Brentwood Borough Council

2017 Air Quality Annual Status Report (ASR)

In fulfilment of Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 Local Air Quality Management

November, 2017

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 Brentwood Borough Council

Local Authority David Carter Officer Department Environmental Health & Enforcement Council Offices Ingrave Road Address Brentwood CM15 8AY Telephone 01277 312509

E-mail [email protected] Report Reference BRE/ASR2017 number Date 14th November 2017

Written by Tim Savage Scientific Team Public Health & Protection Services Chelmsford City Council Duke Street

Chelmsford Essex CM1 1JE

LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 Brentwood Borough Council

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Brentwood The 2017 Annual Status Report is designed to provide the public with information relating to local air quality in Brentwood, to fulfil Brentwood Borough Council’s statutory duty to review and assess air quality within its area, and to determine whether or not the air quality objectives are likely to be achieved.

The report reviews Brentwood’s air quality monitoring from 2016 and has found no exceedances of the annual mean objective for Nitrogen Dioxide at relevant exposure.

Air Quality in Brentwood

Air pollution is associated with a number of adverse health impacts. It is recognised as a contributing factor in the onset of heart disease and cancer. Additionally, air pollution particularly affects the most vulnerable in society: children and older people, and those with heart and lung conditions. There is also often a strong correlation with equalities issues, because areas with poor air quality are also often the less affluent areas1,2.

The annual health cost to society of the impacts of particulate matter alone in the UK is estimated to be around £16 billion3.

The is situated in the southwest of Essex and is a pleasant, busy town situated within the Metropolitan Green Belt. Apart from its urban heart, the Borough of Brentwood has about 3,000 acres (about 1,215 hectares) of woodland, yet it is only 18 miles from Central London.

The main source of air pollution in Brentwood is road traffic emissions for major roads, notably the M25, A12, A127, A128, A1023 and A129.

Brentwood Borough Council has declared seven Air Quality Management Areas

(AQMA) due to exceedances of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) which are detailed in Table 2.1.

Monitoring and assessment of air quality has identified that four of these AQMA have been compliant with the Air Quality Objectives for a number of years and can be revoked. In 2016, the Council consulted on these changes and undertook revocation with the changes taking place from January 2017.

1 Environmental equity, air quality, socioeconomic status and respiratory health, 2010 2 Air quality and social deprivation in the UK: an environmental inequalities analysis, 2006 3 Defra. Abatement cost guidance for valuing changes in air quality, May 2013 i LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 Brentwood Borough Council Actions to Improve Air Quality

In July 2016, the Council replaced two of its diesel Street Scene vehicles with electric vans and installed two charging points at the depot.

The Council's Chair of the Environment and Housing Management Committee, Councillor Chris Hossack, said: “With zero emissions, low fuel costs, low servicing and maintenance costs all potentially saving us roughly £20,000 over their lifetime - makes it a no-brainer for us to have replaced our old vans with the new electric vehicles. An added benefit to our residents is how quiet they are – which I’m sure will be appreciated in the early hours of the morning”.

Figure i.1 – Brentwood Council Electric Vehicles

Image from https://www.essex-tv.co.uk/brentwood-council-switch-electric-vans/

Conclusions and Priorities

Analysis of air quality monitoring data has identified that for the second year running, there have been no exceedances of the air quality objectives at relevant exposure in the Brentwood Borough Council administrative area.

Four of the Air Quality Management Areas have been revoked with three still in effect. Measured air quality in these three areas is still borderline with the Air Quality Objectives however the long-term trend identified in Figure A.1 is an improvement in air quality.

ii LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 Brentwood Borough Council

Local Engagement and How to get Involved

Brentwood Borough Council is a member of the Essex Air Quality consortium. The purpose of Essex Air is to promote improvements in air quality related issues. The Essex Air web site provides a daily forecast of air pollution. Also, the @EssexAir twitter feed provides localised weekly air pollution forecasts.

Figure i.2 - Essex Air Twitter Air Quality Notifications

Links to Defra recommended actions and health advice are provided when air pollution is likely to be moderate or higher. This will enable those with heart or lung conditions, or other breathing problems to make informed judgements about their levels of activity or exposure.

The Essex Air twitter also promotes the DVSA service for reporting smoky lorries or buses. Particulate matter is usually not visible but when poorly maintained diesel engines can produce visible particles, appearing as smoke. Fine particles have an adverse effect on human health, particularly among those with respiratory and cardiovascular problem.

iii LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 Brentwood Borough Council

Figure i.3 - Essex Air Reporting Smoky Vehicle Tweets

Brentwood Borough Council is affiliated with the London Air Quality Network which publishes air quality data online, and provides an information resource for air pollution and health and smartphone apps for broadcasting air quality notifications.

Essex County Council has worked closely with Liftshare to develop the Essex Car Share scheme. This operates across Brentwood and provides commuters with a car sharing service which could cut congestion and air pollution whilst saving money.

iv LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 Brentwood Borough Council Table of Contents

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Brentwood ...... i Air Quality in Brentwood ...... i Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... ii Conclusions and Priorities ...... ii Local Engagement and How to get Involved ...... iii 1 Local Air Quality Management ...... 1 2 Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... 2 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas ...... 2 2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Brentwood ...... 4 2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations...... 6 3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance ...... 7 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken ...... 7 3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 7 3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites...... 7 3.2 Individual Pollutants ...... 7

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)...... 7 Appendix A: Monitoring Results ...... 10 Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2016 ...... 19 Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC ...... 22 Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs ...... 24 Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in ...... 30 Glossary of Terms ...... 31 References ...... 32

v LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 Brentwood Borough Council

List of Tables Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas ...... 2 Table 2.2 – Revoked Air Quality Management Areas ...... 3 Table 2.3 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality ...... 5 Table 3.1 - Estimated Annual Mean where exceedances have been measured (at receptor) ...... 8 Table A.1 - Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 10 Table A.2 - Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 10 Table A.3 - Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results ...... 14 Table A.4 - 1-Hour Mean NO2 Monitoring Results ...... 18 Table B.1 - NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results - 2016 ...... 19 Table C.1 - AIR PT Results 2016 ...... 22 Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England ...... 30

List of Figures Figure i.1 - Brentwood Borough Council Electric Vehicles ...... ii Figure i.2 – Essex Air Twitter Air Quality Notifications ...... iii Figure i.3 – Essex Air Reporting Smoky Vehicle Tweets ...... iv Figure 3.1 – BRW37 Monitoring Location ...... 8 Figure 3.2 – Estimated / Actual Concentrations in AQMA BRW4 ...... 9 Figure A.1 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations ...... 17 Figure D.1 – Monitoring Location Map: AQMA BRW2 & A12 ...... 24 Figure D.2 – Monitoring Location Map: BRW4 AQMA & A12/Warescot Road/Hurstwood Avenue/Ongar Road ...... 25 Figure D.3 – Monitoring Location Map: BRW7 AQMA & Brentwood Town Centre .... 26 Figure D.4 – Monitoring Location Map: South Weald Background ...... 27 Figure D.5 – Monitoring Location Map: Mountnessing & Ingatestone ...... 28 Figure D.6 – Monitoring Location Map: A127 West Horndon...... 29

vi LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 Brentwood Borough Council

1 Local Air Quality Management This report provides an overview of air quality in Brentwood during 2016. It fulfils the requirements of Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) as set out in Part IV of the Environment Act (1995) and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance documents.

The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review and assess air quality in their areas, and to determine whether or not the air quality objectives are likely to be achieved. Where an exceedance is considered likely the local authority must declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives. This Annual Status Report (ASR) is an annual requirement showing the strategies employed by Brentwood Borough Council to improve air quality and any progress that has been made.

The statutory air quality objectives applicable to LAQM in England can be found in Table E.2 in Appendix E.

1 LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 Brentwood Borough Council 2 Actions to Improve Air Quality 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) are declared when there is an exceedance or likely exceedance of an air quality objective. After declaration, the authority must prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) within 12-18 months setting out measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of compliance with the objectives.

A summary of AQMAs declared by Brentwood Borough Council can be found in Error! Reference source not found.. Further information related to declared or revoked AQMAs, including maps of AQMA boundaries are available online at https://uk- air.defra.gov.uk/aqma/local-authorities?la_id=33

Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas Is air quality in Level of Exceedance (maximum the AQMA monitored/modelled Pollutants influenced by concentration at a location of AQMA Date of and Air City / One Line Description roads relevant exposure) Action Plan Name Declaration Quality Town controlled by Objectives At Highways Now Declaration England?

Brentwood NO2 Parts of Brook Street, Declared AQMA annual Brentwood Brentwood and the YES 53.4µg/m3 36.94µg/m3 10/01/2005

No.2 mean A12. Parts of Warescot Brentwood NO2 Road, Hurstwood Declared AQMA annual Brentwood Avenue and Ongar YES 76.0µg/m3 39.39µg/m3 10/01/2005

No.4 mean Road, Brentwood and Brentwood Borough the A12. Council AQAP

Parts of Ongar Road, (2008) Ingrave Road, High Brentwood NO2 Street and Shenfield Declared AQMA annual Brentwood Road, Brentwood in NO 56.9µg/m3 39.98µg/m3 10/01/2005

No.7 mean proximity to Wilsons Corner (the junction of the A128 and A1203).

2 LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 Brentwood Borough Council

Brentwood Borough Council have revoked the following AQMA:

Table 2.2 – Revoked Air Quality Management Areas Pollutants AQMA Date of and Air City / Town One Line Description Name Declaration Quality Objectives Brentwood Declared 10/01/2005 NO2 annual Parts of Nags Head Lane, Brentwood and the AQMA Brentwood Revoked mean M25. No.1 01/01/2017 Brentwood Declared 10/01/2005 NO annual Parts of Greenshaw and Porters Close, AQMA 2 Brentwood Revoked mean Brentwood and the A12. No.3 01/01/2017 Brentwood Declared 10/01/2005 NO annual Parts of Roman Road and Burnthouse Lane, AQMA 2 Mountnessing Revoked mean Mountnessing and the A12 No.5 01/01/2017 Brentwood Declared 10/01/2005 NO annual Parts of Fryerning Lane, Pemberton Avenue AQMA 2 Ingatestone Revoked mean and Trimble Close, Ingatestone and the A12. No.6 01/01/2017 Brentwood DC is updating the information on UK-Air with the AQMA revocations

3 LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 Brentwood Borough Council

2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Brentwood

Defra’s appraisal of last year’s ASR concluded that the report was well structured, detailed and provides the information specified in the guidance.

The appraisal identified that Brentwood Borough Council should review the status of the AQMA’s in order to revoke each AQMA when it becomes clear that there is no likelihood of further exceedances. As detailed in Section 2.1, Brentwood Borough Council has revoked four of its AQMA’s as recommended.

Brentwood Borough Council has taken forward a number of direct measures during the current reporting year of 2016 in pursuit of improving local air quality. Details of all measures completed, in progress or planned are set out in Table 2..

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Table 2.3 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality

Key Target Progres Estimated Measure Lead Plannin Implementation Performa Pollution Measure EU Category EU Classification s to Completio Comments No. Authority g Phase Phase nce Reduction in Date n Date Indicator the AQMA

Essex Alternatives to Number of 1 Essex Liftshare Car & lift sharing schemes County N/A 2014 Not quantified Ongoing N/A private vehicle use Users Council

Regional Groups Co- Policy Guidance ordinating programmes to Member of Essex 2 and Development develop Area wide Strategies Essex Air N/A N/A N/A N/A Ongoing N/A Air Control to reduce emissions and improve air quality

Operator Environmental Measures to reduce pollution compliance Environmental Brentwood 3 Permit Inspection through IPPC Permits going N/A N/A with N/A Ongoing N/A Permits Borough & Enforcement beyond BAT Council Environmental Permit

Local Plan Air Quality Policy Guidance Brentwood 4 Other Policy N/A 2015 N/A N/A Complete N/A Development and Development Borough Policy Council

Public transport Transport Planning 75% 5 Crossrail improvements –interchanges Network N/A N/A N/A N/A 2020 and Infrastructure Complete and services Rail

Plotting of safe Safer cycling routes to cycling routes Promoting Travel Brentwood Ongoing schools by mapping 6 Promotion of cycling N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A across the Alternatives Borough Scheme potential routes for cycle to borough Council school initiatives

Installation of electric charging Procuring alternative Promoting Low point Refuelling infrastructure to Brentwood 7 Emission 2015 2016 N/A Not Quantified Completed N/A infrastructure in promote Low Emission Borough Transport the Council depot Vehicles Council

Procurement of two new electric Promoting Low Public Vehicle Procurement - vehicles for the Brentwood 8 Emission Prioritising uptake of low 2015 2016 N/A Not Quantified Completed N/A Council’s Street Borough Transport emission vehicles Scene fleet. Council

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2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations

As detailed in Policy Guidance LAQM.PG16 (Chapter 7), local authorities are expected to work towards reducing emissions and/or concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less). There is clear evidence that PM2.5 has a significant impact on human health, including premature mortality, allergic reactions, and cardiovascular diseases.

Brentwood Borough Council does not monitor PM2.5 concentrations however notes the Public Health Outcomes Framework indicator 3.01 – Fraction of mortality attributable to particulate (PM2.5) air pollution which for 2013 gave a value of 5.8% broadly similar to other authorities within the region.

Brentwood Borough Council is taking the following measures to address PM2.5:

• Regular inspections of permitted industry where combustion and non-

combustion processes could lead to anthropogenic emissions of PM2.5

• Working with Essex County Council (highway authority) and Highways England to deliver Major Transport improvement schemes to alleviate congestion. In addition to reduced exhaust emissions, these schemes will reduce non-exhaust emissions from brake and tyre wear by making traffic flows smoother.

• Operation of Smoke Control Orders. A number of residential locations within Brentwood are covered by orders to prevent smoke being emitted from chimneys.

6 LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 Brentwood Borough Council 3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken

3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites

This section sets out what monitoring has taken place and how it compares with objectives.

Brentwood Borough Council undertook automatic (continuous) monitoring at one site during 2016. Table A.11 in Appendix A provides detail of the site.

Monitoring results are available at; http://www.londonair.org.uk/london/asp/publicstats.asp?region=0&site=BW1&la_id=4 2&network=All&postcode=&MapType=Google&VenueCode

Maps showing the location of the monitoring site are provided in Appendix D. Further details on how the monitors are calibrated and how the data has been adjusted are included in Appendix C.

3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Brentwood Borough Council undertook non-automatic (passive) monitoring of NO2 at 35 sites during 2016. Table A.2 in Appendix A provides detail of the sites.

Maps showing the location of the monitoring sites are provided in Appendix D. Further details on Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) for the diffusion tubes, including bias adjustments and any other adjustments applied (e.g. “annualisation” and/or distance correction), are included in Appendix C.

3.2 Individual Pollutants

The air quality monitoring results presented in this section are, where relevant, adjusted for bias, “annualisation” and distance correction. Further details on adjustments are provided in Appendix C.

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Table A.3 in Appendix A compares the ratified and adjusted monitored NO2 annual mean concentrations for the past 5 years with the air quality objective of 40µg/m3.

7 LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 Brentwood Borough Council Monitoring has identified five locations in 2016 where the annual mean air quality objective of 40µg/m3 was exceeded. It is important to ensure that the measurements at the locations of BRW5, BRW8, BRW10, BRW37 and BRW40 are representative of relevant exposure.

The NO2 drop off calculator is used to estimate the annual mean at the façade of the properties nearest to the monitoring site: Table 3.1 Estimated Annual Mean where exceedances have been measured (at receptor)

Monitoring Site Measured Annual Estimated Annual AQMA Mean Mean (at receptor)

BRW5 45.95µg/m3 30.39µg/m3 BRW2

BRW8 40.48µg/m3 34.70µg/m3 BRW7

BRW10 41.22µg/m3 39.98µg/m3 BRW7

BRW37 86.06µg/m3 52.34µg/m3 BRW4 Measurement at relevant exposure 38.89µg/m3. See Figure i.2 & i.3

BRW40 41.65µg/m3 34.88µg/m3 BRW7 Details of these calculations can be found in Appendix C.

Monitoring location BRW23 measured 86.06µg/m3. The diffusion tube is sited on railings adjacent to the neighbouring A12 and is at the top of a cutting where pollutant dispersal is far lower than at the nearby residential properties. Figure 3.1 – BRW37 Monitoring Location

The red mark identifies the diffusion tube location.

8 LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 Brentwood Borough Council 3 This exceedance of 60µg/m identifies that the one-hour NO2 objective could be breached however due to the location, it is not considered likely that the there would be public exposure.

The NO2 drop off calculator estimates the pollutant to be 52.34µg/m3 at the façade of the residential property. Concentrations measured at the façade of another property (BRW22& BRW23) in the same road are not exceeding the air quality objectives although can be considered borderline. For this location, the NO2 drop off calculator should not be used and shows the importance of monitoring as close to the façade as possible. The BRW23 monitor will be used for reference only.

Figure 3.2 – Estimated / Actual Concentrations in AQMA BRW4

For diffusion tubes, the full 2016 dataset of monthly mean values is provided in Appendix B.

Table A.4 in Appendix A compares the ratified continuous monitored NO2 hourly mean concentrations for the past 5 years with the air quality objective of 200µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 18 times per year.

9 LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 Brentwood Borough Council Appendix A: Monitoring Results

Table A.1 – Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites Distance to Distance to Site X OS Y OS Pollutants In Monitoring Relevant kerb of Inlet Height Site ID Site Type Name Grid Ref Grid Ref Monitored AQMA? Technique Exposure (m) nearest road (m) (1) (m) (2) Council Urban NO; NOx; BRW1(A) 559860 193617 No Chemiluminescent 33 22 2.5 Offices Background NO2;

Notes: (1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on the façade of a residential property). (2) N/A if not applicable.

Table A.2 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Tube Distance to Distance collocated X OS Grid Y OS Grid Pollutants In Relevant to kerb of Height Site ID Site Name Site Type with a Ref Ref Monitored AQMA? Exposure nearest (m) Continuous (m) (1) road (m) (2) Analyser? Council Urban BRW 1/2/3 Offices next 559861 193617 NO2 No 33.3 21.9 Yes 2.5 Background to NOx Box Telegraph Urban BRW 5 pole at end of 556887 192412 NO2 Yes 16.3 1.3 No 2.5 Background Brook Street Freeway BRW 6 Cottage, 63 Roadside 557014 192493 NO2 Yes 0.9 1.3 No 2.5 Brook Street 13 Nags Head Lane - BRW 7 Roadside 557118 191978 NO2 Yes 5 15.6 No 2.5 on fence trellis 3 High Street Urban BRW 8 559691 193912 NO2 Yes 9.4 9.8 No 2.5 - front facade Background

10 LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 Brentwood Borough Council Caffe Uno, BRW 9 High Street - Roadside 559643 193889 NO2 Yes 0.9 8.1 No 2.5 front facade 5/7 Ongar BRW 10 Road - lamp- Roadside 559699 193948 NO2 Yes 0.7 3.2 No 2.5 post 36 Ongar BRW 11 Road - front Roadside 559604 194035 NO2 Yes 0 5.7 No 2.5 facade Corner of Kings BRW 12 Road/Hart Roadside 559187 193658 NO2 No 5.3 2.1 No 2.5 Street/High Street 145 High BRW 14 Street - front Roadside 559148 193660 NO2 No 0 2.6 No 2.5 facade 4 Westbury Road - BRW 15 downpipe on Roadside 559085 193601 NO2 No 2 6.9 No 2.5 corner of house 24 Wingrove Crescent - Urban BRW 16 rear 557379 192900 NO2 No 8.3 25.1 No 2.5 Background boundary fence 51 Spital BRW 17 Lane - side Roadside 557632 193151 NO2 No 3.8 9.3 No 2.5 garden 46 Selwood Road - rear Urban BRW 18 557826 193333 NO2 No 6 20 No 2.5 garden tree Background stump 61 Warescot BRW 19 Road - front Roadside 558769 194873 NO2 Yes 0 10.4 No 2.5 facade 76 Warescot BRW 20 Road - lamp- Kerbside 558818 194913 NO2 Yes 7 0.2 No 2.5 post

11 LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 Brentwood Borough Council 316 Ongar BRW 21 Road - side Roadside 558681 194799 NO2 Yes 9.9 8.2 No 2.5 gatepost 339 Ongar BRW 22 Road - front Roadside 558683 194894 NO2 Yes 0 7.1 No 2.5 facade 12 Hurstwood BRW 23 Roadside 558742 194928 NO2 Yes 0 8.2 No 2.5 Avenue - front facade Highwood BRW 24 Close - lamp- Roadside 558624 194695 NO2 No 18.8 1 No 2.5 post 65 Urban BRW 25 Greenshaw - 558482 194547 NO2 Yes 5.5 21.4 No 2.5 Background lamp-post 289 Chelmsford BRW 26 Road - Roadside 562278 196649 NO2 No 15.2 2.1 No 2.5 telegraph pole Ingatestone Junior School, The Urban BRW 28 564446 199509 NO2 Yes 11 37 No 2.5 Furlongs - Background playground pergola 1 Trimble BRW 29 Close - lamp- Roadside 564617 199849 NO2 Yes 8.9 11 No 2.5 post 8 Trimble BRW 30 Close - rear Roadside 564654 199898 NO2 Yes 0 9.5 No 2.5 facade New Road, Ingatestone - BRW 31 Roadside 565186 200071 NO2 No 19.2 18.7 No 2.5 telegraph pole The Poplars, Urban BRW 32 556964 192288 NO2 Yes 0 45 No 2.5 Brook Street Background

12 LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 Brentwood Borough Council 108 Doddinghurst Urban BRW 33 559139 195012 NO2 No 1.6 16.3 No 2.5 Road - front Background facade La Charente, BRW 34 Talbrook - Roadside 557719 193226 NO2 No 2.2 2.7 No 2.5 carport Lincolns Urban BRW 36 Lane - 556603 194628 NO2 No - 0.6 No 2.5 Background background Vicinity of A12 - railings BRW 37 Roadside 558800 194947 NO2 Yes 12 1.3 No 2.5 at Hurstwood Avenue 58 Roman BRW 38 Roadside 563659 198314 NO2 Yes 9.6 26.3 No 2.5 Road Thorndon BRW 39 Roadside 562412 189153 NO2 No 21.3 2.2 No 2.5 Avenue/A127 131 High St - BRW 40 Roadside 559191 193681 NO2 No 3 1 No 2.5 lamp-post 88 High St - BRW 41 Roadside 559292 193710 NO2 No 3 1 No 2.5 lamp-post

Notes: (1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on/adjacent to the façade of a residential property). (2) N/A if not applicable.

13 LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 Brentwood Borough Council Table A.3 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results

Valid Data 3 (3) Valid Data NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Monitoring Capture for Site ID Site Type Capture Type Monitoring 2016 (%) (2) Period (%) (1) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Urban BRW1(A) Automatic 95.7 95.7 26.9 25 22.5 23.96 24.47 Background Urban Diffusion BRW 1/2/3 100.0 100.0 31 29.3 22.7 23.2 24.46 Background Tube Diffusion BRW 5 Roadside 100.0 100.0 55.8 45.9 40 42.7 45.95 Tube Diffusion BRW 6 Roadside 100.0 100.0 44 37.7 33.1 38.1 39.34 Tube Diffusion BRW 7 Roadside 91.7 91.7 35.8 27.5 24.5 26 26.60 Tube Diffusion BRW 8 Roadside 100.0 100.0 43.9 44.2 35.6 35.6 40.48 Tube Diffusion BRW 9 Roadside 100.0 100.0 42.8 40.5 32.1 32.7 33.47 Tube Diffusion BRW 10 Roadside 100.0 100.0 38.1 45.8 36.2 36.6 41.22 Tube Diffusion BRW 11 Roadside 100.0 100.0 23.9 34.2 28 32.8 37.04 Tube Diffusion BRW 12 Roadside 100.0 100.0 32.8 32.3 26.9 27.4 30.56 Tube Diffusion BRW 14 Roadside 100.0 100.0 39.2 44 33.4 35 38.02 Tube Diffusion BRW 15 Roadside 100.0 100.0 27.1 26.4 20.7 21.9 23.17 Tube Urban Diffusion BRW 16 100.0 100.0 34.3 32.5 26.7 27.2 29.07 Background Tube Diffusion BRW 17 Roadside 91.7 91.7 33.3 29.7 24.5 26.5 30.34 Tube Urban Diffusion BRW 18 100.0 100.0 29 26.7 23.2 23.5 25.38 Background Tube Diffusion BRW 19 Roadside 100.0 100.0 35 33.1 26.7 26.1 29.56 Tube

14 LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 Brentwood Borough Council Diffusion BRW 20 Kerbside 100.0 100.0 37.1 43.6 28 31.5 38.95 Tube Diffusion BRW 21 Roadside 91.7 91.7 28.4 29.6 23.9 23.6 26.45 Tube Diffusion BRW 22 Roadside 100.0 100.0 43 38.3 33 31.6 35.12 Tube Diffusion BRW 23 Roadside 100.0 100.0 49 43.2 35.9 34.5 38.89 Tube Diffusion BRW 24 Roadside 100.0 100.0 32.6 30.8 25.2 25.5 28.47 Tube Diffusion BRW 25 Roadside 91.7 91.7 34.3 32.7 27.2 26.5 30.84 Tube Diffusion BRW 26 Roadside 100.0 100.0 34.2 35.4 28.3 29.6 29.92 Tube Urban Diffusion BRW 28 91.7 91.7 28.6 29 22.6 24.2 25.54 Background Tube Diffusion BRW 29 Roadside 100.0 100.0 35.2 30.4 23.6 27.1 27.51 Tube Diffusion BRW 30 Roadside 100.0 100.0 34.7 34.5 26.8 29 32.39 Tube Diffusion BRW 31 Roadside 100.0 100.0 29.6 32.4 24.1 26.5 27.29 Tube Urban Diffusion BRW 32 100.0 100.0 38.8 34.9 30 32.6 33.05 Background Tube Urban Diffusion BRW 33 100.0 100.0 31.1 28.1 22.1 23.5 25.97 Background Tube Diffusion BRW 34 Roadside 100.0 100.0 29.2 30.2 25.1 26.4 28.70 Tube Diffusion BRW 36 Rural 100.0 100.0 29 18.7 15.8 15.8 16.87 Tube Diffusion BRW 37 Roadside 100.0 100.0 91.8 93.5 76.8 71.6 86.06 Tube Diffusion BRW 38 Roadside 100.0 100.0 27 24.9 21.7 19.6 21.19 Tube Diffusion BRW 39 Roadside 100.0 100.0 31.6 34.6 26.9 29.5 38.28 Tube Diffusion BRW 40 Roadside 91.7 91.7 41 41.65 Tube

15 LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 Brentwood Borough Council Diffusion BRW 41 Roadside 100.0 100.0 45.8 36.35 Tube ☒ Diffusion tube data has been bias corrected ☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75% Historic data has not been distance corrected for relevant exposure. 2016 data has been distance corrected and can be found in Table B.1 in Appendix B.

Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. 3 NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined. (1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) Means for diffusion tubes have been corrected for bias. All means have been “annualised” as per Boxes 7.9 and 7.10 in LAQM.TG16 if valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See Appendix C for details.

16 LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 Brentwood Borough Council Figure A.1 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations

17 LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 Brentwood Borough Council Table A.4 – 1-Hour Mean NO2 Monitoring Results

3 (3) Valid Data Capture Valid Data NO2 1-Hour Means > 200µg/m Monitoring Site ID Site Type for Monitoring Capture Type (1) (2) Period (%) 2016 (%) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Urban BRW1(A) Automatic 95.7 95.7 0 0 0 0 0 Background

Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 1-hour mean objective (200µg/m not to be exceeded more than 18 times/year) are shown in bold. (1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) If the period of valid data is less than 85%, the 99.8th percentile of 1-hour means is provided in brackets.

18 LAQM Annual Status Report 2017 Brentwood Borough Council

Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2016

Table B.1 – NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results - 2016

3 NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m ) Annual Mean Distance Bias Site ID Corrected Adjusted Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Raw to (0.77) and Data Nearest Annualised Exposure (1) (2) BRW 1 48.4 38.3 33.1 29.1 25.4 23.0 23.5 22.2 27.9 33.7 41.1 61.0 33.88 26.43 21.82 BRW 2 39.0 32.9 25.2 27.2 23.0 18.6 21.8 21.8 29.5 31.0 40.9 49.3 30.01 23.41 20.31 BRW 3 33.5 38.1 31.4 30.4 33.7 22.0 22.4 21.0 28.9 36.9 30.8 47.8 31.40 24.49 20.85 BRW 5 82.4 67.5 54.9 31.9 54.1 48.4 54.9 54.5 62.0 54.7 74.0 76.7 59.67 46.54 30.39 BRW 6 70.2 52.4 44.0 49.2 47.0 43.0 44.6 44.9 52.0 52.0 51.8 62.0 51.10 39.85 36.94 BRW 7 47.6 28.5 33.9 36.7 27.5 27.9 Missing 32.7 36.1 23.7 42.3 43.0 34.55 26.95 25.51 BRW 8 49.9 50.7 47.8 54.3 91.2 44.6 39.4 41.9 44.8 49.0 59.1 58.3 52.58 41.01 34.70 BRW 9 39.2 54.7 42.1 52.8 40.4 40.7 34.2 37.9 41.3 48.6 44.9 44.8 43.46 33.90 32.88 BRW 10 56.2 58.5 55.5 55.1 49.3 47.4 36.7 46.3 53.0 57.9 61.6 64.8 53.53 41.76 39.98 BRW 11 54.5 75.7 43.4 45.5 39.8 36.5 40.7 40.0 51.4 39.2 49.9 60.4 48.10 37.52 37.04 BRW 12 41.5 40.0 36.3 41.9 38.8 33.5 28.5 31.0 35.2 44.9 49.7 54.9 39.68 30.95 26.64 BRW 14 47.8 54.1 49.3 57.9 49.5 39.4 36.1 40.2 43.6 55.1 58.1 61.2 49.37 38.51 38.02 BRW 15 38.4 36.3 27.5 23.3 25.6 21.2 21.2 12.6 27.9 34.0 44.9 47.8 30.09 23.47 22.69 BRW 16 37.9 46.5 35.6 36.7 33.9 31.2 36.9 39.2 35.8 39.0 37.9 42.6 37.76 29.45 27.24 BRW 17 46.7 43.8 36.1 34.2 32.5 28.7 36.1 Missing 38.3 36.5 47.2 53.2 39.40 30.73 28.78

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BRW 18 27.9 34.0 34.0 34.0 29.5 27.3 27.9 29.1 33.3 34.6 42.5 41.3 32.96 25.71 24.38 BRW 19 42.3 36.3 38.3 38.1 35.4 31.6 29.6 33.3 37.9 43.6 50.3 44.2 38.39 29.95 29.56 BRW 20 51.8 54.1 59.1 52.4 47.6 40.9 36.9 42.8 44.8 62.2 53.2 61.2 50.59 39.46 27.48 BRW 21 Missing 35.2 31.4 35.8 33.1 28.3 31.0 30.8 32.7 36.3 37.9 45.5 34.36 26.80 24.09 BRW 22 61.0 48.4 39.6 49.7 40.2 30.6 34.2 36.5 52.6 40.2 49.9 64.5 45.61 35.58 35.12 BRW 23 66.4 57.9 44.6 50.7 48.2 37.7 45.1 42.3 42.1 45.3 58.3 67.5 50.51 39.39 38.89 BRW 24 50.1 42.3 35.8 35.2 27.7 23.7 29.1 29.1 31.2 36.0 44.8 58.9 36.98 28.84 22.12 BRW 25 52.0 33.7 31.0 41.1 31.6 32.5 29.6 Missing 40.4 40.0 49.0 59.9 40.06 31.25 29.29 BRW 26 45.1 49.9 44.2 38.1 29.6 31.6 4.8 31.9 37.1 44.9 54.1 54.9 38.86 30.31 22.56 BRW 28 44.2 39.4 33.1 35.4 24.1 26.6 29.3 27.3 32.5 33.5 39.6 Missing 33.17 25.88 23.87 BRW 29 47.8 42.6 35.0 32.7 33.1 27.7 29.3 28.7 36.0 35.4 46.3 34.2 35.73 27.87 25.05 BRW 30 48.0 49.7 38.8 46.3 51.4 32.9 34.8 35.2 37.3 39.8 47.6 42.8 42.06 32.81 32.39 BRW 31 37.5 42.8 39.8 37.9 34.2 16.6 24.9 32.7 33.3 45.5 36.5 43.6 35.45 27.65 23.67 BRW 32 60.1 42.8 32.3 40.5 34.6 30.0 45.5 42.6 50.1 37.9 50.7 47.8 42.92 33.48 33.05 BRW 33 42.8 42.3 29.3 22.6 26.6 22.0 28.9 28.3 34.2 33.7 40.5 53.6 33.72 26.30 25.55 BRW 34 34.8 44.8 38.1 38.3 33.9 15.9 34.6 32.9 41.1 39.6 46.9 46.7 37.28 29.08 27.01 BRW 36 29.3 27.9 20.7 7.1 17.4 15.7 18.2 17.0 27.7 22.8 30.4 28.9 21.91 17.09 N/A BRW 37 132.2 124.3 110.0 118.8 96.2 97.3 94.1 100.2 109.0 102.3 124.1 132.7 111.77 87.18 52.34 BRW 38 32.3 30.2 26.2 24.7 23.1 21.0 18.7 21.6 31.4 28.7 30.4 41.9 27.52 21.47 20.08 BRW 39 35.0 47.8 44.4 48.2 41.1 35.6 29.6 37.3 36.7 46.7 50.7 143.4 49.71 38.77 25.72 BRW 40 48.0 61.2 53.0 58.9 50.3 44.4 50.1 52.6 58.1 55.1 Missing 63.3 54.09 42.19 34.88 BRW 41 38.6 60.6 53.9 2.3 49.5 0.8 50.5 50.1 65.6 54.1 60.8 79.6 47.21 36.82 31.06

☒ Local bias adjustment factor used ☒ National bias adjustment factor used ☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75%

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Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. 3 NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined. (1) See Appendix C for details on bias adjustment and annualisation. (2) Distance corrected to nearest relevant public exposure.

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Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC Automatic Monitoring QA/QC Brentwood Borough Council operates one automatic monitoring site measuring Nitrogen Dioxide.

Data from this site is collected by London Air who applies stringent QA/QC procedures to ensure data traceability to national standards using operational procedures defined for the London Air Quality Network (LAQN).

Ratification and final calculation of the data set uses calibration and service history to apply span factors and zero measurements to adjust for equipment drift and to remove data when abnormal readings or malfunction is detected.

Diffusion Tubes QA/QC Brentwood Borough Council undertook monitoring using 37 nitrogen dioxide diffusion tubes at 35 sites in 2016.

The diffusion tubes were supplied by Environmental Scientifics Group (ESG Didcot) (UKAS Testing Laboratory number 1015) with a preparation method of 50% triethanolamine (TEA) in Acetone.

The AIR NO2 proficiency testing scheme found that the laboratory achieved the following percentage of results determined as satisfactory for 2016:

Table C.1 – AIR PT Results 2016

AIR PT AIR PT AIR PT AIR PT AIR PT Round AR012 AR013 AR015 AR016

Round January – April – May July – August September – conducted February 2016 2016 October 2016 in the period 2016

ESG Didcot 100% 75% 75% 100%

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Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factors Brentwood Borough Council uses the national bias adjustment figure for calculating diffusion tube results.

The National Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factors Spreadsheet 09/17 identified that for ESG (Didcot) 50% TEA in acetone diffusion tubes in 2016, a bias adjustment factor of 0.77 should be used. This figure is derived from orthogonal regression analysis of 38 co-location studies.

NO2 Drop Off Calculation

Brentwood Borough Council uses the approach devised by Dr Ben Marner for estimating the drop-off of NO2. This is used for predicting NO2 concentrations at relevant exposure and has been used for all monitoring locations:

Results can be found in Appendix B.

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Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs

Figure D.1 – Monitoring Location Map: BRW2 AQMA & A12

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Figure D.2 – Monitoring Location Map: BRW4 AQMA & A12/Warescot Road/Hurstwood Avenue/Ongar Road

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Figure D.3 – Monitoring Location Map: BRW7 AQMA & Brentwood Town Centre

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Figure D.4 – Monitoring Location Map: South Weald Background

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Figure D.5 – Monitoring Location Map: Mountnessing & Ingatestone

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Figure D.6 – Monitoring Location Map: A127 West Horndon

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Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England

Table E.2 – Air Quality Objectives in England Air Quality Objective4 Pollutant Concentration Measured as 200 µg/m3 not to be exceeded more Nitrogen Dioxide 1-hour mean than 18 times a year (NO2) 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 50 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more Particulate Matter 24-hour mean than 35 times a year (PM10) 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 350 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 1-hour mean than 24 times a year Sulphur Dioxide 125 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 24-hour mean (SO2) than 3 times a year 266 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 15-minute mean than 35 times a year

4 The units are in microgrammes of pollutant per cubic metre of air (µg/m3).

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Glossary of Terms

Abbreviation Description

AQAP Air Quality Action Plan - A detailed description of measures, outcomes, achievement dates and implementation methods, showing how the local authority intends to achieve air quality limit values’

AQMA Air Quality Management Area – An area where air pollutant concentrations exceed / are likely to exceed the relevant air quality objectives. AQMAs are declared for specific pollutants and objectives

ASR Air Quality Annual Status Report

CAZ Clean Air Zone

Defra Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

EU European Union

Highways Government-owned company with responsibility for managing the England core road network in England

LAQM Local Air Quality Management

LEZ Low Emission Zone

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

NOx Nitrogen Oxides

PM2.5 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less

QA/QC Quality Assurance and Quality Control

TEA Triethanolamine – substance used in diffusion tubes for absorbing nitrogen dioxide

UKAS Accreditation Service

ULEZ Ultra-Low Emission Zone

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References AEA Energy & Environment – Checking Precision & Accuracy of Triplicate Tubes available at; http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/AEA_DifTPAB_v04.xls

Brentwood Borough Council Annual Status Report 2016 available at; http://www.essexair.org.uk/AQInEssex/LA/Brentwood.aspx?View=reports&ReportTyp e=Brentwood&ReportID=Brentwood_2016_ASR&StartIndex=1&EndIndex=7

Brentwood Borough Council Press Release http://www.brentwood.gov.uk/press.php?pressId=2504

Brentwood Council Switch to Electric Vans news item available at; https://www.essex-tv.co.uk/brentwood-council-switch-electric-vans/

Defra Air Quality Plan for the achievement of EU air quality limit value for Nitrogen

Dioxide (NO2) in Eastern (UK0029) available at; https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/48619 4/aq-plan-2015-eastern-uk0029.pdf

Defra Air Quality web pages available at: http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk.

Defra Draft Clean Air Zone Framework available at; https://consult.defra.gov.uk/airquality/implementation-of- cazs/supporting_documents/161012%20%20Draft%20Clean%20Air%20Zone%20Fr amework%20%20consultation.pdf

Defra LAQM Summary of Laboratory Performance in AIR NO2 PT Scheme available at; http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/LAQM-AIR-PT-Rounds-1-12-(April-2014- February-2016)-NO2-report.pdf

Defra LAQM Policy Guidance LAQM.PG16 available at; http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/LAQM-PG16-April-16-v1.pdf

Defra LAQM Technical Guidance LAQM.TG16 available at; http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/LAQM-TG16-April-16-v1.pdf

Defra National Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factor Spreadsheet available at; https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/assets/databasediffusiontubebiasfactorsv0917final.xls

Defra Nitrogen Dioxide Fall-Off with Distance Calculator available at; http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/tools-monitoring-data/no2-falloff.html

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Essex Air Quality Consortium available at; http://www.essexair.org.uk/AQInEssex/LA/Chelmsford.aspx

Essex Air Twitter Feed available at; https://twitter.com/essexair

EssexCarShare.com available at; https://essex.liftshare.com/

Google Map of Wilson’s Corner, Brentwood available at; https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Wilsons+Corner,+Ingrave+Rd,+Brentwood+CM 15+8AP/@51.6210693,0.3046846,18z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x47d8be9547006301:0x7 8b64f202fa63fce!8m2!3d51.621066!4d0.3061705!5m1!1e1

London Air - Air Pollution Guide available at; http://www.londonair.org.uk/londonair/guide/home.aspx

London Air – Mobile Apps available at; http://www.londonair.org.uk/LondonAir/MobileApps/

London Air – LAQN Monitoring Statistics for Brentwood available at; http://www.londonair.org.uk/london/asp/publicstats.asp?region=0&site=BW1&la_id=4 2&network=All&postcode=&MapType=Google&VenueCode=

Public Health Outcomes Framework available at; http://www.phoutcomes.info/

TFL Publication ‘The new Ultra Low Emission Zone is coming’ available at http://content.tfl.gov.uk/tfl-ultra-low-emission-zone-leaflet-commercial.pdf

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