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Weak-Form Market Efficiency, Estimation Interval and the Nigerian Stock Exchange: Empirical Evidence
WEAK-FORM MARKET EFFICIENCY, ESTIMATION INTERVAL AND THE NIGERIAN STOCK EXCHANGE: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE Onyemachi Maxwell Ogbulu, Abia State University Abstract Given the desirability of efficient capital markets in aiding optimal resource mobilization and allocation in the financial system, this paper is an attempt to investigate the efficiency level of the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) across different data estimation intervals with reference to the weak-form variant of the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). The paper employed daily, weekly, monthly and quarterly aggregate stock price data using the NSE All Share Index series from 4th January, 1999 to 31st December, 2013 to test for the weak-form efficiency of the NSE using a combination of seven (7) statistical and parametric tools namely- Autocorrelation tests, the ADF and P-P unit root tests, Variance Ratio tests, the Normality/Random Walk tests, the Granger Causality test, the ARCH-GARCH test and Regression rest. The empirical results of the investigation indicate that on balance the NSE is weak-form inefficient when daily, weekly, monthly and quarterly prices are examined irrespective of the estimation interval and the parametric test employed in the tests. It is to be noted from the findings that the NSE is still weak-form inefficient despite the implementation of various capital market reforms undertaken in the recent past as well as the adoption of automation and ICT in the operations of the Exchange. It is therefore recommended that these salutary reforms and policies should be intensified and sustained to ensure efficiency of the NSE. Keywords: Weak-form efficiency, Efficient Market Hypothesis, Estimation Interval, Parametric Tests. -
Chicago Boad of Trade
Introduction to Hedging FutureYour of Control Taking Workbook with Futures and Options Producer Series 1 Introduction to Hedging with Futures and Options Gives a complete description of the advantages of using futures and options. Producer work sheets and a glossary of most commonly used futures and options terms are included. 2 Strategies for Selling Crops with Options Provides advanced selling strategies for producers using the options markets. Prerequisite: A basic understanding of hedging with futures and options. Taking Control of Your Future Farming the land is a lifestyle as much a certain amount of money invested in as a job, a tradition passed on from seed, fertilizer, equipment, and labor, generation to generation. There are he runs the risk of a selling price that things about farming you can control, is too low to cover those costs and like what crops you grow, whether or make a profit. The good news is that not you raise livestock, or when you price risks such as these can be buy inputs or sell whatever it is you’re successfully managed by the producer. producing. But there are many things Managing Price Risk you cannot control, things like mother Pricing opportunities, times to take nature, world events, or supply and advantage of profitable crop prices, demand for crops or livestock. “What the Chicago Board of can occur several times during a year. Trade allows you to do with The events and situations you may not By knowing what your operation futures and options is be have an influence over can have a dev- needs to make a profit, you can take flexible and let someone else astating effect on your operation. -
Chicago Board Options Exchange Annual Report 2001
01 Chicago Board Options Exchange Annual Report 2001 cv2 CBOE ‘01 01010101010101010 01010101010101010 01010101010101010 01010101010101010 01010101010101010 CBOE is the largest and 01010101010101010most successful options 01010101010101010marketplace in the world. 01010101010101010 01010101010101010 01010101010101010 01010101010101010 01010101010101010 01010101010101010ifc1 CBOE ‘01 ONE HAS OPPORTUNITIES The NUMBER ONE Options Exchange provides customers with a wide selection of products to achieve their unique investment goals. ONE HAS RESPONSIBILITIES The NUMBER ONE Options Exchange is responsible for representing the interests of its members and customers. Whether testifying before Congress, commenting on proposed legislation or working with the Securities and Exchange Commission on finalizing regulations, the CBOE weighs in on behalf of options users everywhere. As an advocate for informed investing, CBOE offers a wide array of educational vehicles, all targeted at educating investors about the use of options as an effective risk management tool. ONE HAS RESOURCES The NUMBER ONE Options Exchange offers a wide variety of resources beginning with a large community of traders who are the most experienced, highly-skilled, well-capitalized liquidity providers in the options arena. In addition, CBOE has a unique, sophisticated hybrid trading floor that facilitates efficient trading. 01 CBOE ‘01 2 CBOE ‘01 “ TO BE THE LEADING MARKETPLACE FOR FINANCIAL DERIVATIVE PRODUCTS, WITH FAIR AND EFFICIENT MARKETS CHARACTERIZED BY DEPTH, LIQUIDITY AND BEST EXECUTION OF PARTICIPANT ORDERS.” CBOE MISSION LETTER FROM THE OFFICE OF THE CHAIRMAN Unprecedented challenges and a need for strategic agility characterized a positive but demanding year in the overall options marketplace. The Chicago Board Options Exchange ® (CBOE®) enjoyed a record-breaking fiscal year, with a 2.2% growth in contracts traded when compared to Fiscal Year 2000, also a record-breaker. -
On Determination of Market Price of One Ordinary Registered Share of the Moscow Exchange (State Registration Number 1-05-8443-H Dated 16.11.2011)
2, 3-ya ulitsa Yamskogo Polya, bld. 7, office 301, Moscow, 125040 Tel.: +7 (495) 717-01-01 +7 (495) 557-07-97 www.evcons.ru REPORT No. 134/16 dated June 29, 2016 On determination of market price of one ordinary registered share of the Moscow Exchange (state registration number 1-05-8443-H dated 16.11.2011) Customer: Moscow Exchange Contractor: Everest Consulting Moscow 2016 EVEREST Consulting LLC 1 Att: Evgeny Fetisov CFO Moscow Exchange Dear Evgeny, Under Agreement No.134/16 dated 16.06.2016 executed by and between Everest Consulting Limited Liability Company (hereinafter Everest Consulting LLC, the Contractor), and Public Joint-Stock Company Moscow Exchange MICEX-RTS (hereinafter the Moscow Exchange, the Customer), the appraiser employed by the Contractor (hereinafter the Appraiser) carried out valuation of one registered ordinary share of the Moscow Exchange (hereinafter the Object of Valuation). The principle task and intended use of valuation was to measure the market price of the Object of Valuation for the purpose of share buyback from shareholders who voted against the corporate restructuring or failed to participate in voting in pursuance with clause 1 and clause 3 Article 75 of the Federal Law No.208-FZ On Joint-stock Companies dated 26 December 1995. The valuation was done in accordance with the Federal Law No.135-FZ On Valuation Activity in the Russian Federation dated 29 July 1998, Federal Evaluation Standard General Concepts of the Valuation, Approaches and Requirements to Carrying Out the Valuation (FES No.1) approved by the Order of the Ministry of Economy No. -
Msci Index Calculation Methodology
INDEX METHODOLOGY MSCI INDEX CALCULATION METHODOLOGY Index Calculation Methodology for the MSCI Equity Indexes Esquivel, Carlos July 2018 JULY 2018 MSCI INDEX CALCULATION METHODOLOGY | JULY 2018 CONTENTS Introduction ....................................................................................... 4 MSCI Equity Indexes........................................................................... 5 1 MSCI Price Index Methodology ................................................... 6 1.1 Price Index Level ....................................................................................... 6 1.2 Price Index Level (Alternative Calculation Formula – Contribution Method) ............................................................................................................ 10 1.3 Next Day Initial Security Weight ............................................................ 15 1.4 Closing Index Market Capitalization Today USD (Unadjusted Market Cap Today USD) ........................................................................................................ 16 1.5 Security Index Of Price In Local .............................................................. 17 1.6 Note on Index Calculation In Local Currency ......................................... 19 1.7 Conversion of Indexes Into Another Currency ....................................... 19 2 MSCI Daily Total Return (DTR) Index Methodology ................... 21 2.1 Calculation Methodology ....................................................................... 21 2.2 Reinvestment -
FIA Publications Futures Industry Association
06 Media Kit Capco Study Identifies Market Inefficiencies FUTURES THE MAGAZINE OF THE INDUSTRYJULY/AUGUST 2005 Black Box Trading Is this the Future? Futures Markets in Asia: China, India, Japan FUTURES THE MAGAZINE OF THE INDUSTRYMAY/JUNE 2005 FI INTERVIEWSINTERVIEWS JIMJIM ROGERSROGERS Crazy About Commodities markets I intermediaries I washington I technology FUTURES THE MAGAZINE OF THE INDUSTRYNOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006 outlook 07 Including Expo Show Guide 2006 FIA Regular Members A.G. Edwards & Sons, Inc. ABN AMRO Incorporated ADM Investor Services Banc of America Futures, Incorporated Banc One Capital Markets Barclays Capital Inc. Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc BNP Paribas Commodity Futures, Inc. Calyon Financial Inc. (Formerly Carr Futures Inc.) Cantor Fitzgerald Cargill Investor Services, Inc. Citigroup Global Markets Inc. Country Hedging, Inc. Credit Suisse First Boston Corporation Daiwa Securities America Inc. Deutsche Bank Futures Inc. Fimat USA, Inc. Goldman, Sachs & Co. Hornblower Fischer & Co. HSBC Securities (USA) Inc. Interactive Brokers LLC J.P. Morgan Futures, Inc. Lehman Brothers Inc. Man Financial Inc. McVean Trading and Investments LLC Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith Inc. Mid-Co Commodities, Inc. Morgan Stanley Morgan Stanley DW Inc. Nomura Securities International, Inc. Peregrine Financial Group, Inc. Prudential Financial Derivatives LLC Refco LLC Rosenthal Collins Group, L.L.C. Swiss American Securities Inc. Tokyo-Mitsubishi Futures (USA), Inc. TransAct Futures (Formerly York Electronic Services) UBS Vision Limited Partnership FIA Publications FIA publications, FI and Outlook, reach influential professionals in the derivative markets, the fastest- growing segment of the financial services industry. FI is published five times per year and FI Outlook is published in conjunction with Expo. -
The Advent of the Chicago Board Options Exchange a Golden Anniversary Memoir by Its Founding President
THE ADVENT OF THE CHICAGO BOARD OPTIONS EXCHANGE A GOLDEN ANNIVERSARY MEMOIR BY ITS FOUNDING PRESIDENT By Joe Sullivan April 26, 1973, was a momentous day in the history of the world’s financial markets. It marked the opening day of trading on the Chicago Board Options Exchange and with it the advent of what was probably the most important stock market innovation of the 20th Century. For those of us who had assembled for the opening ceremony, it was anything but clear what the CBOE’s destiny would be. The ceremony took place in what until a few months prior had been a musty smoking room adjoining the Chicago Board of Trade’s huge commodity futures trading floor. But now the room was rimmed by eight booth- like trading posts topped by big CRT screens that would display the prices of financial instruments the likes of which the world had never seen before. The governor of Illinois Dan Walker and the chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission Brad Cook were on hand for the occasion and lent it stature. But Walker later landed in prison while Cook soon resigned his post in disgrace. No one could say for sure that the CBOE wouldn’t face a similar fate. For my own part, I was mainly just elated that this day had finally come. As a former journalist with little background for the role until I stepped into it, I’d devoted more than four years to spearheading what at times had seemed like a windmill tilting exercise. How I came to be part of this effort, how it came to fruition and how it achieved almost instant success are what this memoir is all about. -
Doing Data Differently
General Company Overview Doing data differently V.14.9. Company Overview Helping the global financial community make informed decisions through the provision of fast, accurate, timely and affordable reference data services With more than 20 years of experience, we offer comprehensive and complete securities reference and pricing data for equities, fixed income and derivative instruments around the globe. Our customers can rely on our successful track record to efficiently deliver high quality data sets including: § Worldwide Corporate Actions § Worldwide Fixed Income § Security Reference File § Worldwide End-of-Day Prices Exchange Data International has recently expanded its data coverage to include economic data. Currently it has three products: § African Economic Data www.africadata.com § Economic Indicator Service (EIS) § Global Economic Data Our professional sales, support and data/research teams deliver the lowest cost of ownership whilst at the same time being the most responsive to client requests. As a result of our on-going commitment to providing cost effective and innovative data solutions, whilst at the same time ensuring the highest standards, we have been awarded the internationally recognized symbol of quality ISO 9001. Headquartered in United Kingdom, we have staff in Canada, India, Morocco, South Africa and United States. www.exchange-data.com 2 Company Overview Contents Reference Data ............................................................................................................................................ -
List of Approved Regulated Stock Exchanges
Index Governance LIST OF APPROVED REGULATED STOCK EXCHANGES The following announcement applies to all equity indices calculated and owned by Solactive AG (“Solactive”). With respect to the term “regulated stock exchange” as widely used throughout the guidelines of our Indices, Solactive has decided to apply following definition: A Regulated Stock Exchange must – to be approved by Solactive for the purpose calculation of its indices - fulfil a set of criteria to enable foreign investors to trade listed shares without undue restrictions. Solactive will regularly review and update a list of eligible Regulated Stock Exchanges which at least 1) are Regulated Markets comparable to the definition in Art. 4(1) 21 of Directive 2014/65/EU, except Title III thereof; and 2) provide for an investor registration procedure, if any, not unduly restricting foreign investors. Other factors taken into account are the limits on foreign ownership, if any, imposed by the jurisdiction in which the Regulated Stock Exchange is located and other factors related to market accessibility and investability. Using above definition, Solactive has evaluated the global stock exchanges and decided to include the following in its List of Approved Regulated Stock Exchanges. This List will henceforth be used for calculating all of Solactive’s equity indices and will be reviewed and updated, if necessary, at least annually. List of Approved Regulated Stock Exchanges (February 2017): Argentina Bosnia and Herzegovina Bolsa de Comercio de Buenos Aires Banja Luka Stock Exchange -
Cereal Secrets: the World's Largest Grain Traders and Global Agriculture
OXFAM RESEARCH REPORTS AUGUST 2012 CEREAL SECRETS The world's largest grain traders and global agriculture MS. SOPHIA MURPHY INDEPENDENT CONSULTANT AND SENIOR ADVISOR AT THE INSTITUTE FOR AGRICULTURE AND TRADE POLICY DR. DAVID BURCH HONORARY PROFESSOR SOCIOLOGY, THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND DR. JENNIFER CLAPP PROFESSOR, ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCE STUDIES AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO The four big commodity traders – Archer Daniels Midland (ADM), Bunge, Cargill and Louis Dreyfus, collectively referred to as ‘the ABCD companies’ – are dominant traders of grain globally and central to the modern agri-food system. This report considers the ABCDs in relation to several global issues pressing on agriculture: the ‘financialization’ of both commodity trade and agricultural production; the emergence of global competitors to the ABCDs, in particular from Asia; and some of the implications of large-scale industrial biofuels, a sector in which the ABCDs are closely involved. The report includes a discussion of how smallholders in developing countries are affected by these changes, and highlights some development policy implications, given the importance of the ABCD firms in shaping the world of food and agriculture. The report highlights the ways in which these four firms are decisive actors in the global restructuring of the overlapping food, feed, and fuel complexes that is now under way, and considers how the firms are evolving as they respond to and shape the new pressures and opportunities in the modern agri-food system. Oxfam Research Reports are written to share research results, to contribute to public debate and to invite feedback on development and humanitarian policy and practice. -
Views from the Trade © Board of Trade of the City of Chicago 1978
© Board of Trade of the City of Chicago 1978. Readi Futur Views from the Trade © Board of Trade of the City of Chicago 1978. © Board of Trade of the City of Chicago 1978. Book III Future^Malkets VSeWS ffOITI the Trade Editor Anne E. Peck Assistant Professor, Food Research Institute Stanford University with Lloyd Besant Director, Education and Publication Services Chicago Board of Trade © Board of Trade of the City of Chicago 1978. Education and Editorial Publications managing editor Lloyd Besant Services editors Dana Kellerman, Anthony Godine Design and Production production design Richard Prey typesetting Paula DeSmet, David Sural art production Sigrid Rutstein 50001 eBoard of Trade of the City of Chicago 1978. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. © Board of Trade of the City of Chicago 1978. Contents Section 1 Introduction to Hedger Uses of Futures Markets 1 1 Introduction to Hedging Virgil A. Wiese 3 2 Case History of Hedging Virgil A. Wiese 13 3 Merchandising and Inventory Management of Commodities: Carrying Charges and Basis Raleigh B. Wilson 27 4 Grain Transportation Carl J. Lessing 35 5 Basis Patterns T.A. Hieronymus 45 6 Futures as a Corporate Tool H. R. Diercks 57 2 Farmer and Country Elevator Hedging 67 1 Farmer Use of the Market T.A. Hieronymus 69 2 Country Elevator Use of the Market E.B. Evans 79 3 Use of Commodity Exchanges by Local Grain Marketing Organizations Virgil A. Wiese 85 4 Country Merchandising and Country Bids Kenneth W. Stotler 91 3 Terminal Elevator Use of Futures 97 1 Terminal Elevator Operations Orrin S. -
Chicago Board of Trade and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange Rule
RULE ENFORCEMENT REVIEW OF THE CHICAGO BOARD OF TRADE AND THE CHICAGO MERCANTILE EXCHANGE Division of Market Oversight September 13, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 II. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................. 3 A. Compliance Department Staff ............................................................................................. 3 Findings............................................................................................................................... 3 Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 3 B. Audit Trail ........................................................................................................................... 4 Findings............................................................................................................................... 4 Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 5 C. Trade Practice Surveillance ................................................................................................. 5 Findings............................................................................................................................... 5 Recommendations ..............................................................................................................