Journal of the Institute of Civil Protection and Emergency Management

Twenty-Twenty Hindsight

Winter 2020 ICPEM // Alert // Winter 2020 ICPEM // Alert // Winter 2020 2 Technology

MEMBERSHIP NEW MEMBERS New members are always welcome. For a comprehensive range of membership options MATTERS please visit the website at www.theicpem.net [email protected]

Membership matters I addresses are correct. You can Subscriptions are the life-blood of the download an update form from the institute, are due annually on the 1st website under the membership tab. Contents January, and can be paid by: Standing Order Membership matters III IFC Membership Matters Direct Debit Details of current fees are provided on the ICPEM website: Cheque 1 Christmas message from the President Bank transfer www.theicpem.net 1 Christmas message from the Vice President The Institute also benefits from Gift Events Aid when you sign up for it, and all If you are holding an event that other 2 Christmas message from the Chair the relevant forms are available for members of the Institute might be download from the website. able to assist with or attend, such 3 Editorial as exercises, and seminars, please let 4 Events Whatever arrangements you have the Managing Editor of Alert and the Webmaster know and they can made for your subscriptions, can you 5 About the authors please ensure that they are in place, be advised. The ‘public’ view of the active and have valid details. Some website includes a calendar of events 8 Food for thought subscriptions from the start of the across the spectrum of interests, so year remain outstanding, so could you we would like to have information 12 Understanding a cyber attack please check? If you have any queries on anything that you think might about arrangements for payment, please be relevant. 15 The downing of Air India flight 182 contact the Treasurer, Paul Collard on [email protected]. What else do you do? 21 Covid-19 and people with disabilities Members come from many different 24 Gender leadership Membership matters II and interesting backgrounds and take The Membership Secretary makes part in many interesting activities. 29 What can leaders facing a crisis learn a special plea for members to keep We would like to reflect these their contact details and preferences activities and achievements in Alert 35 MV Rhosus & the Beirut explosion disaster up to date. We make every effort in order to show the ‘human’ side to keep records accurate, to ensure of its membership. So, if you have The factors affecting prehospital care that members receive all relevant something unusual or interesting that 39 incident commanders, a major incident study communications. you get up to let the Managing Editor know, with some photos if you have 42 UK alert cell broadcasting Email and the website will be the them, and we will publish them in main means of getting information forthcoming editions. 44 Far right terrorism to members, so it is vital that email 47 Book review

49 The one-legged volunteer Published by CONTACT ICPEM Membership enquiries: BC Mission, vision and values The Institute of Civil Protection [email protected] and Emergency Management. Media enquiries: Registered Charity No. 1127226 [email protected] Alert enquiries: Editor [email protected] London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom. Dave Dowling WebMaster enquiries: [email protected] The Institute of Civil Protection and Emergency Graphic Design Management does not accept responsibility for, or Wayne Freeman, 07916188788 Address: necessarily acquiesce in, any statement made in articles [email protected] Institute of Civil Protection and Emergency Management, or communications from correspondents; publication c/o Prof. David E. Alexander, Institute for Risk and Disaster does not entitle the author of any contribution or Website: www.theicpem.net Reduction, Second Floor, South Wing, University College photograph to a fee unless previously arranged. ICPEM // Alert // Winter 2020 1 Foreword Our President’s Christmas Message

t’s been a really difficult year for everyone – I feel it is fair to say that the work of civil and that’s putting it mildly. However, it has protection and emergency management is one that Ialso been a very important time for ICPEM is constantly changing largely due to the evidence - with emergencies around each corner. I am both of what works (or, importantly, what doesn’t work) delighted and proud to know that, despite all the which is why I am so enthusiastic about proper obstacles, ICPEM has maintained its activities. monitoring. The task then is to disseminate that information and persuade organisations, sometimes Given I am new to the organisation and resistant to change, to take on new practices. communications have not been as easy as we would have liked – notably for example So, let me take this opportunity to first and having to cancel the Annual General Meeting foremost thank all of you who have continued the at which I had hoped to meet all of you, as work of ICPEM and to wish you and your families well as the planned conference – I am pleased and very restful and restorative holiday season. that the task of reshaping the organisation has continued as has the submission of evidence Best wishes, to parliamentary committees and enquiries. Frances D’Souza Rt Hon. Baroness Frances D’Souza CMG

Message from the Vice President

ear Members, the selection of members of the new Executive revamped Executive Council is working hard to As I write, we are drawing to the close Council. I am delighted at the outcome and very arrange new activities for the benefit of members. Dof an extraordinary year. It has been happy to serve under the capable chairpersonship marked by exceptional challenges for us all of Sarah Schubert. Special thanks also to Dave As 2021 nears, we all fervently hope that the and major changes in our lives. Covid-19 is a Dowling for compiling and editing Alert and present annus horribilis will not be repeated major tragedy. I have been studying disasters Tony Moore for his energetic work to run, with all its tragic consequences and profound for exactly 40 years and at times this year support and promote special interest groups. disruptions. Whatever ‘normal life’ is like after the has felt like a replay, with those decades of pandemic, we look forward to gradually renewing experience suddenly compressed into only ten Covid-19 is, of course, very much within the our sense of fellowship and conviviality. We look months. We all struggle to cope, professionally Institute’s purview. Like many organisations, we forward to resuming those activities that we have and personally. We all worry about the future have had to follow through the arduous process had to forsake. Most pertinently, we look forward and lament the state of the world at present. of adjusting to the pandemic, moreover at the to using the expertise we have gained during this same time as we have endeavoured to respond to long-drawn-out, profound emergency to make ICPEM started the year in a most difficult it as an organisation. So much of what a learned life safer for all in the future. In the meantime, position. Our normal mechanism of renewing and professional society does is dependent on I wish you a festive season marked by hope, and reconfirming our Executive Council was social contact, and particularly on meeting optimism and–of disrupted, as we were unable to hold a proper together in person. While this has been off the course--safety! Annual General Meeting and had to reorganise cards, we have done our best to use electronic elections to the various posts. The Trustees communication in substitution. Members can Best wishes, of ICPEM got together and kept the institute rest assured that ICPEM is alive and kicking. We David Alexander running over the summer while intensively are a small institute, but we have played a role in preparing to relaunch the Executive Council via providing advice, commentary and background elections and an extraordinary general meeting material on the evolving disaster where such in the Autumn. I am most grateful to my fellow things were needed. We stand ready to continue Professor David E. Alexander trustees for their hard work on this process, supporting our members in their activity, and the PhD FRGS FGS FRSA FICPEM FISRM and to all ICPEM members who participated in 2 Our Vice President’s Christmas Message

I do hope that you have enjoyed and ear Members, I hope that you and your Professor David Alexander continues benefited from reading the various families are well and continue to stay to advise at various select and publications that ICPEM has produced. safe. It seems that it was far longer ago parliamentary committees and in D The Special Interest Group (SIG) newsletters have than October that I was privileged to take on the early December will be providing provided excellent, and informative insight Chair role for ICPEM; the days seem strangely long evidence to the Risk Assessment into areas that we might not normally have but short at the same time. Times continue to be and Risk Planning Committee. challenging, with lockdowns to various degrees a window into. I’d like to especially thank accompanied by complex and changing rules. Improving ICPEM Tony Moore for his work co-ordinating for our members these to ensure that the information Increasing our sphere of benefit is shared across the Institute so that we all can learn and benefit. influence In the Thank you also to those chairing the groups: The new Executive Council and I are driving ICPEM’s background the team and I have been working • Historical SIG – Pete Davies future as a learned society, to influence the future of on establishing strong foundations for the • International SIG – CJ Manjarres-Wahlberg civil protection and emergency management. Since Institute amongst other things putting in place • Blue Light SIG – Professor Paresh Wankhade the Summer edition of Alert we have submitted policies and procedures, and moving forward with evidence to two parliamentary committees on the UK the development of a new, improved website Please do consider getting involved in existing Government’s Coronavirus response. The first discussed which will provide a place for members to learn, SIGs, and if there isn’t one for your area of interest the new legislation instead of the use of the existing collaborate and share knowledge. We hope – let’s set one up! Civil Contingencies Act. The most recent, written by this will be in place early in the New Year. Tony Thompson continues health emergency experts, Dr Ken Hines, Dr Karen Our wider team continue to be dedicated to to diligently keep us Reddin, and Gordon MacDonald, was submitted at ICPEM’s mission. All those involved in running informed of updates and the end of November to the Joint Inquiry held by the Institute do so on a voluntary basis and whilst changes to the UK’s Covid the Health and Social Care Committee and Science I may not name you, I am truly appreciative response and guidance and Technology Committee. It addressed lessons of your commitment to our mission. to be learned from the response to the Coronavirus Sarah Schubert shared on a weekly basis. MSc MICPEM M.ISRM AMBCI pandemic so far and set out a list of recommendations.

CALLING ALL UNIVERSITIES

niting Academics with Professionals to Promote Excellence in Civil Protection U and Emergency Management Calling all universities offering programmes in civil protection and emergency management. One of the principal aims of the Institute is to ‘unite Academics with Professionals to Promote Excellence in Civil Protection and Emergency Management’. To assist in the achievement of this aim, the Institute is compiling a list of universities that run degree programmes (undergraduate or post-graduate) or diplomas in civil protection and/or emergency management, including terrorism/counter-terrorism. Do you run such a programme at your university? If so, please send details of the programme(s) you offer to Academic Director at [email protected]. ICPEM // Alert // Winter 2020 3 EDITORIAL

by Dave Dowling

This edition of Alert, with interactive links, has a truly international feel with diverse articles on events from different parts of the globe, written by Members located in Italy, Australia, Turkey, Thailand, central Europe, the UK and more.

yber security continues to be a society continues to suffer in so many ways write their account of recent and historical significant risk for everyone and it and probably will. But what about those who events, provide an update on a topical Cwould be remiss not to review your have been disadvantaged by their disabilities issue or share a personal experience. situation with the advice shared to help keep where restrictions have been particularly you safe, it’s not a case of ‘if’, but ‘when’ as challenging. The health service has been The Institute business will be reported in the it is with so many potential threats. Terrorism challenged beyond all expectations and the newsletter, Communique, or on the Website also continues to be on the risk radar, but the staff have continued to put themselves in with the deliberate intention of keeping Alert actors are not always obvious and appear to harm’s way to look after very sick, contagious as the academic publication for ICPEM. take advantage of opportunities, especially patients. Pre-hospital care has also been when we are distracted by other significant stretched where ambulance crews have A new item entitled “Food for Thought” events. Far-right terrorism is discussed and been presented with difficult situations and is introduced to share summaries of new the issues relating to how many actors hold decisions. A recent study explains how a thinking, updates, examples of good practice positions of authority in the fabric of society system of support for the pre-commander and constructive opinions. The aim is to designed to keep social order. The shocking arrival stage at an incident has established engage a wider audience and encourage explosion in Beirut wasn’t a surprise for those arrangements where ambulance control those who have something valuable to offer, who had repeatedly reported the potential room staff can support their colleagues but are reluctant to prepare a lengthy article. hazard and it is interesting to learn of the with decisions at the incident scene. One The concept of ICPEM being a ‘think-tank’ shipping loopholes that brought the ship perspective on the effective response to will be enhanced with the potential to keep to its final location. A series of significant the Covid-19 pandemic by many nations is ‘pracademics’ informed of the latest thinking. events have challenged Turkey during 2020 suggested to be due to the female leaders from earthquakes to floods, whilst managing and the special qualities they brought to the There are three active Special Interest Groups a pandemic and although they had learnt situation. Effective leadership is essential (SIGs) that provide valuable information from the past, the combined effects of to manage significant events and the on International Matters, Emergency simultaneous incidents were not anticipated. relevant transferrable skills are compared Services and Historical events. The 35th with an experienced football manager. anniversary of the downing of Air India The term “hindsight is 2020” refers to flight 182 reminds us of the predictable making choices that seemed difficult in There is one personal story where one of failures in security systems and is a good the past now seem clear after the person our Members takes the time to describe his reminder to reflect on what is in place now. knows what happened as a result of those remarkable journey. Not only did he leave choices. This expression comes from the his home to start a new life in another part Take care, stay safe and thank you way people describe good vision. A person of the world, but he develops a volunteering for reading this edition of Alert. with normal, good vision has 20/20 sight. role to deliver a full education programme Your feedback is appreciated. Hindsight is an understanding of a past to disadvantaged young people. I have event. The exact origin is unclear, but it likely included the charity website links at the end Dave Dowling, began sometime around the mid-1900s. of the article for those who are interested MEd BSc(Hons) MICPEM and would like to contribute in some way. Managing Editor of Alert – academic A book review explains the two fundamental publication of ICPEM approaches to emergency powers during Who knows what will occur in the next Email: [email protected] a pandemic. Covid-19 is still with us and six months, but I am grateful to the although a vaccine is promised imminently, Members who have taken the time to 4 EVENTS 2021

Flood and Coast

Wed 3rd February (1 day) Wed 14th April (1 day) • Environment Agency • Environment Agency • Online event • Online event • www.floodandcoast.com/registration/ • www.floodandcoast.com/registration/

Tue 29th June – Thu 1st July (3 days) • Environment Agency • In-person event • International Conference Centre • www.floodandcoast.com/registration/

Home Office Security and Policing

Tue 9th -Thu 11th March (3 days) • Home Office • Online event • www.securityandpolicing.co.uk

Counter Terror Expo (CTX) and Ambition

Tue 18th – Wed 20th May (3 days) • Home Office • Online event • London Excel • www.ctexpo.co.uk/visitor-information

Have you paid your membership fees for 2020? Without them the Institute cannot function. MEMBERSHIP If you are in doubt as to whether you have paid, FEES please check with Membership Secretary, Mal Parker. DUE: 1 JAN 2021 A reminder that your membership fee for 2021 is due on Membership Secretary, Mal Parker: the 1 January 2021. If you have any queries regarding your [email protected] membership, please get in touch with Mal Parker. ICPEM // Alert // Winter 2020 5 ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Professor David E. Alexander practitioners and government agencies related to the field of PhD FRGS FGS FRSA FICPEM FISRM emergency management, disaster risk reduction, disaster risk management and policy development. Field experience includes; Van David is Professor of Risk and Earthquakes 2011, May 2014 Soma Mine Fire, Syrian Refugee Camps Disaster Reduction at University 2015, Giresun Flood 2020 and the Izmir Earthquake 2020. Positions College London (UCL). He graduated include: Academic Director of the ICPEM November 2019-current, in geography at the London School Associate Professor of Statistics METU September 2020-current, of Economics and obtained his PhD Course Director MSc Disaster Management and Resilience Coventry in Mediterranean geomorphology University August 2019-August 2020. Senior Fellow of the Higher from UCL. From 1982 until 2002 he taught geomorphology, Education Academy (SFHEA) October 2019-current and Editorial physical geography, natural hazards and disaster studies at the Board Member of the journal ‘Disasters’ February 2020-current. University of Massachusetts - Amherst (USA). Over the period 2003-7 he was Scientific Director of the Advanced School of Civil Protection of the regional government of Lombardy. As a Mark Brett Professor the University of Florence (2005-11) he was a leading MRes CMgr CITP FBCS FCIM FICPEM member of the team that designed, launched and taught Italy’s MCISP MSyI MEPS first Master of Civil Protection course. Alexander is Visiting

Professor at the Universities of Bournemouth and Northumbria Mark Brett is a Chartered Manager and (UK), Coimbra (Portugal) and Lund (Sweden) and Research Fellow Chartered IT Professional and an NCSC at the Global Risk Forum in Davos, Switzerland. Alexander’s book Certified Lead Security and Information Natural Disasters was published in London and New York in 1993 Risk Advisor (CCP Lead SIRA), having and has frequently been reprinted. His subsequent books include an outstanding track record as a senior Confronting Catastrophe (2000), Principles of Emergency Planning manager and consultant in local and central government. Mark and Management (2002), Recovery from Disaster (with Ian Davis, worked for three years with the PSN Programme in GDS as Lead 2015) and How to Write an Emergency Plan (2016). IA Advisor and PSN SOC/Security Manager then two years as Lead Security Analyst in MOJ Digital. Mark has just completed two years He is Vice-President and Chairman of the Trustees of the and a half years in MHCLG as interim CISO and Cyber Advisor to the Institute of Civil Protection and Emergency Management, National Cyber Security &n Resilience Programme (Local). Mark was which is the oldest learned society in the field of disaster the national technical advisor to the Programme, having developed reduction. In 2013 Alexander won the Distinguished Research a number of the Cyber Resilience Exercises that were run nationally Award of the International Society for Integrated Disaster Risk with the LRFs as part of the Pathfinder programme. Mark worked with Management (IDRiM). the Resilience and Emergencies Directorate (RED) helping orientate  He can be contacted at [email protected]. and train their Cyber Advisors, when the team was stood up.  www.emergency-planning.blogspot.com Mark is currently leading the Welsh Government Cyber Programme Resilience Programme for Local Government in Wales, having Burcak Basbug designed and implemented a Cyber Response fusion cell and Cyber PhD MSc BSc MICPEM Response capability for Local Authorities in Wales. Mark is also the Programme Director for the Cyber Technical Advisory Group, With over 21 years of international leading the core team supporting C-TAG. Mark is currently a member experience in disaster risk of the IASME Advisory Board (Pro-Bono), working on the next management, disaster risk reduction, version of the IASME standard and is Pro Bono Cyber Advisor to the disaster risk financing, insurance, Local CIO Council. resilience, disaster and development, policy development, emergency Mark is an Honorary Fellow in Cyber Security at London Metropolitan management, humanitarian crisis, statistical analysis. Expert University and at De Montfort University. Mark lectures at Warwick on policy development in disaster risk reduction, disaster risk University, delivering the MSc Cyber Threat Intelligence and management, resilience, accountability, financial management Incident Response modules. Mark has completed a Doctoral Training strategies for disaster losses, the Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Programme at De Montfort. Pool, catastrophe insurance and disaster risk management  He can be contacted at [email protected] education. With a wide professional network of public and  private organisations, NGOs, academic and technical institutions, www.londonmet.ac.uk 6 ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Peter Davis to practice as a clinician as much as he can. He has been involved MStJ, MSc(Dist), BEng(Hons), in several different leadership roles within the Trust since 2013 at an operational and tactical level. He operates as one of the Trust’s FICPEM, FEPS, MIFireE tactical commanders and has attended a number of large scale

and complex incidents during his time as a commander, including Pete Davis is currently the planning and managing the 2018 Tour De Yorkshire Event. He has Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of undertaken a wide variety of leadership training and was awarded Constabulary and Fire and Rescue his MSc in Health and Social Care Leadership at Sheffield Hallam Services (HMICFRS) Service Liaison University in early 2020, which builds on the BSc already obtained in Officer for Avon Fire & Rescue this field. Since 2003 he has also volunteered with St John Ambulance Service and has previously worked within local authorities, the and has undertaken a number of management roles over this period NHS and ambulance service. He joined the fire and rescue service at both local and regional level and has also undertaken the role of in 2004 to head up the implementation of the Civil Contingencies a Strategic Commander on behalf of St. John. Dwain is also a serving Act 2004 and has since developed Avon’s National Inter-Agency Town Councillor, and in October 2020 will be beginning his PhD in Liaison Officer (NILO) scheme and co-ordinated the south west Health Service Leadership with the Open University. NILO cadre. He is a Founding Fellow of the Institute of Civil Protection and Emergency Management and Chair of the Historical Special Interest Group. Lina Kolesnikova  Pete may be contacted at [email protected] or on MSc FICPEM  0117 926 2061 Based in Brussels, Lina provides consultancy in the areas of security, Ken Hyde risk and crisis management to a FICPEM number of organisations within both the public and private sectors. A career teacher with 40 years of She is a member of the Advisory experience in education. He travelled Board of both the Crisis Response Journal and a member of from the UK to Thailand soon after the International Advisory Committee for the CBRNE-Terrorism the 2004 tsunami and began working newsletter. She is the author of more than one hundred articles with the Tsunami Volunteer Centre on a wide range of issues arising from recent events on the global (TVC) to support the local education scene. She is a frequent speaker and moderator at international programme. Ken went on to lead conferences. She holds an MSc degree in Risk, Crisis and the English teaching operation and Disaster Management from the University of Leicester, and is a subsequently created the charity Volunteer Teaching in Thailand graduate of the American Military University in both Logistics (VTT) when the TVC successfully concluded their work. Management and Terrorism Studies. She holds a post-graduate diploma in International and European Relations from the University of Amsterdam. Dwain Longley MStJ MICPEM Tony Moore MPhil FICPEM A published author on Major Incident and Clinical Decontamination, A former soldier and police Dwain Longley is a locality manager officer, after gaining a Master of (paramedic) for the Yorkshire Philosophy degree at the University Ambulance Service, with a of Southampton, Tony became specialist interest in major incident a pseudo-academic at Cranfield management, incident command and specialist operations. He is University (Shrivenham campus). currently seconded into the NHS Trusts Command and Resilience During the next almost twenty years, Education Team as an associate educator and has been delivering he was at various times, director of the international disaster courses related to resilience, command, and speciality command management course; academic director for the Masters’ degree in to a variety of commanders within his Trust since October 2019. Disaster Management; leader of the British Government’s counter- He has been a registered paramedic since 2010 and continues terrorist crisis management programme in four overseas countries; ICPEM // Alert // Winter 2020 7 ABOUT THE AUTHORS

and from 2003 to 2009, Associate Director of the Resilience qualitative perspective and has a particular interest in delving into the Centre. During this time, he regularly gave presentations on qualitative detail behind experience and data through investigative tactical decision-making under stress (TADMUS) to multi-agency research which was applied in her role working in Thought Leadership groups and has spoken at a number of international conferences for resilience. In addition to her working roles, she delivers lectures about Leadership in Crisis Situations. He is the Co-editor of on emergency management and business continuity to university 3 editions of Tolley’s Handbook of Disaster and Emergency students and professionals from other sectors to develop awareness Management published in 2002, 2003 and 2006; and the author and enable career development for all. of Disaster and Emergency Management Systems, published by the British Standards Institution in 2008. A former Co-Chair and Vice President of the Institute of Civil Protection and Emergency Management. Tony was one of the two Founding Co-Chairs of the CJ Manjarres-Wahlberg Institute and a former Vice President, a post he held for four years. FICPEM FILM FCLP SSIRSM MRIM He is now President Emeritus. AMIMarEST COHSProf

Calvin Jordan (CJ) is the Chair of the ICPEM International Special Interest Catherine Thomas Group. He served a combined 11 MSc BSC MICPEM MBCI year’s active and reserve service in H.M. Royal Australian Navy DipHEP APMG aboard three major fleet units with his final two years in a joint Catherine comes from a resilience defence environment with the Army Reserve. He is currently an background in central and local advisor on the University of Wollongong OHS Master’s degree government with a particular focus Industry Reference Group Panel and as a board member of in public health and community the Sea Heritage Trust which manages the MV Cape Don & incident response and project Commonwealth Lighthouse Service Museum. A passionate safety management of resilience capabilities. She holds a Masters degree and risk professional he has worked on a variety of challenging in Forensic Investigation from Cranfield University and a BSc in projects in the offshore, maritime, petrochemical, construction Forensic Investigation from Canterbury Christ Church University. and remote mining sectors within Australia, Papua New Guinea, She has a background in research from an analytical and Malaysia and Singapore. In February 2021 he will commence an Executive Doctorate in Business Administration (EDBA) with SSBM in Geneva Switzerland.

HAZARD DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION REVIEW

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (‘the Sendai Framework’) was one of three landmark agreements adopted by the United Nations in 2015. The other two being the Sustainable Development Goals of Agenda 2030 and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. The UNDRR/ ISC Sendai Hazard Definition and Classification Review Technical Report supports all three by providing a common set of hazard definitions for monitoring and reviewing implementation which calls for “a data revolution, rigorous accountability mechanisms and renewed global partnerships”.

Read more online: https://bit.ly/371lUNj 8 FOOD FOR THOUGHT

This new item aims to introduce short summaries of topical items to raise awareness, explore a view or share examples of good practice. The text can be supported by links to full papers, more information or websites that support the text. Contributions are invited from anyone who has something to share on a topic that relates to civil protection and emergency management across the world. This first edition is led by Dwain Longley and Dave Dowling keeps the ball rolling until the next edition of Alert where we look forward to your contribution!

WHEN INTRODUCING CONTROL MEASURES FIRE SAFETY – ‘STAY PUT’ EVACUATION DURING A PANDEMIC, SHOULD COMMUNITY STRATEGY FOR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS LEADERS BE ENGAGED? by Dave Dowling by Dwain Longley – the views in this item are the authors own According to an article by Inside Housing, the ‘stay put’ policy was Academics within the field of leadership suggest the importance established in 1962 as an alternative evacuation strategy for buildings of the formal and informal leadership within organisations and above a specific height in the event of a fire. The strategy has been communities (1, 2), this concept is particularly important when deemed effective for many years and even when a number of fatal managing change (3), especially when dealing with the general incidents, before the Grenfell Tower fire, challenged the fire service public. As a nation we are in the midst of managing the response to reconsider the operational tactics for such situations. One of the to a global pandemic where the guidance and recommended original drivers for the ‘stay put’ strategy was to compensate for practice for the public changes at a rapid pace. What all responding structures that were built above six floors with only one staircase organisations and government agencies have to do in response – typical of many tower blocks built in the 1960s where a lift to to the pandemic is to implement a process of national change all floors was included in the same vertical shaft as the staircase. management. As with any aspect of change management is one The original intention of the fire safety design and management of the key aspects of success is to have participant buy-in, the use concept has been developed (stretched) overtime as the height, of those formal and informal leadership roles is one way that this size and occupancy of a structure has increases - supported by fire can be achieved (4). The community leaders would fall under the engineered solutions including advances in materials, structure informal leadership category but their role is critical to obtaining design with a combination of fire safety passive and reactive systems, the buy-in from the wider community that they lead. Whether this supported by good management arrangements. The findings from is the local housing authority, local religious leaders or even a person the Grenfell Tower fire, despite many fatal warnings before this of interest, they may not have a formal role in the response to the tragic incident, will now require the evacuation strategies for high pandemic but are able to influence their community more than rise buildings to include plans if the ‘stay put’ strategy is not a any government or local authority minister could ever achieve. viable option in the circumstances – this will present significant challenges for some of the most complex structures in the built References environment. More information can be found on the Inside Housing 1. Crawford Dr M (2014) Developing as an educational leader Web page (insidehousing.co.uk) and by following the link below. and manager, 1st edition, London, Sage Publications Ltd, 2. Hewitt-Taylor J (2013) Planning successful change https://www.insidehousing.co.uk/insight/insight/where-did-the- incorporating processes and people [online] Nursing Standard, stay-put-policy-come-from-and-where-do-we-go-now-63957 Volume 27 (38) Pages 35-40, Article from ProQuest 3. Bowers, B (2011) Managing change by empowering It is important to note that the competent authority responsible staff [Online] Nursing Times, Volume 107 (32/33) for enforcing fire precautions will not be the same body that Page 19 - 21, Article from ProQuest developed the control measures, including the evacuation 4. Johnson D Hazard W (2013) Understanding a new model of leadership, Journal of Paramedic Practice, strategies. This means that fire and rescue service personnel must Volume 5 (12) pages 686-690 Printed in London be required to have a wide range of technical knowledge to fully understand all legislation and guidance with the various intricacies when different requirements appear to overlap - the situation is no different to the police enforcing many different laws. ICPEM // Alert // Winter 2020 9

FOOD FOR THOUGHT CONTINUED

FIREFIGHTER SAFETY – IT’S NOT JUST ABOUT RULES ARE FOR FOOLS ‘JETS AND SETS’ by Dave Dowling by Dave Dowling

If you ask a Firefighter where the majority of their customers More precisely, rules are for the fools and nothing has been more perish, they will answer ‘road traffic collisions’, but if you ask obvious during the Covid-19 Pandemic, but do we really understand them where the majority of Firefighters perish, they will answer why people don’t follow the rules? The emergency services and inside structure fires. A number of organisations are committed other response organisations across the public, private, voluntary to improving Firefighter safety, particularly where they perish and military sectors are well disciplined to comply with directives in structural fires. Firefighters are provided with excellent, state and instructions to ensure personal, colleague and public safety. It is of the art respiratory and personal protective equipment, fire interesting to note that some of the most senior UK police officers fighting equipment along with training in operational tactics to with the responsibility for enforcing the Covid-19 restrictions have control and extinguish structural fires – influenced by advances had difficulty explaining the rules for different situations and also in technology, new science and international experiences. One of suggested they can be confusing. Therefore it would seem not the intrinsic pieces in the jigsaw for Firefighter safety is technical unreasonable to expect members of the public, potentially with fire safety and this is where the performance of a building in a fire a less disciplined disposition and a different perception of risk, to not follow the rules – is this the consequence of a liberal society situation is understood and the failure of a fire safety strategy is where we see people becoming more focussed on themselves obvious – also, the Firefighter understands how the application and being used to doing what they want? People (the public) are of operational tactics will impact on the fire safety strategy of influenced by the actions of others and the impact of national the building involved in fire. Unfortunately for many Firefighters, leaders and high profile sports people, apparently, flouting the technical fire safety is literally considered boring and many senior rules cannot be underestimated – this makes the role of the police fire officers, who have not served in technical fire safety during harder and potentially increases the risk they are exposed to when their rise to a senior position, will claim they have got by without only the available few are deployed to disperse a large group of the knowledge – almost proud they avoided the need to serve people ignoring the Covid-19 rules. There is always a knock on in the technical role. However, unless you have been there, you effect of our actions and in this current climate, the more positive cannot really appreciate the value of how technical fire safety messages and examples of acceptable behaviour, the better. What compliments the operational role. The real challenge for those are the consequences of setting unpopular rules? Many of you keen to improve Firefighter safety is to explore how to engage may be familiar with the bans on smoking in workplaces that operational personnel so that they recognise the value of technical resulted in workers smoking in discreet locations, out of sight that fire safety and how it can complement operational tactics. There resulted in severe fires causing significant losses to businesses has been a marked decline over recent years in the number of – eventually, appropriate guidance was introduced along with Firefighters taking fire safety qualifications, even as part the dedicated locations for workers to smoke safely and this reduced service / organisation development and promotion policy. Technical the problem. A solution may be to work through the various fire safety should not be considered a ‘science’ for the elite – it interpretations and consequences of a set of rules being prepared may be time to rethink what can be achieved and who can benefit for the public, as many emergency planning professionals would (building occupants and responders), developing operational when preparing response plans. The instructions to follow would focussed fire safety qualifications and incident management be developed to ensure they are clear and unambiguous with as training where scenarios present clear indicators of failing fire few rules as possible – the police counter-terrorism campaigns are, safety strategies. The learning will inform the development of one of many, good examples. Emergency planning professionals operation tactics when information is collated during risk visits are required to engage their stakeholders when preparing response to comply with Section 7.2.d of the Fire and Rescue Services Act. plans to ensure the output can be achieved and will be effective – in the case of Covid-19, this will include community leaders and representatives from various social groups in society and particularly different faiths to ensure equality and fairness when 10

FOOD FOR THOUGHT CONTINUED

imposing restrictions. Another valuable trick, often overlooked, is areas of society and acknowledges that practitioners are part of to engage an independent marketing company to help develop the solution. The fire and rescue service is one of the competent simple, effective messages for the target audience, drawing on authorities enforcing the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order many years of experience with access to behaviour databases and 2005 since 2006 where the responsibility for establishing suitable applying proven concepts to influence desired outcomes. An elderly and sufficient fire safety arrangements have become the duty of lady shielding from the effects of Covid-19 recently expressed the Responsible Person within an organisation. Since this change, an her frustration and sadness that the precious time she has left is inconsistency has evolved across the national landscape where some being wasted sat at home when younger people, with their life fire and rescue services have reduced, or even withdrawn, their fire ahead of them, flout the rules not considering the impact of their protection capability – for a number of reasons - this approach has actions on other, vulnerable, people! As inferred by Dr Farnaz caused a number of more vulnerable areas to fall off the radar. Fire Arefian in the recent edition of the International Special Interest prevention is one of the primary objectives in the fire and rescue Group (SIG) newsletter, restrictions not only affect the economy, service to help keep vulnerable people safe through community but also the physical and mental wellbeing of people. An article safety strategies and initiatives – working in partnership with others by Philip Celander in the same SIG newsletter explains not only to promote a safer community. As the number of enforcing resources how Sweden managed the response to Covid-19, but also why in the fire and rescue service are continually affected by austerity they could not introduce similar restrictions as other countries. and other organisation demands, it may be helpful to learn from the experiences of the health and safety community and join efforts with the practitioners to recognise the principle of ‘safety in numbers’. SAFETY IN NUMBERS – EXAMPLE OF GOOD PRACTICE THAT COULD BE APPLIED TO FIRE PRECAUTIONS COMMUNITY SUPPORT by Dave Dowling by Dave Dowling

There are many constraints that prevent the competent authority The Manchester bombing was reliant on members of the public from ensuring all responsible people and organisations are doing attending the event providing immediate support to those affected everything reasonably practicable to keep people safe. Through by the explosion. Society in all areas of the world is blessed with professional bodies and other forums, the community of health members of the public who have a vast array of skills that can be and safety professionals have established a mature relationship applied to the scene of an emergency that unfolds right in-front between representatives from the competent authority, practitioners, of them – this quality is not unique to any one country of culture, suppliers and customers (on behalf of the Responsible Person) to but only a few tap into the valuable resource and prepare their develop a common understanding of standards and performance. The communities to provide structured support in such situations – an relationship recognises and respects each-others role in the sector opportunity missed for many that could help build a more resilient where constructive debate, challenge and research, is encouraged society. Many thousands of people answered the call of the UK into the various disciplines to help promote a safer community. All government to volunteer at the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, participants are clear on the rules of informal engagement and that but many thousands were never contacted nor utilised during the it will change for a participating organisation if a serious incident lockdown. The vast array of diverse skills and experience could not be occurs where they may be suspected of being at fault. One of the coordinated to direct skills and knowledge to help develop support advantages of the health and safety community is that practitioners or contingency plans for organisations in need of support. One move in and out of the competent authority keeping the organisation volunteer explained to me that she was only contacted to confirm in-touch with the reality of health and safety practice in society. her ongoing availability at the end the first lockdown where she had The competent authorities are continually engaged with inspecting to decline due to returning to work – the lady works in a barbers and highly regulated industries / organisations and investigating accidents recounted the number of single and elderly customers who recounted where enforcement is the likely outcome – all this occupies a their own lonely experiences when they visited for a haircut. The finite resource in the public sector. It is clear that the competent authority does not have the resources to ensure compliance in all ICPEM // Alert // Winter 2020 11

FOOD FOR THOUGHT CONTINUED

initiative, ingenuity and commitment by many members of the calls and they were running out of food. Stress and anxiety are public and organisations during the initial phase of the pandemic caused by a perception of a lack of control or feeling of injustice. was ore inspiring and a good reminder of what we are capable Despite the predicted problem for students, it appeared that of. There are many voluntary and community organisations that many universities and further education establishments had not could have developed and adopted Covid-Safe practices to support considered the real impact of an outbreak and what contingency vulnerable people and maintain the fabric of local society. There is was required to manage the situation – one university took to again an opportunity to learn from other nations where a structured putting up temporary fencing that was eventually pulled down community response is established and rehearsed to deliver by the students. In many cases, the students travelled home or controlled support to areas affected by an emergency or disaster. their families travelled to the university and delivered supplies. The various skill sets may form a local support hub where people can be identified and (safely) deployed to perform specific tasks. Many Many voluntary organisations have been mobilised during the of the people that volunteered their services at the beginning of pandemic providing a range of services to members of the the pandemic could have put the structure in place and still could! local community. Have you heard of GoodSam? For more information visit https://www.goodsamapp.org/home Radio news channels reported situations during September and October in the UK where students were confined to their accommodation blocks due to an outbreak of Covid-19. One related EXERCISES AND EVENTS - interview heard from a track-and-trace volunteer who provided APPLYING THE LEARNING counselling to a student who explained that they were having to isolate with people they had just met, didn’t know and didn’t get by Dave Dowling along with – the situation was creating a mental health crisis for them. No one at the university student services was answering Dedicating time, money and resources into testing the response to a situation would seem to be a good investment if you want to ensure you can deal effectively with a specific situation. If you think this CONTROL MEASURES FOR is an expensive tick in a box, just imagine the expense if you don’t COVID-SAFE ACTIVITIES apply the learning and the event actually occurs! The learning from an exercise will inform the forward planning during the initial and by Dave Dowling ongoing phases of a developing situation with some areas already addressed such as, the provision of sufficient and suitable resources Below is a Facebook message circulated on the 17th November (personal protective equipment), the impact on vulnerable groups 2020 which highlights genuine confusion and frustration. Many (care homes), utilising additional facilities to manage mass casualties organisations have invested significant finance and resources to (nightingale hospitals) and reduce the impact on the health service, develop Covid-Safe systems for activities and operations. So who review messages and communications (revise planned restrictions on chooses which organisations can continue to operate and those that people in the local community) to reduce the risk posed to enforcing cannot? If the logic for the reason is not clear, how does the public authorities required to manage the public and also, establish a have confidence in the control measures and how do businesses mechanism for mobilising additional resources (tap into the valuable stay positive when they feel penalised, despite their efforts to resource of volunteers) to help respond effectively, etc. the learning comply with new control measures. It appears to be acceptable from such exercises will also help to determine what organisation to handle prepared food from a takeaway outlet or accept that is best placed to manage a response to a national incident. people will pick up and touch items in a shop with their bare hands before putting them back on the shelf for someone else to do An exercise can vary in size and complexity, delivered as a full scale the same, yet you cannot have your hair cut in an establishment live event, a table-top or across a range of formats including a where the staff wear full personal protective equipment and wipe workshop style session. The latter may be utilised to explore how down the seat and implements in-between customers – this is proposed control measures or restrictions on society may playout. just one example of what appears to be inconsistent practice! 12 UNDERSTANDING A CYBER ATTACK: CONTEXT AND ACTIONS FOR THE RESILIENCE PROFESSIONAL by Mark Brett

Background oday we live in a connected world, everything is getting smarter even Tdomestic appliances are talking to the internet. Many of these devices are communicating back to central servers, that could be anywhere on the planet. These devices are processing vast amounts of data, using algorithms and artificial intelligence to make sense of it all and ultimately decisions and actions. What happens when it all goes wrong?

Over the past decade, we’ve seen austerity measures, which means that everywhere especially in the public sector, there have been cuts to services, staffing and machine learning also has a huge dimension effect on the NHS whilst responding resources. This has led to a greater reliance to be considered around Digital Ethics. This to Covid-19 would be very seriou10. on technology instead of people. This article however, discusses what to do when rise of technology has also brought new it all goes wrong, either through a technical The thing that has changed is that in the challenges around automation with the failure or a cyber-attack, such as malware. days of old school mainframes and disaster Internet Of Things [IOT] (Alexa / Siri type recovery, is the introduction of the Internet, devices), smart phones, smart TVs, smart A cyber incident isn’t any different to Cloud computing and the Internet of everything. These devices rely on machine resolving any other type of incident. At its Things (IOT)8. There has been an exponential learning and algorithms to function. The essence, failure is either a communications increase in the integration and complexity devices may also, because of the algorithms, loss or a service disruption / outage. Electrical of IT systems over the past twenty years. have certain rules hard coded into them. failure still trumps a cyber-attack as without electricity, once the backup generator or The main driver for cyber-attacks and The General Data Protection Regulation power source fails, the outcome has the incidents today, as highlighted by the (GDPR), incorporated in the new Data same effect of a cyber-attack. It should not National Crime Agency (NCA), is actually Protection Act 20181 recognisees this be forgotten the cyber-attack could actually criminal action9. Criminals follow the fact with specific provisions around be targeted at knocking out an electrical money and they have worked out how the algorithmic processing of personal supply. This has happened in the Ukraine4 to attack a network to steal credentials information, citizens have rights around their it’s also happened in South America5. for credit card and other financial fraud, data enshrined in law. They have rights on which is very lucrative, with little chance of how it is processed by organisations as seen The good news is that Information getting caught, due to the vast number of over the summer of 2020 when the GCSE Technology (IT) people have been dealing concurrent crimes (frauds) being committed. exam results were calculated through an with these incidents since the dawn of algorithm, which had hard coded business computing and this was called ‘disaster The latest type of attack through malware rules (biases) in the way they operated. recovery’. The Year 2000 (Y2K) bug6, is Ransomware, where the attackers encrypt This caused a huge public outcry2. highlighted this twenty years ago. In (make unavailable), the information stored 2017 we saw the ‘WannaCry’ attacks7, on a computer or often across a whole Autonomous vehicles rely heavily on which were not targeted at the NHS, organisation and do not release it until the algorithms3, the way they work is determined but caused a lot of disruption to it. If ransom is paid11. The National Cyber Security through an ethics framework. All of this that happened today, the compounded ICPEM // Alert // Winter 2020 13

Centre (NCSC) [www.ncsc.gov.uk] is the national technical authority and provide a wide range of resources under their Active Cyber Defence (ACD) programme12 as well as a wide range of policy and other guidance.

Dealing with an Incident Returning to the core of the story, your first decisions and thinking during the “Golden Hour”13 after something bad happens should be:

• What’s broken? • Who’s affected? • What still works? (LRFs) are used to it. However, elsewhere the incident as it unfolds. That alone is a in the organisation it can be daunting, • Who can fix it? specialist role and needs a dedicated resource. challenging and exposes weaknesses in • How bad is it? individuals, their personal resilience and Considering what’s been said already, all • How do we stop it getting worse highlights vulnerabilities in the organisation. training should start with a pen and paper. • How do we inform people? Training, awareness raising, drills, practices When it all goes wrong, you may not have • How long is it likely to take to recover? and exercises are critically important. your usual systems and processes, therefore • Who do we inform? Whilst we are familiar with fire drills, everyone needs to understand the process we are not use to cyber-attack or data without technology, in case it’s not there on You’ll recognise those as standard breach drills. These events will challenge the day. Key questions to ask when working problem statements for most incidents personal resilience and leadership skills, to resolve a problem are presented below: and emergencies that occur. One of the and therefore need to be planned for key things to remember is that you as the and appropriate to your organisation. • Who can solve the problem? emergency responders in your organisation • Who is responsible for the problem? are likely to be wholly reliant on external All Crisis Management relies on Shared • Who owns the problem? third parties to restore and recover the Situational Awareness (SSA) to provide services and data that have been lost. strategic decision support, fostered If it’s an external network issue through good information. These are (telecommunications provider), there’s The journey to recovery aims to achieve 14 brought out, for instance, in the JESIP unlikely to be anything you can do but Business As Usual (BAU), when everything decision model. Context and situational wait and keep on chasing the engineers. is fine, it’s about conversations within the awareness is everything, it’s not You need to have all of your systems and organisation to ask the awkward questions of possible to work in this way, if training services clearly documented. Systems and suppliers and service providers to understand hasn’t been received to do the job. network diagrams are critically important what happens when things go wrong. The in understanding and explaining the value of exercising cannot be emphasised Making good decisions under pressure context and situation, they are your enough. If the organisation doesn’t prioritise is not easy, and without a good flow of map of the territory, to understand and cyber exercising, you’ve little chance of timely and accurate information to build explain something that is intangible. an organised response and recovery. Shared Situational Awareness it is virtually impossible. Today especially with social Even as non-technologists, everyone who Crisis management with command and media, the tempo (battle rhythm) of an would be part of the Crisis Response Team, control of the IT environment, outside of incident is fast paced, dynamic and evolving. MUST have a working knowledge of the the military and blue light services, is not We talk about managing consequences over high-level functionality of key systems the norm. Those in emergency planning time, it’s unforgiving. You must keep accurate and services within the organisation. and involved with Local Resilience Forums decision logs and maintain a timeline of 14

There must be agreed templates for • First things first References briefings, which should be contained in • Phases of response recovery is 1. https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/ 15 the response playbook (there are no where the hard work happens. guide-to-data-protection/ incident plans in cyber, there’s normally 2. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ an overarching plan, but specific scenarios It’s not all about the technical stuff, education-53923279 are documented in playbooks). that is, with resources and time solvable 3. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ problems. It’s also about reputational technology-45991093 Templates for briefings are necessary so damage, with the overarching priority 4. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ that they are always in the same format and to preserve life and property. av/technology-35686498 delivered consistently. This requires training 5. https://hackaday.com/2019/07/22/ and drills. There should be a set of pre-agreed A detailed guide and a Golden Hour Guide power-outages-irl/ Lines to Take (LTT) for press media and PR for responding to Cyber Incidents has been 6. https://www.nationalgeographic. use. These should be developed in advanced produced. The guidance includes an incident org/encyclopedia/Y2K-bug/ 7. https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp- and then just need to be tailored to the response primer, which details the roles content/uploads/2018/02/lessons- particular situation. This in itself was a key and responsibilities to establish and run a learned-review-wannacry-ransomware- learning from the WannaCry 2017 incidents7. Cyber Coordination Cell, to support the main cyber-attack-cio-review.pdf incident response team. There is plenty of 8. https://www.iot-now. The golden hour is a phrase stolen from the help available, including the Cyber Hub on com/2020/04/01/102064-will- emergency medicine, both in Accident & Resilience Direct and on the NCSC website, 2020-be-the-year-home-iot- Emergency and in Military trauma teams. including their free exercise in a box tool, cyber-attacks-get-serious/ Initial first actions in medical trauma are the which can help organisations to facilitate 9. https://www.nationalcrimeagency. difference between life and death. When and run cyber exercises. The Board toolkit gov.uk/what-we-do/crime- dealing with a systems or service failure will help raise awareness at the Director threats/cyber-crime (which could be the effect of a cyber-attack level with all of the outputs of the Local 10. https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/news/ [malware / ransomware] or a utility failure) Government Cyber Resilience programme. cyber-experts-step-criminals- knowing what’s happened and how to stop exploit-coronavirus it getting worse (think stopping or diverting Conclusion 11. https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/ a flood to prevent further damage). Cyber-attacks are here to stay. 95% of them blog/list-of-data-breaches-and- are prevented through technology, working cyber-attacks-in-august-2020- 36-6-million-records-breached Cyber-attacks aren’t much different. every day in the background. The Other 5% 12. https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/section/ Malware is very clever software, it can can be mitigated through raising awareness products-services/active-cyber-defence spread and duplicate very quickly (which is and effective training, reinforced with 13. https://www.researchgate.net/ why we refer to computer viruses). Having regular cyber exercising. The triggers can publication/336400438_Cyber_ a good knowledge of your network, where be either human error (clicking a malicious Incident_Approach_Framework_ it connects and how chunks of it can be link in an email for instance) or an actual for_Local_Government_-_Cyber_ isolated to mitigate further damage is key. targeted attack, help is at hand and should Incident_Approach_Framework_ be reported through Action Fraud and the for_Local_Government You’ll also need pre-agreed contingency NCSC. Don’t forget the post Incident Review 14. https://jesip.org.uk/joint-decision-model plans, (playbooks)15 processes and action and the Lessons Learned, finally update 15. https://www.researchgate.net/ lists supported by a series of playbook all plans and processes and start to plan publication/342898805_Cyber_ specific ‘break-glass’ policies being written for the next set of exercises. If you only Incident_Response_-Working_Paper agreed and in place, with authority to follow one link then read reference 15. execute the plans and policies per the playbook if required. Such resources include the following elements: • Roles and responsibilities • Crisis management ICPEM // Alert // Winter 2020 15 THE DOWNING OF AIR INDIA, FLIGHT 182

by Tony Moore

A Boeing 747-200 (VT-EFO, Emperor Kanishka landing at London Heathrow Airport. Photographer: Ian Kirby. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license

On the 35th anniversary, a summary of the worst terrorist incident in Canadian history: the destruction of Air India Flight 182 off the coast of Ireland.

Introduction his followers accused the Indian government that 136 soldiers were killed and 220 injured. It was the worst mass murder in Canadian of discrimination by the Hindu majority. The source also claimed that 493 of those history and has been called Canada’s 9/11.1 In turn, Bhindranwale was accused by the inside the temple were killed. Other sources Three-hundred and twenty-nine people, Indian Government of amassing weapons claimed that the number of dead was more 280 of them Canadian citizens, killed by a in the Sikh temple with a view to starting than 1,000 – 200 troops and 800 so-called 3 single bomb which exploded at an altitude of an armed uprising. Although Sikh scholars militants. Bhindranwale himself was killed. 31,000 feet off the west coast of Ireland on claimed that keeping weapons within the 23 June 1985. Eighty-six were children. There temple was within the precepts of Sikhism, Assassination of Gandhi were no survivors. To this day, it remains Prime Minister Indhira Gandi ordered Indian Four months later, on 31 October 1984, the worst single aircraft incident to occur army troops to surround the Golden Temple. Mrs Gandhi was shot by two of her over the sea; and yet, Canada is accused of The religious risks of storming the shrine led Sikh bodyguards as she walked in her having a ‘troubling indifference’ to it.2 to a tense stand-off with the security forces garden in what was viewed as an act of hoping that Bhindranwale and his followers vengeance. Mortally wounded she was The Golden Temple would surrender. They did not and, as a result taken to hospital but died a short while The story started over a year earlier, in March on 3 June, Gandi ordered Operation Blue later. The two assassins were themselves 1984, in India. A group of Sikh extremists, led Star, the storming of the temple. The troops shot dead by other security guards. by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, occupied the were met with heavy firepower from machine Following her assassination, more than 4 Golden Temple in Amritsar in the northern guns, anti-tank missiles and rocket launchers. 3,000 Sikhs were killed in anti-Sikh riots. Indian state of Punjab. Bhindranwale and Casualty figures vary. One source suggested 16

Canadian Pacific 003 believed to be the scene of the crash. The the Security Intelligence Service Review Less than six months later, early in the cargo ship Laurentian Forest was the first Committee, in its annual report, devoted morning of 23 June 1985, ground staff at to arrive, two hours after Flight 182 had a section to reviewing the performance of Tokyo’s Narita Airport in Japan, were busy vanished from the radar screen. The crew the Canadian Security Intelligence Service’s unloading the baggage containers from reported seeing wreckage and bodies floating activities with regard to the destruction 10 Canadian Pacific Airlines Flight 003, recently in the water. An Irish Naval vessel, L.E. Aisling, of Air India Flight 182. There was then arrived from Vancouver. As the bags arrived a little further away than the Laurentian a gap of thirteen years before, in March on a baggage cart in the unloading area to Forest, quickly made its way to the scene and 2005, following the acquittal by the British be transferred to the conveyer belt which the captain assumed the role as on-scene Columbia Supreme Court of two men, Ajaib would take them into the baggage hall, a commander. Along with the ships converging Singh Bagri and Ripudaman Singh Malik, piece of luggage exploded. The blast shook on the area, two Nimrod rescue aircraft, accused of the bombing, Anne McLellan, the the whole airport and severely damaged four Sea King helicopters and two lifeboats Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Public the unloading area. Two Japanese baggage were despatched. An accident coordination Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada, handlers were killed, and four others were centre was set up in Cork and, over the next appointed the Honourable Bob Rae to provide 11 seriously injured.5 The plane had arrived month, approximately 50% of the aircraft’s the Ministry with independent advice. ten minutes early, with 390 people on structure was retrieved from the surface Finally, in May 2006, almost twenty-one years board. Had it been 30 minutes late, this of the sea. One hundred and thirty-two after the destruction of Air India Flight 182, plane would have exploded in mid-air off bodies were brought ashore; the remainder, the Governor General in Council appointed the coast of Japan, killing all 390 people. 197, were lost at sea. It was imperative to former Supreme Court Judge, John C. Major, find the flight data recorder (FDR) and the to investigate the events surrounding its Air India 182 cockpit voice recorder (CVR) because the destruction and make recommendations.12 Air India Flight 182 commenced its outbound acoustic beacons attached to them would The first two reports tended to concentrate flight from Delhi as Air India Flight 181. It only survive for a maximum of 30 days. But on what actually happened to Air India called at Frankfurt before continuing on to the recovery of them ‘was a very difficult and Flight 182, whilst the last three were more Toronto and then doubling back to Montreal. challenging’ task because the underwater concerned with looking at the performance There it became Flight 182 for the return wreckage was lying in water at a depth of of the Canadian government and its journey to Delhi, via London Heathrow and about 6,700 feet. A British ship, Guardline agencies in the lead up to 23 June and Bombay. It left Montreal, one hour and Locator, detected signals from the seabed in the subsequent criminal investigation. forty minutes late6 As it approached the on 4 July. Both were recovered from the The final one, culminated in the issue of a southern tip of the Irish Republic in the seabed by the robot submarine Scarab from substantial report in 2010, identifying a series early hours of 23 June, it suddenly vanished a French cable-laying ship, Leon Thevenin, or errors by the Canadian Government and from the radar screen in the Air Traffic the CVR on 9 July, 18 days after the bomb its agencies. Major listed 80 key findings 7 Control Centre (ATCC) at Shannon at 07.14 exploded, and the FDR the following day. but there is space to mention only a few. GMT. It had disintegrated in mid-air, 55 minutes after the bomb exploded in Tokyo Inquiries Criminal investigation airport and the aircraft wreckage, together The two bombing incidents led to a number The investigation was the most costly with what remained of the 329 passengers of inquiries of which five helped to piece in Canadian history, amounting as it did and crew, plummeted into the ocean. together the complete story. The first to to an estimated one hundred and thirty appear, in January 1986, was the Canadian million dollars. Despite its cost, it was By 07.30 it was clear that a serious incident Aviation Safety Board’s Aviation Occurrence seriously flawed. It eventually resulted in 8 had occurred and Shannon ATCC informed Report. A month later, came the report by the conviction of only one person despite the Marine Rescue Coordination Centre the Honourable Mr. Justice B.N. Kirpal of the the belief that a number of Sikh extremists 9 (MRCC). Ships converged on what was High Court of Delhi in India. In 1991/1992, living in Canada had been involved. ICPEM // Alert // Winter 2020 17

Early on, the investigation revealed a Four main suspects emerged from the In October 2000, fifteen years after confusing sequence of bookings, starting investigation. Three weeks before the the explosions, the RCMP arrested two on 20 June 1985 with the reservation, by two explosions occurred, CSIS agents had more Sikhs, Bagri and Malik. They were telephone, of two tickets in the name of been present when Inderjit Singh Reyat charged with 329 counts of first-degree Singh by an unknown man in a call to the demonstrated an explosive device to murder in relation to Air India Flight Canadian Pacific Airlines ticket office in Talwinder Singh Parmar, in a wooded area 182, conspiracy to commit murder, the downtown Vancouver. One ticket was booked near the small town of Duncan, just outside attempted murder of the passengers for the passenger to travel on Canadian Vancouver. However, they had no camera and crew of Canadian Pacific Flight 003, Pacific Flight 003 to Narita airport in Japan with them, so no photographs of the men and the murder of the two baggage and to transfer on to an Air India flight existed, and they took the view it was a rifle handlers at Narita International Airport. to Bangkok; the other ticket was booked shot rather than an explosion.15 The RCMP from Vancouver on Canadian Pacific Flight was informed on the following day but it Having completed the sentence of 060 to Toronto to connect with Air India was only after the disaster that the scene imprisonment imposed in 1991, Reyat was Flight 182. A person by the name of M. was examined and traces of the detonation re-arrested in June 2001 and charged with Singh checked in for Canadian Pacific of an explosive device were found.16 Parmar, murder, attempted murder and conspiracy Flight 060 to Toronto and was then due a Sikh preacher, had vowed revenge on India in relation to Air India Flight 182. On the to transfer to Air India Flight 182 to fly to following the assault on the Golden Temple basis of agreeing to give evidence against Delhi. But he was on the standby list for and was believed to be the mastermind.17 He Bagri and Malik, he pleaded guilty to the Air India flight, which, under normal was arrested in November 1985 but released manslaughter and was sentenced to five procedures, meant that his luggage could through lack of evidence18 whereupon he years imprisonment. However, when it not be transferred automatically from promptly left Canada and returned to India. came to their trial, which lasted from April one flight to the other when he reached Although the immediate circumstances 2003 to December 2004, Reyat denied Toronto. However, he created such a fuss surrounding it are vague, Parmar was killed even knowing the two men as a result of that the lady at the check-in desk relented. by the Indian police in 1992.19 Reyat, too, which they were acquitted. In announcing His luggage left on Canadian Pacific 060 was arrested in November 1985 and charged his verdict, Justice Josephson accused the but he did not board the aircraft. A little with the possession of explosives, arising Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) later, a person by the name of L. Singh from the incident on Vancouver Island. He of ‘unacceptable negligence’ in destroying checked in for Canadian Pacific Flight 003 was fined $2,000 following which he moved hundreds of wiretaps relating to the two men to Narita and was then booked to fly on Air to Coventry in England20 where he got a after they had become suspects. The CSIS India Flight 301 from Tokyo to Bangkok. His job at the Jaguar plant. The investigation claimed the wiretaps contained no relevant luggage was left on Canadian Pacific 003 subsequently found that Reyat had purchased information but the Royal Canadian Mounted but he, too, did not board the aircraft.13 a Sanyo radio tuner and an auto clock, with Police (RCMP) suggested otherwise.22 Whilst it appeared on the ground that a 24-hour alarm, to use as a timer for the no-one was aware of a specific threat bomb that exploded in Tokyo and he was Reyat was released from prison in 2008 against Air India flights because of arrested in England and extradited to Canada. but two years later he was convicted of escalating violence in India and extremist In 1991 he was convicted on two counts perjury after it was proved that he had elements of the Sikh community resident of manslaughter and possessing explosives lied on a number of occasions during in Canada, a number of additional security relating to the Narita Airport bombing and the trial of Bagri and Malik. He was checks had been implemented for Air sentenced to 10 years imprisonment.20 sentenced to a further nine years in prison. India flights from Canada. However, Thus, he remains the only person to be because there was no threat against convicted for the two explosions.23 Canadian Pacific airways, normal passenger screening was in place in Vancouver.14 18

The government and In the trial of Reyat in March 1991, Justice procedures that precluded integration and security agencies Paris decided ‘the tape erasures occurred teamwork. Consequently, they concentrated CSIS and RCMP strictly as a result of the routine application on a separation of activities which meant 30 The Major Inquiry dealt in some detail with of administrative policy and … there was no the two agencies worked in isolation. the role of the CSIS and the RCMP. A former question of improper motive’. However, in its CSIS agent told Major that they became report a year later, the Security Intelligence Despite this, the Security Intelligence Review aware of Sikh extremism in Canada after the Review Committee found that CSIS policies Committee found that ‘there was immediate storming of the Golden Temple in Amritzar. and procedures governing the retention and full cooperation’ between the CSIS By the autumn of 1984, 9 months before and erasure of audiotapes ‘were seriously and the RCMP, with ‘a free exchange of 26 31 the bombing, the agency was targeting key deficient’. Thirteen years later, in the Air information … between the two agencies.’ players in the Sikh community, including India trial in 2005, Justice Josephine found In support of this claim, in its evidence Parmar. However, Government agencies failed that the erasure of the Parmar tapes was to the Major Inquiry, CSIS pointed to the 27 to appreciate the nature and seriousness unacceptably negligent,’ and Major found conviction of Reyat on manslaughter of the threat of Sikh extremism. On 1 June it compromised the prosecution’s ability to charges, as an indication that the relationship 28 1985, three weeks before the two incidents, produce evidence at subsequent trials. between RCMP and CSIS was ‘a success’ but the RCMP received a warning about the Major found that ‘problems of information possibility of a bombing with a time-delayed James Jardine, who was the Crown sharing were present throughout the Air device later that month but failed to tell Counsel responsible for the Air India and India narrative,’ with CSIS failing ‘to share, either the CSIS or Transport Canada.24 Narita investigations between mid-1985 with the RCMP, important facts relevant and October 1991 and was involved in to the police investigation’. For instance, Major found that Government agencies the prosecution of Parmar and Reyat in the RCMP only discovered in 1996 that were in possession of significant pieces of connection with the Duncan Blast charges CSIS had possessed over 200,000 tapes information that, taken together, would and later the prosecution of Reyat in containing the intercepted communications have led a ‘skilled intelligence analysis connection with the Narita bombing, told the of Parmar, Bagri, and Malik, among others’, 32 to conclude that Flight 182 was at high Major Inquiry that, in their relationship with recorded between 1985 and 1996.’ 29 risk of being bombed by known Sikh him, the CSIS was ‘not open or cooperative’. terrorists in June 1985.(p.27) But problems Transport Canada, airports and existed with the core mandates of both In contrast to the CSIS, the RCMP, as a airlines the CSIS and the RCMP. The CSIS, as an police force, was dedicated to collecting There were a number of aviation security intelligence agency, relied on secret sources evidence of crimes for public prosecution failures that led to the placing of two and information received in confidence and adopted a philosophy of ‘the less bombs initially on Canadian Pacific (CP) from allies to inform the Government of information we obtain from the CSIS the aircraft in Vancouver, and the transfer of 33 Canada about threats to the security of better’. By doing so, the RCMP hoped to one of those bombs onto Air India 182. Canada. Consequently, it was mesmerized lessen the chances of conflict with the CSIS Although Air India was operating under an by the mantra that ‘CSIS doesn’t collect’ as to what information could be used and elevated threat level, CP was not informed evidence and, following the bombings, used what could not be used to increase the of this, and was operating under normal it to justify the erasure of tapes collected likelihood of a successful police investigation. security protocols. Major found that the from wire-taps. These wire-taps caught This, however, led to duplication of effort behaviour of those who booked and paid coded conversations, possibly related to but, more importantly, it meant there was for the tickets in Vancouver, and checked- the planning of the bombing, and agents always a danger that life-saving intelligence in the bags, should have raised ‘red flags’. destroyed their notes that recorded the was not passed on. Rather than cooperating, But a customer service mentality governed sources that had provided information about the two agencies developed processes and CP at the time, and airline staff had not the possibility of the Air India bombing.25 ICPEM // Alert // Winter 2020 19 19

been instructed to watch for indications of Transport Canada ‘was aware of the lax nor was it collected and analysed harmful behaviour. Additionally, in allowing security culture’ that existed at Vancouver in a coordinated manner; and the unaccompanied bag to be carried to and Montreal airports. Having carried out • Each of Air India, Transport Canada and Toronto, CP failed to follow its own baggage security reviews in the years leading up the RCMP failed to appropriately assess security procedures. Major also found that to the bombing, including 1985, it was threat and intelligence information and to adequately communicate such in 1985 Canadian airports were plagued by a aware that ‘many aspects’ of the ‘security information to relevant stakeholders.38 lax security culture. Restricted areas were not program were cosmetic and incapable of adequately protected, and private security resisting a well-organized terrorist attack.’37 Government agencies guards and janitorial staff were not required Prior to 23 June 1985, Major found that to undergo criminal record checks. Persons The Major Inquiry found that ‘the bombing of ‘individuals and units within the Government with known associations to Sikh extremist Air India Flight 182 was preventable but was performed their functions mechanically, groups had access to highly sensitive areas made possible because of an unintentionally often without coordination and without the at Vancouver International Airport.34 coordinated series of aviation security failures imagination or flexibility necessary to enable on the part of a number of stakeholders: the system to work in an effective manner.’ At the time of the bombing, Air India’s • CP Air failed to follow its own However, following the bombings in Japan security plan for its flights in Canada called baggage security procedures; and off the Irish coast, Major found it ironic for the x-raying of ‘checked baggage as a • Both Air India and Transport Canada that the various Government agencies had standard security measure.’ However, on the failed to appreciate the threat posed by unaccompanied, interlined bags; shown ‘more coordination and a clearer night that baggage was being loaded onto • Air India was inexcusably careless sense of purpose’ in ‘uniting to defend Flight 182, the X-ray machine broke down in deploying checked baggage and justify their behaviour’ in responding and an Air India Security Officer instructed screening devices and procedures to the victims’ families than it had ‘in its security guards to use the PD4 hand-held which it ought to have known were implementation of pre-bombing security explosives vapour and trace detector, despite inadequate for the purpose, and measures and its investigation of the terrorist the fact that six months earlier it had failing to prevent unauthorised bags attack.’ And because of the positions they been shown to be ineffective in detecting from being placed on its flights; took in the aftermath of the bombing, he gunpowder unless its probe was placed • Transport Canada, on behalf of the 35 accused them of effectively blocking a full within one inch of the gunpowder sample. Government of Canada, failed in its public examination of the circumstances role as regulator by neglecting to surrounding the bombing and the subsequent In his independent review, Rae said, ‘despite adopt the existing aviation security investigation. Indeed, the victims, he said, the precautions and protection that was regime to confront the known ‘were often treated in a deplorable manner’ supposed to be in place, almost everything terrorist threat of sabotage; with government agencies pursuing ‘the that could have gone wrong did go wrong.’ • Transport Canada also failed in its regulatory role by denying Air India twin goals of deflecting public criticism The bags should never have been checked the security support it required and avoiding liability to pay compensation without an accompanying passenger in and by permitting Air India to rely to the families [of the victims].’39 Vancouver. The Canadian Pacific flights (060 on security procedures and plans Vancouver to Toronto and 003 Vancouver to that were inadequate to respond to Prime Minister’s apology Narita) ‘should not have taken off without the known threat of sabotage; Twenty-five years after the explosion, on 23 a reconciliation that would have shown no • Due to a climate of security nurtured June 2010, Prime Minister Stephen Harper accompanying passenger for these bags by uncritical adherence to the formally apologised for the ‘institutional aboard either flight.’ And, when the bag ‘need-to-know’ principle, critically failings’ that led to the Air India bombing arrived in Toronto, it should not have been important intelligence was not shared and the ‘administrative disdain’ in which the transferred to the Air India plane without victims’ families had later been treated.40 ‘a bag reconciliation’ taking place.36 20

Improvements into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182. Fortunately, for those who live in Canada References 13. Rae, op. cit. 11, p.8. many of the problems identified by Major 14. Ibid, p.9. 1. Ottawa Sun, 30 September 2012. and Rae were rectified. This was borne out 15. Rae, op. cit. 11, p.8; Security Intelligence 2. Chakraborty, Chandrima (2018). by events in June 2006, when a number Review Committee, op. cit. 10, p.8. Canada’s troubling indifference 16. Security Intelligence Review of terrorists who had been planning to to the Air India bombing. The Committee, op. cit. 10, p.8. detonate a series of fertilizer bombs in Conservation, 20 February. 17. Missing Toronto, were arrested. The investigation 3. See Brar, Lt. Gen K.S. (1993). Operation 18. See R v Malik, [2005] B.C.J. No. Blue Star: The True Story. India: UBS and arrests were led by the Integrated 521 (B.C.S.C.), paras. 224-227. Publishers; and Tulley, Mark, and National Security Enforcement Team (INSET) 19. Rae, op. cit. 11, p. 14. Satish Jacob (2006). Amrit2ar: Mrs 20. Ibid, p.7. which coordinated the activities of CSIS, Gandhi’s Last Battle. New Delhi: Rupa. 21. Ibid, p.14. the RCMP, the Ontario Provincial Police and 4. See Sarin, Ritu (1990). The 22. See R v Malik, op. cit. 18. other agencies. As a result, a number of Assassination of Indira Ghandi. 23. Moore, Dene (2014). Air India bomb Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. people were convicted and were sentenced maker to serve longest perjury 5. Rae, Honourable Bob (2005). Lessons to to substantial terms of imprisonment.41 sentence. CBC News, 13 March. be Learnt: Report of the Independent 24. Fitzgerald, Allistair (2011). Air Crash Advisor to the Minister of Public Safety Investigations: Mass Murder in the Sky, Conclusion and Emergency Preparedness. Ottawa: the Bombing of Air India Flight 182. Major pointed out that it had been said Air India Review Secretariat, p.1. Vancouver: Mabuhay Publishing, p.334. 6. Kashmeri, Zuhairm and Brian the failures that led to the bombing of Air 25. Major, op. cit. 12, pp. 27-28. McAndrew (2005). Soft Target: The Real India Flight 182 ‘were the result of a series 26. Security Intelligence Review Story Behind the Air India Disaster. Committee, op. cit. 10, p. 11. of tragic coincidences and overlapping Toronto: James Lorimer, p.72. 27. Major, op. cit. 12, p.137. issues.’ Whilst this was ‘true in some 7. Kirpal, Honourable Mr Justice 28. Ibid, pp. 119-120. respects’, he went on to say that ‘the B.N. (1986). Report of the Court 29. Ibid, p.137. Investigating Accident to Air many deficiencies and errors’ that led to 30. Ibid, pp. 121-127. India Boeing 747 Aircraft VT-EFO, it, ‘were the predictable outcomes of poor 31. 31. Security Intelligence Review “KANISHKA” on 23rd June 1985. Committee, op. cit. 10, p.9. regulatory and funding decisions and a lack 8. Canadian Aviation Safety Board 32. 32. Major, op. cit. 12, p. 138. of leadership, which combined to create an (1986). Aviation Occurrence Air 33. Ibid, p. 167. environment ripe for the exploitation by India Boeing 747-237B VT-EFO Cork, 34. Ibid, p.24. Ireland 110 miles west 23 June 1985. would-be terrorists.’ 35. Ibid, pp. 104-105 & 167. In Mass Murder in the Sky. New 36. Rae, op. cit. 11, p.11. York: Mabuhay Publishing, p. 253. 37. Major, op. cit. 12, pp. 104-105. History has demonstrated both before and 9. Kirpal, op, cit. 7 38. Ibid, pp. 166-167. since 23 June 1985 – ‘the tragic extent of 10. Security Intelligence Review Committee 39. Ibid, pp. 138-142. harm that can result from an ineffective (1991-1992). Annual Report. Ottawa: 40. CBC News, 23 June 2010. aviation security regime. The risk to Ministry of Supply and Services. 41. Tierney, Michael (2016). Assessing aviation security demands that there be 11. Rae, Honourable Bob (2005). Lessons to Canada’s Integrated National Security be Learnt: Report of the Independent a well-coordinated system of multiple, Enforcement Teams: Can the Concept Advisor to the Minister of Public overlapping layers of security measures of INSETs Be Exported? In CTX Journal Safety and Emergency Preparedness. and a pro-active and responsive regulatory Vol. 6, No. 3, August, pp. 39-47. Ottawa: Air India Review Secretariat. 42. Major, op. cit. 12, p.106. regime that is consistently reviewed for 12. Major, John C (2010). Air India its effectiveness, in the context of past, Flight 182: A Canadian Tragedy. 42 present and future threats.’ Ottawa: Commission of Inquiry Tony Moore is a President Emeritus of the Institute and a member of the Institute’s Historical Special Interest Group. ICPEM // Alert // Winter 2020 21 COVID-19 AND PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES

by David Alexander

uring the Summer of 2020 the Council of Europe (CoE) asked me Dto write a report on people with disabilities and viral pandemics. This project followed on from previous work conducted with Info-Handicap, a non-governmental organisation in Luxembourg, and with colleagues at University College London. On 4th November 2020 I presented the finished report to the Council of Europe and it was accepted for publication under the aegis of EUR-OPA, the CoE European and Mediterranean Major Hazards Agreement.1

The Council of Europe was founded in 1949 with the aim of upholding human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe. It has 47 member states comprising virtually all disabilities and their carers and advocates difficulties of cognition, communication and European countries except Belarus. It differs a voice in the processes of disaster risk expression, a wide variety of chronic medical from and predates the European Union, but reduction and in the creation of resilience. problems, the need for support equipment its headquarters are situated very close to to sustain vital functions, intolerance of the EU parliament in Strasbourg. Reports In previous work, my colleagues and I environmental and chemical substances, on matters of importance usually lead to wrote a survey of the issues associated with psychiatric disturbances and panic attacks, formal declarations of policy and principle, people with disability in disasters2 and a and infirmity associated with old age. which are adopted by member states. This compendium of good practices.3 In order Although many elderly people are classified will probably be the case with my report to adopt a positive approach, I prefer not to as disabled, not all are, and disability can, on Covid and disabilities. I also wrote the call this a ‘problem’, although it is indeed a of course, affect anyone at any age. CoE declaration on the rights of people challenge. It is a stimulus to create a fairer with disabilities in disaster situations, which society in which people with disabilities As it is a global disaster, Covid-19 has had was adopted in Paris on 24 October 2013. can be recognised as individual citizens, not a profound impact on most walks of life, patients, who have a part to play in modern occupations, conditions and activities. At The protection, care and rights of people life and who should not face avoidable the time of writing, the ‘second wave’ is with disabilities in relation to disasters, barriers and obstacles simply because society on the ascendency in many countries and crises and emergencies are mentioned fails to accommodate their needs. Nor there is talk of a third wave, something that four times in the United Nations’ Sendai should they face unfair treatment because a few countries have already experienced Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, of ignorance, prejudice and partiality. after a fashion. So far, billionaires have 2015-2030. They are also identified as a increased their personal wealth by about priority in the Council of Europe’s current About one in six people in society is disabled, a quarter,4 but people on low incomes Draft Mid-Term Agreement. In this way, although in many cases official statistics have suffered disproportionately. This the rights of people with disabilities in only reflect those who have registered their includes many people with disabilities. disaster are being mainstreamed. This means condition with the authorities. There is a adopting principles of universal design, huge range of disabilities, from motorial to Contrary to popular perception, pandemics eliminating discrimination and unfair cognitive, temporary to permanent, partial to are an enduring part of the human condition practices, ensuring equitable distribution of total. The range includes mobility problems, and of the history of our species. Non- emergency resources, and giving people with blindness or partial sight (with use of guide seasonal influenza has a return period of dogs), deafness and hearing impairment, 22

35-40 years, SARS is more irregular, but both on Covid-19 and disabilities, and studies are wearing masks, unless these are are capable of generating high mortality of the plight of the disabled in previous transparent. Clear plastic masks have been and lasting for many months. As emergent pandemics. The work was complicated by the vigorously recommended, but they are viral diseases are new strains, it can take a fact that a vast amount of literature was, neither widely available not commonly long time for a vaccine to develop. Wide and still is, being produced on the disease. adopted. Autistic people need regular variations in lethality, communicability and In fact, the journal Nature carried a report outdoor exercise, which may be difficult mutation can make it difficult to characterise that during the first six months of 2020 an or contested during strict lock-down. The a virus and difficult to adapt everything average of 130 scientific papers on Covid-19 confinements of lock-down have proved to its diffusion, from clinical practice to was being published every day.5 The number to be very trying for people with cognitive social habits. Economic imperatives, social continues to rise. Hence, the information disabilities, and also for children who have behaviour, attitudes and tensions shape available to study (90-100 significant special educational needs. Indeed, for the progress of the disease as much as publications on Covid-19 and people with many disabled learners, the disruption of the clinical and virological aspects do. disabilities) represented an interim collection education brought by the pandemic has with respect to what would be published had a disproportionately negative impact SARS-CoV-2 is an emergent viral disease subsequently. Nevertheless, it was enough on their lives, along with the disruption whose full characteristics are taking many to create a broad overview of the issues. The of basic routines that they had spent long months to understand, with concerted objective of the report was to survey the periods of time building up or accustoming scientific effort needed to produce that situation regarding Covid-19 and disabilities themselves to. Many people with cognitive knowledge. Nevertheless, the scenario of with a view to deriving lessons, practice disabilities feel threatened by the changes. the Covid-19 pandemic was formulated and experience that would be useful in the One extreme example of this described in in detail over the period 2003-2009, rest of the current crisis and in future viral the literature is when they go to the dentist, essentially in the wake of a previous SARS pandemics. The conclusions were drawn from who appears to them as an even more pandemic, which lasted from 2002 until the best information that was available from threatening person than usual, given that 2004. Researchers in the United Kingdom, science, non-governmental organisations, he or she must wear full protective clothing, the Netherlands and other countries put government reports and quality journalism including a hood, mask and goggles. together a detailed picture of the generalised at the time of writing. Much of the impact of a viral pandemic, including the literature on Covid-19 is necessarily rather Many people with disabilities live in care clinical, epidemiological, social, economic, temporary in nature, as the peril of homes. In these there have been very perceptual and psychological aspects. writing during an on-going emergency serious problems of infection control, Non-seasonal influenza was feared more is that conclusions may be contradicted particularly in the UK, Sweden and Italy. than SARS, although in terms of emergency or outmoded by future developments. This problem was identified years before management, and to an extent also in the pandemic6 but was generally not clinical practice, the difference mattered As noted above, viral pandemics have tackled, and it remains an issue during the very little. As 2020 wore on, the scenario a tendency to exacerbate divisions in rise of the second wave of infections. proved to be substantially accurate, but society between the advantaged and the in the preceding years, although the risk disadvantaged. People with disabilities are Austerity, political polarisation, conflict and was acknowledged, it had not given rise often among the latter category. How they identity politics have all tended to reduce to an adequate degree of preparedness fare during a pandemic is easily conditioned the welfare function of society. Paradoxically, in each of the affected countries. by questions of access to healthcare and during a pandemic welfare suddenly assumes social services, as well as their ability a new importance to society as people During the early progress of the Covid-19 to communicate and understand other struggle to cope with unemployment, pandemic, one thing that rapidly became people’s communications, whether they bereavement, anxiety and deprivation. clear was that people who were normally do so with or without special assistance. Much has been written about the politics of disadvantaged would probably become “blaming victims”. This is particularly odious more affected as the disease advanced. To A number of issues have been widely when applied to people with disabilities, assess how this was the case for people with publicised by the mass media. Deaf people who are often the subject of prejudice and disabilities, and to see what could be done to and those with impaired hearing will be discrimination. Outside the medical sphere, remedy the situation, I surveyed the literature unable to read lips when their interlocutors it has been shown that the pandemic has ICPEM // Alert // Winter 2020 23

In the end, disability is a way of life as much as any other, and it should not prevent people from living through a pandemic to the best of their potential and abilities. There is no justification for disadvantaging them and there is every reason for working with them to ensure that, as far as possible, they have a level playing field with respect to other people’s prospects.

References

1. Alexander, D.E. 2020. Disabled Persons in Viral Pandemics: The Example of Covid-19. Report to the Council of Europe, Strasbourg, publication forthcoming. 2. Alexander, D. and S. Sagramola 2014. Major Hazards and People with Disabilities: Their Involvement in Disaster Preparedness and Response. Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 65 pp./ Risques Majeurs et Personnes Handicapées: Leur participation à Figure: An earlier publication on major hazards and people with disabilities. Available for download from https://edoc. la préparation et à la réaction aux catastrophes. coe.int/en/environment/7168-major-hazards-and-people-with-disabilities.html Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 64 pp. The report will be released eventually on the CoE EUR-OPA website https://edoc.coe.int/en/ 3. Sagramola, S., D. Alexander and I. Kelman 2015. Major Hazards and People with Disabilities: A Toolkit be done. However, it requires concerted for Good Practice. Council of Europe, Strasbourg, work by civil protection authorities, along 20 pp. 4. Neate, R. 2020. Billionaires’ wealth rises to $10.2 with health and social services, and the trillion amid Covid crisis. The Guardian, 7 October organisations that represent the disabled. 2020. In this process, as far as possible, people 5. Nature 2020. Covid-19 research update: How many pandemic papers have been published? Nature with disabilities need to be protagonists. Index, 28 August 2020. 6. PHE 2016. Exercise Cygnus Report: Tier 1 Command Post Exercise. Pandemic Influenza, 18 to 20 October Specific medical ethics guidelines developed 2016. Public Health England, London, 57 pp. (see p. for rationing acute medical care in pandemics 24, Section A5) state that people with disabilities should not 7. Milwaukee Independent 2020. Blaming victims of Covid-19: racism twisted a health crisis into a caused greater rates of job-loss among be disadvantaged. This means that when, culture war. Milwaukee Independent, 26 May 2020. disabled people than among the general for example, ventilators are in short supply 8. Cortis, N. and G. van Toorn 2020. The disability 8 population. Moreover, there have been cases among patients with breathing difficulties, workforce and Covid-19: initial experiences of the where disabled workers have been unable outbreak. Social Policy Research Centre, University the disabled should not be regarded as of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 14 pp. 9 to claim benefits when health provisions ‘expendable’ because they are disabled. 9. Bagenstos, S. 2020. May hospitals withhold have terminated their employment. ventilators from Covid-19 patients with pre- None of this is acceptable practice. existing disabilities? Notes on the law and ethics of One of the acute issues with Covid-19 is disability-based medical rationing. Public Law and how to safeguard people with comorbid Legal Theory Research Paper Series, no. 670. Law & A principle of assisting and supporting health conditions. For example, people with Economics Research Paper Seriespaper no. 20-007. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 22 pp. people with disabilities in emergencies is spinal injuries are particularly at risk of that a “one size fits all” approach is not organ failure, and the risk is increased by enough. They require specific provisions. the virus. Moreover Covid-19 itself is known This is not impossible and neither is it to have disabling sequelae. At the time of unreasonable. With the right sensitivity, writing, we do not know the magnitude of responsiveness and organisation, it can this problem, but it is definitely serious. 24 GENDER INFLUENCES EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP WITH SUCCESSFUL RESPONSE DURING COVID-19 by Catherine Thomas

Crisis leadership he coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic ‘is the defining global health crisis of Tour time and the greatest challenge [the world] has faced since World War Two.’ (UNDP, 2020) But, it is not just a global health crisis. The pandemic has ‘triggered powerful second-order effects’. These include huge financial and economic implications; freedom of movement has been curtailed, both nationally and internationally; children unable to go to school and people have been required to go into quarantine. Indeed, very little about life as it was 2019 remains unaffected.

There are many definitions of a crisis but, insofar as COVID-19 is concerned it has ‘the hallmarks of a landscape crisis’ (D’Auria and Smet, 2020) in that it is ‘an unexpected event or sequence of events of enormous instinct might be to consolidate decision- teams collect and knowledge they develop’; scale and overwhelming speed, resulting making authority and control information, and ‘doubting’ which entails a requirement in a high degree of uncertainty that gives providing it on a strictly need-to-know to ‘consider ongoing and potential actions rise to disorientation, a feeling of loss of basis.’ Given that, a crisis such as COVID-19, critically and decide whether they need control, and strong emotional disturbance.’ in which there is a large deal of uncertainty to be modified, adapted, or discarded’. (Howitt and Leonard, 2007). Similarly, there and unfamiliarity, ‘effective responses are These will help create decisions based on are many definitions of leadership, but for largely improvised.’ In order ‘to promote previous experience and new solutions, the purpose of this article it is ‘a process of rapid problem-solving and execution under importantly accepting new insights along social influence which maximises the efforts high stress [and] chaotic conditions,’ leaders the way. (D’Auria and De Smet (2020). of others towards the achievement of a need to create a network of teams, and, at goal.’ (Kruse, 2013). The goal on this occasion the same time, ‘foster collaboration and Writing in the Harvard Business Review, Amy is to reduce the impact of the COVID-19 transparency’, distribute the necessary Edmondson (2020) wrote that ‘transparency pandemic to the extent that people are not authority and share information’. is “job one” for leaders in a crisis.’ They should unduly affected by it. So, in the context (D’Auria and De Smet (2020)) have a clear understanding of what they of crisis leadership it is to maximise the know, what they don’t know and what they efforts of others towards reducing the The best leaders display several qualities, need to do to learn more. Top executive impact of the COVID-19 pandemic to the including ‘deliberate calm’; ‘well-grounded, leadership coach, Lolly Daskal (2020), founder extent that people are not affected by it. humility’; and ‘bounded optimism’, combined and CEO of Lead From Within, claims a key with realism. ‘Deliberate calm’ is the ability competency in leadership, especially Crisis A predefined response plan will not suffice of leaders to detach themselves from fraught Leadership is that of empathy. Being an in times of a crisis. Rather what is needed is situations and think clearly about how they empathetic leader means understanding leaders who possess ‘behaviours and mindsets are to be navigated. There are also two other peoples’ needs as well as their point that will prevent them from overreacting to cognitive behaviours that successful leaders of view. It enables relationships to be built yesterday’s developments and help them look have, they are: ‘updating’ which entails and maintained, requiring insight to ensure ahead.’ During a crisis situation, ‘a leader’s ‘revising ideas based on new information judgement and assumptions are not made, ICPEM // Alert // Winter 2020 25

because this could hinder the response and transparent decision making, so Women who have delivered a and recovery process. Another is listening that then means there’s more trust in positive response attentively in order to understand and to the government.’ (Rigby et al, 2020). The action of curbing the virus transmission support those who are speaking, because early is linked to a strong emphasis on there could be psychosocial repercussions if Women’s Equality Party’s leader, Mandu Reid test, track, and trace. (Mun-Keat Looi, those in the midst of the crisis are not heard. says, ‘Women are used to being scrutinised 2020). A number of the countries that have Empathy builds people skills, which will result and having to justify themselves. They’ve had followed this path are led by women, most in more effective and efficient teamwork to work twice as hard to get half as far. And notably Germany, Denmark, Iceland, Taiwan, and collaboration, as well as communication that will incubate perhaps a greater reverence Slovakia, and New Zealand. Although there skills (whether it be verbal or non-verbal), for the job and responsibility.’ She added, appears to be a relevance to the type of a key attribute to have during a crisis. ‘Men and many political establishments leadership used, gender also appears to be don’t have the same experience.’ It appears a large relevant factor. Whilst not all the Because of the ‘second-order effects’, that women leaders have learned to most successful countries in responding to responding to COVID-19 is a juggling act. balance self-belief with self-awareness, a COVID-19 have been led by women, (Rigny Leaders must pay attention to people trait that, perhaps, more of us should be et al, 2020) these female leaders, plus those who are struggling, show empathy, and confident to have (Rigby et al, 2020). from Finland and Norway, have not only been take corresponding measures to support competent, but have shown compassion, them. At the same time they also need Professor Jennifer Tomlinson, Professor of perhaps one of the most important traits to look after their own well-being due Gender and Employment Relations at the in empathetic leaders, but, at the same to stress, the fatigue from the long University of Leeds, argues that ‘the research time, have been extremely professional. duration of the incident and the high on this is mixed, but there is some mileage level of uncertainty which has been in the idea that women’s leadership styles The approach of Katrin Jakobsdottir, Prime prominent throughout the COVID-19 may be more collaborative than men, so Minister of Iceland, was to test a lot of Pandemic. (D’Auria and De Smet, 2020). women may be better at drawing on a range people, tracing, if necessary, putting the of expertise to get through [COVID-19].’ But, people into quarantine and having people Gender and leadership insofar as Tomlinson is concerned, the critical in isolation when they are sick; this was In a study carried out by the Pew thing for her is ‘that for women leaders to be her ‘main guiding line’. (Rigby, et al, 2020). Research Center (2015) on Gender and elected at all, they have to be outstanding, People regarded to be at high risk from leadership, women are seen as being exceptional.’ She added, ‘and that’s why infection were tested for COVID-19 from more compassionate, organized and we are seeing strong leadership from these 31 January. Five of the nine people known honest, traits that are illustrated in the women. They are more than qualified enough to be infected as at 2 March had come examples below when it comes to the to do this very, very well’ (Rigby et al, 2020). from Italy. Thereafter, anyone arriving most successful leaders in responding from Italy was instructed to go into 14- to COVID-19. Female political leaders Kathleen Gerson, Professor of Sociology at day quarantine at their home. On 3 March, are seen to be better at compromising, New York University points out that it may sanctions, which could include 3 months being ethical, working to improve the be harder for men to escape ‘the way they imprisonment, were announced for those quality of life and being persuasive. are expected to behave’ as leaders. It appears who broke the quarantine rules. On 16 the best leaders are both strong and decisive March, schools were closed and there was a Clare Wenham, Assistant Professor in Global and capable of displaying feeling through the ban on public gatherings of over 100 people. Health Policy at the London School of empathetic competencies, and women could, Economics states that with ‘women at the perhaps, ‘lead the way in showing that these Helped by the lessons learned during top there’s [normally] more transparency, are not competing and conflicting attributes, the SARS crisis in 2003 and having an accountability and good governance but complementary and necessary for good epidemiologist, Chen Chien-jen as vice- practices.’ Highlighting Finland and New leadership’ (Somvichian-Clausen, 2020). president, Taiwan’s President Tsai Ing-wen Zealand as examples, she continued ‘we’re took an extremely proactive approach. seeing daily updates from the leaders Screening of travellers from Wuhan began 26

as soon as China warned of a mysterious European debt crisis and the migration 2020). During the lockdown, Ardern checked new pneumonia on 31 December 2019. crisis, claiming, ‘She will be remembered as in with the citizens of New Zealand through At a diplomatic level, the crisis has also a true crisis manager.’ (Kottasová, 2020). Facebook Live, a communication method helped Taiwan highlight Beijing’s heavy- she frequently uses. Indeed, in late March, as handed approach to excluding it from Mette Frederiksen, Prime Minister of New Zealand prepared for a lockdown, she international bodies, including the World Denmark, quickly closed borders, shut spoke from her home, wearing a sweatshirt, Health Organization. Indeed, the World education establishments and banned explaining she had just put her ‘toddler Health Organisation failed to share an group gatherings. Her communication daughter’ to bed. In her message she ‘offered early Taiwanese warning of human-to- strategy consisted of ‘straight talking guidance “as we all prepare to bunker down”.’ human transmission of the new virus, and clear instructions’. She reinforced But she introduced helpful comments such which might have helped global efforts to the need to respect social distancing and as thinking of ‘the people [who] will be in contain the disease (Rigby, et al, 2020). follow strictly all guidelines provided by your life consistently over [the lockdown the government to limit the spread of the period]’ as your ‘bubble’. (Friedman, 2020). Angela Merkel, Germany’s Chancellor, virus. In addition she had the support of increased intensive care beds along with test the monarch. Queen Margarethe II, made Within 10 days of identifying its first and tracking contacts (Rigby, et al, 2020), a televised address to the nation, stressing case on 6 March, Slovakia, headed by becoming the ‘poster child for coronavirus the importance of following government President Zuzana Čaputová, went into testing’ (Kottasová, 2020). This is due to guidelines. It was the first time the 79-year- lockdown. Its borders were sealed, schools her background in research science and old monarch had addressed the people on and restaurants were closed, and leading listening to the data provided. Encouraging a specific issue (Olagnier and Morgensen, government officials, when they appeared collaboration, Merkel has also discussed 2020). Whilst accepting the country had to on television, wore masks. The wearing the promoting of social solidarity in their rebuild its economy, Sorren Riis Paludan, of face masks and gloves were quickly ‘efforts to keep the economy running and to Professor of Virology and Immunity at made mandatory in public places, with preserve jobs.’ She announced that a spirit Aarhus University, said, we ‘built a bubble some of the most visible public figures, of social solidarity would be promoted to around Denmark.’ Thus, when it comes to including Čaputová and the Prime Minister cushion the effects of the pandemic on other fast response ‘Denmark is top of the class.’ setting an example. (Serhan, 2020). groups such as the elderly and low-income This resulted in Denmark becoming the families.’ (Deutsche Welle, 2020). In her role first European Union country to reopen As of 18 March, Finland had 319 infections as one of Europe’s leading politicians, she primary schools, shops and restaurants, and but no deaths. Nevertheless, 35-year- also warned: ‘How Europe fares in this crisis even museums and zoos (Milne, 2020). old Sanna Marin, the country’s Prime compared to other regions of the world Minister, took firm, positive action, closing will determine both the future of European From March, New Zealand was unique is railway passenger traffic between Finland prosperity and Europe’s role in the world’. stating that the national goal was not just to and Russia with effect from 20 March. Merkel’s address to the nation in March ‘flatten the curve’, as was the case in so many Bordering also on Norway and Sweden, all 2020, the first unscheduled television address countries, but it was to eliminate COVID-19 road traffic over its borders was restricted she had given in her 15 years as Chancellor, altogether. Epidemiologist Professor Michael from 21 March, although goods and contained a true picture of the pandemic. By Baker states that New Zealand’s ‘elimination’ cargo, plus indispensable work-related referring to her East Germany background strategy would not have been possible travel was still be permitted. (Tu, 2020). and ‘the difficulty she had’ with the ‘idea without ‘the brilliant, decisive and humane of restricting freedom of movement’, she leadership of Jacinda Ardern’. This ‘was In Norway, where Erna Solberg is Prime showed compassion. Indeed, her handling of instrumental in New Zealand’s rapid change Minister, implemented measures ‘to curb the crisis, took her personal ratings through in direction with its response to Covid-19, the spread of coronavirus’ with effect from the roof. Andrea Römmele, Professor of and the remarkably efficient implementation 27 February to quarantine for 14 days ‘all Communications in Politics and Civil Society of the elimination strategy.’ (Klein 2020) On 8 travellers entering the country from outside at the Herthe School of Governance, points June, Ardern lifted all restrictions except for the Nordic countries, regardless of whether out that she had already led Germany the stringent border controls (Graham-McLay they had symptoms or not.’ At the same through the global financial crisis, the ICPEM // Alert // Winter 2020 27

time, it shut its borders to people from Table 1: Comparison showing cumulative deaths per 1 million population of those countries non-Nordic countries. From 12 March, led by women compared to other leading countries as at 5 October 2020. (WHO, 2020). in what the Prime Minister said was ‘the Country Cumulative deaths Cumulative deaths per most far-reaching measures Norway’s 1 million population population [had] ever experienced in Spain 32,086 686 peacetime’, all public events were banned and all educational establishments closed. United States 207,366 626 On 14 March, all Oslo residents were advised United Kingdom 42,317 623 against travelling to foreign countries, and on 16 March, the country closed its Italy 35,968 595 ports and airports. (Brzozowski, 2020). France 31,969 490

Three of the leaders spoke specifically to Germany 9,529 114 children. It was started by Danish Prime Denmark 654 113 Minister Mette Frederiksen when she spoke for three minutes directly to children Finland 345 62 during one of her press conferences. Norway 275 51 Norway’s Prime Minister, Eerna Solberg, Iceland 10 29 went a stage further when she arranged a 30-minutes press conference on coronavirus Slovakia 54 10 for children; adults were barred from New Zealand 25 5 attending. Before answering questions from the children, she explained ‘why it was OK *Taiwan is not shown in the WHO figures because it is not regarded as a country, but as to feel scared.’ (Wittenberg-Cox, 2020). a province of China. With Dr Michelle Dickinson, a specialist in science communication for children, sitting This included lockdowns of different got-leadership/#:~:text=Empathy%20is%20 alongside her, New Zealand’s Prime Minister, a%20leadership%20competency,their%20 kinds, banning people from entering the Jacinda Ardern, also held a special press feelings%20and%20their%20thinking. country and self-isolation or compulsory (Accessed: 11 September 2020) conference for children, suggesting that ‘the quarantine. But they also followed the WHO’s • Deutsche Welle (2020) ‘Coronavirus: Germany’s young need extra help understanding the Angela Merkel warns of hard months to come’. advice, issued on 16 March, which was to global coronavirus pandemic.’ (Roy, 2020). Available at: https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus- test, isolate and trace (BBC, 2020). germanys-angela-merkel-warns-of-hard-months-to- Interestingly, but perhaps not surprisingly, come/a-54727205 (Accessed: 24 September 2020) all three women have children of their own. • Edmonson, A (2020) ‘Don’t Hide Bad News in Times of Crisis Available’. at: https://www.mckinsey.com/ business-functions/organization/our-insights/ In conclusion References leadership-in-a-crisis-responding-to-the- A measure of the success of these eight • BBC News (2020). ‘WHO head: “Our key message coronavirus-outbreak-and-future-challenges • Leadership in a crisis: Responding to the women leaders can be identified from figure is: test, test, test”.’ Available at https://www.bbc. news.av.world-51916707 (Accessed 7 October 20 coronavirus outbreak and future challenges 1 by looking at the cumulative deaths per 1 • Brzozowski, Alexandra (2020). ‘Norway takes “the (Accessed: 8 September 2020) million of the population of each country. most far-reaching measures ever experienced in • Friedman, Uri (2020). ‘New Zealand’s Prime Minister May Be the Most Effective Leader on the Planet’. Whilst in Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom peacetime”, plans easing in April.’ Available at https:// www.euractive.com/section/coronavirus/short_news/ Available at: https://www.goodbusinessmatters. and the United States it is between 595 norway-update-covid-19/ (Accessed: 7 October 2020) com.au/thoughts/jacinda-arden-effective- and 686, in those countries that have • D’Auria, G and De Smet, A (2020) Available at: leader/ (Accessed: 9 October 2020) • Garikipati, S and S U Kambhampati (2020), women leaders it ranges from the lowest, https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/ organization/our-insights/leadership-in-a-crisis- “Women leaders are better at fighting the Taiwan, at 0.3 to the highest, Germany, responding-to-the-coronavirus-outbreak-and- pandemic” Available at: https://voxeu.org/ at 114. It seems that the countries that future-challenges (Accessed: 9 September 2020) article/women-leaders-are-better-fighting- pandemic (Accessed: 28 September 2020) have been most successful in restricting • Daskal, L (2020) ‘Why The Empathetic Leader Is the Best Leader’. Available at: https://www. • Graham-McLay, C (2020), ‘New Zealand drops the spread of COVID-19 took action early. lollydaskal.com/leadership/whats-empathy- Covid-19 restrictions after nation declared “virus- 28

free”.’ Available at: https://www.theguardian. www.bmj.com/content/369.m2411.abstract countries-led-by-women-have-fared-better- com/world/2020/jun/08/new-zealand-abandons- (Accessed:10 September 2020) against (Accessed: 10 September 2020) covid-19-restrictions-after-nation-declared- • Olagnier, D and Mogensen, T.H (2020) ‘The COVID-19 • Stiller, K. T., (2020). ‘COVID-19: The crisis that no-cases (Accessed: 28 September 2020) Pandemic in Denmark: Big lessons from a small breaks Angela Merkel’s leadership’. Available at: • Howitt, Arnold M, and Herman B. Leonard (2007). country’. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/opinion/ ‘Against desperate peril: High performance pmc/articles/PMC7217796/ (Accessed: 7 October 2020) covid-19-the-crisis-that-breaks-angela-merkels- in emergency preparedness and response’. • Pew Research Center (2015) ‘Women and leadership/ (Accessed: 24 September 2020) In Deborah E. Gibbons (ed). Communicable Leadership: What Makes a Good Leader and • Tu, Jessie (2020). ‘How female Prime Ministers Crises: Prevention, Response, and Recovery Does Gender Matter?’ Available at: https://www. are leading in this time of crisis.’ Available at in the Global Arena (First edition). Charlotte, pewsocialtrends.org/2015/01/14/chapter-2- https://womensagenda.com.au/latest/how- NC: Information Age Publishing, 2007. what-makes-a-good-leader-and-does-gender- female-prime-ministers-are-leading-in-this- • Klein, A (2020) ‘Why New Zealand decided to go matter/#:~:text=Views%20on%20gender%20and%20 time-of-crisis (Accessed: 7 October 2020). for full elimination of the coronavirus’. Available political,7%25) (Accessed: 28 September 2020) • Wittenberg-Cox, A (2020). ‘What Do Countries With at: https://www.newscientist.com/article/2246858- • Rigby, Newey and Gilbert (2020) ‘Why do female The Best Coronavirus Responses Have in Common? why-new-zealand-decided-to-go-for-full- leaders seem so good at tackling the coronavirus Women Leaders.’ Available at https://www/forbes/ elimination-of-the-coronavirus/#ixzz6XemLRIgL pandemic?’ Available at: https://www.telegraph. com/sites/avivahwittenbergcox/2020/04/13/ (Accessed: 8 September 2020) co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/do-female- what-do-countries-with-the-best-coronavirus- • Kottasová, I (2020) ‘How Angela Merkel went leaders-seem-good-tackling-coronavirus-pandemic/ responses-have-in-common-women-leaders. from lame duck to global leader on coronavirus’. (Accessed: 5 September 2020) September 2020) H61b83al63d (Accessed: 7 October 2020). Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/07/ • Roy, E.A (2020). ‘Jacinda Adern holds special • World Health Organisation (WHO)(2020). ‘Weekly europe/angela-merkel-coronavirus-legacy-grm- coronavirus press conference for children’. Available Epidemiological and Operational Update dated intl/index.html (Accessed: 24 September 2020) at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/19/ 5 October 2020’. Available at https://www. • Kruse, K (2013) ‘What is Leadership?’ Available at: jacidna-adern-holds-special-cornoavirus-press- who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/ https://www.forbes.com/sites/kevinkruse/2013/04/09/ conference-for-children (Accessed: 7 October 2020) situation-reports/20201005-weekly-epi- what-is-leadership/#657eb4c65b90 • Serhan, Y (2020) ‘Lessons From Slovakia—Where update-8.pdf (Accessed: 7 October 2020) (Accessed: 7 September 2020) Leaders Wear Masks’. Available at: https://www. • United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). • Milne, Richard (2020). ‘First to close – first to reopen: theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/05/ ‘Humanity needs leadership and solidarity to Denmark’s gain from virus response.’ Available at slovakia-mask-coronavirus-pandemic- defeat the coronavirus.’ Available at https:// http://www.ft.com/content/ca2f127e-698a-4274- success/611545/ (Accessed on: 7 October 2020) www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/ 917f-cbe2231a08d7 (Accessed: 7 October 2020) • Somvichian-Clausen, A (2020) ‘Countries led by coronavirus.html (Accessed: 7 October 2020). • Mun-Keat Looi (2020). ‘World leaders in women have fared better against coronavirus. covid-19 control.’ Available at: https:// Why?’ Available at: https://thehill.com/ changing-america/respect/equality/493434-

SETTING THE BAR: A NEW COMPETENCY REGIME FOR BUILDING A SAFER FUTURE

he report has a strong focus on the The proposed overarching system of third party assessment of individuals in competence set out in the report is Twhich it states “in further developing made up of four key elements: proposals for competence assessment • A new competence committee sitting the CSG has agreed a principles-based within the Building Safety Regulator approach in determining the extent that • A national suite of competence standards third party assessment of individuals – including new sector-specific frameworks should be required of persons working developed by 12 working groups on higher-risk buildings in the future.” • Arrangements for independent assessment and reassessment against “There is absolute agreement that everyone the competence standards working on in-scope buildings must work • A mechanism to ensure that those assessing within a system of competence assessment and certifying people against the standards and management to ensure they are have appropriate levels of oversight. competent to deliver safe outcomes.” ICPEM // Alert // Winter 2020 29 WHAT CAN LEADERS FACING A CRISIS LEARN FROM THE LEADERSHIP PHILOSOPHY OF JÜRGEN KLOPP?

by Tony Moore Introduction uch of the world is in crisis as countries grapple with the COVID-19 virus, causing severe disruption to Mtheir economies and to peoples’ lives. The pandemic has raised the whole question of leadership to a new level. As tends to happen on such occasions, it has led to the usual plethora of articles on leadership theories – Great Man Theory, Contingency Theory, Situational Theory, Transformational Theory, Process Theory, Laissez Faire Theory, and so on. Whilst such theories have their place by providing working models and systematic perspectives, the danger is they are easy to hide behind and become proxies for actual leadership.

There are many definitions of leadership but for the purpose of this article, it is simply defined as the art of influencing others to maximum performance to accomplish any task. This is precisely what the charismatic Jürgen Klopp has done at Liverpool Football Club over the last five years. Klopp left Dortmund at the end of the 2014–15 season. Tim.Reckmann, CC BY-SA 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons Jürgen Klopp A moderate player with Mainz 5 in the second tier of German the 2019-2020 season was suspended because of Coronavirus, football, Klopp became the coach there in 2001 when they Liverpool were 25 points clear of second-place Manchester City were on the verge of relegation to third-tier football. Winning at the top of the Premier League. On the resumption, they finally his first six games out of seven, Mainz 5 eventually finished won the title, for the first time since 1990, by 18 points. fourteenth. After just missing out on promotion for the next two seasons, he led Mainz 5 into the Bundesliga for the first time in His leadership philosophy its history in 2004. He then went on to be the coach at Borussia Klopp’s leadership philosophy is based on cultivating relationships, Dortmund where his successes included two Bundesliga titles, creating bonds nurtured through humour, compassion and eagerness the DFB-Supercup, and runners-up in the Union of European to help. This does not solely apply to the relationships he has with Football Association (UEFA) Champions League before he took his players but with everyone at the club, including the fans. He up the managerial reigns at Liverpool in 2015. When he arrived, believes great teams are built, not on knowing the game plan, but by Liverpool were in mid-table, having won only one of their last focussing on individual performance, maximising on the strengths of eleven games and had scored a meagre eleven goals in those each individual player and delivering the best possible performance. games; and they had not won the top tier of English football for 25 years. With Klopp as manager, Liverpool started by achieving Relationships relatively minor successes. In his first season in charge they The first thing Klopp did when he arrived at Liverpool’s training reached the finals of both the League Cup and the Europa League, facility, Melwood, was to gather the players and the 80 support staff Europe’s second-tier competition. In his second season, Liverpool that run the place in the dining room. He introduced his personal finished fourth in the English Premier League, and therefore support staff, not just to the group, but to each one individually. qualified for the next season’s lucrative European Champions He quickly memorised the names of the support staff there and at League competition, reaching the final only to be defeated by Anfield, from the kitman to the chefs and janitor. And he ensured Real Madrid. In season 2018-2019, Liverpool was the first English that each of the players knew the name of all the support staff, club to win the international treble of the UEFA Champions at least at Melwood, where they spent most of their time. When League, the UEFA Super Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup. When we win, he says, we win for each other but we also do it for the 30

kitchen staff and janitor, as well as ourselves, because we know Senegalese winger, Sadio Mane, sums it up: ‘His secret, I think, is to how important it is for them as well. I am reminded of the often- be the team’s dad. We all love him like a father and we fear him like quoted story about when John F. Kennedy visited NASA nearly sixty one too. He takes up a lot of space in my life, and not just in football. years ago. Introducing himself to a janitor, who was mopping the He’s a great person. I trust him blindly, like most of the dressing room.’ floor, he asked him what he did at NASA. The janitor replied, ‘I’m helping to put a man on the moon’. I am sure the same applies at Lesson for those leading in crisis situations: Liverpool. Ask one of the chefs at Melwood what they do, and they Trust is the glue which binds the leader to his or her are likely to answer, ‘I’m helping Liverpool win the Premiership’. team and provides the capacity for organisational and leadership success, particularly during a crisis. Klopp shows a genuine interest in the players and expects his staff to do the same. Dutch midfielder Georginio Wijnaldum cited this as a main reason why he joined Liverpool from Newcastle United in Empathy 2016, rather than go elsewhere. When he met Klopp, he said, ‘we Empathy is the ability to understand another person’s perspective. had a good laugh and did not speak only about football. He was It should be right at the top of any leader’s list. Klopp is fascinated interested in my personal life, and that was good for me.’ He was by relationships and creates an atmosphere where everyone is made not only interested in Wijnaldum as a footballer but Wijnaldum to feel important, respected and needed. Part of his philosophy as a person. Soon after Scottish left back Andy Robertson joined is summed up in the statement: ‘When you leave a room, you Liverpool from Hull City in 2017, Klopp told one of his staff who should try to make sure that the people don’t feel worse from did not know that Robertson was about to become a father, ‘How the moment you came in.’ He believes that without empathy, you can you not know that? That’s the biggest thing in his life.’ He cannot build a team and you will not inspire people to follow you. wants to know how his players are virtually every day. If something has happened away from the club which means the player is not Commenting about Liverpool’s remarkable achievement in enjoying his football or on top of his game, he wants to know winning the Premiership by 18 points, José Mourinho, manager about it. He claims that, as a leader, when you enter a room, you of Tottenham Hotspur, said on Klopp’s mentality: ‘It is not about have a responsibility for the mood in that room. Klopp suggests, tactics, not about philosophy. This is about heart and soul and the no doubt with a touch of the humour for which he is famous, fantastic empathy he has created with that group of players.’ that if you only want to be responsible for things you do and not anyone else, then you should go and live, alone, in a forest. Lesson for those leading in crisis situations: Empathy is a leadership competency like no other Lesson for those leading in crisis situations: skill. It can make a huge difference. Empathy means Know your team as people, not just as part of a being able to understand the needs of others. It team to get a job done. Know about their family, means you are aware of their feelings and their when they have a special event, such as the birth of thinking. It doesn’t mean you have to agree with a child, and problems in their private life. Do what them, but it means you are willing to understand and you can to help them, even if it’s only sympathy or appreciate them. verbal support.

Success Trust Klopp clearly defines what success is. High performance teams are Klopp believes that trust is the foundation of high team performance. crystal clear about where they are going and how they are going Cohesive teams are built on the bedrock of trust. This means to get there. In answer to a question at his first press conference individuals can openly share their vulnerabilities, understand following his appointment, he told the assembled journalists that and openly discuss each other’s values and strengths, as well as Liverpool would win the Premiership in his fourth season. Well, he weaknesses. Teams with trust can be unstoppable. Klopp trusts was one season out! But it didn’t stop him having some intermediate the team to do the right thing. In return, the players trust him. successes, such as reaching national cup finals, and winning the UEFA Champions League on the way to winning the Premiership. ICPEM // Alert // Winter 2020 31

So, ultimate success wasn’t achieved immediately and may not Lesson for those leading in crisis situations: have been the sudden improvement that some people were Too often teams are thrown together with no attention looking for. That is not his style. In comparison with many football given to laying important ground work. Often the managers, he has taken things slowly. Klopp has brought together team composition is wrong, because leaders tend a great diversity in talent, rather than a team that just reflects to choose people like themselves, and it becomes a his own personality. But he doesn’t put that success down to him team of clones. Too many team members have the alone; he puts it down to the expertise of others around him. same characteristics and personality types, when all the evidence shows that diverse teams with different Lesson for those leading in crisis situations: complementary characteristics perform best. Define success and discuss with your team how you will achieve it. If ultimate success looks impossible the second tier. His philosophy on self-confidence is interesting. at the start of a crisis, define intermediate goals. Whilst he recognises the qualities he brings to Liverpool Football Club, he recognises his limitations and doesn’t try to hide them. Team building He claims that if he were expected to know everything, he could not have the self-confidence that he has. He knows he is good Klopp connects emotionally with his players, giving them an at a couple of things, and very good at a couple more. But his intense sense of safety and belonging. He creates a team and self-confidence is big enough to allow him to have strong people puts greater emphasis on what happens off the field than on around him with better knowledge than he does in certain areas. it. According to his assistant manager, Pepijn Lijnders, Klopp He has no problem with allowing people to grow around him. believes football is 30% tactics and 70% team building.

There are two things to note here about Klopp. He is not arrogant. But it is not only the team on the field that is important to Klopp. Whereas José Mourinho referred to himself at one stage, as the He has built a huge team at Liverpool which can be divided into ‘special one’, Klopp, at his first press conference on taking charge four sub-teams. In addition to the team that plays on the field, he at Liverpool, referred to himself as the ‘normal one’. He has no has a formidable network of associates, around twenty at Liverpool, ego. Ego acts as a repellent, while confidence draws people in whom he trusts, listens to, and, who, in turn, do not hesitate to like a magnet. An inflated ego narrows vision because it looks challenge him. Thus, at a time, when some world and business leaders for information that confirms what the ego wants to believe increasingly shun experts, Klopp embraces them. Amongst them and he or she ends up in a leadership bubble where they only he has experts in fitness and conditioning, in nutrition, two first- see and hear what they want to. As a result they lose touch with team fitness coaches, a first-team physiotherapist and two assistant the people they lead. Klopp will never fall into that trap. managers, Pepijn Lijnders and Peter Krawietz. They all have specific skills that are different but complementary to Klopp. In addition, he has turned the administrative and support staff at both Anfield and Lesson for those leading in crisis situations: Melwood into teams who are there to play their part in Liverpool’s Too often, leaders surrounded by strong people see success. And, finally, there are the supporters, whom he sees as the them as a threat. As the leader you don’t have to have football club’s 12th man. All have played their roles in being a part all the answers. This is likely to apply particularly of the larger team that is Liverpool Football Club, and bringing during a crisis. Just make sure you have strong people the Premiership to Anfield. And Klopp is quick to recognise this. around you who know a lot about what you don’t Confidence know and be willing to accept their advice. Observing Klopp in interviews, his self-confidence is obvious. He accepts he was only an average player; indeed he says he had the ability of a player in the fourth tier but the footballing mind of one in the first tier. This combination enabled him to play in 32

Klopp during Liverpool’s Champions League victory Parade. Image credit: Pete, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. Listening Motivation Too many people think listening is a passive process. It’s not! Klopp is a superb motivator. In April 2016, Liverpool were losing It’s an active process. You need to be alert to receive and 0-2 at half-time to Borussia Dortmund in the quarter-final of the understand information. The Greek philosopher, Diogenes Europa League. There was no ranting and raving during his half- is usually given credit for the saying ‘We have two ears time pep-talk, He simply told the players ‘to create the moment to and one tongue so as to listen more and talk less.’ tell our grandchildren and make this a special night for the fans.’ They won 4-3, scoring the winner in the 91st minute. Afterwards, Klopp believes one thing great leaders learn is the art of listening Liverpool chairman, Tom Werner, who is also chairman of the and the skill of active listening is such an important one to acquire. Boston Red Sox, said, ‘We credit Jürgen on his incredible powers He is genuinely curious about people, what makes them tick, of motivation, which gave the team the confidence to stage that and, as we have seen from the conversation with Wijnaldrum, remarkable comeback.’ In May 2019, Liverpool had lost the first leg when the latter signed for Liverpool, what people do when they of the EUFA Champions League semi-final to Barcelona 0-3. Before are away from the job. He doesn’t dismiss someone’s point of the game he said to the players: ‘Boys, believe! Put it in your mind view if it does not align with his; he tries to understand it. that we can do this. One or two goals, even if we don’t score in the first 15, 20 minutes, believe in the 65th, 66th, 67th minute we can score, and then with Anfield behind us, trust me guys, we can do Lesson for those leading in crisis situations: it.’ And they did, winning 4-0 on the night and 4-3 on aggregate If you wish to understand and form deeper connections in the tie. That night, Klopp deliberately, left Georginio Wijnaldrum with your people, say less and listen more. It can be out of the starting line-up, which made the player, according to your key to learning how you can help on an individual himself, ‘sick to the lowest pits of his stomach’; he was angry. That basis and improve the way your team works. ICPEM // Alert // Winter 2020 33

was where Klopp wanted him to be. But he brought him on at Lesson for those leading in crisis situations: half-time and he was determined to show Klopp he had been wrong to leave him out. He scored two of the four goals. History is littered with people who have failed to communicate effectively in a crisis. Who will forget, the Chief Executive Officer of BP, Tony Hayward, ‘I’d Lesson for those leading in crisis situations: like my life back,’ following the Deepwater Horizon Motivation is vital to keeping your team committed and disaster. It doesn’t necessarily need to be the crisis to give them a sense of belonging. It is important to recognise that different people are motivated by different leader that is the communicator but someone who can things. For some people it is personal, by knowing put the subject across with enthusiasm and passion you have given of your best; for others, it may be the and, at the same time, keeping it believable. Good esteem of belonging to a successful team; others may be communication is authentic. This matters because motivated by words of encouragement or praise; and yet authenticity creates trust. others by telling them they can do better. Find out what motivates each member of your team. But motivating He keeps things simple and doesn’t overload people with statistics and your team starts by being motivated yourself. And no- information. Insofar as the team is concerned, he has commented in one is more motivated than Klopp. the past: ‘I have a lot more information than I give to the players, not because I want to keep that, just because they have to play a football Positivity game, and football is a game and you have to play it with freedom.’ Klopp puts into practice what several psychological studies No-blame culture have proven – that people perform best when they are in a Great leaders create a no-blame culture. They allow people to positive frame of mind. At his first press conference he saw fail and celebrate failure as an opportunity for learning and that one of his first jobs was to change the attitude of mind development. Klopp recognises that setbacks are inevitable. of those at Liverpool Football Club, including the supporters, He treats them like pit stops in a learning process where team from doubters to believers. Sadio Mane has said, ‘Our manager members need to recalibrate and move on. Indeed, he goes as always has the right words and the right things to manage far as to suggest that if people are not failing then they are not his team, especially knowing how to deal with his team.’ trying enough. By not being afraid of losing, Jürgen allows his team to learn the valuable lessons that come from defeat. Lesson for those leading in crisis situations: When faced with a crisis it is important to create an Lesson for those leading in crisis situations: atmosphere of ‘we can do this’, and banish any doubts As Klopp suggests, setbacks are inevitable. Recognise to the background. that your team are people first (with all the emotions that entails) and members of your team second. Communication Create the conditions where team members can Klopp is a brilliant communicator. Watch him at a press conference. He is relaxed and has a ready smile, despite the be themselves. This releases a different type of fact that he is giving it in a second language. No matter how energy, allowing leaders to get the best from their obtuse the question he does not belittle the questioner. And teams. Do not allow blame to be apportioned or when he gives an interview, he is not just speaking to the public. apportion blame yourself. A team in which blame is More importantly, he is also speaking to the whole team that apportioned can be highly corrosive, as many leaders he has built at Liverpool Football Club, including the fans. have found, particularly when faced with a crisis. 34

He encourages passionate debate. Great teams have In this uncertain environment, the squad went out to train as passionate and unguarded conversation, even conflict, not on normal at Melwood. The news that the games were called off interpersonal issues but on issues of importance to the business indefinitely was shouted down from a balcony. Klopp just nodded. of the team. Polite teams are not high performing ones. He knew what had to be done. He gathered all staff – everyone, not just the players – in the canteen and began to speak. It was And he is not averse to giving credit to other people unscripted, without notes. One of the first things he said was: when things go well, but, if things do not go so well; ‘These are extraordinary times. Let’s not be selfish.’ He was sitting then it is his fault - he is the one to take the blame. on the edge of a pool table as he went through the mechanics of what was going to happen so everyone knew clearly what the Show your (com)passion situation was. He made it clear that everybody’s health was the Watch Klopp on the touch line during a football match and most crucial issue at this time. He then reassured the team. He said, it will be your first step towards understanding high team ‘Whatever happens, we have earned the right to be champions. performance. His passion for the game shines through. It is If we do the right things we will have the opportunity to finish like he is playing alongside the players. But, at the end of the the season.’ Then he finished with the most important bit. He said, game he shows his compassion. Not only does he make a point ‘No-one needs to be on their own. You can call me at any time. If of going up to each of his players to show his appreciation of someone needs help, call me. There is no excuse for not doing it.’ their performance, he also goes to every opposition player. Acknowledgement My thanks go to my brother, Nick Baxter-Moore, recently Lesson for those leading in crisis situations: retired Associate Professor at Brock University and a total I am not suggesting you should behave in precisely football fanatic, for reading my first draft of the article the way he does in the office or the crisis control and making a number of constructive comments. room. But to successfully respond to a crisis, you need to have a passion for your organisation or, if Further reading in government, your country and have the ability to • Diamond, Harry (2019). Mane explains why Liverpool Boss Klopp handle all kinds of events, particularly crises. Given is “the best in the world”.’ The Football Faithfull, 21 November. the number of crises that have befallen countries and • McIntyre, Niall (undated). ;Monster of motivation: Jurgen organisations, in recent years, they are the ultimate Klopp’s half-time heroics with Gini Wijnaldum,’ Sports, Joe. test as to a leader’s ability. • Marik. Priyam (2020). ‘Jurgen Klopp and the art of leadership.’ Deccan Herald, 6 July. • Nemo, John (2014). ‘What a NASA janitor can teach us about Conclusion living a bigger life.’ The Business Journals, 23 December. To lead in any sphere of life is no easy task. The groundwork • Smith, Matthew, and Sean Figgins (2020). ‘Five Ways includes building relationships, trust, defining critical success Jürgen Klopp’s Leadership Style Helped Liverpool factors, being positive, creating a no-blame culture and to the Top.’ The Conversation, 26 June. recognising that differences in the team bring strengths. • Wager, Mark (2020). ‘Leadership Analysis: How Jürgen Klopp Ended Thirty Years of Hurt For People around Anfield speak with awe about the manager’s conduct Liverpool FC.’ Australian Leadership Institute. on 20 March 2020, the day the Premier League suspended operations. • Williams, Sam (2020). ‘Western Union presents: The World ‘We knew it was coming,’ a club source said. ‘There were meetings according to Jürgen Klopp.’ See www.liverpoolfc.com with all the departments in the morning and everyone was given a chance to give their input. The way [Klopp] works is like a cabinet government with an unbelievably powerful Prime Minister. He will take the ultimate decision but he takes other opinions on board.’ ICPEM // Alert // Winter 2020 35 MV RHOSUS & THE BEIRUT EXPLOSION DISASTER

by CJ Manjarres-Wahlberg

n the 4th of August 2020 the port of Beirut was rocked by an unexpected Oand devastating explosion caused by 2,750 tonnes of explosive ammonium nitrate, the equivalent to around 1.1 kilotons of TNT. The explosion resulted in over 200 deaths, 6,500 injuries (McKay, 2020) with estimated damages in the billions (Ship Technology, 2020). The explosion was felt General cargo ship Rhosus passing Istanbul on 30 July 2011. Photo by Frank Behrends - http://www.shipspotting.com/ in Turkey, Syria, Israel, Palestine and Cyprus. gallery/photo.php?lid=3192824, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=93128212 The incident will have long lasting financial, political, and psychological damage as the on its flag state registry. For any ship or Mr Igor Grechushkin. In the registration ripple effect circumnavigates the world. vessel to sail the sea it requires registration document obtained from the Ministry of in a country, that country then assumes Economy and Infrastructure of the Republic How could this previously inconceivable responsibility for the legislation and of Moldovia Naval Agency (image 1). disaster occur in 2020? We live in a subsequent standards which the vessel is world regulated by a myriad of rules, registered under. Moldova has a reputation of regulations, policy, procedure and being a flag of convenience where merchant international conventions. How did the ships are registered in a sovereign state ammonium nitrate come to be in Beirut different from that of the ship’s owner’s and what caused this material to explode? residence which may have stricter regulations This article will explore these questions. and costs than of the flag state the ship Furthermore, I will also briefly explain how is actually registered (Offshore Energy, the registration of vessels and in particular 2012). It is a mechanism to save owners’ “flag of convenience”, which in this case time and money by not implementing has provided a perfect environment for additional safety systems, maintenance unacceptable ship management practices and paying the crew lower wages than and on-board safety standards. Capital Flag States which have stricter regulations and conditions of employment. The Ship: The following baffling details Transporting the ammonium nitrate into surround the disaster: Beirut was the MV Rhosus. Built in 1986 in Japan as a single-deck general cargo Incident Events: Image 1: Registration document obtained from the Ministry ship with a length of 53 metres 3,226 dead of Economy. Image credit: Economy and Infrastructure of June 2013 Republic of Moldovia Naval Agency/OCCRP weight tonnes and two cargo holds. In 2008 In early June the company Maritime Lloyd the hull was lengthened to 86.6 metres. issued a certificate of seaworthiness for the by OCCRP it shows that a company in the Since 1986 she has changed hands eight MV Rhosus to enable the lodging of the ship’s Marshall Islands called Teto Shipping (Igor times with her final owner believed to be registration with the Capital Flag State of Grechushkin) had chartered the ship from a the Russian businessman Igor Grechushkin, Moldova. Maritime Lloyd, a ship management company in Panama, Briarwood Corporation a Russian resident of Cyprus, or so the company based in Cyprus is owned by a Mr which is also owned by Mr Charalambos public have been led to believe. Charalambos Manoli, who according to the Manoli of Cyprus the owner of A significant factor in this incident is Organised Crime and Corruption Maritime Lloyd the certification the Capital Flag State of the MV Rhosus Reporting Project (OCCRP) in Europe is body who provided the certificate of “Moldova” a land locked country with an the official owner of the MV Rhosus not compliance to Moldovan authorities. unconfirmed number of vessels currently 36

machinery from Beirut to Aqaba, Jordan. The machinery was delivered to the port for loading. On loading the first item onto the deck, the cargo hatch cover containing the ammonium nitrate, buckled damaging the ship. The Captain refused the cargo stating, “It could have ruined the whole ship, and I said no” (Thomson, 2020).

After additional inspection by authorities, when it was clear money was not going to be paid, the ship’s was deemed to be unseaworthy and detained.

Between 2014 – 2015 Image 2: MV Rhosus in Beirut Port, November 2013. Image credit: Anthony Vrailas/Marine Traffic.com The majority of the crew were disembarked Two weeks later in Seville, Spain the MV The real reason however it has been except for the Captain and several crew Rhosus was detained after a Port State discovered was to pick up additional who were forced to remain on board. Control inspection by Spanish authorities cargo to pay for passage through Despite repeated attempts to establish terms cited 14 defects including issues with the the Suez Canal (Thomson, 2020). with the owners and cargo charterers the ships auxiliary power unit. The auxiliary crew were abandoned and left to fend for power unit was replaced with a new rented The ship was boarded and inspected by themselves. The Captain managed to sell the generator allowing the ship to leave port. Lebanese authorities who initially impounded fuel which was on board in the ship’s tanks Payment for this equipment was not made the vessel for unpaid debts (Seville) and to pay for legal expenses in an 11-month resulting in the debt being registered with an unpaid debt from the principal owner legal battle to allow the remaining crew to Seville authorities, later becoming part Charalambos Manoli in the form of a disembark with kind port authority officers of the detainment charges by Beirut port bank loan to FBME Bank in Cyprus. Igor providing food and water for the remaining authorities in November 2013 (image 2). Grechushkin had organised for the ship crew while they remained on board. to take on additional cargo of heavy September 2013 On 27th September, MV Rhosus sails from Batumi, Georgia with a cargo of 2,750 tonnes of ammonium nitrate stored in heavy transport cargo bags to be delivered to Fabrica de Explosivos Mocambique (FEM) in Matola, Mozambique via the Suez Canal.

November 2013 On 21st November 2013, Captain Boris Prokoshev received a call from Russian businessman Igor Grechushkin instructing him to make an unscheduled port visit to Beirut citing power problems.

Image 3: Voyage map of the MV Rhosus. Image credit: OCCRP/Edin Pasovic. ICPEM // Alert // Winter 2020 37

Legal records obtained by journalist Joshua Keating from the Globe and Mail in Canada at the time of the crew’s release in 2014 state: “owing to the risks associated with retaining the Ammonium Nitrate on board the vessel, the port authorities discharged the cargo into the port’s warehouses. The vessel and cargo remain to date in port awaiting auctioning and/or proper disposal.”

The cargo was offloaded and stored in the warehouse where it remained until the disaster on the 4th of August, 2020. The then-director of Lebanese customs Shafik Merhi had sent several letters warning of the dangers of keeping the material at the port. He never received Image 4: MV Rhosus sunk in Beirut Harbour 2018. Image credit: Maxar Technologies. a reply (OCCRP, 21 August 2020). 4th August 2020 fireworks causing the fire to develop. As Between 2015-2016 It has been widely reported in the the fire developed, the ammonium nitrate It is believed that up to 6 separate international media that the fire was became unstable and exploded (image 5). letters were sent to the Lebanese believed to have started in the warehouse Government in an effort to have where the ammonium nitrate was stored Conclusion the cargo moved or disposed of. at around 17h40. Unconfirmed reports This tragic disaster was completely avoidable. state that the fire was related to welding The series of contributing factors had December 2019 repairs that had been completed in part of multiple points where intervention could Further letters were submitted to several that same warehouse which ignited stored have changed the course of events, however Lebanese Government department including the judiciary, presidency, the intelligence and Customs departments (OCCRP, 21 August 2020).

Captain Prokoshev has also stated that the ship had a hole in the hull which required pumping out by the crew to maintain the stability of the ship. Without a crew on board to monitor slow ingress of water the ship sank in the port of Beirut sometime in February 2018. Despite sinking in the harbour and being a navigational danger to other vessels the Lebanese Government made no attempt to re-float or salvage her. The ship remains on the bottom of the harbour to this day (image 4). Image 5: Aerial photo of Beirut explosion site. Image credit: Maxar Technologies. 38

due to the inaction and bureaucracy need to prioritise closing the gaps in Abandonment. Retrieved 31 October 2020, https:// www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Legal/Pages/Seafarer- involved the incident was not avoided. vessel registration and Capital Flag State abandonment.aspx deficiencies. This is no doubt one instance • Keating, J. How neglected cargo became a ‘ticking The explosion has displaced over 300,000 of many less publicised Capital Flag State time bomb in Beirut. Retrieved 15 October 2020, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article- people with an estimated cost of $15 matters related to flag of convenience how-an-abandoned-ship-became-a-ticking-time- billion in damage to the city. The resulting registrations of vessels. Regardless of bomb-in-beirut/ • McVeigh, K. Roth, A. Cancer of the industry: Beirut’s damage to the city’s infrastructure, impact country, ownership or registration, seafarers blast proves lethal risk of abandoning ships. The on emergency services and access to basic and the general public have the right to Guardian, Accessed 31 October 2020. https://www. medical services has been devastating. The demand better regulation and consistency in theguardian.com/environment/2020/aug/20/cancer- of-the-industry-beiruts-blast-proves-lethal-risk-of- immediate response by the international maritime safety for those at sea to prevent abandoning-ships community to the humanitarian disaster a repeat of this disaster in the future. • McKay, Hannah (OCCRP). A Hidden Tycoon, African Explosives, and a Loan from a Notorious was instant with supplies, support teams Bank: Questionable Connections Surround Beirut and financial aid pouring into Beirut. Click on the link below for more Explosion Shipment, retrieved on 04 October 2020, information about the explosion. https://www.occrp.org The Beirut Port Explosion • Ministry of Economy and Infrastructure of Republic This disaster has exposed the dark side of Forensic Architecture of Moldova Naval Agency, 2020. Extract from the the maritime shipping industry and those forensic-architecture.org register of ships, Retrieved on, 12 August 2020. https://www.occrp.org/en/investigations/ who operate under the radar abusing • Offshore Energy, Moldova to Stop Flat of Capital Flag State regulation, safety Convenience Practice, retrieved 02 October 2020, standards and the abandonment of crew. https://www.offshore-energy.biz/moldova-to-stop- flag-of-convenience-practice/ • Ship Technology, Beirut Explosion: Tracing the According to the International Maritime timeline of the disaster, retrieved on 20 October 2020, https://www.ship-technology.com/features/ Organisation an estimated 470 seafarers on beirut-explosion-timeline/ 31 vessels have been abandoned because of References • Thomson, R. Ship that delivered explosive material the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 (IMO, 2020). to Beirut Port was never supposed to stop there, • BBC News, Beirut Explosion: What we know so far. says Captain. Retrieved 12 October 2020, https:// Retrieved 29 October 2020, https://www.bbc.com/ www.cbc.ca/news/world/rhosus-ammonium-nitrate- Governments in working partnership with news/world-middle-east-53668493 beirut-captain-1.5678444 the International Maritime Organisation • International Maritime Organisation, Seafarer

POTENTIAL Can you think of a colleague or contact who might be interested in joining? MEMBERS Please let the Membership Secretary know and we will send them some information.

Alert Authors Wanted

We are always keen to accept articles from readers about your thoughts, experiences and perspectives on any aspects of emergency management and civil protection. Articles should be a maximum of 2,000 words and can be academic, or reflecting on personal experience and sharing knowledge and expertise. Do also include a pen portrait of yourself c.100 words and a photograph. Please email Dave Dowling with your ideas and articles at [email protected] The deadline for content in the next issue is 01 November. We look forward to hearing from you.

Our efforts to improve the range of services and support ICPEM provides for our membership will continue and as ever a plea for help and support. ICPEM // Alert // Winter 2020 39 THE FACTORS AFFECTING PREHOSPITAL CARE INCIDENT COMMANDERS, A MAJOR INCIDENT STUDY The views and opinions in this article are those of the author only. by Dwain Longley

ithin the prehospital care After qualifying as a paramedic with an NHS 1. Pre-Commander (PC) environment there have Ambulance Trust and spending a number of Arrival Stage Walways been a number of years as an operational and subsequently While each of the three stages are important, factors that affect how organisations tactical commander I was recently appointed the key to successful management of an as an Associate Command and Resilience manage incidents. Since the formation incident lies within the PC arrival stage; it is Educator. While my initial interests were of the ambulance service, as part of the during this stage where the initial telephone around how organisations respond to major development of the National Health Service calls will be received in the ambulance incidents4, this expanded into considerations in 1948 individual brigades, services and control room (Emergency Operations Centre). as to how business continuity impacts on an even bus companies were left to decide Historically the guidelines has broadly organisations ability to respond in incidents5 themselves how they managed their staff spoken about how the first responder(s) however, my real interest has always been during incidents. Often it was left to the at scene are required to take actions such major incident management. I have been individual organisations to develop their as sending a METHANE message (Major fortunate enough to undertake a number of own management response capability. Incident Declared / Standby / My Call Sign, pieces of research surrounding organisational Exact Location, Type of Incident, Hazards, management and how prehospital care The Major Incident Medical Management ccess and Egress, umber of Casualties: organisations respond to incidents, most A N Systems (MIMMS) course1 was developed recently as part of an MSc Dissertation Live and Dead, Emergency Services at following a number of large and major critiquing the NARU Command and Control scene and required) and beginning to incidents in the 1980s and 90s. It began Guidelines against a major incident. undertake the role of the initial on scene to deliver a national standard for training commander6. However given the legal ambulance commanders. It was however not In this study, the incident itself involved a responsibility found within Common Law mandatory and left individual organisations 7 multi-agency response to a significant Road (Tort of Negligence) and the Duty of Care to decide if they wished to train their Traffic Collision that left one individual placed on ambulance services to act from commanders in this way. In the 2000s fatally wounded and a number of other the point of the initial call, actions should be following on from a number of further patients with significant injuries. At the taken before any resources arrive at scene. incidents there was a push from central time of the incident there were guidelines There are a number of actions to be taken government to develop a national ambulance in place for commanders; these were first within the ambulance control room. These capability, this included the development generation and have since been amended actions include the requirement for the initial of nationally approved commander training and updated utilising information gathered and standards. This came to fruition through call handler to obtain as much pertinent from a number of post incident debriefs. 8 the development of the National Ambulance information as possible from the caller . This Resilience Unit2 and more recently the Skills is achieved by utilising systems such as the I have been able to establish through for Justice National Occupational Standards3. Advanced Medical Priority Dispatch System the research that when dealing with These standards and guidelines outline how (AMPDS) that allows quick identification incidents they can be separated into a commanders should conduct themselves of significant incidents and allows the call number of different stages, each with when dealing with incidents and are now handler to ask appropriate questions. This their own challenges. These are: widely accepted across all prehospital early information enables early identification care settings as being the minimum of major incidents and allows the control 1. The Pre-Commander (PC) arrival stage requirements for commanders in this field. room to develop a METHANE message that 2. The Commander Arrival (CA) stage and 3. The Post Incident can be shared between organisations. This I have had an interest in major incidents and Management (PIM) stage. follows the current Joint Emergency Services major incident management for some time. Interoperability Principles (JESIP) and allows I was fortunate enough to be appointed as organisations to jointly develop a common a volunteer resilience manager for St. John picture of the incident9. A number of training Ambulance in the early part of my career; packages are available on the JESIP website this was what sparked my initial interest. for control room and operational staff that 40

does not have a command role as part of 2. Commander Arrival This may include changes within their day to day roles with the aim of helping (CA) Stage organisations or on a national basis with them better understand the importance of Some of the key issues for the initial amendments to national guidelines. There JESIP. While I cannot speak for all NHS Trusts, commanders who arrive at the incident are a number of different forums where the ambulance service I work for offers Major scene will be determined by the actions that organisational learning can be shared Incident and Special Operations training to all have already been undertaken by staff in e.g. internally, regionally and nationally. staff within A&E Operations, the Emergency the pre arrival of commander’s stage of the Research suggests to only have one Operations Centre, Patient Transport Services, incident, and by the initial actions taken place where organisational learning is and within the Event Operations Teams: This by those within the ambulance control shared to allow full transparency and 17 training advocates the use of the mnemonic room. The commanders should continue to follow current good practice . 10 CSCATTT which stands for: Command utilise the CSCATTT principles and ensure and control, Safety, Communication, that they are visible to the others by the To summarise, during the research Assessment, Triage, Treat, Transport. This use of the appropriate incident command a number of themes became quite provides all staff and commanders with a tabards12. These are now nationally agreed apparent and these can be summarised common understanding of what actions and accepted by all trusts and are similar into the following categories: should be undertaken and with what in nature to those that are worn by multi- • National and local guidelines priority when managing an incident. agency partners to allow easy cross service • Training identification. Regardless of which command • Communication The ambulance control room is expected to level of prehospital care you are expected • Command and control undertake not only the management of the to operate at, do not underestimate the • Coordination control room but also remotely manage the usefulness of the Tactical and Medical • Identification incident as the ‘initial incident commander’. Advisors. These specially trained staff will • Joint service working Early decisions include making resourcing be able to offer expert advice on what decisions about the incident, beginning resources are available to on scene medical These categories were apparent throughout to undertake the CSCATTT principles and personnel13,14,15 and how they can be the interviews undertaken as part of the activate specialist resources; albeit from the utilised them at any given incident. MSc research and are all key points within remote location of the control room. This the current NARU guidelines. The guidelines would be akin to the tactical commander 3. Post Incident Management offer an appropriate set of principles for managing an incident from a Tactical (PIM) Stage operational staff but are just as important Coordinating Group (TCG). What is apparent Once the incident is concluded there will be a for control room specific procedures and is that in order to maximise the ability to number of tasks that need to be undertaken training should be developed to support successfully manage a major incident these by the commander. In the first instance the pre commander’s arrival stage of commanders should adhere to the same following the incident it is important to incident command. Command during the 11 management principles . This is something ensure that any logs are completed within PC phase will be undertaken by personnel that has been echoed in the current 24 hours. This stage of an incident is where within the control room, available to National Ambulance Resilience Unit (NARU) any learning can be identified. Along with offer practical support to those at the Command and Control Guidelines; they the initial actions following an incident an incident scene in the absence of authorised advocate the initial incident management organisation is duty bound to review and prehospital incident commanders. being undertaken within the control room. learn from what has happened. This will often be undertaken through a series of hot, Within the guidelines, communication in a cold and multi-agency debriefs. The debriefs number of different formats is discussed. i.e. allow data to be compiled, reviewed and then communication should take on a number of recommendations for changes in practice to different formats rather than the discussion be undertaken where appropriate16. being in a number of different formats. The ICPEM // Alert // Winter 2020 41

current guidelines discuss appropriate levels online: https://www.ukstandards.org.uk/NOS- 12. Pilbery R, Lethbridge K. (2016) Ambulance of communication and place emphasis on Finder#k=command, Care Practice. Bridgwater: Class Publishing 4. Lipley N (2001). Call for national guidance Ltd interoperability and joint communication. on major incident plans. Nursing Standard 13. Fisher J (1990) The British Association for (through 2013), Volume 16 (3), Page 5. DOI: Immediate Care (BASICS).Its experience in https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.16.3.5.s5 major disasters, with special reference to the What I hope this article does is to stimulate 5. Roberts P Molyneux H (2010). Implementing role of the medical incident officer, Injury: the discussion around multi-agency incident business continuity effectively within the UK International Journal of the Care of the command, the guidelines that prehospital National Health Service. Journal of Business Injured, Volume 21 Pages 45-48 Continuity & Emergency Planning, Volume 14. Sollid S Vigerust T Jystad M Rehn M (2017). care organisations currently work to, and 4 (4), Pages: 352–359. Doi: https://doi. Helicopter emergency medical services in the pros and cons to providing academic org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-310021 major incident management: A national 6. Longley D (2018) Major Incident Management Norwegian cross-sectional survey. PLoS One, rigor to the guidelines currently employed – Bringing order out of chaos, Standby CPD Volume 12 (2), DOI: e0171436. https://doi. by organisations. A copy of the full research Volume 8 (1) Page 3, London, Class Publishing org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171436 discussed within is available upon request 7. Common law tort of negligence (2020): NHS 15. Macklin D Marsden J (2010). Emergency Litigation, Acessed online: https://resolution. planning: major incidents and command at: [email protected], and I would nhs.uk/ training. Journal of Paramedic Practice, be happy to take any comments on either 8. NHS England: Advanced Medical Priority Volume 2 (9), Pages 438–440. DOI: https://doi. Dispatch System – Ambulance Response org/10.12968/jpar.2010.2.9.78631 this article or the original research. Programme Review (2017) Retrieved from: 16. Cabinet Office Emergency Planning Resilience https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/ and Response (2016) Retrieved from: https:// References uploads/2018/10/ambulance-response- www.gov.uk/search=Emergency+Planning+ programme-review.pdf Resilience+and+Response+ &show_ 1. Advanced Life Support Group (2011) Part 9. Joint Emergency Services Interoperability organisations_filter=true 4: Chapter 10, Major Incident Medical Programme Joint doctrine (2018) Retrieved 17. Allen D Karanasios S Norman A (2014) Management and Support: The Practical from: http://www.jesip.org.uk/ what-is-the- Information sharing and interoperability: Approach at the Scene, Pages 61-69 3rd ed. joint-doctrine the case of major incident management, London, Wiley- Blackwell Publishing. 10. Longley D (2020) Clinical Decontamination European Journal of Information Systems, 2. National Ambulance Resilience Unit – Your Role as First Responder, Standby CPD, suppl. including a Special Section on Command and Control framework (2016) Volume 10 (6), London, Class Publishing Transforming Decision-making, Volume Retrieved from: http://naru.org.uk/naru- 11. Hunt P, Greaves I. Oxford Manual of Major 23 (4) Pages 418-432, DOI: http://search. cbrne-operational-on-scene-command- Incident Management. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford proquest.com.lcproxy.shu.ac.uk/docvi course/ University Press; 2017. ew/1543373852?accountid=13827&r 3. Skills for Justice (2020) UK Standards: fr_id=info%3Axri%2Fsid%3Aprimo Operational Incident Command, Accessed

NATIONAL RESILIENCE STANDARDS FOR LOCAL RESILIENCE FORUMS (LRFS) A set of individual standards which are intended to establish a consistent and progressive means for Local Resilience Forums (LRFs) and their constituent local responder organisations to self- assure their capabilities and overall level of readiness, and to guide continuous improvement against mandatory requirements, good and leading practice. The standards can be accessed via the Weblink National Resilience Standards for Local Resilience Forums (LRFs) – Version 3.0, August 2020 (publishing.service.gov.uk) 42

The UK Government is implementing a ​national alerting capability​ to deliver geo-targeted messages to citizens in an area affected by a severe threat or hazard. The service is intended for use by the Government and other emergency responders.

The objective of the new service is to support the UK’s response to Covid-19 and provide a capability to warn for other high severity, or life-threatening hazards and threats (e.g.flooding, industrial accidents and terrorist incidents).

Cell broadcasting (CB) is currently used in 18 countries worldwide.There is no need for prior registration and recipients phones are not identifiable thereby no privacy concerns. Handsets receiving a CB alert will emit a very loud alert tone, vibrate, and flash the message on the home screen. The message won’t disappear until dismissed. Messages are essentially instantaneous (5-10 seconds) from message release to being received. This can be millions of handsets with no lag or congestion. Messages can only be sent by authorised users and on receipt use a reserved loud tone and vibration, designed to attract attention.

8 September 2020 ICPEM // Alert // Winter 2020 43

There are three main components to the service:

1. The message sending engine where the message content and location are chosen and messages are approved.

2. Software in the mobile networks checks the target area against the mobile mast locations and transmits the relevant message like a radio wave for a broadcast period e.g. 4 hours.

3. Mobile phones receive the messages displayed as ‘Emergency Alert’ on the home screen. Apple and Samsung phones will be updated with new software to enable receipt.

User research and usability testing

So far, colleagues in emergency planning, care commissioning and public health in East Riding, Bradford, Calderdale, North Yorkshire, York, Kent and Wrexham have assisted with testing the first component - the GOV.UK Notify message sending engine above. We would like to extend the testing phase further with the emergency planning community.

The sessions last around 1 hour and we are seeking individuals with experience of responding to major incidents at all tiers including executive level who may be responsible for signing off emergency communications.

We are particularly keen to speak to those working in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. To register your interest please contact [email protected]

8 September 2020 44 FAR-RIGHT TERRORISM

by Lina Kolesnikova and Tony Moore

n 2019, the Global Terrorism Index (GTI) Breivik started his campaign of violence by of the Walmart Supercentre in El Paso. He warned about widespread activity among detonating a van bomb in Oslo, which killed was armed with a WASR-10 rifle, a semi- Ifar-right terrorist groups. The Europol’s eight people, and then travelled to the island automatic civilian version of the AK047 European Union (EU) Terrorism Situation and of Utoya, where he shot dead 69 people military assault weapon. He opened fire Trend Report, issued in June 2020, echoed the attending a Workers’ League summer camp. on people in the car park before entering same observation about EU countries, stating: the store where he continued firing. His On 12 August 2017, James Fields deliberately target was Hispanic and Latino Americans. ‘EU member states reported six drove his car into a crowd of people Twenty-three people died and a further 23 peacefully protesting against a neo-Nazi were injured in what has been described completed, failed or foiled right- and white supremacists Unite the Right as the deadliest anti-Latino attack in wing terrorist attacks. In addition, Rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, killing recent United States history. Following Germany reported two right-wing one person and injuring 35 others. There the attack, Crusius fled the scene but attacks.’ had been a similar incident in London, subsequently gave himself up to the police. just over two months earlier, when Darren Osborne deliberately drove a van into a A week later, on 10 August 2019, a 21-year- The precise monitoring of such incidents is crowd near the Finsbury Park mosque, old Norwegian, Philip Manshaus, carrying handicapped because, in many countries, killing one person and injuring a further 10. three firearms, broke through the locked attacks by right-wing extremists are not Field was a white supremacist. Osborne’s door of the Al Noor mosque Baerum and considered to be terrorist attacks under attack was said to have been in revenge commenced shooting. Fortunately, before current national legislation. Instead they for the London Bridge attack on 3 June anyone was hit, he was overpowered by are referred to as right-wing extremism 2017, in which eight people were killed a retired Pakistani Air Force officer who incidents or just merely incidents. Thus, and 48 injured by three men, alleged to was living in Norway and was a frequent examples of right-wing terrorist attacks have been Islamic State (ISIS) operatives. visitor to the mosque. However, before tend to come from Australasia, North leaving home he had killed his 17-year-old America and some European countries. On 27 October 2018, 48-year-old Robert stepsister, who was Chinese by birth and Bowers, who frequently posted anti-Semitic had been adopted by Manshaus’s mother. According to the GTI, the total number of views on his website and possessed three extreme-right incidents has risen 320% in handguns, shot dead eleven people and The 9 October 2019, was the Jewish holy the past five years. Not surprisingly, deaths wounded six, in an attack on a synagogue day of Yom Kippur, at around noon, Stephen have also risen, from 11 in 2017, to 26 in in Pittsburgh. He was arrested at the scene. Balliet, a 27-year-old German neo-Nazi, 2018, and 77 in 2019 up until the end of fired shots and attempted to ignite home- September. The greatest increase for these On 15 March 2019, in Christchurch, New made explosives, as he tried to enter a attacks has been seen in Western Europe, Zealand, 51 people were killed and a synagogue, containing 51 congregants, North America and Oceania. Recent incidents further 40 injured when a 28-year-old in Halle, Germany. Foiled by the recently in Charlottesville (United States) in 2017, Australian, Brenton Tarrant, attacked upgraded security system, he turned his Pittsburgh (United States) in 2018, Halle the Al Noor mosque and the Linwood attention to people outside the building, (Germany), Christchurch (New Zealand), El Islamic Centre with firearms. Described as killing a woman near the entrance to the Paso (United States), and Baerum (Norway) all a white supremacist and part of the alt- Jewish cemetery next to the synagogue in 2019, and Hanau (Germany) in 2020, have right, a loosely connected far-right, white and killing a man in a nearby Turkish kebab given credence to the fact that there is a nationalist movement that had originated restaurant. He was eventually arrested. growth of far-right terrorism and extremism. in the United States. Tarrant had become obsessed with terrorist attacks committed On 19 February 2020, 43-year-old Tobias Recent right-wing attacks by Islamic extremists in 2016 and 2017. Rathjen, described as a far-right extremist, The worst far-right terrorist incident by attacked two shisha bars in Hanau, near a lone attacker is that which occurred On 3 August 2019, a 21-year-old white the city of Frankfurt in Germany, killing in Norway in 2011. On 22 July, Anders male, Patrick Crusius, arrived in the car-park 10 people and wounding five others. ICPEM // Alert // Winter 2020 45

He then returned home where he shot 1999, over the course of 13 days, 22-year- It is an admiration of Nazism, and similar his mother before shooting himself. old David Copeland, a former member anti-democratic white supremacist creeds The two bars were mainly frequented of the right-wing British National Party where democracy and political persuasion by Turkish people living in Germany. and a follower of William Pierce, former are supplanted by violence towards and leader of the US neo-Nazi organization, the intimidation of opponents and those who, in Common features National Alliance, planted three improvised whatever ways, are thought to be different There are a number of common features explosive devices (IEDs) in London. Each of and, for that reason open to persecution.’ about these attacks. All were carried out the devices was packed with up to 1,500 by white men, who were not aligned to four-inch nails. The first targeted black Social networks any particular group. They are described people, the second Asians and the third Social networks facilitate the radicalization as ‘lone wolves’, i.e. attackers who prepare homosexuals. Three people were killed and a and recruitment within the right-wing and commit violent acts alone, but their further 140, four of whom lost limbs, were extremist domain. Members of the modus operandi shows a more complex injured. Nowadays, ultra-right movements transnational groups of far-right, neo-Nazi picture. Behind each attacker were “viewers” actively use the coronavirus crisis for their and white supremacy extremists, and eco- and “supporters” from social networks’ anti-Asian, anti-Chinese or anti-foreigners’ fascists, exchange ideas, videos, know-how groups and forums, which can be located rhetoric. The July 2020 United Nation’s (arms, weapons, IED) and are able to unite thousands of kilometres away from the Trend Report warns that extreme right- thanks to the spread of English (lingua place of attack. So, all these perpetrators wing terrorists are using COVID-19-related franca). Europol’s Report says: ‘Violent were active internet users, and most had a conspiracy theories and disinformation to right-wing extremists maintain international strong interest in firearms, obtaining their radicalize, recruit and fundraise, as well links, for example through participation weapons legally, and practising with them as seeking to inspire plots and attacks. in concerts and rallies marking historical legally, at shooting or hunting clubs. A events in a variety of EU Member States.’ month before he carried out the attack in Most of the movements consider Pittsburgh, Bowers had posted photos of the governments, security forces and the Meanwhile, there are new traits of results of his target practice on the internet. population, in general, as non-active and recent attacks (modus operandi) All these traits give them similar profiles to passive to what the far-right extremists and more importantly, similarity that of Breivik, who is regarded as an icon see as the threats faced by a white society. in personalities of attackers. by many white extremists around the world. Alternatively, they feel betrayed. Some regard those who are for migration, particularly Gamification of attacks and Motivation liberals and left wing parties and/or their manifestos The political concepts of ‘Right’ and ‘Left’ leaders as ‘enemies of the nation’, who Another feature of recent attacks has been were derived initially from the French should be physically eliminated. This was the use of the internet to live-stream their Revolution, but the process of right and left the case with 53-year-old Thomas Mair actions. Such was the case in Christchurch becoming primary categories of political who, in June 2016, murdered Labour and Halle. Indeed, it is said that the attack identity did not become formally recognized, Party Member of Parliament Jo Cox. Mair by Balliot was an attempt to replicate the primarily in Western democracies, until believed that white people were facing attack by Tarrant in Christchurch. Tarrant the 20th century. An examination of the an existential threat and he had a deep filmed and broadcast his crime live on social history of far-right violence suggests bitterness with those white people he saw networks in a 17 minute-long video. Balliott, that racist and nationalist motivations as collaborators, which included Jo Cox. too, live-streamed his attack. His intended were, and still are, more often than not, Following his arrest, police found his home audience was on message forums like 8chan the driving force. But there are others. full of far-right books and Nazi memorabilia. and it was said that he regarded people In sentencing Mair to life imprisonment, Mr like Breivik, Tarrant and Crusius as heroes. Bowers and Belliot were anti-Semitic. Justice Wilkie’s summed up the motivation Hostility to the LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual of many of these ‘lone attackers’: Both attackers, Tarrant and Balliet, were and Transgender) community is also a ‘It is clear from your internet and other gamers and used gamers’ jargon not only common feature of these movements. In research that your inspiration is not a love during the attacks but also in their written for your country or your fellow citizens. manifestos, another feature of recent attacks. 46

Most of them declare their intentions, Reporting, found that many active-duty right-wing groups, which could assist in and political views in publicly available and retired law enforcement personnel were understanding the attractiveness of such documents. They are not silent; they need the members of Confederate-sympathizing, ideology for certain social groups. The support of online community that their ideas anti-Islam, and anti-government militia increasing violence and growth of right- are right. They want to show that they have a groups on Facebook. Within these private wing parties with racist and nationalist certain mission. Their idol, Anders Breivik, not groups, members are often openly racist. slogans in Western countries show that it only wrote a manifesto, 2083: A European More recently, in July 2020, it was announced was very premature to say that fascism is Declaration of Independence, before the that a company of Germany’s Special over. Of considerable concern is the creation attack, in which he stated his opposition to Forces Command (KSK) had been disbanded of paramilitary groups in some EU states, Islam and called for the deportation of all following reports that it had been exposed which pretend to defend the population Muslims from Europe, but he continues to to far-right and neo-Nazi ideology. from the threat of Islam and migrants. Hate share his views in interviews with journalists and xenophobic speeches, acts of vandalism from his prison cell. Patrick Crusius also Conclusions at synagogues and Jewish cemeteries, arson chose an online platform 8chan for his anti- Analyzing all the cases mentioned, there are at migrants’ centres must be treated and immigrant manifesto, titled The Inconvenient similarities in the profiles, particularly those investigated seriously by the authorities. Law Truth, claiming his attack was a response who used firearms. In addition to being and order is one of the main functions of ‘to the Hispanic invasion of Texas.’ Brenton active in the internet forums of extremist all governments. If a government loses sight Tarrant, in his 70-page document entitled right-wing groups, they were members of of this function, right-wing extremism will “The Great Replacement”, which he published shooting clubs. There is a clear necessity for continue to rise and political opportunists on Twitter, justified his attack on Muslims intelligence agencies and law enforcement frequently see this as a time to strike. and cited the ideas of Renaud Camus to work closely with such organisations, History is littered with bitter examples! (author of Great Replacement Theory) on the helping owners and/or coaches of such disappearance of “European peoples” who clubs to identify potential active shooters, Further reading are “replaced” by non-European immigrant who could not only be terrorists but populations. Balliet, surprisingly in many disturbed people, criminals, etc. There may • Europol (2020). European Union respects, wrote his anti-Semitic manifesto in be an advantage in developing education Terrorism Situation and Trend Report. English, not German, because he, presumably, programs for such clubs and provision • Institute for Economics and Peace wanted to reach an international audience, of security and professional advice. (2019). Global Terrorism Index 2019: not just a local one. By doing so, he, no Measuring the Impact of Terrorism. doubt, expected more ‘publicity’ which The social networks and particularly closed • Executive Directorate, Counter-Terrorism would, hopefully, gain him more support online groups should also be more closely Committee (2020). CTED Trends Alert: for his deeds. Rathjen also published a monitored. Following the Christchurch Member States concerned by growing manifesto on his personal website, expressing attacks, world leaders and technology and increasingly Transnational Threat a hatred for migrants and Germans, who companies pledged to eliminate online of Extreme-Right Wing Terrorism. New allowed foreigners into their country. terrorist and violent extremist material at the York: United Nations Security Council. Christchurch Call to Action Summit in Paris • Executive Directorate, Counter- Right-wing extremism in the in March 2019. However, it appears that not Terrorism Committee (July 2020). military and law enforcement all the signatories are meeting the pledge CTED Trends Alert: Member States A slightly disturbing fact is that sympathizers because of concerns this may be regarded concerned by growing and increasingly with right-wing extremism have been as an undue restriction of human rights. Transnational Threat of Extreme- found to exist among military and law Right Wing Terrorism. New York: enforcement personnel. As long ago as 2006, There is now a good understanding of United Nations Security Council. an intelligence report by the Federal Bureau Islamic radicalisation processes, but other of Investigation in the United States warned movements must not be forgotten because that white supremacists were infiltrating they can seriously undermine the moral law enforcement. In 2019, an investigation values and security of society. There is, published by the Center for Investigative in general, a need for more research of ICPEM // Alert // Winter 2020 47 BOOK REVIEW by Peter Davis

Emergency Powers in a Time of Pandemic by Alan Greene

Part of the ‘Bristol Shorts Policy and Practice’ series Published by Bristol University Press, Bristol: October 2020

ritten by an expert on maximum limits on an appointed dictator’s constitutional law and human term of office. This leads to one of the Wrights, this timely and very central themes of the book: should the readable addition to the literature explores executive gain additional powers in a how human rights, democracy and the time of pandemic and, if so, what checks rule of law can be protected during a on these powers should be in place? pandemic and how emergency powers can best be ended once it wanes. Two fundamental approaches to emergency Price: £12.99 (paperback) powers are discussed – a ‘business as usual’ See https://bristoluniversitypress. The author takes the reader through an approach to enacting constitutional changes co.uk/emergency-powers-in-a- time-of-pandemic illustrative history of ‘states of emergency’, versus the author’s favoured approach of starting with a brief visit to the Roman securing the safeguards provided through European Convention on Human Rights Republic and its checks and balances to the quarantining effects of a de jure (EHCR) – see Table 1 below). He argues ensure that absolute power was never declared state of emergency (in the UK’s that expressly declared states of emergency vested in just one individual as well as case, through invoking Article 15 of the

Table 1: Protections afforded by the European Convention on Human Rights

Non-derogable rights Derogable rights ‘Absolute rights’ ‘Limited rights’ ‘Qualified rights’ (rights whose protection cannot be (rights that can be interfered with only (rights that can be interfered with affected by the declaration of a de jure in discrete circumstances) normally under broadly defined ‘state of emergency’ under Article 15) circumstances)

ECHR Article 2: Right to life eg ECHR Article 5: Right to liberty and eg ECHR Article 6: Right to a fair trial ECHR Article 3: Freedom from torture security ECHR Article 8: Right to respect for and inhuman or degrading treatment or Article 5.1(e), ECHR: “(e) the lawful private and family life punishment detention of persons for the prevention ECHR Article 11: Freedom of assembly ECHR Article 4 (para.1 ): Prohibition of of the spreading of infectious diseases, and association slavery and forced labour (‘no one shall be of persons of unsound mind, alcoholics ECHR Protocol 1, Article 1: Protection held in slavery or servitude’) or drug addicts or vagrants.” of property ECHR Article 7: No punishment without law

Article 15 of the European Convention on Human Rights allows a High Contracting Party to declare a de jure ‘state of emergency’ and thereby derogate from the Convention – but only from those rights which are derogable. No derogation from Article 2 (except in respect of deaths resulting from lawful acts of war) or from Articles 3, 4 (paragraph 1) and 7 shall be made under this provision. 48

reserve exceptional powers for exceptional also echoed in the Institute’s own response through regulation … a must-read for situations: they ensure that human rights’ to the Select Committee. However, the any law and policy maker mindful about protections in an emergency are of the same use of the Coronavirus Act did allow the human rights and the rule of law.” standard as during ‘normalcy’ and therefore Government to avoid the safeguards of the avoid the possibility of recalibrating existing Civil Contingencies Act 2004, not least that Dr Oana Stefan, Reader in EU constitutional protections downwards so any regulation made under the CCA would Law, King’s College London as to permit the previously impermissible. lapse after a maximum period of 30 days (section 26.1(a)) whereas the Coronavirus And finally, those members who are also Of course, members of the Institute will Act was ultimately enacted with a six-month fans of The Secret Barrister’s two books recall that the Government chose to renewal clause. ICPEM members will also be will spot some interesting complementary invoke statutory measures to manage the interested to read the wider parallels which commentary between those great reads coronavirus pandemic through the Public the author draws with current counter- and this new specialist publication!

Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984 and terrorism legislation and the impact of the Coronavirus Act 2020 (and subsequent the widely declared ‘climate emergency’. About the Author secondary legislation) in preference to Part 2 of the Civil Contingencies Act Overall, this new book provides some Alan Greene is a senior lecturer in law at the University of Birmingham. He specialises (CCA) 2004. As the author points out, the fascinating insights into the legal in the limits of constitutionalism, judicial review and the role of courts in vindicating COVID-19 pandemic seemed to be exactly implications of the measures currently being the rule of law. He is the author of the kind of situation in which such a law used around the world to limit the impact Permanent States of Emergency and the Rule of Law (Hart, 2018), the key text in the field. could be used yet in evidence to the Public of the COVID-19 pandemic – including the Administration and Constitutional Affairs provision of adequate personal protective 1 Select Committee the Chancellor of the equipment, lockdown (as distinct from References Duchy of Lancaster, Rt Hon Michael Gove MP, quarantine2), limits on assembly and 1. which does not attempt to distinguish healthy said the circumstances were not appropriate expression, the use of property, the virtual persons from infected (or possibly infected) individuals and implemented in the mitigation stage for its use. The CCA, he argued, is designed (and hybrid) sitting of Parliament, the holding 2. separating and isolating infected (or suspected to address sudden, unanticipated events and deferring of elections, contact tracing infected) individuals from the healthy population and implemented in the containment phase rather than the gradual onset of an epidemic: systems, travel restrictions and ‘air bridges’, etc. – and their impact on human rights.

“… the powers that [the CCA] confers Given that the pandemic is far from over, it Contents upon Government are sweeping and it is concludes with some thoughts on emergency specifically designed – and this was the preparedness and the over-riding importance Introduction | Chapter 1 | The pandemic state of emergency | clear advice – to be used when you have an of securing fundamental values such as Chapter 2 | Pandemics and human rights: non-derogable rights | Chapter 3 | unexpected bolt from the blue rather than democracy, human rights and the rule of law. Pandemics and human rights: derogable when you have something that is, as we rights | Chapter 4 | Pandemics and democracy | Chapter 5 | The end of saw, a developing threat.” (paragraph 25) “The author makes a compelling case that the pandemic emergency | Chapter 6 | the next pandemic and the actual threat Conclusions: breathing space | Index The author’s preference for emergency of climate change need to be prepared powers to be enacted under the CCA was ICPEM // Alert // Winter 2020 49 THE ONE LEGGED VOLUNTEER

by Ken Hyde

joined the Tsunami Volunteer Centre in 2005 and although I wanted to build Ihouses, the officers in Thailand told me that my teaching skills were sorely needed. After four weeks in a large high school in Thailand, I returned home and decided to take early retirement from my post at the Warrington Collegiate.

I wanted to come out here as soon as I heard about the tsunami but I had no organisation, nor team. We were always told that if you go into a disaster on your own, you become part of the problem, you need food and somewhere to sleep. So, no squad, no go. Then, later, one Thursday at the start of the college holiday, I saw a poster asking for people to join the Tsunami hotel. They had all lost one or both parents woman stuck the mike under her chin. When Volunteer Centre (TVC). By Saturday in the tsunami. He asked the volunteer she spoke quietly the woman translated. I was in Thailand. Just like that. teachers to be team leaders in the event. “She say ‘Mum didn’t come home’.” Although I was ready for building houses, the officers at the Tsunami Volunteer Centre It was a day of team games. The hotel laid When the children went home, I asked the asked me to join the English teaching on lunch and ice cream at break times. man ‘What the hell did you do that for?’ programme. “Your skills are sorely needed After the afternoon break, the leader got He replied “To make them strong. They will there.” “But why teaching English? What the children sitting in a huge circle. I was hear the word tsunami and they need to be has that to do with the tsunami?” I would in the middle of my team of kids. Then the strong when they hear it.” I realized I was up not normally argue about which volunteer Thai staff handed out paper and pens all against a cultural difference and walked out. job I wanted to do, another volunteer rule, round. The leader spoke into the mike and Do Not Cherry Pick Your Job, you must go the hall went deathly quiet. I asked a Thai That night I didn’t join the volunteers. I found where you are needed. But teaching English volunteer what was going on. She said, “He an empty bar and sat quietly on my own. seemed to have little relevance to the told them to write down what they think Later in a darkened hotel room I cried disaster. ”The villagers have asked for it to aid when they hear the word Tsunami.” I sat for that little girl whose mother had their recovery. Most of the English speakers with my team in that circle of children, in not come home. Then I thought of the were killed by the wave. The ones who lived shock. Oh but it got worse. This woman got a last time I had cried. 40 years before a in the village were taking their wages back microphone and went around the circle with mountain of waste had moved, it roared into the village every week. We need more each child saying something into the mike. down the hillside and through a junior English speakers so the village can recover.” I looked at the woman for an explanation. school. As a Civil Defence Volunteer I had She said “They are reading out what they been assigned to a team at the mortuary. So I agreed to join the English have written.” The girl next to me had to be It had been set up in a chapel. We lifted teaching programme. prompted. This was one of the girls that had the stretchers out of the ambulances and come running to get me as their team leader took them inside. We got used to weight I was ready for the teaching, but was taken at the beginning. They were my friends. of the bodies so we could tell when we aback by the Tsunami Sunday. One weekend, The girl was sat cross legged, back ramrod had a small one. We dreaded getting inside the leader of the TVC arranged for about straight with her chin on her chest. The and taking the blanket off the small body. 150 children to be brought to a five star And so it went on through the night. 50

I began the process of making lessons for the volunteers to use. The main method was laminated A4 coloured pictures and Velcro. Half of a teacher’s work is preparing lessons. I am a teacher so I make lessons for the volunteers. That frees them up to concentrate on the classroom teaching.

The Tsunami Volunteer Project was incredible. At any time there were 150 volunteers in Khao Lak. Quite a few maxing out their credit cards so they could carry on volunteering. Quite understandingly, some were from Sweden and Germany, reflecting the numbers from these nations who died in Khao Lak. We had Americans, Australians, New Zealanders and French, but by far the largest contingents were from the United Kingdom and Ireland.

About 03.00 a Co-op furniture van pulled So I took early retirement from the Collegiate up. As we opened the doors we saw it was and returned to Khao Lak. stacked to the roof with coffins. Mick, a Liverpool lad on our squad, ran past us In time I became the manager of the and turned one of our floodlights up the English Project in Khao Lak and organised street. When we looked the road was full of the programme so that by Friday afternoon news photographers, shoulder to shoulder the English Project Volunteers knew what all blinded by the floodlight and unable to they were going to teach the next week. photograph the coffins being unloaded. We buried over 100 children of Aberfan “Lesson plans on the back of an envelope is in adult coffins. They would have come short-changing the kids in the classroom. The TVC had canvassed the villagers for from the regional Emergency Supply Depot You don’t expect a builder to build a house 40 km in each direction and asked them (which we didn’t talk about in those days) without plans, the woodworkers are working what they needed for their recovery. They The squad worked on through the night, from plans, then why do you expect to teach hadn’t assumed that they knew better what waiting for the next ambulance with without a plan?” I asked the volunteers. “Each the villagers should receive from the NGO. its blanket wrapped body. We were lesson is a brick, get them right and your wall On request, they built houses, and they relieved by another squad at 0900. may be right. That wall is the kids’ education. built fishing boats. Meanwhile the Sony They only get one shot at building it.” Corporation came in and spent millions on a The next night I went to my local pub and sat beautiful building intended as a community alone. That night in my darkened bedroom I obtained the Thai Government Curriculum centre. The Thais don’t use it. They have a I cried for the dead children of Aberfan. which showed what should be taught each sense of community that doesn’t need a week to each class. I then set about making large building. They build shelters, platforms There was a difference though, a big a lesson for each class – every week. with roofs, near their houses, and people difference. These children in Thailand were The easiest way to get people to stick wander over, sit and spend the evening alive. I made my decision. I was going to the programme is to give them ready talking to their neighbours. Someone may to come back and do what I could. made lessons. They are not going to spend bring food, on holidays they bring beer. an hour or two making their own lesson There is a little community centre every few when they have one already prepared. So yards. Sony did not ask the people what ICPEM // Alert // Winter 2020 51

they needed or wanted. Had they asked, leg amputated above the the locals may have requested that they knee. On the morning of upgrade the small schools. It seemed to me my discharge from the that large contributors wanted to provide hospital, the surgeon buildings. Maybe they wanted a large picture came to my bed with the to hang in their boardroom. Supplying nurses in tow. “Yes, you a nurse’s salary and funding medical can go home.” Then he equipment for five years does not have the gave me an envelope. same visual impact when it comes to “Look “Take this to Finance what we did to aid the disaster area.” when you are leaving.” It was a bill for £8,000. One project, at the request of the villagers, made simple plywood furniture for the That cleaned me out, all people in the new houses, tables, benches my savings gone. If I ever and so on. At first, they sourced the wood hear anyone criticise the from a pile of unused plywood coffins given NHS I will give them some to them by the army. In the beginning they grief. Can you imagine had reservations about using coffin wood being given a bill of for furniture, but when they talked to the £8,000 to pay before you villagers, they said “It’s wood, nothing special, leave hospital? We don’t watch, coming in every couple of hours just wood.” These people had a bare house know just how lucky we are. If you want during the night to check I was in the bed and the clothes they stood up in, but the to complain, just stop and think what life and not on the floor. Falling is one of the most requested item of furniture was the TV would be like without the NHS. It would post op side effects, and I fell out of the stand. They were going to get their lives back. be like taking a dog to the vet, when you bed, and out of the wheelchair. Once she They called their woodwork project Thaikea, have seen the vet you go to the receptionist found me in my bedroom, sitting up, asleep, even copying the yellow and blue colours and pay for the treatment. That is so alien in five different places during the night. and the font. One day a man from Sweden to us. I learned that other country’s health showed up and photographed the whole systems demand the money on the barrel Three years earlier, Maria had come workshop. The two British guys running the for treatment. I know you can get health out from Warrington to join VTT. She workshop were envisaging being dragged insurance but when you are in your 70s volunteered for months, teaching in into court by a mega corporation. Next with a by-pass, it is a diminishing return. local schools. She returned for a second month they received a donation from Ikea. I am still paying UK tax and national health year of volunteering and in her third insurance so why didn’t I come home for year retired to Khao Lak to live. When the TVC finished the houses, the boats, the operation? The infection affected my and the furniture, the English Project was thought processes so I just didn’t know what She noted my house was one of four, set still going strong. TVC asked me to carry was going on. By the left I know now! back five yards from the lane. The land on. I rebadged the project as Volunteer While I was in hospital my project manager was just spare ground, easy for parking, Teacher Thailand (VTT), and led it as an secured the services of two Burmese okay for walking over, but no way could unpaid volunteer. Over the years it became construction workers to widen the you cross it in a wheelchair. ”You need a Registered Thai Charity and it won the bathroom door and put in grab rails. They a ramp,” she shouted across the spare Green Award from the Tourism Authority of made small ramps and generally made the ground,“ You are stuck in there without Thailand for the best education project. The place accessible. When I got home, the help to get out. You have given them 15 Award was presented by a Thai Princess. dressings had to be changed every day. The years, now it’s time they helped you.” Thai system is to train a member of the She undertook to swim 50 miles – so This April, I had a swollen foot and began family to change the dressings. My Thai many each day. Then she went around limping. The foot was infected. In July, after Coordinator came forward and took on the the community to gather sponsors. collapsing, I was taken into hospital and the task. Another woman became the night 52

Within a day she came back with a foreman to work out a ramp from the house, and they ordered the sand and cement. That was delivered as it was going dark on the same day. Meantime, every morning Maria came to the hotel next door and swam for over an hour to raise the mileage. The foreman and five workers came and dug the first part of the causeway. This was to be more than a ramp, it was to be a causeway between the high ground of the house and the high ground of the road.

Over the next few days, Maria swam and collected sponsors, the guys worked on the causeway and I learned about living with one leg. Among the negatives, can’t drive, so if I wanted something from the village I had to ask my manager to take me there. And to get to the car I have to ask the lad to push me and my chair over the rough ground to the car door.

They laid the causeway in four sessions. Maria called round with the money she had raised and the builders were paid off. down a jar of coffee. Another transaction by the hospital, when we get to ten videos Five days passed since Maria wanted to and my phone was topped up – all without we will submit them to the Ministry of do something to the reality of a concrete asking someone to go out and do it for me. Education. If we get to the right people link between my house and the road. then it should be okay.. So let’s get out there I’ve learned something, well, two things. That and show them how it’s done, shall we? The builders pointed at the last really useful help can come out of the blue, Meantime if schools ask for an English section they had laid “Tomorrow.” totally unexpected, like Maria and her ramp, Camp – three days of intensive English based They said and left. It would take the and the second thing is just how good the activities – I can do that but… Ground night for the concrete to set hard. NHS is. That ramp has given me my freedom floor only. One cannot keep the proper and the NHS never charged me for treatment. social distance if one is being carried up Early the next morning, still unable to What now? Well once the Coronavirus the stairs like a sack of spuds, can one? shower because of the dressing on my left has been beaten we need to get volunteer thigh, I sponged myself down and dressed teachers back into the local schools. Before Ken Hyde is the volunteer manager to go out. Quite an exciting event. I wanted then Sunny, my Thai Coordinator, and I will of Volunteer Teacher Thailand. something and I didn’t have to wait to ask. carry on making English lesson videos for [email protected] I wheeled across the new causeway and their TV home education project. The same sat on the road that connected with the problem, the poorer kids cannot go on line For more information visit rest of Khao Lak. Coasting down the hill and so miss out on the home schooling. volunteerteacherthailand.org was easy. At the corner shop I called up TV is pretty well universal so I want to use Donations can be made via the steps and the shopkeeper brought me that as the medium to reach these kids. We VolunteerTeacherThailandGivingWay. were up to lesson five when I got distracted ICPEM // Alert // Winter 2020 53 Technology THE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL PROTECTION AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT

Mission To bring together emergency professionals, academics and business, in order to provide an informed and influential voice on all aspects of civil protection and emergency management.

Vision To be an independent and collaborating forum from which emergency professionals, academics and business will collectively champion civil protection and emergency management.

Objectives • To promote public safety and to protect the lives and property of citizens Worldwide • To advance education in the science or art of civil protection • To provide for the relief of poverty, sickness and distress among those who shall be the victims of or suffer from the effects or aftermath of enemy attacks on civilian populations and/or disasters and emergencies in wartime and peacetime • To foster international communication and cooperation in all aspects of civil protection and emergency management • To promote the highest standards of study and research into all aspects of emergencies and disasters • To promote, and assist in, the education and training of all members of the emergency management community including the wider business continuity profession • To represent the views of its members to government and other bodi • To act as a repository for information for the benefit of members and others • To disseminate recognised research and information which could beneficially influence public and private emergency management practices

Website: www.theicpem.net

Email: [email protected]