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Petrology of Newberry Volcano, Central Oregon

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Petrology of Newberry Volcano, Central Oregon MICHAEL W. HIGGINS U.S. Geological Survey, Beltsville, Maryland 20705 Petrology of Newberry Volcano, Central Oregon Note: This paper is dedicated to Aaron and Elizabeth of the magma which, in turn, are related to the Waters on the occasion of Dr. Waters' retirement. presence or absence of large volumes of water in the caldera lake. The interpretation is sup- ABSTRACT ported by field, petrographic, petrologic, chem- The eastern flank of the central and southern ical, trace-element, and isotopic data. Plots of Cascade Mountains is bordered by a belt of existing data for the Medicine Lake Highland shield volcanoes that appears to be a subprov- Volcano, another large complex shield center in ince of the Oregon high-alumina plateau the belt, show the same type of two-trend re- basalt petrologic province. Most of the vol- lation as those of Newberry Volcano. canoes in this belt are low shields in which dif- ferentiation from the parent high-alumina INTRODUCTION basalt magma has been relatively slight, but From northern California to central Wash- several are large complex shield centers where ington, the eastern flank of the Cascade Moun- differentiation has been extreme. The location tains is bordered by a belt, about 40 mi (64 km) of these large centers, and of some of the smaller wide, characterized by numerous shield vol- volcanoes as well, was largely determined by canoes (Fig. 1). This belt appears to be a sub- intersecting concentrations of faults and fault- province of Waters' (1962) high-alumina fissures of three regional fault systems. plateau basalt petrologic province. Most of the One of the largest of the complex volcanic volcanic piles in the belt are indistinguishable centers is Newberry Volcano in central Oregon, from the high-alumina basalt piles that underlie a shield volcano with a big caldera at its sum- and are interspersed with the High Cascade mit. The stratigraphy of the caldera walls and stratovolcanoes; they are low shields composed of features on the caldera floor at Newberry chiefly of thin flows of plagioclase-rich, olivine- allows detailed interpretation of the history of bearing high-alumina basalts that apparently the younger parts of the volcano and caldera. differentiated from the same magma type as The formation of Newberry Caldera was ap- the high-alumina basalts that characterize the parently a slow process controlled largely by southeastern Oregon basalt plateaus (Waters, faulting along the three regional fault systems. 1962). However, a few of these shield volcanoes The magma conduits were probably a gridlike are unique; they are large and complicated plexus of intersecting dikes and fissures, with volcanic centers where differentiation of the larger "magma pockets" at the grid inter- high-alumina basalt magma has been extreme, sections. The magma was trapped in shallow producing slightly alkalic andesitic basalts, chambers and periodically released by faulting. olivine andesites, andesites, dacites, and rhyo- The entrapment of the magma allowed dif- lites. One of the largest of these centers is ferentiation in the shallow chambers. Newberry Volcano, a shield volcano about 40 mi (64 km) long and 25 mi (40 km) wide that The stratigraphy and petrology of the wall rises from the basalt plateaus about 40 mi (64 sequence also allows determination of the rela- km) east of the crest of the Cascade Mountains tive time at which the caldera had grown large south of Bend, Oregon (Fig. 1). At the summit enough to hold a caldera lake. of the Newberry shield is Newberry Caldera, a On differentiation plots, chemical analyses of large complex nested caldera with two large the Newberry rocks show two trends: rocks lakes on its floor and a variety of volcanic erupted before the presence of a lake in the features on its floor and walls. caldera trend toward slight iron enrichment, whereas rocks erupted after water was present The purpose of this paper is to document the in the caldera generally trend toward alkali differentiation of the high-alumina basalt enrichment. These different trends are at- magma at Newberry Volcano. Some aspects of tributed to differences in the oxygen fugacity the geology and petrology of Newberry have Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, p. 455-488, f7 figs., February 1973 455 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/84/2/455/3428631/i0016-7606-84-2-455.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 456 M. W. HIGGINS "H" 100 KILOMETERS EXPLANATION âïiK High Cascade lavas High-alumina shield volcano belt High-alumina basalt plateaus of eastern Oregon Columbia River lavas Western Cascade rocks Large stratovolcano Large shield volcano and shield complexes Figure 1. Sketch map showing generalized dis- tribution of some of the petrologic provinces in part of the Pacific Northwest (modified from Waters, 1962; and Snavely and others, 1973). The high-alumina shield volcano belt is considered a subprovince of the high- alumina plateau basalt province (Waters, 1962). S, Simcoe volcanic complex; N, Newberry Volcano; M, Medicine Lake Highland Volcano. Columbia River lavas not shown in gorge of Columbia River where they are beneath high-aluncina lavas. L, Lassen Peak; S, Mount Shasta; C, Crater Lake; TS, Three Sisters; H, Mount Hood; A, Mount Adams; SH, St. Helens; R, Mount Rainier; G, Glacier Peak; B, Mount Baker. long been known from Howel Williams' ex- and particularly the major shield complexes cellent reconnaissance study (1935) and from such as Newberry Volcano, the Medicine Lake numerous topical studies published during the Highland (Anderson., 1941), and the Simcoe past 30 years. This paper presents the petrologic volcanoes (Sheppard, 1960), are directly re- results of a detailed study of the geology anc. lated to regional fault systems. In the Pacific petrology of the volcano. The geology, sum- Northwest (including Idahc, western Montana, marized here, will be published in detail in a and northeastern California), faults, fault later report. The stratigraphie nomenclature blocks, volcanic fissures, topographic linea- used in this report is informal and not current ments, many fold axes, and lineaments of un- U.S. Geological Survey usage. known origin show strong parallel alignment in two main trends—one N. 25°-50° W., the TECTONIC SETTING OF other N. 40°-60° E. Some of the major faults, NEWBERRY VOLCANO fault systems, and lineaments with these trends Waters (1962, p. 164-166) pointed out that are shown on small-scale geologic and tectonic the southeastern Oregon high-alumina basalts, maps (U.S. Geol. Survey and Am. Assoc. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/84/2/455/3428631/i0016-7606-84-2-455.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 PETROLOGY OF NEWBERRY VOLCANO, OREGON 457 Petroleum Geologists, 1961; U.S. Geol. Survey, west trends are readily seen on the U.S. Army 1932), but the parallelism and abundance of Map Service raised-relief maps (Fig. 2). For these features are best seen on aeromagnetic purposes of description, the northwest-trending maps (Zietz and others, 1971) and on U.S. features in the area of Figure 2 will be in- Army Map Service raised-relief topographic formally called the Brothers system, because maps (1:250,000 scale). These northeast and one part of this system has long been called the northwest trends are so dominant on aero- Brothers fault zone; similarly, the northeast- magnetic maps that they are major features trending features will be informally called the even in the north-south-trending Cascade Walker Rim system for the prominent Walker Mountains (Blank, 1968; Zietz and others, Rim fault that forms a bold scarp for about 30 1971). mi (48 km) from Little Walker Mountain (Fig. In addition to the two main regional trends, 3) to where it appears to disappear beneath the subordinate trends are locally well developed. latest flows at the southwestern edge of the The two main subordinate trends are (1) north- Newberry shield. south-trending features, principally the Cas- Faults of the Brothers system cross the large cade Mountains, but also many small features northeast-trending fault blocks of the Basin east of the Cascades and some major lineaments and Range province in south-central Oregon at the western edge of the Cascades (Peck and (Fig. 2); they are easily seen on the northwest others, 1964); and (2) east-west-trending fea- side of Steens Mountain and on the southeast tures, chiefly long but relatively narrow side of the Warner Mountain-Hart Mountain lineaments associated with faults and fold axes block. They bound the graben of Silver Lake (Waters, 1962; Zietz and others, 1971). basin, Swan Lake Valley, and many others, and In southeastern Oregon and northeastern prominent fault-block mountains such as California, the dominant northeast and north- Coglan Buttes, Diablo-Wildcat Mountain, Figure 2. Photograph of a mosaic of 1:250,000- Crescent, Oregon, 1962; Burns, Oregon, 1963; scale raised-relief maps (U.S. Army Map Service, 1962) Klamath Falls, Oregon, 1962; and Adel, Oregon, 1962. showing some of the faults and lineaments. Sheets are: Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/84/2/455/3428631/i0016-7606-84-2-455.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 458 M. W. HIGGINS 'i m i > u f I i P r> Figure 3. Photograph of the Crescent, Oregon, Service, 1962) showing some of the faults and linea- l:250,000-scale raised-relief map (U.S. Army Map ments. Connley Hills, Pine Mountain, and others. tinents, 1964). East-west lineaments also occur Faults of the Walker Rim system appear to be along this approximate boundary (Waters, less numerous than those of the Brothers sys- 1962). The basalts of this province are chiefly tem (Fig. 2). The most prominent develop- high-alumina basalts, rich in olivine and ment of Walker Rim system faults, here in- plagioclase and poor in pyroxene (Waters, 1962, formally called the Walker Rim fault zone, is a p.
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