On Track with Thrace: Exploring Cross-Border Cooperation in the Eu's South-Eastern External Borders
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Music and Traditions of Thrace (Greece): a Trans-Cultural Teaching Tool 1
MUSIC AND TRADITIONS OF THRACE (GREECE): A TRANS-CULTURAL TEACHING TOOL 1 Kalliopi Stiga 2 Evangelia Kopsalidou 3 Abstract: The geopolitical location as well as the historical itinerary of Greece into time turned the country into a meeting place of the European, the Northern African and the Middle-Eastern cultures. Fables, beliefs and religious ceremonies, linguistic elements, traditional dances and music of different regions of Hellenic space testify this cultural convergence. One of these regions is Thrace. The aim of this paper is firstly, to deal with the music and the dances of Thrace and to highlight through them both the Balkan and the middle-eastern influence. Secondly, through a listing of music lessons that we have realized over the last years, in schools and universities of modern Thrace, we are going to prove if music is or not a useful communication tool – an international language – for pupils and students in Thrace. Finally, we will study the influence of these different “traditions” on pupils and students’ behavior. Key words: Thrace; music; dances; multi-cultural influence; national identity; trans-cultural teaching Resumo: A localização geopolítica, bem como o itinerário histórico da Grécia através do tempo, transformou o país num lugar de encontro das culturas europeias, norte-africanas e do Médio Oriente. Fábulas, crenças e cerimónias religiosas, elementos linguísticos, danças tradicionais e a música das diferentes regiões do espaço helénico são testemunho desta convergência cultural. Uma destas regiões é a Trácia. O objectivo deste artigo é, em primeiro lugar, tratar da música e das danças da Trácia e destacar através delas as influências tanto dos Balcãs como do Médio Oriente. -
E. P. Dimitriadis - G
E. P. Dimitriadis - G. P. Tsotsos Transport Geography and Local Development in 19th Century Thrace 1. Introduction a) In the course of its evolution since the mid-seventies, under the influence of the vigorous criticism of Radical Geography, Historical Geography has broadened its field of study to take in Social and Eco nomic History, Historical Anthropology, Cultural Ecology, etc., making full use at the same time of the contribution made by the “Quantitative Revolution” of the 60’s (e.g. matrix analysis). This new beginning, as it has been described by scholars in the field, is attempting to generate a renewed Historical Regional Geography, which in its turn will reveal a new form of humanism1. The field covered by this paper’ falls within the scope of Historical Geography, being a study of Thrace in the 19th century. However, it has the following special features: In its first part it concentrates on (histor ical) Regional Geography, mainly insofar as it concerns the analysis of certain selected variables, which are used as a kind of indicators of deve lopment and are associated with the natural environment (the earth) from the point of view of new regional science. This method permits us to ascertain the existence of certain geographical areas of Thrace which manifest homogenized features in terms of these variables and conse quently can be regarded as belonging to one single category in terms of development. In this way we can establish also the various types and degrees of development achieved by the various areas (e.g. unequal development). The second part of the paper explores the Transport Geography of 1. -
1 the Turks and Europe by Gaston Gaillard London: Thomas Murby & Co
THE TURKS AND EUROPE BY GASTON GAILLARD LONDON: THOMAS MURBY & CO. 1 FLEET LANE, E.C. 1921 1 vi CONTENTS PAGES VI. THE TREATY WITH TURKEY: Mustafa Kemal’s Protest—Protests of Ahmed Riza and Galib Kemaly— Protest of the Indian Caliphate Delegation—Survey of the Treaty—The Turkish Press and the Treaty—Jafar Tayar at Adrianople—Operations of the Government Forces against the Nationalists—French Armistice in Cilicia—Mustafa Kemal’s Operations—Greek Operations in Asia Minor— The Ottoman Delegation’s Observations at the Peace Conference—The Allies’ Answer—Greek Operations in Thrace—The Ottoman Government decides to sign the Treaty—Italo-Greek Incident, and Protests of Armenia, Yugo-Slavia, and King Hussein—Signature of the Treaty – 169—271 VII. THE DISMEMBERMENT OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: 1. The Turco-Armenian Question - 274—304 2. The Pan-Turanian and Pan-Arabian Movements: Origin of Pan-Turanism—The Turks and the Arabs—The Hejaz—The Emir Feisal—The Question of Syria—French Operations in Syria— Restoration of Greater Lebanon—The Arabian World and the Caliphate—The Part played by Islam - 304—356 VIII. THE MOSLEMS OF THE FORMER RUSSIAN EMPIRE AND TURKEY: The Republic of Northern Caucasus—Georgia and Azerbaïjan—The Bolshevists in the Republics of Caucasus and of the Transcaspian Isthmus—Armenians and Moslems - 357—369 IX. TURKEY AND THE SLAVS: Slavs versus Turks—Constantinople and Russia - 370—408 2 THE TURKS AND EUROPE I THE TURKS The peoples who speak the various Turkish dialects and who bear the generic name of Turcomans, or Turco-Tatars, are distributed over huge territories occupying nearly half of Asia and an important part of Eastern Europe. -
I the Journal of Ottoman Studies
J-·"''"'-: .. t•·~-._ . !' \ .. \!:) 1 g oc,:\ l< 1988 OSMANLI ARAŞTIRMALARI I Neşir Heyeti - Editorial Board HALİL İNALCIK-NEJAT GÖYÖNC HEATH W. LOWRY THE JOURNAL OF OTTOMAN STUDIES 1 I İSTANBUL- 1980 / ~ : · ... ...... ,1.;~ ·w~ ~·v ~·· •, • .- .. ! ........ '· ··:· .. 1· ,' ··: ··::· . -: ·.. • .,. ı·· . .:. ' ; : j i ' ., ,r '~ • 1 ~:: . ;" .·, :·_:r. ::,'·. :_ :~ı-.;:;· .• '•:-: ~ ;''•··• 1:· • :... ·• .. '·;;.' .·~ ·.;'''•. • :;: "lı., ;i:';.', .... THE VA.I~W~'L~.~-O:f' Jl.~S. SWAıf ,BEQ IN -~;R:r:;TOB.A,T :• . ,': (Karin-abad) AND. THE OTTOMAN COLONIZATION OF .. ·:-·... : . '·· . ·'.:SuiGM~.~im:AdE' .... , _,:.'... ~~ ,/,.' ~ .. ~ f•: ~: .. ., ·: . ·\ : Machiel Kiel· • ,.r • ... • 'f• ~ • ~· t "'t ~ :. • f ~ { .... ;'... "'. 1:. • •. • . '1 ~ W ith perhaps the exception ·of o ri e ep o ch the humb k towiı · of Katnobat· m=.the phüns or'Biılgariim'Thrace dld ıfot shareıi:iı the evehtful history· of this patfof Bu: rope~ It was n.ot sitüated alÔilg the mafu traffic artety ·cnefgtade ·Roa'd· ör Cfuıieaıi Road), itwas nev'er a.'la:rge centreofcraftsın:an {as Slivert} or'a centre oniı'e ··-provm" cial. adininstnition. (as Kazıi.nlık ot Stara Zagöra), 'and no fa:riious m eri 'wherib bOİfı. or worked ·tliere (as for: exariıple the ireat·Ottoman inteilectual ceıitnr of c Filibci-·:.. Plovdiv- which gave birth to ;a host of poets'.ru:ı:Ci ·schoiats).ı- Kar:riooat' wası nône ·onhese. :it enierged iii the c'öurse Ôf the l5th ·celıtui-y: as aıt Ottomaiı Turkisli towı'ı", which k:ept tılltoday its old · Arabo~Persian name2• Since the ıs tlic.: its historY was hne of a: slow aiıd uneve'ntful gröwth, tıirnihg to ·a rap!d expansion oıily'in tlie last f'ıfty years3• It 'was probably'not'explicitly foundeci {as were:the"ıiuıhetoustowns alorlg'the Stambul-Belgrade hjghway) but grew spontaneously out o~ the need for an url?~n cent re (market fun.ction) ib. -
Aromatic a New Tobacco for This Area
November 1959 AROMATIC ... a new tobacco for this area Aromatic tobacco—a flavorsome leaf with a pro pound and brought growers more than $228,000. nounced aroma—has long been a standard in The price of the three top grades ranged from a gredient in the recipes of the popular blended little better than $ 1.00 to $1.37^ per pound. cigarettes so familiar to American smokers. Man The average yield per acre is not available for ufacturers blend it with domestically grown flue- the three-state area. North Carolina’s harvested cured, burley, and Maryland tobaccos to help pro yields per acre in 1958, however, averaged just vide that flavor and aroma so distinctive in an under 1,000 pounds. Some farmers are produc American cigarette. ing an average of 1,20 0 pounds to the acre through Through the years cigarette manufacturers have mechanization and use of the most recent methods had to import most of their supplies of aromatic of production, harvesting, and curing. tobaccos from countries of the Mediterranean and Production of aromatic tobacco requires a great Black Sea areas. These tobaccos—-more com deal of hand labor—from 600 to 700 man-hours monly referred to as Turkish tobacco—have come per acre when recommended practices are followed chiefly from Turkey and Greece. Last year the and even more when old methods are used. For nation’s cigarette makers bought about 105 million this reason, most farmers who grow this type of pounds of this foreign-grown leaf. tobacco can handle only a small acreage—one or United States production of aromatic tobacco is two acres, or less. -
The World War Two Allied Economic Warfare: the Case of Turkish Chrome Sales
The World War Two Allied Economic Warfare: The Case of Turkish Chrome Sales Inaugural-Dissertation in der Philosophischen Fakultät und Fachbereich Theologie der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nürnberg Vorgelegt von Murat Önsoy Aus der Türkei D29 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 15 April 2009 Dekan: Universitätsprofessor Dr. Jens Kulenkampff. Erstgutachter: Universitätsprofessor Dr. Thomas Philipp Zweitgutachter: Universitätsprofessor Dr. Şefik Alp Bahadır ACKNOWLEDGMENTS An interesting coincidence took place in the first year of my PhD study, I would like to share it here. Soon after I moved to Erlangen, I started thinking over my PhD thesis topic. I was searching for an appropriate subject. Turkish Chrome Sales was one of the few topics that I had in my mind. One day, I went to my Doktorvater Prof. Thomas Philipp’s office and discussed the topics with him. We decided to postpone the decision a few days while I wanted to consider the topics one last time and do the final elimination. Afterwards I went to the cafeteria of the Friedrich Alexander University to have lunch. After the lunch, just before I left the cafeteria building, I recognized somebody speaking Turkish and reflexively turned around. He was a Turkish guest worker with a large thick moustache; I paid attention to his name tag for a second. His name was Krom, the Turkish word for chrome, since, for the first time in my life I was meeting someone with the name Krom I asked him about his name. Perhaps he is the only person with this name in Turkey. He told me that, this name was given by his father, who was a worker of a chrome mine in Central Anatolia and that day, when Mr. -
The Role of the Tobacco Trade in Turkish-American Relations, 1923-29
University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Master's Theses Student Research 12-1988 The oler of the tobacco trade in Turkish-American relations, 1923-29. Robert Carey Goodman Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/masters-theses Recommended Citation Goodman, Robert Carey, "The or le of the tobacco trade in Turkish-American relations, 1923-29." (1988). Master's Theses. Paper 540. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Role of the Tobacco Trade in Turkish-American Relations, 1923-29 by Robert Carey Goodman III Candidate for the Master of Arts in History University of Richmond, 1987 Thesis Director: John D. Treadway This study of the tobacco trade between Turkey and the United States provides new perspectives on two major themes in Turkish-American relations between 1923 and 1929: the effect of Turkish nationalism on American interests in Ataturk's Turkey, and the effort to restore Turkish- American diplomatic ties broken during World War I. The marked rise in American cigarette consumption after World War I made the tobacco trade a crucial link between Turkey and America because it required the importation of aromatic tobacco. During the Turkish Republic's first decades, the value of American tobacco imports from Turkey exceeded the value of all American exports to that country. The tobacco trade survived Turkish nationalism and unsatisfactory diplomatic relations because of the financial benefits it brought to both states. -
CROSSJNG the STRAITS: the PERSIANS in THRACE' Jan P. Stronk Tn Or Shortly Before 5131, King Darius Collected a Large Fleet From
TALANTA XXX-XXXJ (1998-1999) CROSSJNG THE STRAITS: THE PERSIANS IN THRACE' Jan P. Stronk Tn or shortly before 5131, King Darius collected a large fleet from among the Greek cities in Asia Minor and sent it to the Pontic coast. A Greek engineer, Mandrocles, constructed a boat-bridge across the Bosporus. As Herodotus states (Hdt. IV.87), two marble memorial ste lae commemorated this feat in Greek and "Assyrian characters", by which he can have meant Old Persian, Elamite, or Akkadian. The Persian army crossed the bridge and entered Thrace, following the fleet. People from the West Pontic coast until the Ister, including Greek colonies and Thracian tribes, submitted to the Persians without resist ance. Without problems the army continued its march to the Ister. Meanwhile a pontoon bridge had been constructed across the river. Darius crossed the Danube and started a campaign against the Scythians of the South Russian steppes. As Bury puts it: "Cyrus had conquered the eastern coasts of the Mediterranean; Cambyses had completed and secured that conquest on the south side by the subjec tion of Egypt; it remained for Darius to complete and secure his empire on the north side by the reduction of Thrace" (Bury 1970, 238). A key function in this policy was preserved for "The Straits", the Bosporus and the Dardanelles. Control of the Straits was in more than one respect important for Persia. First because the Straits connected rather than divided the Thracians living on either sides of the Straits (cf. Stronk 1995, 59-60), second because mastery of the Straits facili tated the hegemony of the Ionian states in the Euxine region,2 third * In 1994, I submitted a paper with this title to the Thracia Pontica VI conference at Soz.opol (Bulgaria). -
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Mustafa Kemal Atatürk [[file:MustafaKemalAtaturk.jpg alt=]] President Atatürk 1st President of Turkey In office 29 October 1923 – 10 November 1938 (15 years, 12 days) Prime Minister Ali Fethi Okyar İsmet İnönü Celâl Bayar Succeeded by İsmet İnönü 1st Prime Minister of Turkey In office 3 May 1920 – 24 January 1921 (0 years, 266 days) Succeeded by Fevzi Çakmak 1st Speaker of the Parliament of Turkey In office 24 April 1920 – 29 October 1923 (3 years, 219 days) Succeeded by Ali Fethi Okyar 1st Leader of the Republican People's Party In office 9 September 1923 – 10 November 1938 (15 years, 62 days) Succeeded by İsmet İnönü Personal details Born 19 May 1881 (Conventional. This date was adopted by the president himself for official purposes in the absence of precise knowledge concerning the real date.)Salonica, Ottoman Empire (present-day Thessaloniki, Greece) Died 10 November 1938 (aged 57)Dolmabahçe Palace Istanbul, Turkey Resting place Anıtkabir Ankara, Turkey Nationality Turkish Political party Committee of Union and Progress, Republican People's Party Spouse(s) Lâtife Uşaklıgil (1923–25) Religion See Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's religious views. Signature Military service Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 2 Allegiance Ottoman Empire (1893 – 8 July 1919) Republic of Turkey (9 July 1919 – 30 June 1927) Army Service/branch Rank Ottoman Empire: General (Pasha) Republic of Turkey: Mareşal (Marshal) Commands 19th Division – 16th Corps – 2nd Army – 7th Army – Yildirim Army Group – commander-in-chief of Army of the -
Market-Oriented Transformation of Tobacco Sector in Turkey
Turk Toraks Derg 2014; 15: 71-91 DOI: 10.5152/ttd.2013.41 MISCELLANEOUS Market-Oriented Transformation of Tobacco Sector in Turkey Derya Gültekin Karakaş İstanbul Technical University, Faculty of Management, Department of Management Engineering, İstanbul, Turkey Abstract The tobacco sector in Turkey has passed through a market-oriented transformation together with the neo-liberal policies since 1980. Within this period, as an input of cigarette manufacturing, the state control over the conditions of tobacco production and cigarette manufacturing and distribution has been gradually deactivated and left to the decisions of transnational tobacco companies. The restructuring of tobacco sector as a new area of valorization for capital has led to an increase in cigarette consumption. On the other hand, demand-side policies to reduce cigarette consumption that have been implemented since the mid-1990s have been doomed to have a much weaker effect, in an environment of increasing manufacturing and trade. As the case of Turkey illustrates, a real struggle against cigarette consumption has to target manufacturing and thus, the tobacco industry itself. From a public health-perspective, this fact indicates the necessity of establishing public control over manufacturing and trade of tobacco products. KEY WORDS: Tobacco, tobacco industry, Turkey, tobacco control policies Received: 05.03.2013 Accepted: 09.04.2013 Available Online Date: 14.06.2013 INTRODUCTION The journey of tobacco plant beginning from the field ending up in addicts has some stages: the journey begins with the cultivation and harvest of tobacco plant; thereafter, in large industrial facilities, tobacco is converted into tobacco prod- ucts, which are industrial commodities; and finally, tobacco products arrive to the last point, i.e. -
Consumption and Production of Tobacco in Europe
Technical Bulletin No. 587 H^ ^'^^^^T;^ ^^ November 1937 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON, D. C. CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION OF TOBACCO IN EUROPE By J. B. HuTsoN ^ CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Development in the European tobacco industry Changes in the European consumption of by countries—Continued. tobacco, 1913-32, and their causes 2 Sweden ... 47 Types of tobacco used in Europe. 3 Denmark 60 Uses of United States tobacco in Europe 5 Austria 64 Consumer preferences by regions 7 Portugal 66 Changes in the consumption of tobacco Finland : 68 products _ - - 8 Latvia, Lithuania, and E stonia 60 Consumption per capita 10 Belgium 63 Kelation of prices of tobacco products to con- France 68 sumption - 12 Germany 73 Trade restrictions and their effects on con- Czechoslovakia 80 sumption 19 Poland 83 Production and classification of European leaf Spain 88 tobacco - 21 Switzerland .___ 90 Location and description of types 21 Italy 92 Development in the European tobacco industry Rumania 96 by countries 33 Yugoslavia. 100 United Kingdom. 33 Hungary 103 Netherlands . 40 Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey. _ 107 Norway 44 Total imports of leaf tobacco into Europe 113 INTRODUCTION For a few years immediately following the close of the World War nearly one-half of the tobacco grown in the United States was con- sumed in foreign countries. Production was increased in several for- eign countries and by 1924 foreign consumption of tobacco imported from the United States had begun to decline. However, European consumption of several important United States types is still greater than that of the same types in this country. -
Felines in Thracian Art *
doi: 10.2143/AWE.12.0.2994452 AWE 12 (2013) 269-279 FELINES IN THRACIAN ART * JAN BOUZEK Abstract A number of metal vases from Thrace are discussed, especially a lion plaque from Pistiros and several metal objects in Prague collections, together with other representations of lions in Thrace and Scythia. The evidence shows that in Thrace strong influence from Persian-Anatolian spheres had existed since the 6th century, besides the Greek impact, and that this ‘Oriental’ tinge persisted in Thracian art until the end of the Hellenistic period. The publication of an exhibition catalogue with sensational and previously unknown items from the Bojkov collection,1 the new find of a lion plaque at Pistiros2 and the renewed examination of two items in Prague – the handle of a bronze hydria from a Magna Graecia workshop and the frontal of a horse harness with a lynx’s head – give a good occasion to return to a field which offers rich material for studying interrelations between Thracian, Greek, Persian and Scythian art.3 The Prague Hydria-Handle with Lion’s Head (Figs. 1–5) National Museum Prague inv. no. A 977, H. 17.4 cm, W. 15.9 cm, D. of the rim of the hydria, 22 cm. Bought in Paris in the 1930s with alleged provenance Bulgaria. It was published in detail by the present author;4 here it is put into broader context. The lion’s head has an open muzzle with outstretched tongue, five whiskers on each side of the muzzle and deeply drilled eyes; the mane is depicted in two rows of tassels of hairs.