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DOGAMI Open-File Report O-83-03, Survey of Potential Geothermal

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DOGAMI Open-File Report O-83-03, Survey of Potential Geothermal DOE/BP/272 STATE OF OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES 1005 State Office Building Portland, Oregon 97201 OPEN-FILE REPORT 0-83-3 SURVEY OF POTENTIAL GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATION SITES AT NEWBERRY VOLCANO, DESCHUTES COUNTY, OREGON 1983 edited by George R. Priest, Beverly F. Vogt, and Gerald L. Black, Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries This work was supported by the Bonneville Power Administration under Cooperative Agreement No. DE-AC79-82BP36734. Governi Board State Geologist Allen P. St·inchfield, Chairman, North Bend Donald A. Hull Donald A. Haagensen, Portland Sidney R. Johnson, Baker Deputy State Geologist John D. Beaulieu NOTICE The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, mark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. NOTICE The Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries is publishing this paper because the subject matter is consistent with the mission of the Department. To facilitate timely distribution of information, this paper ~as not been edited to our usual standards. ii CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY, by George R. Priest 1 Introduction 1 Objectives 1 Methodology 1 Assumptions 2 Conclusions 2 Acknowledgments 4 CHAPTER 2. GEOLOGY OF THE NEWBERRY VOLCANO AREA, DESCHUTES COUNTY, OREGON, by George R. Priest 5 Introduction . 5 Genera 1 Geo 1 ogy . 5 Results of USGS Drilling Program 10 Geophysical Evidence for a Shallow Intrusive 12 Distribution of Volcanic Centers: Implications for the Lateral Extent of a Silicic Intrusive Body 13 Caldera Geometry: Implications for Depths to Former Magma Chambers . 14 Conclusions: Implications for Geothermal Exploration 18 CHAPTER 3. DISTRIBUTION OF VOLCANIC VENTS, by Gerald L. Black 21 Explanation ......... 21 Distribution of Volcanic Vents 21 Interpretation Problems ... 23 Silicic Volcanic Centers Map 23 Causes of Vent Alignments 25 Map Interpretation 26 CHAPTER 4. NEWBERRY HYDROLOGY, by Gerald L. Black 28 Previous Work 28 Climate . 28 Geology ..... 29 Surface Hydrology 29 Ground-Water Hydrology 30 Summary . 36 iii CHAPTER 5. THERMAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF NEWBERRY VOLCANO, by Neil M. \~oller . 37 Introduction . 37 Paulina Hot Springs . 37 East Lake Hot Springs 37 Little Crater Campground Warm Well 39 Big Obsidian Flow Fumaroles . 39 Geochemistry and Geothermometry of East Lake and Paulina Lake Hot Springs 39 Newberry 2 Drill Hole . 42 CHAPTER 6. PRELIMINARY SOIL-MERCURY SURVEY OF NEWBERRY VOLCANO, DESCHUTES COUNTY, OREGON, by George R. Priest, R. Mark Hadden, Neil M. Woller, and Chase B. Brand 45 Introduction . 45 Sampling Technique 45 Analytical Technique 49 Results . 49 Interpretation 52 Introduction 52 Theoretical Geochemistry of Mercury at Newberry Volcano 52 Effect of Shallow Ground-Water Circulation. 55 Background Concentrations of Mercury in Igneous Rock 56 Comparison with Mercury Data from Some Other Geothermal Resource Areas . 58 Introduction 58 Concentrations of Mercury in Some Other Geothermal Resource Areas 60 Comparisons with Newberry ... 63 Conclusions .......... 63 Influence of Bedrock Geology on Mercury Distribution 65 Conclusions ...... 66 CHAPTER 7. GRAVITY ANQ MAGNETIC INTERPRETATION OF NEWBERRY VOLCANO, by Andrew Griscom and Carter W. Roberts 68 Introduction 68 Geo 1 ogy . 68 Gravity Data 69 Magnetic Data .. 70 iv Densities of Samples from Newberry 1 ..... 70 Magnetic Properties of Samples from Newberry 1 71 Gravity Interpretation . 72 General Magnetic Interpretation ..... 77 Magnetic Interpretation of the Caldera Area 78 CHAPTER 8. THERMAL MODELS OF THE NEWBERRY VOLCANO, OREGON, by David D. Blackwell and John L. Steele 82 Introduction . 82 Geology and Volcanic History . 84 Geophysics 86 Characteristics of the Volcano 88 Thermal Models ... 92 Conduction Models 94 Convection Models 99 Discussion 111 CHAPTER 9. LAND USE AND REGULATION OF NEWBERRY VOLCANO, by Neil M. Woller ......... 114 Introduction .......... 114 National Forest Land Use Planning . 114 Newberry Crater KGRA . 115 Outside KGRA ......... 115 Energy Facility Siting Council (ODOE) . • • . 117 Lease Applications .. 118 Private Lands ..... 118 CHAPTER 10. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATION, by George R. Priest, Gerald L. Black, and Neil M. Woller 119 Introduction ............. 119 Exploration Strategy ......... 119 Constraints on Possible Geothermal Models 120 Models that Meet the Constraints . 123 General Considerations for a Drilling Program . 124 Specific Drilling Recommendations 128 SELECTED REFERENCES . 133 v APPENDIX A. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE FOR THE NEWBERRY MERCURY SURVEY . 145 APPENDIX B. SOIL-MERCURY SURVEY ERROR ANALYSIS, by George R. Priest .......... 0 0 • . 150 APPENDIX C. DETAILED PLOTS OF CONVECTIVE HEAT-FLOW MODELS, by David D. Blackwell and John L. Steele . 159 vi ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES CHAPTER 2. Geology of the Newberry volcano area, Deschutes County, Oregon. 2.1. Faults and volcanic vent alignments 6 2. 2. Geologic map of Newberry caldera .. 8 2.3. Schematic cross section through Newberry volcano . 9 2.4. Graph of vertical displacement caused by magmatic withdrawal from sill .............. 15 CHAPTER 3. Explanation of the volcanic centers contour map 3.1. Map of the distribution of volcanic centers, Newberry volcano, Deschutes. Klamath and Lake Counties, Oregon 22 3.2. Density distribution of silicic volcanic centers at Newberry vo 1cano . 24 CHAPTER 4. Newberry hydrology 4.1. Elevation of the regional ground-water table in the Newberry volcano area. 33 4.2. Temperature-depth curve of the Newberry 2 drill hole . 34 CHAPTER 5. Thermal springs and wells of Newberry volcano 5.1. Locations of thermal springs and wells at Newberry ca 1dera . 38 CHAPTER 6. Preliminary soil-mercury survey of Newberry volcano. Deschutes County, Oregon 6.1. Geologic structures and soil-mercury anomalies 46 6.2. Soil-mercury contour map 47 6.3. Histogram ........ 50 6.4. Probability plot ...... 51 6.5. Soil map of Newberry volcano . 59 CHAPTER 7. Gravity and magnetic interpretation of Newberry volcano, Oregon 7.1. Schematic cross section of Newberry volcano . 72 7.2. Gravity profile A-A 1 across Newberry volcano showing possible form of regional gravity high . 73 7.3. Aeromagnetic profile across Newberry volcano, Oregon . 80 vii CHAPTER 8. Thermal modeling of the Newberry volcano 8.1. Generalized geology and topography of the Newberry volcano ................. 83 8.2. Topographic and hypothetical geologic section of Newberry volcano ................ 89 8.3. Temperature-depth curves for the Newberry volcano holes 91 8.4. Generalized topographic map of the Medicine Lake volcano in California ........... 93 8.5. True-scale cross section of the Newberry volcano showing various possible geometries for magma chambers 94 8.6. Normalized heat flow as a function of nondimensional 1ength . 96 8.7. Surface heat flow generated by the conductive cooling of an instantaneous two-dimensional rectangular magma chamber 3 km wide, 3 km long, buried 3 km below the surface with an initial temperature of 800° C 97 8.8. Isotherms corresponding to the times and heat-flow values shown in Figure 8.7. ........ 98 8.9. Heat flow generated by the instantaneous conductive cooling of a two-dimensional rectangular magma chamber 6 km wide, 3 km long, and buried at a depth of 3 km . 100 8.10. Isotherms corresponding to times and heat-flow values shown in Figure 8.9. ....... 101 8.11. Heat-flow values associated with the instantaneous conductive cooling of a two-dimensional rectangular magma chamber 10 km wide, 5 km thick, and buried at a depth of 5 km . 102 8.12. Isotherms corresponding to heat-flow values and times shown in Figure 8.11. ....... 103 8.13. Surface heat flow and subsurface temperatures for a two-dimensional rectangular magma chamber 3 km wide and buried 3 km deep ............... 107 8.14. Surface heat flow and subsurface temperatures for a two-dimensional rectangular magma chamber 6 km wide and buried 5 km deep ... 108 8.15. Surface heat flow and subsurface temperatures for a two-dimensional rectangular magma chamber 10 km wide and buried 5 km deep ............... 109 8.16. Surface heat flow and subsurface temperatures for a two-dimensional rectangular magma chamber 10 km wide and buried 5 km deep . .... 110 8.17. Surface heat flow and subsurface temperatures for a two-dimensional rectangular magma chamber 15 km wide and buried 3 km deep .............. 112 viii CHAPTER 10. Recommendations for geothermal exploration 10.1. Schematic cross section through Newberry volcano 126 10.2. Suggested areas for four drill sites (A, B, C, and D) 130 10.3. Suggested sequence of drilling at four sites ... 132 APPENDIX A. Analytical procedure for the Newberry mercury survey A.1. Basic flow chart for Jerome 301 mercury testing .... 146 APPENDIX B. Soil-mercury survey error analysis B.1. Comparison of the low-temperature and high-temperature gold-film mercury measurements to atomic absorption determinations on the same samples . 151 APPENDIX C. Detailed plots of convective heat-flow models C.1 through C.28 are untitled; see Table C.1 for parameters of each model ...................... 161 ix TABLES CHAPTER 5. Thermal springs and wells of Newberry volcano 5.1. Chemical composition of thermal waters at Newberry volcano . 40 5.2. Gas and isotopic composition of thermal waters of Newberry
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