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Felines in Thracian Art *

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Felines in Thracian Art * doi: 10.2143/AWE.12.0.2994452 AWE 12 (2013) 269-279 FELINES IN THRACIAN ART * JAN BOUZEK Abstract A number of metal vases from Thrace are discussed, especially a lion plaque from Pistiros and several metal objects in Prague collections, together with other representations of lions in Thrace and Scythia. The evidence shows that in Thrace strong influence from Persian-Anatolian spheres had existed since the 6th century, besides the Greek impact, and that this ‘Oriental’ tinge persisted in Thracian art until the end of the Hellenistic period. The publication of an exhibition catalogue with sensational and previously unknown items from the Bojkov collection,1 the new find of a lion plaque at Pistiros2 and the renewed examination of two items in Prague – the handle of a bronze hydria from a Magna Graecia workshop and the frontal of a horse harness with a lynx’s head – give a good occasion to return to a field which offers rich material for studying interrelations between Thracian, Greek, Persian and Scythian art.3 The Prague Hydria-Handle with Lion’s Head (Figs. 1–5) National Museum Prague inv. no. A 977, H. 17.4 cm, W. 15.9 cm, D. of the rim of the hydria, 22 cm. Bought in Paris in the 1930s with alleged provenance Bulgaria. It was published in detail by the present author;4 here it is put into broader context. The lion’s head has an open muzzle with outstretched tongue, five whiskers on each side of the muzzle and deeply drilled eyes; the mane is depicted in two rows of tassels of hairs. On the top of the handle and on its outer side is a rib with pearls. The lateral rosettes have nine incurved petals each. Nails for attachment to the vessel are in both arms of the rim; a third is in the base of the handle. The beginnings of the school to which the handle belongs are Peloponnesian: Laconian,5 not Corinthian.6 But our handle is much later, from the time when Sparta stopped producing fine metal vessels. The Prague hydria belongs to a category of which Diehl listed 11 items;7 of them, the examples in the National Museum in Ancona8 and in the Cluj Museum9 are near to * This paper was prepared in the frames of a project supported by a grant from the Grants Agency of the Czech Republic (405/11/098). 1 Marazov 2011. 2 Bouzek 2010a. 3 See Bouzek 2006. 4 Bouzek 2005. 5 Stibbe 2000; 2004. 6 Pace Croissant 1988; cf. Rolley 2003. 7 Diehl 1964, 216–22. 8 Neugebauer 1923–24, 371, fig. 10; Diehl 1964, pl. 7B. 9 Neugebauer 1923–24, 378–79, fig. 14. 96073_AWE_12_12_Bouzek.indd 269 24/10/13 11:37 270 J. BOUZEK Fig. 1: Hydria handle, National Museum, Fig. 2: Hydria handle, National Museum, Prague, bronze. Prague, bronze. Fig. 3: Hydria handle, National Museum, Fig. 4: Hydria handle, National Museum, Prague, bronze. Prague, bronze. Fig. 5: Hydria handle, National Museum, Prague, bronze. 96073_AWE_12_12_Bouzek.indd 270 24/10/13 11:37 FELINES IN THRACIAN ART 271 the Prague handle, as is another on the vase found on the Athenian Acropolis.10 The main group showing close parallels comes from the heroon of Paestum, constructed in ca. 500 BC.11 Archi- tectonic lion heads on several Greek late 6th-century BC buildings in South Italy (Paestum Basilica and the Temple of Heracles at Agrigent)12 and Greece (Alcamaeonidae temple, Treas- ury of the Massilians)13 are also very similar. A handle similar to that in Prague was found in Bulgaria at Staro Selo near Sliven;14 most of the Trebenishte vessels are earlier.15 The handle in the National Museum in Prague was very probably made in the workshop tradition recon- structed by Rolley,16 which started production at Sybaris and, after its destruction, continued since 500 BC at Paestum. A date of ca. 490 BC seems to be the most probable. The recumbent lion found near Breznik17 probably came from the rim of a cauldron – it is good Peloponnesian work of the late 6th century; while those on spouts of situlae form a series starting in the early 5th and ending in the late 4th century.18 The earrings with lion heads19 are standard Greek ornaments, and like bronze vessels, they were made for a common market, not especially for Thrace. The Duvanli Lions and Later Examples in Thrace The Duvanli tumuli provide a good basis for following two lines of representation at the beginning of the 5th century. While the famous amphora-rhyton from Kukova mogila has on one of its handles a typical Persian, or rather, Persian-Anatolian lion,20 the pectoral with a lion whose head is seen from above from Bashova mogila21 probably took its model from a Greek coin – it belongs to the first examples of a genuine Thracian tradition, based on North Aegean and Ionian models, whereas the inspiration at Trebenishte, in contrast, was mainly Corinthian The Garchinovo ‘matrix’22 is in the northern Animal Style, near to Scythian art. The earliest rhyton with a lion’s head in the Bojkov collection23 is stylistically very close to the Duvanli amphora-rhyton; while the second rhyton with a similar finial in the same collection24 (Fig. 6) has its lion’s head strongly Graecised: it dates from ca. 400 BC and can well be compared with the lion spouts of Greek temples of the late 5th century. 10 Ridder 1986, 56, no. 167. 11 Rolley 1982, 64; 1983, figs. 126–127. 12 Mertens-Horn 1988, cat, nos. 49 and 13, pls. 1 and 20. 13 Mertens-Horn 1988, 45–46, pl. 7b and 49, pl. 8bd. 14 Venedikov and Gerasimov 1973, pls. 94–96. 15 See now Stibbe and Vasic 2003. 16 Rolley 1982. 17 Venedikov and Gerasimov 1973, fig. 93. 18 Venedikov and Gerasimov 1973, fig. 111. 19 For example Venedikov and Gerasimov 1973, figs. 176–177, 183. 20 Basel Catalogue 2007, 176, no. 124. 21 Basel Catalogue 2007, 178, no. 125a. 22 Venedikov and Gerasimov 1973, fig. 152, 5th century. 23 Marazov 2011, no. 24. 24 Marazov 2011, no. 46. 96073_AWE_12_12_Bouzek.indd 271 24/10/13 11:37 272 J. BOUZEK Fig. 6: Rhyton with lion protome, Bojkov collection, silver (after Marazov 2011, no.46). Fig. 7: Rhyton with lion protome, Bojkov Fig. 8: Rhyton with lynx protome, Bojkov collection, silver (after Marazov 2011, no. 169). collection, silver (after Marazov 2011, no.170). 96073_AWE_12_12_Bouzek.indd 272 24/10/13 11:37 FELINES IN THRACIAN ART 273 The sheath of a sword in the Bojkov collection25carries two representations of lions – one attacking a boar and the second a goat. Both remind one of scenes on 6th-century Greek pottery, though the stylistic parallels point towards later 5th-century Greek models. There are also some vague reminiscences in the less sophisticated ateliers of 4th-century Scythian objects. The dating by Marazov into the second half of the 4th century seems to be reason- able, but the strange composition of scenes and motifs, together with stylistic incoherence, throw some doubt as to whether this is genuine Thracian work. Modern forgeries of golden objects also feature among the items in the Ukrainian Platter collection and even more of them appear now on the market. The quarry of the rider on a plate in the Bojkov collection26 is a bear, not a lion, but the scene derives from Persian tradition of the royal lion-hunt. A similarly strong tradition of Persian-Anatolian art can be seen on the Pistiros lion plaque and on the Pistiros gem imprint of a hunting dog. Unlike Greece, Thracian art still had strong ties with that of the Persian Anatolian satrapies in the 4th century BC. The rhytons with lion and lynx protomes in the Bojkov collection27 (Figs. 7–8), if found in Bulgaria, show that this tradition contin- ued here still in middle Hellenistic times, against what we believed earlier, and join the 4th-century artistic tradition with that of the phalerae. In the artistic province of the Triballoi, the goddess riding a lioness on one of the Rogozen pitchers28 falls into Dionysiac or Cybele cult context, while another shows a lion attacking a hind,29 a subject related to Getic and Scythian Animal Style. I recall also the Garchinovo ‘matrix’ mentioned above. In North Getic art the species of the predators are less clearly characterised, but the lion is at least a plausible candidate in some cases, as also on horse-trappings, forming a larger province from central and northern Thrace up to the western Ukraine.30 Bronze Lion Appliqué from Pistiros (Figs. 9–10) The figure is made separately and attached to a plaque of sheet bronze. Most probably it served originally as part of a belt – it may have been placed near to the finial. The nose of the figure is damaged, but the outline was preserved in the imprint in the patina when found, before restoration. Dimensions, 5.3 x 4 cm; thickness of the plaque, 2–3 mm. The attached lion in its outline is ca. 4.8 cm long, 3.7 cm high and nearly 2 mm thick. Here was a fine dark patina after conservation, being before grainy light green. It was found on the paving in sector B 11, just in the small space between two paving stones. B 11 SE, spit IX, [8010]. It seems to have been left on the uncleaned paving after the catastrophe around 310/300 BC, i.e. its stratigraphical position was in the debris from the second part of the 4th century, between Philip II’s destruction of the emporion and the later one.
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