted France against almost all of contin- schism was to have far-reaching consequences across all ual Europe, the Iroquois began to receive English weap- of European history, but in the short term, it created ran- ons as part of government policy. This escalation by the corous religious strife. Most of Europe turned inward to English heightened the already bloody warfare. English

CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY GUIDE 2021 xxxvii HISTOIRE DU CANADA d and abandoned him in 1611 st Passage. He explored Hudson Bay and the mouth of the Bay. His crew mutinie pher Gerritsz is based on Hudson’s discoveries. and returned to Europe. This map by Dutch cartogra Henry Hudson arrived in Arctic waters in 1610 determined to find the Northwe

xxxviii GUIDE PARLEMENTAIRE CANADIEN 2021 HISTORY OF CANADA Champlain’s Map 1632

CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY GUIDE 2021 xxxix HISTOIRE DU CANADA armies and their Iroquois allies captured Port Royal, but When America gained independence from Britain in were turned back from Quebec City, due mainly to a 1783, citizens loyal to the were exiled. decimation of forces by disease. The war eventually pe- Over 35,000 of these loyalists flooded into Nova Scotia. tered out, and a peace was signed in 1697. The Iroquois, This massive influx prompted the British government to however, continued the fight without British help, and divide Nova Scotia, creating the new colony of New eventually suffered a series of major defeats, forcing Brunswick. Soon, the loyalists in Quebec were also them to sue for peace four years later. making demands for their own colony, while the French Canadians were equally determined to have their own New France, and thereby Canada, seemed securely in elected assembly. In 1791, Quebec was divided into Up- the mother country’s domain following the end of the per Canada and Lower Canada in order to meet the dis- War of the Grand Alliance. However, France’s control tinct needs of the English loyalists and the French of the region was not to last. Queen Anne’s War, which Canadians. began only a year after the French peace with the Iro- quois, lead England to claim Nova Scotia and New- Tensions between Britain and America remained foundland, as well as the rights to the land surrounding high in the proceeding decades, and once again a con- Hudson Bay. Fighting broke out again three decades flict erupted that ensnared Canada. The United States later in 1744, in a battle known as King George’s War, declared war on Britain in 1812 over the arming and but neither side was able to enlarge their colonial posi- supplying of hostile Native American tribes and the tions. forced conscription of American sailors into the British Navy. Canada became one of the primary battlegrounds By 1754 the long-standing animosity between the in this conflict, with the United States planning to seize English and French seeped into the New World, culmi- Canada and use it as leverage against the British. Amer- nating in the Seven Years War, known in the Americas ica expected support from the people of Canada, who as the French and Indian War. The causes of the conflict they assumed were unhappy under English colonial rule. were threefold. The lucrative fur trade, rich fishing However, many Canadians at that time were children of grounds, ample lumber, and mineral deposits all prom- British loyalists who fled America and saw the United ised great wealth to whoever controlled Canada. Sec- States as invaders and occupiers. ondly, the fiercely anti-Catholic British felt that the Protestant French were heretics, a feeling that was recip- The American army suffered a loss early in the war rocated by the French. Thirdly, possession of colonies when they were soundly defeated by General Isaac overseas could be used as diplomatic bargaining chips Brock and his force of Indian allies and local military should the war in Europe go badly. men at the Battle of Queenston Heights. But the Ameri- can army did go on to occupy and loot many cities, in- The Seven Years War was the first worldwide war, cluding York (now Toronto) and Newark (now fought on five continents: North America, South Amer- Niagara-on-the-Lake), eventually controlling much of ica, Africa, Europe, and Asia. More than a million died, present day Ontario and Quebec. Ultimately, the Ameri- and the war resulted in a complete change in the power can army was driven back, and although the war ended structure of the New World. Britain gained all of with no real victor, the fact that an attempted American France’s colonial possessions in North America, and takeover had been thwarted gave Canadians confidence Canada became a British colony. However, 150 years of and stimulated national pride. French colonization didn’t disappear overnight. Even today, French-English relations in Canada can be con- While Canadians rejected the idea of American in- tentious. vaders on their soil, the political example of the United States resonated throughout the country. Rebellions The British, upon taking control of Canada in 1764, broke out against the British in 1837. Canadians, angry left intact the religious and economic systems already in over the unfair distribution of wealth derived from Can- place, to the relief of the Catholic French colonists. The ada’s natural resources, balked against not being repre- Quebec Act of 1774 allowed a separate system of sented in the British government. Based on the opinion French law to continue in Quebec. The British now con- of the British that friction between the French and Eng- trolled the entire eastern half of North America, from lish people was causing conflict in Canada, all of the the eastern seaboard to the Mississippi River. However, Canadian colonies were merged together into the United George III’s mistreatment of the American colonies in 1840. In 1849 the United States would soon cause a shift in the balance of power in the and the British Empire agreed that the 49th north paral- New World. lel would be the boundary between the two nations, and As a base for the British forces, a refuge for fleeing the British extended Canada to the western seaboard, Americans loyal to the British crown, and a source of encompassing British Columbia. militia for both the British and American armies, Can- Canadian independence had been debated in Britain ada played a large role in the American Revolution. The and in Canada almost since the American Revolution. American army originally attempted to convince Canada Some advocated violent revolution and total Canadian to join their revolution but Canadians had just finished independence. Others wanted a slower, more gradual au- rebuilding after the Seven Years War and most did not tonomy. On July 1st, 1867, the British parliament passed want no take part in another feud. On June 27, 1775, the Act, which established The American troops attacked Quebec and was Dominion of Canada as a separate and self-governing taken without a fight. The attack on Quebec City was colony. While it was not completely severed from Eng- eventually defeated and in 1776, the American troops land, especially in matters of foreign policy, domesti- evacuated Montreal. cally, Canada was allowed free reign.

xl GUIDE PARLEMENTAIRE CANADIEN 2021 HISTORY OF CANADA

During the next decades, Canada continued to ex- Canadians. After suffering more than 200,000 dead and pand westward. With the purchase of two huge northern wounded casualties out of a population of seven million, territories, The North-Western Territory and Rupert’s support for the war began to wane. By the time the gov- Land, from the Hudson Bay Company, the country more ernment attempted to introduce conscription in 1917, than doubled its size. The sections of Canada west of many Canadians, especially in French Canada, were Ontario housed a large population of French-speaking, fiercely anti-war. Despite the popular sentiment, World Catholic Métis, the children of indigenous people and War I greatly increased the sense of Canadian national- white settlers. After the sale of Rupert’s Land, many set- ism and identity, fed by the country’s significant role in tlers from Ontario flooded into the region hoping to the largest war mankind had ever known. Massive Ca- claim land. The M‚tis became worried that this influx of nadian casualties in what many Canadians saw as a mostly English Protestant settlers would threaten their “British” war also created additional animosity towards rights to language, religion, and land. The Métis leader the Empire. Louis Riel organized the Red River Resistance in 1869 in order to ensure that these rights were guaranteed. The The First World War radically changed Canada’s po- revolt led to the creation of Manitoba, a province with litical landscape. Soldiers returned home from the hor- strong laws protecting the Métis, French-speaking peo- rors of the conflict with altered political ideologies. ple, and Catholics. By 1905 the founding provinces of , communism, trade unionism and other Upper and Lower Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova left-wing progressive movements gained traction in the Scotia were soon joined by British Columbia, Saskatch- years immediately after the war, as the influx of soldiers ewan, Prince Edward Island, and Alberta. returning home caused high unemployment and wage cuts. The General Strike of 1919, the largest The construction of a transcontinental railroad, com- of a wave of strikes that swept the country, was vio- pleted in 1885, spurred Canada’s expansion. While the lently crushed by police, killing one man and wounding railroad enabled additional settlers to move west into the 30. When women’s suffrage was enacted nationwide in new provinces, it also pushed the Native people aside. 1918, the ruling Conservative Party collapsed, partly be- Again rebellion flared, resulting in more bloodshed. The cause of their actions during the strike. The Liberal sentiment that the Canadian government didn’t heed the Party, upon assuming control of the government, en- concerns of French-speaking Catholic citizens caused a acted many of the original strike committee’s demands, political crisis resulting in the resignation of prime min- including the right to form unions without government ister in 1896, when the government permission. Progressive and socialist parties formed in tried to ban French as an official language of Manitoba, subsequent years, including the Progressive Party of contrary to the laws of the province. Canada and the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation. Both Canada and the United States shared a period of In 1931, the British Parliament passed the Statute of western expansion in the late nineteenth century, based Westminster, establishing all the colonies and domin- on the prominence of the railroad, the promise of free ions of the British Empire, including Canada, Australia, land, and the discovery of mineral deposits. These fac- New Zealand, and as separate legislative enti- tors, joined with a large influx of European immigrants, ties. This act allowed these countries to write their own led to Canada becoming the fastest-growing economy in constitutions and removed the power of the British Gov- the world between 1896 and 1911. During that time, the ernment to legislate in these areas, effectively making Canadian government created the Yukon Territory, a them independent, while still being contained in a land mass about the size of , , and Swit- worldwide British Commonwealth. zerland combined, then populated by only 8,500 people. When the American Stock Market crashed on Black On the verge of the twentieth century, Canada faced Tuesday in 1929 kicking off the Great Depression, the the first serious conflict with its colonial power. When Canadian economy soon felt the effects. By 1933 the Britain entered the Boer War in 1899, most Eng- Canadian gross national product dropped 40 percent. lish-speaking Canadians supported bringing South Af- Manufacturing and farming suffered the most, with the rica into the fold of the British Empire. French price of wheat, Canada’s main export, cut in half. At its Canadians, however, had little interest in British imperi- worst point in 1933, 30 percent of Canadians were out alism, seeing themselves as a separate concern, only of work. Newfoundland, deciding that Canadian govern- nominally part of the Empire. As a compromise, volun- ment policy was the cause of the economic difficulty, teers were allowed to serve in the Boer War, but the Ca- voted to leave the Canadian federation and rejoin the nadian Army stayed uninvolved. The view of French British Empire. Canada as a separate entity, exacerbated by rebellion and anti-French laws of the past decades, would con- When both the Liberal and Conservative parties were tinue to play out in Canadian politics in years to come. unable to produce any solutions to the crisis, many Ca- nadians began to turn to third parties, such as the social- Although many French Canadians wanted out from ist Cooperative Commonwealth Federation and the under the British Empire’s yoke, the country was still Social Credit Party of Canada. After the Conservative obligated to fall in line with British foreign policy. With government of R.B. Bennett put unemployed men into the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand on June 28, work camps to offset the great cost of supporting a huge 1914, Canada was swept into the chaotic system of alli- welfare system, the Workers’ League put together ances that created the First World War. When Britain de- a massive protest called the “On to Ottawa Trek” in or- clared war on the central powers on August 4th, der to call for improved conditions and benefits. Canadian troops were called into action. Like most of Bennett’s attempt to repress the Trek resulted in the Re- the allied powers, internal disputes were put aside and gina Riot, and contributed to his defeat in the 1935 elec- support for the war remained high, even among French tion. The new Liberal government did away with the

CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY GUIDE 2021 xli HISTOIRE DU CANADA Arctic regions 1953

xlii GUIDE PARLEMENTAIRE CANADIEN 2021 HISTORY OF CANADA camps and instituted social programs to help lessen the Canada’s treatment of its Native peoples has a sad effects of the Depression, but Canada was still severely history. As far back as the late 1800s, when the buffalo affected. Almost one-fifth of the population was surviv- were hunted almost to extinction and the expansion of ing on government payouts and social support systems. the railroad brought more settlers to native territories, Even after a resurgent boom in Canada’s economy, First Nations people were treated as second-class citi- brought on by World War II, these systems remained in zens. Starvation, assimilation, and a crushed rebellion place, and continued to evolve. largely put an end to the native resistance movement, but it gained strength again after World War II. World War II officially began on September 1, 1939. Decolonialization and a new-found spirit of democracy Canada did not immediately enter the war upon the Brit- was being put forth by the Western powers in their op- ish declaration as it had in World War I. With its grow- position to Soviet tyranny, yet most First Nations people ing independence from England, Canada decided to could not vote as late as 1950. In order to vote, First Na- declare war on its own nine days later. While the Japa- tions people had to gain suffrage by renouncing their nese and Nazi onslaught was still in full effect, Cana- status as “Indians”. It was not until 1960 (1969 in Que- dian supplies and war materiel were instrumental in bec) that all First Nations people were allowed to vote keeping Britain from succumbing to German invasion. freely. Once the Allies were in a position to counterattack, Ca- nadian troops were deployed all over the world, and As Canada entered the 1960s, the government faced served valiantly in some of the major battles including growing radicalism and organization among its popu- the invasion of Sicily and in 1943, the allied land- lace. had been growing ever since ing at Normandy in 1944, the liberation of the Nether- the British took Canada from the French in 1764. lands, and the drive across France and Germany to end French Canadians saw themselves as a separate nation, the war. However, Canada endured its own share of loss. and frequently found themselves disagreeing with the A predominantly Canadian raid, at Dieppe, France, re- policies of the Canadian government. The more radical sulted in more than 3,000 dead, wounded or captured French Canadian factions felt they were being op- and German U-boats, which prowled Canadian waters, pressed, and that their language and culture were under sank many supply ships. In the end, Canada suffered a attack. Inspired by revolutions around the world, nation- total of 42,000 casualties. alist and left-wing terrorism began to rise, Canada was not unaffected. The Front de Libération du Québec When the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor on Decem- (FLQ), committed more than 200 bombings, and killed ber 7, 1941, the 22,000 Japanese Canadians then living five people in pursuit of an independent Quebec. While in British Columbia took the brunt of the resulting pain violence was rejected by a majority of the population, a and anger. The anti-Asian sentiment in the province was genuine desire for independence fueled Québécois pro- further fueled when thousands of Canadians were killed tests. When Pierre Elliott Trudeau was elected prime or captured in the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong. In minister in 1968, he declared martial law in Quebec, ar- 1942, all people of Japanese descent were sent to intern- resting most members of the FLQ. ment camps, and after the war, all Japanese Canadians were deported from British Columbia. It was not until While the crisis in Quebec worsened throughout the 1949 that they became free to live anywhere in Canada. 1970s, the United States became involved in one of the Japanese Canadians were finally compensated in 1988, most controversial conflicts in modern history: the war for the wrongs that they had suffered during the war. in Indochina. The Vietnam War resulted in over 1,500,000 dead, and radicalized an entire generation. At the close of World War II, Canada and the United Canada was no exception. Young people throughout the States alone benefited from never having seen fighting country protested against what they saw as American on their home soil. Each country was, therefore, in a imperialism. The Canadian government refused to par- unique economic position. Due to a revitalized manu- ticipate in the war, and granted citizenship to as many as facturing sector, the discovery of oil in Alberta, and as 125,000 American draft dodgers over the course of the the main trading partner to the economic superpower on conflict. This led to serious friction between the govern- their southern border, the Canadian economy exploded. ments of Canada and the US. To this day Vietnam and This newfound wealth was put into a radical new pro- Canada have a close relationship, and hundreds of thou- gram of social support. Based upon the centralized wel- sands of Vietnamese have immigrated to Canada’s west fare state of the late 1930s and early 1940s, as well as coast. The period of the Vietnam War also saw the rise many of the policies of the socialist Cooperative Com- of the (NDP), the successor to monwealth Federation, Canadians enjoyed hospital in- the socialist Cooperative Commonwealth Federation. surance, old-age pensions, veterans’ pensions, and Since its beginning in 1962, the NDP has altered the family allowance. These progressive social policies con- balance of Canadian politics, regularly receiving be- vinced Newfoundland to rejoin Canada in a 1949 refer- tween 10 and 20 percent of the national vote, and often endum. having the ability to form a majority coalition by group- Canada cemented its position in the Cold War with ing itself with the winning party. It has fought for the its founding membership in NATO in 1949. The coun- continuation of Canada’s welfare state, a humanitarian try’s fortunes were firmly rooted with the United States. foreign policy, and native rights. Canada participated in the Korean War, and Canadian Young people across Canada became increasingly in- troops were stationed in West Germany, on the border of volved in politics as a result of the Vietnam War, and the communist Eastern Bloc. Canada’s voting record in this new political awareness allowed the question of the United Nations was not always aligned with the Quebec sovereignty to be addressed. The Parti United States, but there is no question that Canada was Québécois was formed in 1968 and elected to govern an American ally pitted against the Soviet Union. Quebec in 1976, making French the official language of

CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY GUIDE 2021 xliii HISTOIRE DU CANADA the province in 1977. Finally, the party made good on its and three deaths. While this was far biggest promise and introduced a referendum to decide from the first violent conflict between First Nations peo- Quebec’s fate. The actual referendum simply said that ple and the Canadian government, it has marked a new Quebec would “negotiate a new agreement with the rest era of militant native resistance. With more than one of Canada, based on the equality of nations; this agree- million people of Aboriginal descent living in Canada, ment would enable Quebec to acquire the exclusive many native organizations have called for more indige- power to make its laws, levy its taxes and establish rela- nous control over resources in their lands, resulting in tions abroad - in other words, sovereignty.” The fact that violent conflicts between First Nations people and cor- the referendum did not advocate full independence, in porations attempting to mine, fish, or harvest lumber. combination with a full-out public relations assault from One effect of these protests was the creation of a new the federal government, doomed the referendum. territory, Nunavut, in the far north of Canada in 1999. While the population is less than 35,000, more than 85 While Canada became a sovereign entity in 1867, percent of its inhabitants claim Inuit status, and the terri- and had its independence increased in 1931, it was not tory has adopted many laws securing their rights and technically a separate nation. Canada could not make claims to land and resources. In 2014, the Northwest amendments to its own constitution and the power of Territories gained control over its land and water re- Canada to act directly against the wishes of the British sources from the federal government, something for government was in question. In 1982, Trudeau finally which it had fought for over a decade. sealed Canada’s status as its own unique nation by sign- ing the Canada Act and the Charter of Rights and Free- After the crashing of airplanes into the World Trade doms. Although still a member of the British Center in New York on September 11, 2001, Canada en- Commonwealth, Canada was now free from control by tered the Afghanistan war as part of the International the British parliament. Security Assistance Force in a response to Islamist ex- tremists and stayed to stabilize the country until 2011. With Canada’s complete independence from Britain, the question of trade with the United States became cen- As climate change became more and more a concern, tral to the Canadian economy. The Canada-United States Canada entered into the Kyoto Protocol agreement, an Free Trade Agreement drafted in 1988 set the model for international agreement intended to help reduce green- the subsequent North American Free Trade Agreement house gases, in 2005. It exited the agreement in 2011, (NAFTA), which included Canada, the United States, under , with emissions far over the target and Mexico. The criticism of the agreement, as well as rates. The federal Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean later free trade agreements, was that by eliminating Growth and Climate Change was adopted in 2016, un- trade barriers, Canadian consumers and labour unions der Justin Trudeau, in partnership with the provinces, would be at the mercy of more powerful US corpora- territories and Indigenous communities. Canada also tions. The agreement was a decisive issue in the 1988 continues to be involved in various international efforts elections, with the Liberal Party and NDP in opposition, to stem the effects of climate change. and the ruling Progressive Conservatives attempting to pass it. A 57 percent majority voted against the Progres- Today, Canada continues to deal with its internal re- sive Conservatives, but because they received the most lations with French-speaking Canadians and indigenous votes for one single party, they were rewarded with the peoples. After the 2015 general election, Trudeau’s gov- most seats in parliament, and passed the free trade ernment sought to repair relations with the country’s In- agreement. The agreement entered into force in 1994, digenous population, launching the National Inquiry and terms were gradually introduced until 2008. Al- into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and though the general consensus is that NAFTA benefitted Girls, revamping the federal Indigenous affairs ministry, the economies of the three member countries, there is and formally apologizing to the survivors of the debate over its exact impacts, and concern that it actu- residential school system, among other initiatives. ally harmed some industries susceptible to trade compe- As a unified country, it also faces other issues such as tition, particularly in the United States. In 2017, U.S. participation in peacekeeping missions, drug decrimi- President began renegotiating the agree- nalization, immigration and control over Arctic sea- ment, sparking a process that lasted into 2018. A new ways. In April 2017, the federal government introduced deal, the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement legislation to legalize recreational cannabis across the (USMCA), was announced on September 30, 2018. country, with legalization eventually coming into effect The Parti Québécois, after failing in its referendum on October 17, 2018. An agreement was reached of 1980, had formed a national party, the Bloc whereby the federal government would receive just 25% Québécois, and doggedly pursued its agenda of an inde- of the tax revenue generated by cannabis sales, with the pendent Quebec. A second referendum, called in 1995, remainder going to the provinces and territories, which created an even bigger debate than the referendum of were given responsibility for the day-to-day logistics of 1980, with massive media campaigns on both sides of distribution and retail sales. Concerns remained over the issue. When the vote finally came up, it failed by a whether legalization would effectively curb the black slim 54,000 votes, but the issue illustrated a true divide market, and about the swift implementation of revamped in Quebec. Considering that 86,000 ballots were thrown policing procedures. out as invalid, the question of Quebec independence failed by a razor-thin margin, and the probability of it Timeline of Canadian History arising again in the future is still possible. • 12000 BC: Migration of natives across the Bering In 1990, in a small town called Oka, west of Mon- land bridge treal, a First Nations revolt led to the intervention of the • 2000 BC: Inuit arrive in North America xliv GUIDE PARLEMENTAIRE CANADIEN 2021 HISTORY OF CANADA

• 1000: Leif Erickson lands on Baffin Island • 1858: creates British Columbia. The gold rush begins. • 1497: John Cabot reaches Newfoundland • 1867: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Province • 1534-1541: Jacque Cartier explores North America of Canada were proclaimed the Dominion of Canada, • 1576-1578: Martin Frobisher searches for the with John A. Macdonald its first prime minister. Northwest Passage • 1885: Canadian Pacific Railway completed. • 1583: Humphrey Gilbert claims Newfoundland for • 1896: Canada opens doors to European immigration. England • 1897-1899: Klondike gold rush. Canada enters Boer • 1603: Samuel de Champlain’s first voyage to New War. France. The fur trading monopoly Canada & Arcadia Company is formed. • 1907: Chinese in Canada encounter violence. • 1608: Champlain founds Quebec. • 1909: Coal miners strike in Cape Breton. • 1609: The Battle of Ticonderoga. France allies with • 1914: Canada enters World War I. the Hurons to fight the Iroquois. • 1918: Spanish influenza kills millions. World War I • 1610: Henry Hudson looks for the Northwest Passage. ends. Women win vote. First European settlement in Newfoundland. • 1920: Bootlegging flourishes after America declares • 1629: Champlain surrenders New France to Great Prohibition. Britain. • 1929: U.S. stock market crashes. Drought hits • 1641: Village of Ville Marie (Montreal) is formed. prairies. • 1649: The Iroquois destroy the missionary settlement • 1931: Ottawa outlaws Communist agitation. Socialist of Huronia. Party of Canada created. • 1663: France regains control of New France. • 1933: Unemployment crisis worsens. • 1670: Charles II forms the Hudson Bay Company. Fur • 1938: Canada rejects Jewish refugees escaping Nazi trade attracts settlers to the Great Lakes area. Germany. • 1682: LaSalle claims Louisiana for France. • 1939: Canada enters World War II. • 1701: Peace is declared between native tribes and • 1945: World War II ends. France. • 1947: First major oil find in Alberta. • 1713: Nova Scotia’s Acadian French population • 1949: Newfoundland joins Canada. forced to swear allegiance to England. • 1952: CBC television launched. • 1755-6: England deports the Acadians. Seven Years War begins. • 1956: Suez Canal crisis. • 1763: Seven Years War ends. • 1960: Quebec’s Quiet Revolution begins. • 1766: Pontiac signs peace treaty with . • 1965: New Leaf raised. • 1774: America’s 13 Colonies urge Canada to join • 1967: Expo in Montreal. them against the English. • 1970: Alberta aboriginals begin new era of native • 1776: American Loyalists flee to Canada. protests. British trade commissioner kidnapped by radical Quebec separatist group Front de Libération • 1778: James Cook arrives on Island. du Québec. • 1784: British divide Nova Scotia and create New • 1971: Greenpeace begins in Vancouver. Brunswick. • 1982: Trudeau brings home Canadian constitution. • 1791: King George II divides Quebec into Lower and Upper Canada. • 1989: Free Trade with the US begins. • 1793: Alexander Mackenzie crosses the continent and • 1999: New province of Nunavut separated from the reaches the Pacific Ocean. Northwest Territories. • 1812: The War of 1812 begins when America declares • 2001: Canada’s border with the United States is on war against Great Britain. high alert in the aftermath of the September 11 Terrorist Attacks in the USA. • 1814: The War of 1812 ends. • 2002: G-8 leaders meet at Kananaskis, Alberta • 1834: The Patriotes of Lower Canada draw up a list of 92 grievances and deliver them to the government in • 2007: reaches parity with US England. greenback • 1841: United Canada created. • 1849: The burning of Parliament in Montreal.

CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY GUIDE 2021 xlv • 2008: 40th Canadian federal election, October 14, Nathan Cirillo at the Canadian National War 2008. Prime Minister Stephen Harper’s Conservative Memorial. Party re-elected. • 2015: 42nd general election, October 19, 2015. Justin • 2009: Prime Minister Stephen Harper prorogues Trudeau and the Liberal Party win a majority. The Parliament on December 30, 2009 until March 3, number of seats in the House of Commons increases 2010. from 308 to 338. • 2010: Winter Olympics take place in Vancouver, • 2019: 43rd general election, October 21, 2019. Justin British Columbia, February 12-28, 2010. Trudeau and the Liberal Party win a minority. The Bloc Québécois makes notable gains, surpassing the • 2010: Toronto hosts G-20 Summit, June 26-27, 2010. New Democratic Party with 32 seats. • 2011: 41st Canadian federal election, May 2, 2011. • 2020: The COVID-19 pandemic grips the world, Prime Minister Stephen Harper’s Conservative Party including Canada, which passes measures to help wins a majority. New Democratic Party, led by Jack support families and businesses; individual provinces Layton, attains status of official opposition for the adopt health measures to curb the spread of the first time. disease. • 2014: Attack on by Michael Zehaf-Bibeau leads to the fatal shooting of Corp.

xlvi GUIDE PARLEMENTAIRE CANADIEN 2021 HISTORY OF CANADA

HISTOIRE DU CANADA

Au cours des 400 dernières années, le Canada est d’explorateurs, dont Henry Hudson, tentaient encore de passé de simple poste de traite peu peuplé au huitième trouver le passage du Nord-Ouest, la fameuse voie navi- état souverain le plus riche au monde. Il s’agit de plus gable qui devait relier le Nouveau Monde à l’Asie. Si du seul pays à s’être séparé pacifiquement de sa puis- plus de cent ans se sont écoulés avant ces premières in- sance coloniale. stallations permanentes, c’est davantage en raison d’événements se déroulant en Europe que de facteurs Malgré que le grand territoire composant aujourd’hui attribuables au Nouveau Monde. le Canada avait déjà une histoire vieille de plusieurs millénaires au début de la colonisation européenne, il a Deux événements sont venus ralentir la colonisation néanmoins été un des derniers endroits au monde à de l’Amérique du Nord : l’agitation religieuse et la accueillir des populations humaines. Alors que l’Homo guerre en Europe. En 1517, Martin Luther diffusa sa Sapiens moderne aurait émergé dans l’est de l’Afrique il liste de 95 griefs contre l’Église catholique en utilisant y a 200 000 ans, la majorité des scientifiques une invention toute nouvelle, la presse à imprimer. Ainsi conviennent qu’il aura fallu 175 000 années de plus débuta la réforme protestante. Ce schisme détournera de pour que les hommes traversent le pont de glace reliant façon importante le cours de l’Histoire en Europe, mais jadis l’Alaska et l’est de la Sibérie. Sur ce nouveau con- à court terme, il suscita surtout un conflit religieux tinent, c’est l’espace que délimitent les frontières tumultueux. Presque toute l’Europe connut un repli sur canadiennes actuelles qui est habité depuis le plus soi pour faire face à cette agitation ainsi qu’à cette crise longtemps; la migration originale qui a eu lieu il y a religieuse. Des conflits politiques croissants secouèrent 25 000 ans est la source des cultures indigènes la majeure partie de l’Europe de l’Ouest durant des d’Amérique du Nord et du Sud, incluant les de décennies, accaparant les ressources qui auraient dû être l’Arctique, les Pieds-Noirs, les Cris, les Algonquins, les attribuées aux efforts de colonisation. Les guerres de re- Dénés et la Ligue iroquoise des Cinq-Nations. On ligion en France, les guerres en Italie et les révoltes estime à environ deux millions le nombre populaires combinées aux soulèvements religieux ont d’Autochtones vivant aux États-Unis et au Canada avant détourné l’attention de l’Europe du Nouveau Monde l’arrivée des Européens dans le Nouveau Monde. pendant plus d’un siècle. Christophe Colomb est peut-être celui à qui l’on La France voyait l’Amérique du Nord comme la attribue la « découverte » de l’Amérique en 1492, mais meilleure source de richesse et de puissance possible et l’on sait aujourd’hui avec certitudes que les Vikings ont souhaitait, en exploitant ces contrées, arriver à alléger atteint et dépassé le Groenland en 982 apr. J.-C. Des ses dettes de guerre. Quand l’explorateur français traces archéologiques qui dateraient d’environ 1000 ans Jacques Cartier navigua sur le fleuve Saint-Laurent indiquent la présence à cette époque de peuples norois à en 1534, il revendiqua le territoire au nom de la France L’Anse aux Meadows, à Terre-Neuve, ce qui ferait du et lui donna le nom qu’il porte encore aujourd’hui : le Canada le véritable lieu de découverte de l’Amérique du Canada. Après que les commerçants de fourrure se Nord par les Européens. Les Vikings ne visaient pas furent implantés dans l’Est du Canada, la France toutefois à établir une colonisation permanente, mais monopolisa le commerce de la fourrure. Bien que les étaient plutôt intéressés aux ressources naturelles du Français tentèrent d’établir des relations commerciales Canada. Quand Christophe Colomb foula le sol amicales avec les peuples autochtones, certains d’entre américain pour la première fois, les installations qui y eux, dont les Iroquois, se révélèrent particulièrement avaient été construites par les peuples norois étaient hostiles. Les conflits avec les tribus locales ont abandonnées depuis longtemps déjà. rapidement fait de convaincre la Couronne que pour as- surer la rentabilité du commerce au Canada, une Le voyage de Christophe Colomb déclencha en Eu- présence militaire et civile permanente était essentielle. rope une course à la colonisation du Nouveau Monde. Le roi Henri IV dépêcha donc sur place son En traversant l’Atlantique vers ce qu’il croyait être « hydrographe » Samuel de Champlain pour l’Inde pour trouver une voie alternative aux longues cartographier la région. routes de commerce terrestres menant à l’Asie et à ses produits, Christophe Colomb donna sans le vouloir le En 1605, après avoir exploré la côte de l’Amérique coup d’envoi à l’Ère des grandes découvertes. Les du Nord jusqu’à Cape Cod, Champlain établira un pre- puissances européennes établirent des colonies à la re- mier peuplement français à Port-Royal et fondera cherche d’épices, d’or, d’esclaves et de nouvelles cul- ensuite la ville de Québec en 1608. La Nouvelle-France, tures, ainsi que pour convertir les peuples autochtones comme on l’appelait à l’époque, se développa au christianisme. Les premières colonies, lentement, principalement en raison du manque d’intérêt principalement espagnoles et portugaises, étaient de la mère patrie et de la guerre avec les Iroquois. Les concentrées en Amérique du Sud, en Amérique Centrale colons survécurent aux attaques des Autochtones grâce et dans les Caraïbes. L’Angleterre et la France ont plutôt à leurs alliances avec les Algonquins, les Montagnais et tourné leurs efforts vers le Nord. Jean Cabot, un les Hurons. En plus de garantir la survie des colons, ces explorateur anglais d’origine italienne, est considéré alliances permirent à la France d’affermir son contrôle comme le premier explorateur européen à avoir mis le du commerce des fourrures. Les Européens n’avaient pied en Amérique du Nord après les Vikings. Bien que aucune notion du milieu sauvage de la région, cette exploration eut lieu seulement cinq années après connaissances que les Autochtones leur procureront. les découvertes de Christophe Colomb, il faudra attendre jusqu’en 1605 pour que des installations Une fois de plus, des tensions religieuses en Europe permanentes soient établies. À cette époque, beaucoup vinrent interférer avec le développement des établissements au Canada. Vers le milieu du

CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY GUIDE 2021 xlvii HISTOIRE DU CANADA dix-septième siècle, alors que les colonies anglaises en quiconque contrôlerait le Canada. Ensuite, les Anglais, Amérique et dans les Caraïbes devenaient anticatholiques invétérés, croyaient que les Français autosuffisantes, la Nouvelle-France demeurait étaient des hérétiques, un sentiment qui était d’ailleurs sous-peuplée. Cette colonie éprouvait des difficultés et réciproque! Enfin, le contrôle des colonies outre-mer épuisait les ressources de la France. La monarchie pourrait servir comme monnaie d’échange diplomatique française décida de prendre les choses en mains en si la guerre en Europe devait se détériorer. offrant des primes à ceux qui décideraient d’émigrer en Nouvelle-France. Une seule condition s’imposait : tous La guerre de Sept Ans fut la première guerre à les colons en partance devaient être catholiques ou se l’échelle mondiale et qui fit rage sur cinq continents : convertir au catholicisme avant de quitter l’Europe. Ce l’Amérique du Nord, l’Amérique du Sud, l’Afrique, changement de politique, imposé à la demande du fer- l’Europe et l’Asie. Plus d’un million de personnes vent cardinal Richelieu, le conseiller le plus proche du perdront la vie et la conclusion de cette guerre changera roi Louis XIII, créera de nombreuses frictions. totalement le partage du pouvoir dans le Nouveau Auparavant, les protestants français, particulièrement la Monde. La Grande-Bretagne obtiendra le contrôle de secte persécutée connue sous le nom de Huguenots, toutes les colonies françaises en Amérique du Nord, s’exilaient souvent en Nouvelle-France pour fuir les faisant ainsi du Canada une colonie britannique. persécutions religieuses. Ce nouveau décret du cardinal Toutefois, 150 années de colonisation française ne Richelieu aura un effet durable sur la composition pouvaient disparaître du jour au lendemain. Encore politique et religieuse du Canada moderne. aujourd’hui, les relations entre Anglais et Français au Canada connaissent leurs tensions et contrariétés. Vers la fin du dix-septième siècle, les assises des col- onies anglaises et françaises du Nouveau Monde Les Britanniques, suite à leur prise de contrôle du commençaient enfin à gagner en solidité. Les deux na- Canada en 1764, ne touchèrent pas aux systèmes tions avaient remporté leur mise et leurs colonies religieux et économiques en place, au grand dégageaient un bon profit, mais une guerre en Europe soulagement des colons catholiques français. L’Acte de devait venir gêner une fois de plus la croissance Québec de 1774 permit qu’un système indépendant de balbutiante du Canada. La Nouvelle-France, déjà au lois françaises continue au Québec. Les Britanniques cœur d’une brutale guerre intertribale avec les Algon- contrôlaient maintenant complètement la portion est de quins, entra en conflit avec la confédération iroquoise l’Amérique du Nord, depuis la rive est du fleuve Missis- qui s’opposait à elle. Avec la guerre de Neuf Ans, qui sippi jusqu’à la côte Atlantique. Le mauvais traitement débuta en 1688 et vit la France entrer en conflit avec réservé aux colonies américaines par George III presque tout le reste de l’Europe, les Iroquois viendrait cependant bientôt modifier de nouveau commencèrent à recevoir des armes de la part des l’équilibre du pouvoir dans le Nouveau Monde. Anglais, en accord aux politiques de leur gouvernement. À titre de base pour les forces britanniques, de refuge Cette escalade de violence des Anglais envenima cette pour les Américains loyaux à la monarchie britannique guerre déjà sanglante. L’armée anglaise et ses alliés iro- qui étaient en fuite et de source de milice pour les quois capturèrent Port-Royal, mais furent repoussés de armées britanniques et américaines, le Canada joua un Québec, principalement en raison des maladies qui rôle important dans la guerre de l’Indépendance décimaient les forces. La guerre finit par s’essouffler sur américaine. L’armée américaine tenta à l’origine de le Continent, et un traité de paix fut signé en 1697. Les convaincre le Canada de prendre part à sa révolution, Iroquois continueront cependant à se battre sans les mais les Canadiens se relevaient à peine de la guerre de Britanniques, mais subiront finalement d’importantes Sept Ans, et la majorité d’entre eux ne voulaient pas défaites qui les forceront à établir la paix quatre ans plus d’un autre conflit. Le 27 juin 1775, les troupes tard. américaines attaquèrent Québec. Montréal fut pris sans La Nouvelle-France (et le Canada par le fait même) résistance, mais l’attaque sur la ville de Québec se solda semblait bien acquise à la mère patrie à la suite de la par une défaite, et en 1776, les troupes américaines conclusion de la guerre de Neuf Ans. Toutefois, le évacuèrent Montréal. contrôle de la région par la France ne durera pas Lorsque l’Amérique gagna son indépendance de la longtemps. La guerre de Succession d’Espagne, qui Grande-Bretagne en 1783, les citoyens loyaux à commencera un an seulement après la signature du traité l’Empire britannique durent s’exiler. Plus de 35 000 de paix entre la France et les Iroquois, permettra à d’entre eux se rendirent en Nouvelle-Écosse. Cet impor- l’Angleterre de prendre possession de la Nou- tant mouvement de masse força le gouvernement velle-Écosse et de Terre-Neuve, ainsi que des droits sur britannique à diviser la Nouvelle-Écosse, créant ainsi la la région entourant la baie d’Hudson. Un nouveau nouvelle colonie du Nouveau-Brunswick. Peu de temps conflit, nommé la guerre du roi George, débutera trois après, les loyalistes établis au Québec commencèrent à décennies plus tard, soit en 1744, mais aucun des deux présenter des demandes pour obtenir leur propre belligérants ne réussira à élargir alors ses positions colonie, alors que les Canadiens français étaient aussi coloniales. déterminés à avoir leur propre assemblée d’élus. En 1754, l’animosité de longue date entre les Anglais En 1791, le Québec fut divisé en deux parties, le et les Français gagnera le Nouveau Monde, avec comme Haut-Canada et le Bas-Canada, afin de répondre aux point culminant la guerre de Sept Ans, appelée aussi en exigences des loyalistes anglais et des Canadiens Amérique guerre franco-indienne. Trois causes français. principales étaient à la base de ce conflit. D’abord, le Au cours des décennies qui suivirent, les tensions en- lucratif commerce de la fourrure, l’abondance des tre la Grande-Bretagne et l’Amérique demeurèrent poissons, la richesse des forêts et les gisements de vives, et encore une fois, un conflit déchira le Canada. minerais étaient tous des sources de fortune pour Les États-Unis déclarèrent la guerre à la xlviii GUIDE PARLEMENTAIRE CANADIEN 2021 HISTORY OF CANADA

Grande-Bretagne en 1812 en raison de pratiquement sa superficie. Beaucoup de francophones l’approvisionnement en armes des tribus amérindiennes et de Métis catholiques, les enfants d’Autochtones et de hostiles et du service militaire obligatoire des marins pionniers, vivaient à l’ouest de l’Ontario. Après la vente américains à la marine britannique. Le Canada fut un de la Terre de Rupert, plusieurs colons ontariens des champs de bataille principaux de ce conflit puisque affluèrent dans cette région en espérant réclamer ces les États-Unis avaient planifié s’emparer du Canada et terres. Les Métis se mirent à craindre que cette arrivée l’utiliser comme monnaie d’échange pour négocier avec massive de protestants anglais mette en péril leurs droits les Britanniques. Les Américains s’attendaient à gagner linguistiques, religieux et territoriaux. Le chef Métis le soutien des Canadiens qu’ils croyaient malheureux Louis Riel organisa la Rébellion de la rivière Rouge sous le contrôle colonial des Anglais. Toutefois, en 1869 dans le but de garantir la protection de ces beaucoup de Canadiens, descendants de loyalistes droits. Cette révolte mena à la création du Manitoba, britanniques qui avaient fui l’Amérique, percevaient les une province qui mit en place des lois rigoureuses États-Unis comme des envahisseurs et des occupants. protégeant les Métis, les francophones et les catholiques. En 1905, la Colombie-Britannique, la Sas- L’armée américaine subit une défaite tôt dans le katchewan, l’Île-du-Prince-Édouard et l’Alberta furent conflit lorsqu’elle fut battue par le général Isaac Brock coup sur coup jointes aux provinces fondatrices du Haut et ses forces d’alliés indiens et de militaires locaux lors et du Bas-Canada, au Nouveau-Brunswick et à la Nou- de la bataille de Queenston Heights. L’armée américaine velle-Écosse. en arriva quand même occuper et à piller un grand nombre de villes, incluant York (aujourd’hui Toronto) et La construction d’un chemin de fer transcontinental, Newark (aujourd’hui Niagara-on-the-Lake), jusqu’à complété en 1885, stimula l’expansion du Canada. Ce contrôler à un certain moment presque tout le territoire chemin de fer incita de nouveaux colons à déménager correspondant à l’Ontario et au Québec d’aujourd’hui, dans l’Ouest pour s’établir dans les nouvelles provinces, mais en fin de compte, l’armée américaine fut mais ces nouveaux arrivants voulurent chasser les repoussée, et bien que la guerre finit sans réel Autochtones de leurs terres, ce qui, une fois de plus, fit vainqueur, le fait qu’une prise de contrôle américaine éclater des rébellions qui finirent en bains de sang. Le fut empêchée donna aux Canadiens un regain de sentiment que le gouvernement canadien n’écoutait pas confiance et devint source de fierté nationale. les préoccupations des catholiques francophones engendra une crise politique qui entraîna la démission Même si les Canadiens rejetaient l’idée d’un du premier ministre Mackenzie Bowell en 1896 lorsque envahisseur américain sur leur sol, l’exemple politique le gouvernement tenta de retirer au français son statut de des États-Unis laissait sa marque à travers le pays. Des langue officielle au Manitoba, ce qui allait à l’encontre rébellions éclatèrent contre les Britanniques en 1837. des lois de la province. Les Canadiens, insatisfaits de la distribution inéquitable des richesses tirées des ressources naturelles du Canada, Le Canada et les États-Unis connurent une période s’insurgeaient de ne pas être représentés au sein du d’expansion vers l’ouest à la fin du dix-neuvième siècle gouvernement britannique. Puisque les Britanniques grâce au développement du chemin de fer, à l’attrait considéraient que les frictions entre les Français et les qu’exerçaient ses contrées vierges et à la découverte de Anglais étaient la source des conflits qu’ils vivaient gisements de minerais. Ces facteurs, additionnés de avec le Canada, toutes les colonies canadiennes furent l’arrivée massive d’immigrants en provenance réunies en 1840 sous le nom de la Province du Canada, d’Europe, permirent au Canada d’être le pays présentant aussi appelée le Canada-Uni. En 1849, les États-Unis et la croissance économique la plus forte entre 1896 et l’Empire britannique se mirent d’accord pour que le 1911. Durant cette période, le gouvernement canadien 49e parallèle nord serve de frontière entre les deux na- créa le Yukon, un territoire dont la superficie se com- tions, et les Britanniques étendirent le Canada jusqu’au pare à celle de l’Allemagne, l’Autriche et la Suisse au littoral ouest, annexant ainsi la combinées, et dont la population se chiffrait à seulement Colombie-Britannique. 8 500 habitants à ce moment. C’est pratiquement depuis la guerre d’Indépendance À l’aube du vingtième siècle, le Canada connut son américaine que l’indépendance du Canada fait l’objet de premier conflit d’importance avec sa puissance débats en Grande-Bretagne comme au Canada. Certains coloniale. Lorsque la Grande-Bretagne entra dans la prônaient une révolution violente et une indépendance Guerre des Boers en 1889, la majorité des An- canadienne totale. D’autres désiraient suivre un glo-canadiens appuyaient l’annexion de l’Afrique du processus vers l’autonomie plus lent et graduel. Le Sud à l’Empire britannique. Les Canadiens français, 1er juillet 1867, le Parlement britannique édicta l’Acte toutefois, ne s’intéressaient pas vraiment à de l’Amérique du Nord britannique, qui établit le Do- l’impérialisme britannique, car ils se considéraient minion du Canada comme une colonie distincte et dotée comme un cas à part et considéraient qu’ils faisaient d’un gouvernement autonome. Sans être complètement partie de l’Empire britannique uniquement pour la détaché de l’Angleterre, particulièrement en ce qui a forme. En guise de compromis, tous ceux se portant trait à la politique étrangère, sur le plan de la politique volontaires purent servir dans la Guerre des Boers, mais intérieure, le Canada gagnait pleine liberté et l’Armée canadienne comme telle ne s’impliqua pas dans souveraineté. ce conflit. Cette vision du Canada français comme une entité à part, vision exacerbée par les rébellions et par Au cours des décennies suivantes, le Canada con- les lois anti-françaises des décennies précédentes, tinua son expansion vers l’Ouest. Grâce à l’achat de continuera de se manifester dans la politique du Canada deux énormes territoires au nord, les Territoires du des années à venir. Nord-Ouest et la Terre de Rupert, acquis de la Compagnie de la Baie d’Hudson, le pays doubla

CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY GUIDE 2021 il HISTOIRE DU CANADA

Bien qu’un grand nombre de Canadiens français baisse de 40 %. Les secteurs manufacturiers et agricoles désirait se départir du joug de l’Empire britannique, le furent le plus durement touchés, et le prix de blé, le pays devait tout de même se plier à la politique principal produit d’exportation du Canada, chuta de étrangère britannique. Avec l’assassinat de l’Archiduc moitié. Au creux de la vague, 30 % des Canadiens Ferdinand le 28 juin 1914, le Canada fut pris dans le étaient sans emploi. Terre-Neuve, affirmant que les chaotique système d’alliances que suscita la Première politiques du gouvernement canadien étaient la cause de Guerre mondiale. Lorsque la Grande-Bretagne déclara ce creux économique, vota de quitter la Fédération la guerre aux puissances centrales le 4 août, les troupes canadienne pour rejoindre l’Empire britannique. canadiennes furent appelées en renfort. Comme pour la majorité des puissances alliées, les disputes internes Après que les partis Libéral et Conservateur se soient furent temporairement mises de côté, et l’appui à la montrés incapables de trouver des solutions à cette crise, guerre demeura massif, même chez les Canadiens beaucoup de Canadiens se tournèrent vers d’autres français. Après plus de 200 000 morts et blessés de partis, comme la Fédération du Commonwealth guerre, sur une population de 7 millions d’habitants, coopératif et le Parti Crédit Social du Canada. Après l’effort de guerre commença à s’essouffler. Au moment que le gouvernement conservateur de R. B. Bennet ait où le gouvernement tenta d’introduire le service placé des chômeurs dans des camps de travail pour pal- obligatoire en 1917, beaucoup de Canadiens, et lier au coût élevé du système d’aide sociale, la Ligue principalement des Canadiens français, s’opposèrent d’unité ouvrière (LUO) organisa une importante mani- farouchement à la guerre. Malgré l’opinion populaire, la festation appelée la « Marche sur Ottawa » dans le but Première Guerre mondiale contribua à alimenter le sen- d’obtenir des améliorations aux conditions et avantages timent de nationalisme et d’identité canadienne, surtout dans les camps. La tentative de Bennett pour arrêter grâce au rôle important que joua le Canada dans la cette marche provoquera l’émeute de Regina et guerre la plus importante de l’histoire de l’humanité. contribua en fin de compte à sa défaite aux élections Les très nombreuses victimes canadiennes occasionnées de 1935. Le nouveau gouvernement libéral élimina les par ce conflit que plusieurs considéraient comme une camps et institua des programmes sociaux pour guerre « britannique » vint aussi augmenter le diminuer les effets de la Dépression, mais ceci ressentiment accumulé envers l’Empire. n’empêcha pas le Canada d’être fortement touché par cette dernière. Environ un cinquième de la population La Première Guerre mondiale changea radicalement dépendait des allocations du gouvernement et du soutien le visage politique du Canada. Après les horreurs vécues des programmes sociaux. Même après le boom de pendant ce conflit, les soldats rentrèrent chez eux avec l’économie canadienne causé par la Seconde Guerre de nouvelles idéologies politiques. Le socialisme, le mondiale, ces programmes restèrent en place et communisme, le syndicalisme et d’autres courants continuèrent d’évoluer. progressistes de gauche gagnèrent en popularité dans les La Seconde Guerre mondiale débuta le années suivant la guerre, tandis que le retour massif des er soldats faisait augmenter le taux de chômage et 1 septembre 1939. Puisque le Canada était de plus en diminuer les salaires. La grève générale de Winnipeg plus indépendant de l’Angleterre, le pays n’entra pas en de 1919, la plus importante d’une série de grèves qui guerre immédiatement après la déclaration de la paralysèrent le pays, fut brutalement mise fin par la po- Grande-Bretagne comme il l’avait fait lors de la lice, au prix d’un mort et de 30 blessés. Lorsque le Can- Première Guerre mondiale, mais décida plutôt de ada accorda le droit de vote aux femmes en 1918, le déclarer d’elle-même la guerre neuf jours plus tard. Parti conservateur en place s’effondra, en partie en rai- Alors que le massacre japonais et nazi était toujours à son de ses actions durant la grève. Le Parti libéral, en son comble, le ravitaillement et le matériel de guerre des prenant le contrôle du gouvernement, acquiesça à une Canadiens s’avérèrent d’une importance capitale pour bonne partie des demandes originales du comité de permettre à la Grande-Bretagne de résister à l’invasion grève, incluant le droit de former des syndicats sans la allemande. Une fois que les Alliés furent en position de permission du gouvernement. Des partis progressistes et contre-attaquer, les troupes canadiennes furent socialistes se formèrent les années suivantes, incluant le déployées partout dans le monde, et servirent Parti progressiste du Canada et la Fédération du Com- vaillamment dans plusieurs batailles importantes, monwealth coopératif. incluant l’invasion de la Sicile et de l’Italie en 1943, le débarquement allié en Normandie en 1944, la libération En 1931, le Parlement britannique promulgua le des Pays-Bas et la traversée de la France et de Statut de Westminster, qui donna le statut d’entité l’Allemagne pour mettre fin à la guerre. Un raid législative indépendante à toutes les colonies et à tous majoritairement canadien à Dieppe en France se solda les dominions de l’Empire britannique, incluant le Can- par 3 000 morts, blessés et captifs, et les sous-marins ada, l’Australie, la Nouvelle-Zélande et l’Irlande. Cet allemands qui infestaient les eaux canadiennes coulèrent acte permit à ces pays de rédiger leur propre constitution un grand nombre de navires de ravitaillement. En tout et et supprima le pouvoir législatif qu’avait le partout, la Seconde Guerre mondiale entraînera la mort gouvernement britannique dans ces régions, assurant de 42 000 canadiens. ainsi l’indépendance de celles-ci tout en les incluant dans un Commonwealth britannique à l’échelle Lorsque les Japonais bombardèrent Pearl Harbor le mondiale. 7 décembre 1941, les 22 000 Canadiens d’origine japonaise vivant alors en Colombie-Britannique durent Lorsque le marché boursier américain connut son composer avec les conséquences de la douleur et de la krach lors du mardi noir de 1929, événement qui colère qui s’ensuivirent. Le sentiment anti-asiatique marqua le début de la Grande dépression, l’économie dans la province fut davantage attisé lorsque des milliers canadienne ne tarda pas à en ressentir les effets. de Canadiens furent tués ou capturés durant l’invasion En 1933, le produit national brut canadien connut une de Hong Kong par les Japonais. En 1942, toutes les l GUIDE PARLEMENTAIRE CANADIEN 2021 HISTORY OF CANADA personnes de descendance japonaise furent envoyées tion distincte, et étaient souvent en désaccord avec les dans des camps d’internement, et après la fin de la politiques gouvernementales canadiennes. Les factions guerre, tous les Canadiens d’origine japonaise furent canadiennes-françaises les plus radicales avaient le sen- déportés de la Colombie-Britannique. Ce n’est timent d’être opprimées, et que leur langue et leur cul- qu’en 1949 qu’ils furent libres de vivre n’importe où au ture étaient menacées. Inspirés par les révolutions se Canada. En 1988, les Canadiens d’origine japonaise déroulant partout dans le monde, les groupes de gauche furent finalement indemnisés pour le tort qu’ils ont dû nationalistes ou terroristes se multiplièrent, et le Canada subir durant la guerre. ne fut pas épargné. Le Front de Libération du Québec commit plus de 200 attentats à la bombe, tuant ainsi À la conclusion de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le cinq personnes dans sa quête d’un Québec indépendant. Canada et les États-Unis étaient les deux seuls pays à Bien que les actes de violence furent majoritairement n’avoir pas eu de combats liés à cette guerre sur leur condamnés par la population, un profond désir territoire. Cela permit à ces deux pays de profiter d’un d’indépendance alimentait les protestations des contexte économique unique. Grâce à un secteur Québécois. Lorsque Pierre Elliott Trudeau fut élu Pre- manufacturier en pleine relance, à la découverte de mier ministre en 1968, il mit le Québec sous la loi pétrole en Alberta et à sa position de partenaire com- martiale et procéda à l’arrestation de plusieurs membres mercial principal de la superpuissance économique juste du FLQ. au sud de la frontière, le Canada vit son économie exploser. Cette nouvelle prospérité favorisa la création Pendant que la crise au Québec s’aggravait durant les d’un programme d’aide sociale radicalement amélioré. années 1970, les États-Unis s’engagèrent dans un des Grâce à l’aide sociale centralisée de la fin des conflits les plus controversés de l’histoire moderne : la années 1930 et du début des années 1940 ainsi qu’aux guerre en Indochine. La guerre du Vietnam entraîna la nombreuses politiques sociales de la Fédération du mort de 1 500 000 personnes et radicalisa une Commonwealth coopératif, les Canadiens profiteront de génération entière. Le Canada ne fit pas exception. Les l’assurance-hospitalisation, d’un régime de pensions et jeunes de tout le pays protestèrent contre ce qu’ils des allocations familiales. Ces politiques sociales considéraient être l’impérialisme américain. Le progressistes convainquirent Terre-Neuve de rejoindre gouvernement canadien refusa de participer à cette le Canada suite à un référendum en 1949. guerre, et accorda la citoyenneté à plus de 125 000 Américains réfractaires tout au long du conflit. Ceci Le Canada consolida sa position lors de la Guerre mena à d’importantes frictions entre les gouvernements froide grâce à son statut de membre fondateur de canadien et américain. Aujourd’hui encore, le Vietnam l’OTAN en 1949. L’économie du pays était directement et le Canada jouissent d’une relation privilégiée, et des liée à celle des États-Unis. Le Canada participa à la centaines de milliers de Vietnamiens ont immigré sur la guerre de Corée, et ses troupes furent postées en côte Ouest du Canada. La guerre du Vietnam coïncida Allemagne de l’Ouest, à la frontière du bloc aussi avec l’ascension du Nouveau Parti Démocratique, communiste. Le vote canadien aux Nations Unies ne fut le successeur de la Fédération du Commonwealth pas toujours identique à celui des États-Unis, mais il n’y coopératif. Depuis ses débuts en 1962, le NPD changea avait aucun doute que le Canada était un allié des le visage de la politique canadienne en obtenant Américains dans sa guerre contre l’Union soviétique. régulièrement entre 10 et 20 % des votes et en formant Le traitement que le Canada réserva à ses peuples une coalition majoritaire avec le parti vainqueur. Il a autochtones au fil du temps présente une histoire peu combattu pour la sauvegarde du programme d’aide reluisante. Si l’on recule à la fin des années 1800, sociale du Canada, pour une politique étrangère lorsque le bison fut chassé au point d’être presque humanitaire ainsi que pour les droits des Autochtones. totalement exterminé et que les chemins de fer Les jeunes de tous les coins du Canada devinrent de amenèrent davantage de colons dans les territoires plus en plus impliqués en politique après la guerre du autochtones, les membres des Premières nations furent Vietnam, et ce nouvel intérêt marqué pour la politique traités comme des citoyens de second ordre. La famine, permit d’aborder la question de la souveraineté du Qué- l’assimilation et une rébellion avortée mirent fin à la bec. Le Parti québécois fut formé en 1968, remporta les résistance autochtone, mais celle-ci reprit vigueur après élections au Québec en 1976 et fit du français la langue la Seconde Guerre mondiale. La décolonisation et un es- officielle de la province en 1977. Finalement, le parti prit de démocratie renouvelé étaient mis de l’avant par tint sa promesse et instaura un référendum pour décider les puissances occidentales dans leur lutte contre la de l’avenir du Québec. Ce référendum stipulait tyrannie soviétique, mais la majorité des Premières na- simplement que le Québec « négocierait une nouvelle tions n’obtinrent quand même le droit de vote qu’à la fin entente avec le reste du Canada, entente fondée sur des années 1950. Pour pouvoir voter, les gens des l’égalité des peuples, en vertu de laquelle le Québec Premières nations devaient renoncer à leur statut « aurait obtenu le pouvoir exclusif de faire ses lois, d’Indien ». Ce n’est qu’en 1960 (1969 au Québec) que autrement dit, la souveraineté ». Le fait que le les gens des Premières nations obtinrent le droit de voter référendum ne garantissait pas une indépendance librement. complète, combiné à un assaut du service des relations Au début des années 1960, le gouvernement canadien publiques du gouvernement, fit échouer le référendum. dut faire face à une croissance marquée du radicalisme Bien que le Canada devint une entité souveraine en et d’organisations populaires. Le mouvement 1867, et que son indépendance s’est accrue en 1931, nationaliste québécois n’avait cessé de prendre de techniquement, le pays n’était pas encore tout à fait une l’ampleur depuis que les Britanniques avaient pris le nation souveraine. Le Canada n’était pas en mesure contrôle du Canada aux dépens des Français en 1764. d’apporter des amendements à sa propre constitution, et Les Canadiens français se considéraient comme une na- la capacité du Canada d’agir à l’encontre des désirs du

CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY GUIDE 2021 li HISTOIRE DU CANADA gouvernement britannique était encore mise en doute. sociétés exploitant les ressources minières, maritimes ou En 1982, Trudeau confirma le statut de nation forestières sur leurs territoires. L’une des conséquences souveraine du Canada en signant la loi constitutionnelle de ces manifestations fut la création d’un nouveau et la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés. Bien qu’il territoire, le Nunavut en 1999, dans les régions de était encore membre du Commonwealth britannique, le l’extrême nord du pays. Bien que ce territoire compte Canada n’était plus sous le contrôle du parlement moins de 35 000 habitants, près de 85 % de sa popula- britannique. tion y possède le statut d’Inuit, et le territoire a été en mesure d’adopter de nombreuses lois assurant les droits Suite à l’indépendance complète du Canada par rap- des Inuits et donnant corps à leurs revendications port à la Grande-Bretagne, la question du commerce concernant le territoire et ses ressources. En 2014, les avec les États-Unis devint la principale préoccupation Territoires du Nord-Ouest ont pris le contrôle de leurs de l’économie canadienne. L’Accord de libre-échange terres et de leurs ressources aquatiques, préalablement Canada-États-Unis rédigé en 1988 devint un modèle sous juridiction fédérale, résultat d’un combat de plus pour l’Accord de libre-échange nord-américain. Cet ac- d’une décennie. cord, de même que les accords de libre-échange subséquents, fut critiqué, car on considérait qu’éliminer Après l’écrasement des avions d’al-Qaida dans les les barrières commerciales ferait en sorte que les tours du World Trade Center à New York, le 11 consommateurs canadiens seraient à la merci des septembre 2001, le Canada s’est engagé dans le conflit puissantes corporations américaines. Cet accord fut au en Afghanistan en tant qu’élément de la Force centre des élections de 1988 : le Parti libéral et le NPD d’assistance à la sécurité internationale en réaction aux s’y opposaient, alors que les progressistes conservateurs extrémistes islamistes; il est resté au pays jusqu’en 2011 tentaient de le faire passer. Une majorité de 57 % vota afin de l’aider à se stabiliser. contre les progressistes conservateurs, mais puisqu’ils reçurent néanmoins le plus grand nombre de votes pour Alors que la question des changements climatiques un unique parti, ils obtinrent une majorité de sièges au devenait de plus en plus une source d’inquiétude, le parlement et conclurent l’accord de libre-échange. Canada adhère, en 2005, au Protocole de Kyoto, une en- L’entente est entrée en vigueur en 1994 et les modalités tente internationale dont l’objectif est de réduire ont été mises en place graduellement jusqu’en 2008. Si l’émission de gaz à effet de serre. Il s’est retiré de la majorité s’entend pour dire que l’ALÉNA est l’entente en 2011, sous la gouverne de Stephen Harper, avantageux pour l’économie des trois pays membres, on alors que les émissions excédaient de beaucoup les taux débat encore de ses conséquences exactes; certains cibles. Le Cadre pancanadien sur la croissance propre et s’inquiètent même qu’il soit nocif pour des industries les changements climatiques à portée nationale a été influençables par la concurrence commerciale, adopté en 2016, sous le gouvernement de Justin Tru- particulièrement aux États-Unis. En 2017, le président deau, en partenariat avec les provinces, territoires et américain Donald Trump a commencé à renégocier peuples autochtones. Le Canada continue de participer à l’accord, un processus qui se poursuit en 2018. Le 30 divers efforts internationaux afin de réduire les effets septembre 2018, une nouvelle entente a été annoncée, des changements climatiques. soit l’Accord États-Unis-Mexique-Canada (AEUMC). Aujourd’hui, le Canada doit continuer à gérer ses re- Le Parti Québécois, suite à l’échec du référendum lations avec le Québec et les membres des Premières na- de 1980, forma un parti politique canadien, le Bloc tions tout en faisant face à d’autres enjeux, comme la Québécois, et poursuivit avec acharnement son dépénalisation des drogues, l’immigration, sa participa- échéancier pour un Québec indépendant. Un deuxième tion aux missions de maintien de la paix et le contrôle référendum, en 1995, occasionna un débat encore plus des bras de mer de l’Arctique. Après l’élection générale virulent que celui du référendum de 1980, avec des de 2015, le gouvernement Trudeau a cherché à réparer campagnes médiatiques massives de part et d’autres des ses relations avec les peuples autochtones canadiens. Il a deux camps. Le jour du scrutin, le référendum échoua ouvert l’Enquête nationale sur les femmes et les filles par une mince marge de 54 000 votes, un résultat qui autochtones disparues et assassinées, il a réorganisé le mit au jour la division du Québec sur cette question. ministère fédéral des Affaires autochtones et il a Considérant que 86 000 bulletins avaient été rejetés présenté des excuses formelles aux survivants du comme invalides, le résultat sur la question de système scolaire résidentiel, entre autres initiatives. l’indépendance du Québec a été si près de la ligne En avril 2017, le gouvernement fédéral a présenté décisive qu’il ne serait pas surprenant qu’un autre refer- une législation dans le but de légaliser la consommation endum ait lieu dans le futur. de cannabis à des fins récréatives partout au pays; elle En 1990, une révolte amérindienne dans une petite devrait entrer en vigueur le 17 octobre 2018. Selon ville baptisée Oka, à l’ouest de Montréal, a mené à l’entente convenue, le gouvernement fédéral recevrait l’intervention de l’armée canadienne. Trois personnes jusqu’à 25 % des revenus provenant des taxes générées moururent au cours de cette crise. Bien qu’il y ait par les ventes de cannabis; le reste sera conservé par les précédemment eu de nombreux conflits violents entre provinces et territoires qui sont responsabilités de la les membres des Premières nations et le gouvernement logistique au jour le jour quant à la distribution et aux du Canada, la situation à Oka marqua le début d’une ventes au détail. Des préoccupations demeurent à savoir nouvelle ère de résistance active des Autochtones. si la légalisation réduira efficacement le recours au Comme le Canada compte plus d’un million d’habitants marché noir et si on arrivera à mettre rapidement en de descendance amérindienne, de nombreuses organisa- oeuvre les procédures de contrôle mises à jour. tions autochtones ont réclamé un meilleur contrôle des ressources sur leurs terres, ce qui a causé des conflits violents entre les membres des Premières nations et les lii GUIDE PARLEMENTAIRE CANADIEN 2021 HISTORY OF CANADA

Chronologie de l’histoire du Canada • 1784 : L’Angleterre divise le territoire de la Nouvelle-Écosse et crée le Nouveau-Brunswick. • 12 000 av. J.-C. : Des peuples en migration traversent le pont continental de Béring. • 1791 : Le roi George II divise le Québec en deux parties : le Bas-Canada et le Haut-Canada. • 2000 av. J.-C. : Arrivée des Inuits en Amérique du Nord. • 1793 : Alexander Mackenzie traverse le continent et atteint l’océan Pacifique. • 1000 apr. J.-C. : Leif Erickson débarque sur l’Île de Baffin. • 1812 : Les États-Unis déclarent la guerre à la Grande-Bretagne et déclenchent la guerre de 1812. • 1497 : Jean Cabot atteint Terre-Neuve. • 1814 : Fin de la guerre de 1812. • 1534-1541 : Jacques Cartier explore l’Amérique du Nord. • 1834 : Les Patriotes du Bas-Canada dressent une liste de 92 griefs; elle est ensuite envoyée au gouvernement • 1576-1578 : Martin Frobisher recherche le passage du de l’Angleterre. Nord-Ouest. • 1841 : Création du Canada-Uni. • 1583 : Humphrey Gilbert revendique Terre-Neuve au nom de l’Angleterre. • 1849 : Incendie du Parlement à Montréal. • 1603 : Premier voyage de Samuel de Champlain en • 1858 : La reine Victoria crée la Colombie-Britannique. Nouvelle-France. La Canada & Arcadia Company, qui Début de la ruée vers l’or. allait posséder le monopole du commerce des • 1867 : Le Nouveau-Brunswick, la Nouvelle-Écosse et la fourrures, voit le jour. province du Canada deviennent le Dominion du Canada, • 1608 : Champlain fonde la ville de Québec. et John A. Macdonald devient le premier Premier ministre du nouveau pays. • 1609 : Bataille de Ticonderoga. La France s’allie aux Hurons pour combattre les Iroquois. • 1885 : Le chemin de fer du Canadien Pacifique est complété. • 1610 : Henry Hudson recherche le passage du Nord-Ouest. Une première colonie européenne en • 1896 : Le Canada ouvre ses portes aux immigrants Amérique du Nord est établie à Terre-Neuve. européens. • 1629 : Champlain cède la Nouvelle-France à la • 1897-1899 : Ruée vers l’or du Klondike. Participation Grande-Bretagne. du Canada à la guerre des Boers. • 1641 : Fondation du village de Ville-Marie • 1907 : La population chinoise du Canada est victime (Montréal). d’actes de violence. • 1649 : Les Iroquois détruisent la mission de Huronie. • 1909 : Grève du charbon au Cap-Breton. • 1663 : La France reprend le contrôle de la • 1914 : Début de la participation du Canada à la Nouvelle-France. Première Guerre mondiale. • 1670 : Le roi Charles II forme la Compagnie de la • 1918 : La grippe espagnole fait des millions de Baie d’Hudson. Le commerce des fourrures attire des victimes. Fin de la Première Guerre mondiale. Les colons vers la région des Grands Lacs. femmes obtiennent le droit de vote. • 1682 : LaSalle revendique la Louisiane au nom de la • 1920 : Le commerce clandestin d’alcool devient France. florissant avec le début de la Prohibition aux États-Unis. • 1701 : La paix est déclarée entre les tribus amérindiennes et la France. • 1929 : Aux États-Unis, le marché s’effondre. La sécheresse fait rage dans les Prairies. • 1713 : La population acadienne francophone de la Nouvelle- Écosse est forcée de prêter serment • 1931 : Ottawa déclare l’agitation communiste illégale. d’allégeance à l’Angleterre. Le Parti socialiste du Canada voit le jour. • 1755-6 : L’Angleterre ordonne la déportation des • 1933 : La crise du chômage s’intensifie. Acadiens. Début de la guerre de Sept Ans. • 1938 : Le Canada refuse d’accueillir des réfugiés juifs • 1763 : Fin de la guerre de Sept Ans. ayant fui l’Allemagne nazie. • 1766 : Pontiac signe un traité de paix avec la • 1939 : Début de la participation du Canada à la Grande-Bretagne. Deuxième Guerre mondiale. • 1774 : Les 13 Colonies américaines recommandent • 1945 : Fin de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. vivement au Canada de se joindre à leur combat • 1947 : Découverte d’un premier gisement de pétrole contre l’Angleterre. important en Alberta. • 1776 : Les loyalistes américains en fuite se réfugient • 1949 : Terre-Neuve se joint au Canada. au Canada. • 1952 : Lancement de la télévision de Radio-Canada. • 1778 : James Cook découvre l’île de Vancouver.

CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY GUIDE 2021 liii HISTOIRE DU CANADA

• 1956 : Crise du Canal de Suez. • 2010 : Les Jeux olympiques 2010 se tiennent à Vancouver, Colombie-Britannique, du 12 au 28 février • 1960 : Début de la Révolution tranquille au Québec. 2010. • 1965 : Le nouveau drapeau unifolié est hissé pour la • 2010 : Sommet du G-20 de Toronto, 26 et 27 juin première fois. 2010. • 1967 : L’Expo 67 bat son plein à Montréal. • 2011 : 41e élection fédérale, le 2 mai 2011. Le parti • 1970 : Les Autochtones d’Alberta entament lune conservateur du premier ministre Stephen Harper nouvelle ère de revendications autochtones. Un remporte la majorité. Le nouveau parti démocratique, délégué commercial britannique est kidnappé par le dirigé par , obtient le statut de Front de Libération du Québec, un groupe séparatiste l’opposition officielle pour la première fois dans son radical. histoire. • 1971 : Fondation de l’organisme Greenpeace à • 2014 : L’attaque sur la Colline du Parlement perpétrée Vancouver. par Michael Zehaf-Bibeau mène à la fusillade mortelle • 1982 : Trudeau rapatrie la Constitution canadienne. de Nathan Corp. Cirillo au Monument commémoratif de guerre du Canada. • 1989 : Début du libre-échange avec les États-Unis. • 2015 : 42e élection générale, 19 octobre 2015. Justin • 1999 : La nouvelle province du Nunavut se sépare des Trudeau et le Parti libéral remportent la majorité. Le Territoires-du-Nord-Ouest. nombre de sièges à la Chambre des Communes passe • 2001 : La frontière du Canada et des États-Unis est sur de 308 à 338. un pied d’alerte par suite des attaques terroristes du 11 • 2019 : 43e élection générale, 21 octobre 2019. Justin septembre chez nos voisins du sud. Trudeau et le Parti libéral gagner une minorité. Le • 2002 : Rencontre des dirigeants du G-8 à Kananaskis, Bloc québécois réalise des gains notables, dépassant le en Alberta. Nouveau Parti démocratique avec 32 sièges. • 2007 : Le dollar canadien atteint la même valeur que • 2020 : La pandémie du COVID-19 frappe le monde, y celle du dollar américain. compris le Canada, qui adopte des mesures pour aider les familles et les entreprises; certaines provinces • 2008 : 40e élection générale fédérale au Canada, le 14 adoptent des mesures de santé pour freiner la octobre 2008. Le Parti conservateur de Stephen propagation de la maladie. Harper est ré-élu. • 2009 : Le Premier ministre Stephen Harper suspend les travaux du Parlement du 30 décembre 2009 au 3 mars 2010.

liv GUIDE PARLEMENTAIRE CANADIEN 2021 HISTORY OF CANADA

THE ROYAL BY PROCLAMATION OF KING IN 1921 The Royal Arms of Canada were established by proclamation of King George V on 21 November, 1921. On the ad- vice of the , Her Majesty the Queen approved, on 12 July, 1994, that the arms be aug- mented with a ribbon bearing the of the , DESIDERANTES MELIOREM PATRIAM - “They desire a better country.” This was developed by a special committee appointed by Order in Council and is substantially based on a version of the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom, featuring the historic arms of England and . To this were added the old arms of Royal France and the historic emblem of Ireland, the harp of Tara, thus hon- ouring many of the founding European peoples of mod- ern Canada. To mark these arms as Canadian, the three red maple leaves on a field of white were added. The , and the , above the , are also versions of elements of the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom, including the lion of England and of Scotland. The lion holds the and the unicorn, the banner of Royal France. The crowned lion holding the , which is the The Royal Crest of Canada, has, since 1981, also been the official symbol of the Governor General of Canada, the Sovereign’s representative. At the base of the Royal Arms are the floral emblems of the founding nations of Canada, the English Rose, the Scottish , the French Lily and the Irish . The motto - - “From sea to sea” - is an extract from the Latin version of verse 8 of the 72nd Psalm - “He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the river unto the ends of the earth.”

THE NATIONAL FLAG The National , otherwise known as the Canadian Flag, was approved by Parliament and proclaimed by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II to be in force as of February 15, 1965. It is described as a red flag of the proportions two by length and one by width, containing in its centre a white square the width of the flag, bearing a single red maple leaf. Red and white are the official colours of Canada, as approved by the proclamation of King George V appointing Arms for Canada in 1921. The Flag is flown on land at all federal government buildings, airports, and military bases within and outside Canada, and may ap- propriately be flown or displayed by indi- viduals and organizations. The Flag is the proper national colours for all Canadian ships and boats; and it is the flag flown on Canadian Naval vessels. The Flag is flown daily from sunrise to sunset. However, it is not contrary to eti- quette to have the Flag flying at night. No flag, banner or pennant should be flown or displayed above the Canadian Flag. flown together should be ap- proximately the same size and flown from separate staffs at the same height. When flown on a speaker's platform, it should be against the wall or on a flagpole on the left, from the audience's point of view. When used in the body of an auditorium, it should be to the right of the audience. When two or more than three flags are flown together, the Flag should be on the left as seen by spectators in front of the flags. When three flags are flown together, the Cana- dian Flag should occupy the central position. A complete set of rules for flying the Canadian Flag can be obtained from the Department of Canadian Heritage.

CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY GUIDE 2021 lv HISTOIRE DU CANADA

THE ROYAL UNION FLAG The Royal Union Flag, generally known as the Union Jack, was approved by Parliament on De- cember 18, 1964 for continued use in Canada as a symbol of Canada’s membership in the Com- monwealth of Nations and of her allegiance to the Crown. It will, where physical arrangements make it possible, be flown along with the Na- tional Flag at federal buildings, airports, and military bases and establishments within Canada on the date of the official observance of the Queen’s birthday, the Anniversary of the Statute of Westminster (December 11th), Common- wealth Day (second Monday in March), and on the occasions of Royal Visits and certain Com- monwealth gatherings in Canada.

QUEEN’S PERSONAL CANADIAN FLAG In 1962, Her Majesty The Queen adopted a per- sonal flag specifically for use in Canada. The de- sign comprises the Arms of Canada with The Queen’s own device in the centre. The device - the initial “E” surmounted by the St. Edward’s Crown within a chaplet of roses - is gold on a blue background. When the Queen is in Canada, this flag is flown, day and night, at any building in which She is in residence. Generally, the flag is also flown be- hind the saluting base when She conducts troop inspections, on all vehicles in which She travels, and on Her Majesty’s Canadian ships (HMCS) when the Queen is aboard.

FLAG OF THE GOVERNOR GENERAL The Governor General’s standard is a blue flag with the crest of the Arms of Canada in its cen- tre. A symbol of the Sovereignty of Canada, the crest is made of a gold lion passant imperially crowned, on a wreath of the official colours of Canada, holding in its right paw a red maple leaf. The standard was approved by Her Majesty The Queen on February 23, 1981. The Governor General’s personal standard flies whenever the incumbent is in residence, and takes precedence over all other flags in Canada, except The Queen’s.

CANADIAN ARMED FORCES BADGE The Badge was sanctioned by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in May 1967. The description is as follows: Within a wreath of ten stylized maple leaves Red, a cartouche medium Blue edge Gold, charged with a foul anchor Gold, surmounted by Crusader’s Swords in Saltire Silver and blue, pommelled and hilted Gold; and in front an eagle volant affront head to the sinister Gold, the whole ensigned with a Royal Crown proper. The Canadian Forces Badge replaces the badges of the Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Army, and the Royal Canadian Air Force. lvi GUIDE PARLEMENTAIRE CANADIEN 2021 HISTORY OF CANADA

ALBERTA The Arms of the Province of Alberta were granted by Royal Warrant on May 30, 1907. On July 30th, 1980, the Arms were augmented as follows: Crest: Upon a Helm with a Wreath and a couchant upholding on its back the Royal Crown both proper; Supporters: On the dexter side a Lion Or armed and langued Gules and on the sinis- ter side a Pronghorn Antelope (Antilocapra americana) proper; the comprising a grassy mount with the Floral Emblem of the said Province of Alberta the Wild Rose (Rosa acicularis) growing there- from proper; Motto: FORTIS ET LIBER (Strong and Free) to be borne and used together with the Arms upon Seals, Shields, Banners, Flags or oth- erwise according to the Laws of Arms. In 1958, the Government of Alberta authorized the design and use of an official flag. A flag bearing the Armorial Ensign on a royal ultra- marine blue background was adopted and the Flag Act proclaimed June 1st 1968. Propor- tions of the flag are two by length and one by width with the Armorial Ensign seven-elev- enths of the width of the flag carried in the centre. The flag may be used by citizens of the Province and others in a manner befitting its dignity and importance but no other banner or flag that includes the Armorial Ensign may be assumed or used. Floral Emblem: Wild Rose (Rosa Acicularis). Chosen in the Floral Emblem Act of 1930. Provincial Bird: Great horned owl (budo virginianus). Adopted May 3, 1977.

BRITISH COLUMBIA The shield of British Columbia was granted by Royal Warrant on March 31, 1906. On October 15th, 1987, the shield was augmented by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. The crest and supporters have become part of the provincial Arms through usage. The heraldic description is as follows: Crest: Upon a Helm with a Wreath Argent and Gules the Royal Crest of general purpose of Our Royal Predecessor Queen Victoria differenced for Us and Our Successors in right of British Columbia with the Lion thereof gar- landed about the neck with the Provincial Flower that is to say the Pacific Dogwood (Cornus nuttallii) with leaves all proper Mantled Gules doubled Argent; Supporters: On the dex- ter side a Wapiti Stag (Cervus canadensis) proper and on the sinister side a Bighorn Sheep Ram (Oviscanadensis) Argent armed and unguled Or; Compartment: Beneath the Shield a Scroll en- twined with Pacific Dogwood flowers slipped and leaved proper inscribed with the Motto as- signed by the said Warrant of Our Royal Prede- cessor King Edward VII that is to say SPLENDOR SINE OCCASU, (splendour with- out diminishment). The flag of British Columbia was authorized by an Order-in-Council of June 27, 1960. The Union Jack symbolizes the province’s origins as a British colony, and the crown at its centre represents the sovereign power linking the na- tions of the Commonwealth. The sun sets over the Pacific Ocean. The original design of the flag was located in 1960 by Hon. W.A.C. Bennett at the in London. Floral emblem: Pacific Dogwood (Cornus Nuttallii, Audubon). Adopted under the Floral Emblem Act, 1956. Provincial Bird: Steller’s jay. Adopted November 19, 1987.

CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY GUIDE 2021 lvii HISTOIRE DU CANADA

MANITOBA The Arms of the Province of Manitoba were granted by Royal Warrant on May 10, 1905, augmented by warrant of the Governor General on October 23, 1992. The description is as follows: above the familiar shield of 1905 is a helmet and ; above the helmet is the Crest, including the beaver holding a prairie crocus, the province’s floral emblem. On the beaver’s back is the royal crown. The left is a unicorn wearing a collar bearing a decorative frieze of ma- ple leaves, the collar representing Manitoba’s posi- tion as Canada’s “keystone” province. Hanging from the collar is a wheel of a Red River cart. The right supporter is a white horse, and its collar of bead and bone honours First Peoples. The support- ers and the shield rest on a compartment represent- ing the province’s rivers and lakes, grain fields and forests, composed of the provincial tree, the white spruce, and seven prairie crocuses. At the base is a Latin translation of the phrase “Glorious and Free.” The flag of the Province of Manitoba was adopted under The Provincial Flag Act, assented to May 11, 1965, and proclaimed into force on May 12, 1966. It incorporates parts of the Royal Armorial Ensigns, namely the Union and ; the badge in the fly of the flag is the shield of the arms of the province. Description: A flag of the proportions two by length and one by width with the Union Jack oc- cupying the upper quarter next the staff and with the shield of the armorial bearings of the prov- ince centered in the half farthest from the staff. Floral Emblem: Pasque Flower, known locally as Prairie Crocus (Anemone Patens). Adopted 1906. Provincial Bird: Great gray owl. Adopted July 16, 1987.

NEW BRUNSWICK The Arms of New Brunswick were granted by Royal Warrant on May 26, 1868. The motto SPEM REDUXIT (hope re- stored) was added by Order-in-Council in 1966. The description is as follows: The upper third of the shield is red and features a gold lion, symbolizing New Brunswick’s ties to Britain. The lion is also found in the arms of the Duchy of Brunswick in Germany, the ancestral home of King George III. The lower part of the shield displays an ancient galley with oars in action. It could be interpreted as a refer- ence to the importance of both shipbuilding and sea- faring to New Brunswick in those days. It is also based on the design of the province’s original great seal which featured a sailing ship on water. The shield is supported by two white-tailed deer wearing collars of Indian wampum. From one is suspended the Royal Union Flag (the Union Jack), from the other the fleur-de-lis to indicate the province’s British and French background. The crest consists of an At- lantic Salmon leaping from a of gold maple leaves and bearing St. Edward’s Crown on its back. The base, or compartment, is a grassy mound with fiddleheads as well as purple violets, the provincial floral emblem. The motto “Spem Reduxit” is taken from the first great seal of the province. The flag of New Brunswick, adopted by Proclamation on February 24, 1965, is based on the Arms of the province. The chief and occupy the upper one-third of the flag, and the remainder of the armorial bearings occupy the lower two-thirds. The proportion is four by length and two and one half by width. Floral Emblem: Purple Violet (Viola Cuculata). Adopted by Order-in-Council, December 1, 1936, at the request of the New Brunswick Women’s Institute. Provincial Bird: Black-capped chickadee. Adopted August 1983.

lviii GUIDE PARLEMENTAIRE CANADIEN 2021 HISTORY OF CANADA

NEWFOUNDLAND & LABRADOR The Arms of Newfoundland were granted by Royal Letters Patent dated January 1, 1637 by King Charles I. The he- raldic description is as follows: Gules, a Cross Argent, in the first and fourth quarters a Lion passant guardant crowned Or, in the second and third quarters an Unicorn passant Argent armed and crined Or, gorged with a Coronet and a Chain affixed thereto reflexed of the last. Crest: on a wreath Or and Gules a Moose passant proper. Supporters: two Savages of the clime armed and apparelled according to their guise when they go to war. The motto reads QUAERITE PRIMEREGNUM DEI (seek ye first the kingdom of God).

The official flag of Newfoundland, adopted in 1980, has primary colours of Red, Gold and Blue, against a White background. The Blue section on the left represents Newfoundland’s Common- wealth heritage and the Red and Gold section on the right represents the hopes for the future with the arrow pointing the way. The two triangles represent the mainland and island parts of the province.

Floral Emblem: Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia Purpurea). Adopted June 1954.

Provincial Bird: Atlantic puffin.

NORTHWEST TERRITORIES The Arms of the Northwest Territories were approved by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II on February 24, 1956. The crest consists of two gold narwhals guarding a compass rose, symbolic of the magnetic north pole. The white upper third of the shield represents the polar ice pack and is crossed by a wavy blue line portraying the Northwest Passage. The tree line is reflected by a diagonal line sepa- rating the red and green segments of the lower portion of the shield: the green symbolizing the forested areas south of the tree line, and the red standing for the barren lands north of it. The im- portant bases of northern wealth, minerals and fur, are represented by gold billets in the green portion and the mask of a white fox in the red.

The official flag of the Northwest Territories was adopted by the Territorial Council on January 1, 1969. Blue panels at either side of the flag repre- sent the lakes and waters of the Territories. The white centre panel, equal in width to the two blue panels combined, symbolizes the ice and snow of the North. In the centre of the white portion is the shield from the Arms of the Territories.

Floral Emblem: Mountain Avens (Dryas Integrifolia). Adopted by the Council on June 7, 1957.

Provincial Bird: Gyrfalcon. Adopted June 1990.

CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY GUIDE 2021 lix HISTOIRE DU CANADA

NOVASCOTIA The Arms of the Province of Nova Scotia were granted to the Royal Province in 1625 by King Charles I. The com- plete Armorial Achievement includes the Arms, surmounted by a royal helm with a blue and silver scroll or mantling representing the Royal cloak. Above is the crest of heraldic symbols: two joined hands, one armoured and the other bare, supporting a spray of laurel for peace and thistle for Scotland. On the left is the mythical royal unicorn and on the right a 17th century rep- resentation of the North American Indian. The motto reads MUNIT HAEC ET ALTERA VINCIT (one defends and the other conquers). Entwined with the thistle of Scotland at the base is the mayflower, added in 1929, as the floral em- blem of Nova Scotia. The flag of the Province of Nova Scotia is a blue St. Andrew’s Cross on a white field, with the mounted thereon. The width of the flag is three-quarters of the length. The flag was originally authorized by Charles I in 1625. In 1929, on petition of Nova Scotia, a Royal Warrant of King George V was issued, re- voking the modern Arms and ordering that the original Arms granted by Charles I be borne upon (seals) shields, banners, and otherwise according to the laws of Arms. Floral Emblem: Trailing Arbutus, also known as Mayflower (Epigaea Repens). Adopted April 1901. Provincial Bird: Osprey. Adopted Spring, 1994.

NUNAVUT The dominant colours blue and gold are the ones preferred by the Nunavut Implementation Commissioners to sym- bolize the riches of the land, sea and sky. Red is a reference to Canada. In the base of the shield, the inuksuk symbolizes the stone monuments which guide the people on the land and mark sacred and other special places. The qulliq, or Inuit stone lamp, represents light and the warmth of family and the community. Above, the concave arc of five gold circles refers to the life-giving properties of the sun arching above and below the horizon, the unique part of the Nunavut year. The star is the Niqirtsuituq, the North Star and the tradi- tional guide for navigation and more broadly, for- ever remains unchanged as the leadership of the elders in the community. In the crest, the iglu represents the traditional life of the people and the means of survival. It also symbolizes the assembled members of the Legis- lature meeting together for the good of Nunavut; with the Royal Crown symbolizing public gov- ernment for all the people of Nunavut and the equivalent status of Nunavut with other territo- ries and provinces in . The tuktu (caribou) and qilalugaq tugaalik (nar- whal) refer to land and sea animals which are part of the rich natural heritage of Nunavut and pro- vide sustenance for people. The compartment at the base is composed of land and sea and features three important species of Arctic wild flowers. Floral Emblem: Purple Saxifrage (Saxifraga oppositifolia). Adopted May 1, 2000.

lx GUIDE PARLEMENTAIRE CANADIEN 2021 HISTORY OF CANADA

ONTARIO The Arms of the Province of Ontario were granted by Royal Warrants on May 26, 1868 (shield), and February 27, 1909 (crest and supporters). The heraldic description is as follows: , a Sprig of three leaves of Maple slipped Or on a Chief Argent the Cross of St. George. Crest: upon a wreath Vert and Or a Bear passant Sable. The supporters are on the dexter side, a Moose, and on the sinister side a Cana- dian Deer, both proper. The motto reads: UT INCEPIT FIDELIS SIC PERMANET (loyal in the beginning, so it remained). The flag of the Province of Ontario was adopted under the Flag Act of May 21, 1965. It incorporates parts of the Royal Armorial En- signs, namely the Union and Red Ensign; the badge in the fly of the flag is the shield of the Arms of the province. The flag is of the propor- tions two by length and one by width, with the Union Jack occupying the upper quarter next the staff and the shield of the armorial hearings of the province centered in the half farthest from the staff. Floral Emblem: White Trillium (Trillium Grandiflorum). Adopted March 25, 1937. Provincial Bird: Common loon. Proposed, but not officially adopted.

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND The Arms of the Province of Prince Edward Island were granted by Royal Warrant, May 30, 1905. The heraldic de- scription is as follows: Argent on an Island Vert, to the sinister an Oak Tree fructed, to the dexter thereof three Oak saplings sprouting all proper, on a Chief Gules a Lion passant guardant Or. The motto reads: PARVASUB INGENTI (the small under the protection of the great). The flag of the Province of Prince Edward Is- land was authorized by an Act of the Legisla- tive Assembly, March 24, 1964. The design of the flag is that part of the Arms contained within the shield, but is of rectangular shape, with a fringe of alternating red and white. The chief and charge of the Arms occupies the up- per one-third of the flag, and the remainder of the Arms occupies the lower two-thirds. The proportions of the flag are six, four, and one-quarter in relation to the fly, the hoist, and the depth of the fringe. Floral Emblem: Lady’s Slipper (Cypripedium Acaule). Designated as the province’s floral emblem by the Legislative Assembly in 1947. A more precise botanical name was included in an amendment to the Floral Emblem Act in 1965. Provincial Bird: Blue Jay (cyanocitta cristata) was designated as avian emblem by the Pro- vincial Emblems Acts, May 13, 1977.

CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY GUIDE 2021 lxi HISTOIRE DU CANADA

QUÉBEC The Arms of the Province of Québec were granted by Queen Victoria, May 26, 1868, and revised by a Provincial Or- der-in-Council on December 9, 1939. The heraldic description is as follows: Tierced in fess: , three Fleurs-de-lis Or; Gules, a Lion passant guardant Or armed and langued Azure; Or, a Sugar Ma- ple sprig with three leaves Vert veined Or. Sur- mounted with the Royal Crown. Below the shield a scroll Argent, surrounded by a bordure Azure, inscribed with the motto JE ME SOUVIENS Azure. The official flag of the Province of Québec was adopted by a Provincial Order-in-Council of January 21, 1948. It is a white cross on a sky blue ground, with the fleur-de-lis in an upright position on the blue ground in each of the four quarters. The proportion is six units wide by four units deep. Floral Emblem: Iris Versicolor. Adopted No- vember 5, 1999. Provincial Bird: Snowy owl. Adopted Decem- ber 17, 1987.

SASKATCHEWAN The complete armorial bearings of the Province of Saskatchewan were granted by Royal Warrant on September 16, 1986, through augmentation of the original shield of arms granted by King Edward VII on August 25, 1906. The he- raldic description is as follows: Shield: Vert three Garbs in fesse Or, on a Chief of the last a Lion passant guardant Gules. Crest: Upon a Helm with a Wreath Argent and Gules a Beaver upholding with its back Our Royal Crown and holding in the dexter fore-claws a Western Red Lily (Lilium philadelphicumandinum) slipped all proper Mantled Gules doubled Argent. Sup- porters: On the dexter side a Lion Or gorged with a Collar of Prairie Indian beadwork proper and dependent therefrom a six-pointed Mullet faceted Argent fimbriated and garnished Or charged with a Maple Leaf Gules and on the sinister side a White tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) proper gorged with a like Collar and dependent therefrom a like Mullet charged with a Western Red Lily slipped and leaved proper. Motto: Beneath the Shield a Scroll en- twined with Western Red Lilies slipped and leaved proper inscribed with the motto MULTIS E GENTIBUS VIRES. The official flag was dedicated on September 22, 1969, and features the Arms of the province in the upper quarter nearest the staff, with the West- ern Red Lily, in the half farthest from the staff. The upper green portion represents forests, while the gold symbolizes prairie wheat fields. The ba- sic design was adopted from the prize-winning entry of Anthony Drake of Hodgeville from a province-wide flag design competition. Floral Emblem: Western Red Lily (Lilium philadelphicum var. andinum). Adopted April 8, 1941. Provincial Bird: Prairie sharp-tailed grouse. Adopted March 30, 1945.

lxii GUIDE PARLEMENTAIRE CANADIEN 2021 HISTORY OF CANADA

YUKON The Arms of the Yukon, granted by Queen Elizabeth II on February 24, 1956, have the following explanation: The wavy white and blue vertical stripe represents the Yukon River and refers also to the rivers and creeks where gold was discovered. The red spire-like forms represent the mountainous country, and the gold discs the mineral re- sources. The St. George’s Cross is in reference to the early explorers and fur traders from Great Britain, and the roundel in vair in the centre of the cross is a symbol for the fur trade. The crest displays a Malamute dog, an animal which has played an important part in the early history of the Yukon. The Yukon flag, designed by Lynn Lambert, a Haines Junction student, was adopted by Council in 1967. It is divided into thirds: green for forests, white for snow, and blue for water. The flag consists of three vertical panels, the centre panel being one and one-half times the width of each of the other two panels. The panel adjacent to the mast is coloured green, the centre panel is coloured white and has the Yukon Crest disposed above a symbolic repre- sentation of the floral emblem of the territory, epilobium angustifolium, (fireweed), and the panel on the fly is coloured blue. The stem and leaves of the floral emblem are coloured green, and the flowers thereof are coloured red. The Yukon Crest is coloured red and blue, with the Malamute dog coloured black. Floral Emblem: Fireweed (Epilobium Angustifolium). Adopted November 16, 1957. Provincial Bird: Common raven. Adopted October 28, 1985.

CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY GUIDE 2021 lxiii