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/ • mpT -^irg 2 0 NOV 2013 •>Hll T79S6 BARR-E-SAGHEER KAY URDU ADAB Kl ANGREZITAWARIKH-E-ADAB KA TAQABLI MUTALA UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore - Pakistan Tele 92-42-9231104 Fax 92-42-9231103 Additional Registrar E-mail [email protected]. pk I • •• .*. _r -l/ti^ (Jv/^lf 6r^^u^i ^C 03-01-2006 ,r ^r L/^~(/Jbvv^(i>fe/>ii ^7^1/6-^-^"^^ 1^^ 03-01-2006 c^ .2004 Ti -^ »fi).2009cJl1 I (fJh^tdii rr ^j\;>^i^/iuf^Lijji^/b^Ofif{jt{Jy/\ \*r bviyii^/ir^jbjviily^-iJrfisrz. i^» ^jr6^iyjy/(/u^jb^y(>t?!fZldi?Af'i? r^* ^lh^{}.^^h^i?{jy/iS^jhjjiLA^y, • » rii J^i rrr c^UlX i/Jh^t{}ji -^Jjb^^J^^ifdL^fiS^.y^^^^ LC ><^ ^j>jS^!>^h0^i/My/^iS^3\)^j\ t^ I'y^/O/A cf^^ ^ ^ • j^^ O^cL^ tji »^C h^^ ( Date) c3i t;{w ^U>( Era)/^(ti/) ji\{ Ear)7l^(( Dates)(JJ^i^ ^ITi J>(iy (r')(Chronology)ci^LrdL;^";^ ^&>lr(j:!(The New Book Of Knowledgeyit jTO'jiiiy-^L/Jl^VV "History is all that happaned in the past and what man has written about the past out of all that has happaned since the beginning of human history, What has been recorded or written about by historians, is of course , only a very small portion. But this small portion is very important it tells us what we have been and what we may hope to be. It tells us a great story. The most fascinating of all stories, the story of the men and women who have made our world what it is today" (9) The new Ji ^A L Jvi Ji\ 0^^ S h^ ^ji\ h^t Jj} Ji encylopaedia Britiannica. "The term history may be employed in two quite different senses (1) The events and actions that together made up the human past or (2) The accounts given of that past and modes of investigation where by they are arrived at or constructed" (10) •J>wC(Toynbee)(Jc/ttv>"-J^/' "Thus History concerns itself with some but not all the facts of human life ; and ,on the other hand , besides recording facts, history also has recourse to fictions and makes use of laws." (11) ^c^^L/jL>7L/([/>(/i(j:J^^LZl6^lrl . Devahutijiyjt^^^^'^' "History is the outward expression of the human mind or thought. Ravindra Nath Tagore has rightly stated that there is only one History the History of man History means any kind of inquiry in te field of human past. It is therefore not limited to what is ordinary taught as history." (12) ^ l/^>f Z-X-i'/^lf ^^'AT b^lr^L E.H.Carrt>>^y>^ Ji/^ "My first answer therefore to the question, what is History? is that it is a continous process of interaction between the historian and his facts, an unending dialogue between the present and the past." (13) "The diffusion of Language and tiie formation of races lie beyound the limits of History. History is prose and fall short of History." (14) "Hegel regards History as an evolutionary process and distinguishes it from nature According to Hegel, all History is the History of thought History consists of actions, actions have an insight and outsight. They are mere events related in time and squence but not otherwise According to Hegel, world History exibits the development of the consciousness of freedom on the part of spirit and the consequent realization of that freedom." (15) "History is above all else an argument. It is an argument between different Historians, and perhaps, an argument between the past and present, an argument between what actually happened and what if going to happen next History is true in that it must agree with the evidence the facts that it calls upon or else it must show why those facts are wrong and meed rewoking History is a process , an argument and is composed of true storeis about the past .... It allows us to reflect upon our relation ship to the past, to look at the kinds of stories we have chosen to tell about the past.... When the past re-enters the present, it becomes a powerful place.... we might find it useful to look backwards to attempt to understand what History has been in the past."(16) c^'>'4'-(^ ^^^i^^>^'-^i/c5^ 6vlr>^^ (^^ - m ssfjvc^L^ ^/^>^ t^6j^ L/jt«>(y >r "The prominent position of , Ibra in the title and in the text point in the same direction a movement from the externals of history to its internal nature. Ibn Khaldun specifically identifies this effort with scientific or philosophic investigation and calls it a part of wlsclom(Hikma, sophia). Ibra , therefore is not only the link between history and wisdom but also the process through which history is contemplated with the aim of understanding its nature and of utilizing the knowledge thus gained in action." (17) (j:! c^y^^cfS crops' l^cjiy 6^tr« ur -^-^ ^^ [f'j^VJ^Ji^ ul 6y^i^, J^O [f^ ^/jy> J^V^ i\/i}-7 L. Oir:^. c/' t^^u./JZ-v ^- L bi J^V/ b^t-cj'A^< ^' ^ Jifx^j'^vt-^^t^ c:^/(j/j>^(^V(/i (/^^U( 1^ ^ L^{^j^Jf' \SJ^ ht^ U^L/<^ L^>L "History can be said to be an objective discipline." (24) jtj\:£t) Jt\/ ^oi^f^^^ (//LTL/^^ J^V/.iu/ ir ^'\^ij.c^Ji\j'\c^ii\'}\X^i'ji\3^f^jt\J^J/- ^fif 1^ n M y •• y • * JC^i (/y flJJviZl^^i ^^UL tif 2^lf ^ ^/(i/L^c^ l?^j l^t^i dC^^^^ \L .:^L (i^^" ^U " JUy^W^ " ^vt-cTw^b^^l" ^y^L J^J^liT (J'i^x^ c^l//(i lA "The Pursuit of Urdu Literature" b>lr^iru:^^'3^^'i-J^^'^j/^vr^^ ijyi|^i/^U^"How not to write a History of Urdu Literature"c^y^J^^TJuT ! (^ ifei^wil (/i^b^ (j:! Lj^ji (/c/U (/^Lf^^ r'o^^ J>: b>lr (/^ r» ri "In the 14th and 15th centuries , Europeons led by the great scholars and Arstists of the Italian city ,re-discovered the art and literature of ancient Greece and Rome . A tremendous revival of classical learning swept the western world ,this period is called the Renaissance"(33) L S J(i iJ\fji\y/^\S\^ji\y/\Su^y^ ^L/' V t-lf ^yU^ /j/^ Uii\^'(ut^\i>\L\/^s:uii\^ifo:^}ji\^hi\^ u^yvji j?»4-^-/ i^/^v^ uf^if- \M^/^ t>r,^>V ^^y if ^ ij^^i^ c^y 6^f c3->( tiy^i,^(/i>(/(j:j ^jiiJjii^ ^Ji/" t>f l^^v (jf (J^T ^J^ji\ \J^JL ^jlyj rr < < .nn, ^jfjt ,m\j: S^/ "j^^i w->< h^t"/\y^ijtli^^ jj^^^b fl^ f^^j/-. CU/r'^N ~ (ri)" J;u(c£^i C.U c3-'' (/ii^f^i ct.7>rii^(jj fjy^ "^/\>u^.j ^6^ 6J'\ cH-^y "(i/t> ti't^'-' >^< l^u-^^i (i>jf-/w^->(i^7i *( (/V^) cii^^-j^ii te(/^ rs <^^j(i^v(^Ji^v(I^L/^The pursuit of urdu literature w^lXij J^^U (n) "o^y^C^UL^ y>ciJ(j:jiyw^^(j:t.is^i-^r(^>(j^X>i^il(/"Aic^l>^L^^^^ ^(/L^iJv(w^C^U>»i^izjC^JUyJ< \S//^^ ^li^ LT^JI 6^iy/cf^ ii>>^(/w^^ * * • n »>vij^.^2^(jyi/ ^fe^^ACic'iVt-^^ "Jl;>iA>^((iAu-^^(6>t*" rr "The New School of S^^^^^ t/J'^ i^/c.^^1 c.\^j:(S'iJ 6^^-^^ 5t>u^f1^1c/:^>(8>i>Jfc>/VL/f "Urdu Literature of Nineteenth Centruy '^ ji^\>^ D//^t^(/' - J>t5l>(j:!:fi I'tZlFamous Urdu Poets and Writers^isr^ wCCii4ILOJ15)(V 5/ ^l>(jiTwentieth Centruy Urdu Literaturefisr^i/jiUj^/iJ-Jit 5t^^ /(i-Jit5l>U^GIimpsesof Urdu Literature . 1 An outline wC^(/;t (/-lif 5l>Uf .(^irt^>'iij^ ^((jy>^)i->vi^^^ Classical Urdu ^C^Sy iJx c/J - ^^ 6^ U^o^ Urdu Literature 1971 yi(wXi(/jjU>//^j-J^Ol^L^Literature from the beginning to Iqbal 1975 ^icTc^iC/y^l/i-J^^l>(j:!Twentieth Century Urdu Literature 1983L^IX iTJ^v't^J? C^i^e^i J*Oy»^,(>? ^l>(^ 1985 (;^i(y^^ J^CJy^^ (/'c^t>jA-t3-^u^(J^Urdu Language and Literature 1991 ^'X The Pursuit of Urdu .^IXLTJ^^I^, J>f ^l>(jf fH'jj7((/o/r^t>»L>v3( (lLf^\S^i\iij\L,\^jj)/J^.}i3j\ ^j/j. s-^CC^, J>f5t>(J^^•''''f Literature "A Short History of Urdu Literature"l^jhj'ijt,m<^^\/^\>jt,r**r ^ J^l JV^>^,^l/L/t&/>- ^Uf^3ur/ ^i^7( wjl 6>t-(^lf/i^ L^ ci?>^ 6^U^^6 bvt-LTl JTWL^ (/l^-J^bV^^ rr (/^ it^ ^(/i J. (/L i^^* J^rji/Ju (/u LTI^^ J/i?^* a^^ • !•• •••• ^^^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^ (/i^bi Jir'i^i^ c.>i^j ^/uj^^i *6>tr*L (j:J ^ 5/(;>'J&l *6^t*vi' ^i^ 41 /j/^ii >2r, ^^ ^j/ 5^f J^i (jlji ^ j/tT^ Ji^Jb^jji\j^^d^ic.\;i\iti/u:i'^^/^(^^^h^t ut /^U J^ a^(/c.l ^ ^>: 2£,> wj( &vtr. ^uTi:,u s: jt (>•;, ji {S'j^} c^, 3/^j\j^i ^•'j\:/^i f''/^t\?'ji c.b3'j r^ J\^L Jl^^iJrJ^i kL^i/^hj d^if^^h^t i/^/^hii jShj"^'' jyiJ.^^'^)^i^^0^j\^jiifL,j: ^ 0!^f^fj^\^Lj\J^\\S^J\^ ^Z^j^j:^\iL./^\i:.Jj} J^^^ilcyl^ JyiTw^^^ l^(i/l>-J^ ^i^' ri-I^Ui^/^ 1:^1 dU f^^j^i it (jf 6^tr(/i • * ^ ij{fi>j ^L^^ i/vlrZl jii/^cc:^ L^\f£, ^jijii ^y (JU ^/ii^ i/ r^ ^JA;;U(Ui^(ji/>(ji C^(oii/ir b^t-i^^^f iTw^jiij^i" rs • «« y »« «r »^ "-^ (RAM BABU SAKSENA: A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE (PREFACE) Muhammad Sadiq: Twentieth Century Urdu Literature , 1983 (Preface) "The History of Urdu is but a reflection of all the main n currents of our national history, of our cultural attainments, social progress and political aspirations .... A History of Urdu literature must, therefore, mirror the continuity of our thought streams and the intimate relationship it bears to similar creative endeavours by sister languages, especially at some of the main turning points." All Jawad Zaidi: A History of Urdu Literature ,1993 (Preface) "How not to write The History iJ/^^^h/^iii^k^h^tS^J^iJJfU^^Jy/^ ^/bJ^^OJ\^J/iLii^}^f'^f/<^y^^fiJ^iKutLr''\J'of Urdu Literature" "If you do feel that , and are confident that you can write a good history , threr are still things that you need to think about. Firstly, Literature covers a vast range of writing Donot try to cover it all. Major coverage to major writers. Secondly, bearing in mind that it will be through your book that most of them wil be making the acquihtance of urdu literature for the first time.... tell your readers what they need and want to l Ralph Russell: How not to write a history of urdu literature, 1999,P-40 n (9) The New Book of Knowledge vol 8 (H) Grolier Incorporated u.s 1986, P-138 (10) The New Encyclopedia Britannica vol 8 U.S.A 1982, P-961 (11) Arnold J.Toynbee: A Study of History : Oxford University press London, 1963,7th (Ed) P-44 (12) Dehvahuti (Editor):Problems of Indian Historiogrophy: D.K Publisher .Dehli 1979, P-75 (13) E.H CARR: What is History ( 2nd Ed), the Macmillan press LTD London ,1986, P-24 (14) George Wilhelm, Friedrich Hegal : the Philosophy of History .Dover Publiication INC , Newyork 1956, P-111 (15) Tahir Kamran : The idea of History through Ages .progressive publishers . LHR 1993, P-177 and P-180 <16) John H .Arnded : History A - very short Introduction, Oxford University press, New York ,2000,P 13-14 (17) Muhsin Mehdi : Ibn Khaldun's Philosophy of History, George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London" P-71 ^<^,1A t/'(3L;(^((/(*6vlrc^^:di^>^;t^' irr) (24)The new Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol 8. P-965 (33) The New Book of Knowledge vol 8 (H) Grolier Incorporated u.s 1986, (42) Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature, Volume III, Sahitya Akademi New Delhi India 1995, P.1371 rr fV^l; Lijji^jih^QififUijy/i .^^^^' ^ji^^Cjf/iijf^ c^' '^-^P \ r(S '• n n u-^A History of Urdu Uieraiure jtijy/ijty^y.jii^j^jii/^iiifb Lr^lii;/((r),,(^ijL^r((r)((J^r/^(ir)J.^(n)^(;,,(i^ "The project of this book is to trace in outline the development of urdu literature from the earliest time to the present day with biographical sketches of writers and critical appreciations of their works with a description of the more important of them"((^) L^\ji\ LC-;C. ui^/^Zl (jjyi^yiif 1/*^^^^ ir'^Ju iji;^ ^ ir ^ ^vi/J^*.a^i I/L/J^(/( .^(t^l/i 4'^y^^ J„ Zl (/( rA (Grahme Bailey)(J::f^<>^i c^>^dl:0^i-J>^5l>(^^i^^''"A History of Urdu LiteratureVt^cTc^'-^^ (/.Hir il^J^^ji ^ylTu-^/. t;;r^^il^/( j),L.>: i>t^ u^ (ji (jy L;uyi^o^70i»(/y>^i-jif'*!-^ ;(y^jOj(;i'u-c^''^->' (5* (Khurram AN Shafique: Iqbal, Iqbal Academy Lahore 2007, p.27) (Khurram Ali Shafique: Iqbal, Iqbal Academy Lahore 2007, p.27) \. 61 • • ( V • c^-i'^I^The New School of Urdu Litarture J^^J^i/c^U^vjlji: Urdu Litratureof LL^-!i^<^^Ji\SJ^6Ji?^^J<6(^^^^^^^^6L- Jj'v/. Nineteenth Century liUv^i <^"Famous Urdu Poets and Writers'Vl^-^^'^ (/^^'*''>^ 1- The New School of Urdu Literature 1932. 2- Famous Urdu Poets & Writers, New Book Society, Lhr. 1947. Sir Abdul Qadir on Urdu Literature it ar I I \ \ 1 I \ I "/sj^ i/j>j\ Jfyy >.(;Jf7 d^^Jf^'i d^d^ >Ji;o^J>/ii J^UJ^/IJ (Most Outstanding Student of f^^\^ u/y^*^ i^^i^ /i/t c^l^' i^/'^ -L/L^fl'^lA,^v>:U.il4^U^'l*^L(J i-Jjf'LL/J'UJyiyiU'College) (>irc.U(y?l/jjy((iJ-|:iJ^(j:i5:y^trr^^vA2lwl^(i^j^*ic^(vi->(/L "Maulvi Muhammad i^ii^l^^D^Zl d'l^u^ (i>>^Jl^ l^'*L U^*'/f-^ Luii^iy^\/j/ij^\iL,Jjl^j/ij<9Hussa\n Azad- His Life and Works" ^f^ cr^i\^/'v o^iix /J?>^f^»^^i' Jr^'ifi/JfirLC^'N^ Li/ti/ JUt^^ijv^Jj/^l^/ij/i^4^Jir'^S^j:>l^U^L^;^jl fifty Ji^jj^^ 1- A History of Urdu Literature: oxford University Press London, 1964. 2- A History of Uddu Literature.Oxford University Press Karaciii, Revised ed. 1985. 3- Twentieth Century Urdu Literature Padma Publishers Bombay, 1947. 4- Twentieth Century Urdu Literature: Royal Book Co, Karachi 1983. fHi9*v>7ii>>J:'^(fj^)The Yearling:J^U>/ijf<;^Ac/L^ /T^ji^&Y'^Dndersianding of Al Utj'i/lf[i^c^./"A History of Urdu LiteratureVl^(/t:^'-»^^^'^ 6A •• y Y • •* i "^ ^ tf • 1» 5. Understanding Akbar Allahbadi, Iqbal (Quarterly Journal) Bazm-i-lqbal Lahore, Jan. 1968, P. 27-47 6. You can Never Tell, Daily Pakistan Times, 17 May 1970. 7. Singing A Ghazal, Daily Pakistan Times, 7 June 1970. 6. Music and Emotions, Daily Pakistan Times, 15 Nov. 1970. 9. Suknandan-e-Faras and its sources: Ravi. (Azad Number) G.C. Lahore 1983. i^yi I^/j%^0.^ ^ Hisotry of Ottoman PoetrycfrC^'of Urdu Literature -^U^Orientalists: A Study in Comparisonc/y^^' "What a critic ought to do is to provide new food for thought and this Dr. Sadiq has amply done through his work, containing a host of virtues, scholarship critical acumen, original research, courage of conviction and a pleasant lucid style" (The Paksitan Times Friday June 29 1984) 11 ^r cft/o^ii, z^/Jiy (>>^(/ji; t;C^j>iJ>^i Ji^ ^( JJU./^^ 'fjx:'^^^ ^-A^/d^ ^jt^yc '£jj^j. /JH Jii Jr-Zl c/l (3 ItO^U wt>/'-<^-< ^^^^^i^^l" ^'^i^^/i')-.^ Relaxed ^r • * (/(/^^v J^Vili/^ L/l^»^U>l^ J^U/ij 1-uVl^ hj^\ Jy/L L/;^>/ii/f^"./.2005 "My memory of meeting a scholarly person who had spent his entire life in literary pursuits." (j^ Twentieth Century Urdu Literatureu^lX(i>/(>3i 11 /JH-tr ill'c^^l^ J>: (/c^U (j:! c* i; (iz-ii^ t:! Uufi" 1^ 1A c/it^ t;/((j?i?yc>>iU(J/^*(/«LX^y(jf j^yi<:^(iy A>*(2l t:;»/l^(/v ^>'i (jtU -^ (i^^y/c^-/ife (/I i- iTt:/' Ul Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings A cnivir^L.i>^(/jit L/' (J^ (i>>^-L/ fl?J^25(j:!Cross Creek(4yLri/)i>7i^c^Ly Jlj>i8i^, 1896 J^^ j/'y/Jitaiijf.igaQ/^^ii^^J^u^iiiii/J^ti/iijf^^^ L^wi^L l^o./(/t^/iyC£^Jitt/L^i^/i? *=^(/'-l/'v'y^ Politzer Prizes(^, ^c/^ (J^yy if i^L ^yl0Zl (jWlf jOyLj? (i JL (JnT'vil Jj^^l^^fl ^/jj 4* iTd' UJ Ezra Ezekial (t U ^i/-^ i^ tU/ ^d^Jl^r J^-jt ji^o/j^/^ Jit 4^vy illj^j^ (/(*i-yi/^i( ti<^ i?l^Zl c^Uviii*^ (/^ JLT;'wOBaxter ^ t^Ui;(/i^ ^i^jiiji^JJ^ Lem Forester/vlj (^ DU/ ^J^-u^j^l^^/i^^^i yiu/Zlc/Ui; /^f;:i'J^;.L{?(jLI/(Fodder Wing) J'ivJt>Oi(/'>lJ>^L^(jy^^/ji ,->"JV>^^i-/t&c'/vj'>^li^^The yearling Jit»iX^y£(3iU>/y(i ^^^'^.c^^r i^ J^iir^ < t'lT^'(^'(ji. 1985-^if//j r^ (/I (j^y ^(i:;( ^L -i: l/jjj//li d\/L (/^ "(,y/) JjUy/ij"t:)ij>/Jl?* 6^ 35 IT 35 c.1^0^ Jy^jy (f (i//I^^U?, t^/j'j^l/c.l^^wi^yL^^ The'j-t irjit (i>Xi(.i^ iX^ r^J^iivi^l JiUy/jy 16(^^ />^j,^ J'y.L^\ c^^X^-^ l/ H ARN AUTA (jf Dear L* Back ZlThe yearling'%>r"Jjt J^i^lJI^^^i/jxU^^isf^S^y J>i/-^^^i:>>( "Marjorie Kinan Rawlings (1896-1953) lived for twenty five years in Cross Creek, Florida, The area that is the setting for The Yearling, which was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1939. She is the author of several earlier novels as well as a memoir, cross creek which inspired the acclaimed motion picture of the same name, f^* Twentieth Century Urdu Literature (i)(jyiXii^(j:5i/l>c.-'09UZl JjU/iJ rL(^2£?iJ^,^t^U:(/Seven one acts(iiVii (Annemarie Schimmel) J^ii^Lc/^ /L I^JJA^H ttyf 7 (j^Jvl c/' Annemarie Schimmel J^Jvl c/( ^ jj c/'/'i 1- J^>^ ^ c::i-?i (^i)\M\ t^(/j>>L l(yZ t;/( rr^S? (>t$ Ji Erfurt (J j-|( J^ jf/(/(/>; (/Uy'ijf (-^(/iJ^ic^ C^ii:^ ci iJ7il^*Ll^ur(rri^"Kalf and Kadi in spatmittelaiteniicine/Ajlypten" LX irt:;Oj(ur/^U 4(t;:t^4 Zl J(;i(j:r u^^Oi (/Pr c^l^^ lr> c.Uc'Iri c.lL^(/c^/y ^4;-^//f li:<^ir l^^lTi ^^i^^ \f\/y tl/u j(>^( r^u S^i [SrJip '^-J^'^^JJ: '^J 'J'jJJu^/d^ iTJ^/fi fi977f^>(rui;>-i f1983Jl2(Jl)?-2 1. Mystical Dimensions of Islam: The Univeristy of North Califomia, 1975. 2. And Muhammad is His Messenger Sang-e-Meel LHR(Reprinted) 2003. 3. Calligraphy & Islamic Culture London: Tauris,1990. 4. Triumphal Sun: A Study of the works of Julalud-Din-Rumi, State University of New York Press 1993. 5. Rumi's World: The life & work of the great Sufi Poet, 2001 6. I am wind, you are fire, The Life and Works of Rumi Boston (USA) 1992. 7. A Dance of Sparks, New Dehli, Ghalib Academy, 1979. 8. Ghalib's Qusida in Honour of the Prophet, Edinburgh University Press, 1979. 9. Pain and grace, Khawaja Mir Dard, Shah Abdul Latif (Reprinted Sang-e-Meel LHR, 2003) Leiden Brill, 1976. 10. Gabriel's Wing: A Study of the religious Ideas of Sir Muhammad Iqbal Leiden Brill, 1963, Iqbal Academy, Lahore, 1989 (2nd Ed.) 11. Classical urdu literature from the beginning to Iqbal, Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1975. 78lr54(//^2002y/ L(^ ri'L^I,iJi/^ •.L{?JV Gabriel's wing^lTi^itK^vtc/i/ii "Iqbal himself described in many a verse, The Ideal Muslim, the number of the society to come: The ever truthful, ever fearless heir of the Prophet was the man he dreamt of, and when he tried to shape through poetry and philosophy; the muslim who should be able to rule himself by means of the ^^ Islamic Law once given and yet eternally valid to rule the world as vicegerent and coworker of God, to realize highest freedom in his state of being God's servant and who should practice tolerance not out of weakness because he is sure of himself." ^^ J^jtA912,yJL/ili:r^j\i>\ij7% fi959->i;T'f-ii^(^(viyi (Zli;(3Ai96o*>^w^f f1970c/i>(/ij7(^^r6ylr f1972/^£,^>(/u^-i(jii;;l;>'iA •^^ f^\^'\riij\^i{t:^j\;{fK Hsitory of Urdu Literature)wfi>Vy>^ • • • • "Reader in Modern languages of South Asia at tine school of oriental and African studies University of London"(46) yi(;i<./(j^ir J>2r, (Jf^l, j^V ^ c^i^lJ^Urdu Literature(^li>//J'^^Zl(j^vi(;^:^i^t^ -Ji^ 6^7^. 1.931 {Jyi^(fiflj<;hytSu^tj:J^ij?\^J\>jt s* cr^^>-Ju> i/7l>y^0jyi(j5^ i^ c/iT^^/jy^jt^i (^^ {fi^j^l^'yut Si. Stephen's college Delhi Jr^ 1959^.1957-LTLPU At/^i(j:i^1981-82,Uj'^y>>£l^3yw4v/^'>(^ f 1963 j>iyiyjij^^vc/y^^ J>(/c^/(^v;ii^ f1977(j^lXl971i>iyiJ>i1iJvi'5ir fi985i^iy( f1987Jv(yby^X'^^1985y^^iyicM;tU'L^>^i^vli^ j.i; f t iJ^^. 1987iv(y iJ^>Ji?:( ^ ^ij^U rjy(c/>/i^f 1991 iviy (^ ^ 1996iv(y lyr^ (M1994 Jviy iJ^Ti Ct l-^ 1994i>(yi y^(f 2001 J^Ajcjjiyiy^j^il^t^^ii-^ Ar . 1957(ioX-lXi;r(^i^» c^Ui'S.!/^ , 1967 Jo LJlM j^>4'J^jt;L/(/uy (^ .1979(io>t^^U^(V7)(jf/Lrcr^Z:^lfjL?( .1980j;i7JtJi^vlj;(J(7^a)f1976o:lJ^l>lf'c>Ul7'(?Ui . 1981 Jv^t^J^. J^'r^/l/^"^^'^'^^:-^^*'^''^' .1983(i'Vj^jJH;J^((^/)(^|^jL;i fi984jo>£i<^^if^(^/)Jvil(j:!ycii' .i986^/jV^twr(j^i(^/)2^i^)£c'iviic;rt.ii^-i (/j|^(i^v((io^1988|J»Xv'/).i^L^vj'4:^/'u:^l?*':^l^'i->>'l; Urdu Language and Literature: Vanguard, Lahore, 1991 Critical Perspectives Ar (RALPH RUSSELL)L>:1^<^ y • * (^Uii^yjl^ Jr. 1981 ^f 1949 u:tuJli'Zly>cA>><:»J^vi<^fj/4 (Frances -i^v^r^iiy^'AI^*6'>"*^J^^O^d^>*L^>?;^l :^l/t^.i.y(3vb?jiJ^4Zl(/7^(y^^(i^£w. Pritchet) "His teachings, translations and writings on urdu and its literature have earned him a high reputation both in the sub-continent where he spent much time lecturing and researching and among his fellow urdu schlorars in North America and Europe." Ar •* 1. "An Anthology of Classic Urdu Love Lyrics" a ^ L/^IO>^(/Shacle/i JviUi^jyi u^lX (>>/rJ/ 2. "Hayat-e-Jawed" 1st edition, Unesco Delhi, 1971. 2nd edition, Rupa&co Delhi, 1994. 3. "Introduction to \Jr6uX^j[^^iJjO 4. "Urdu Literature"(^^Ojv() 5. "Iqbal A Selection of Urdu Verse" J^ Heritage-cT^l^ij:!. 1993 i^ c'vi^ SOAS-u-^ 1^*1^ (i/t>^jyLjJ( -Lr^l>a!f1993i-(io 6. "The Battle of Karbala- A Marsiya of Anis" A<5 7. Ghalib: Eight Letters & Fifteen Gahzals" 8. "Rainy Dawn" and other Stories by K. Paustovsdy -Lr^l>(jff 19952- 9. "An Anthology of Urdu Verse in English" ,Lr^t>l.c}'^(/^^(j:jiyi>>^W. 1997 10. Umrao Jan Ada""bic)Uii/rLr'rv(;/ 11. Urdu- The Final Book^icfy'^C^^fri^nJ" ^t^L/::. 19991-J'^Stoughton & Hoddery^y^u.lT'J'l^'io/rL/Tjc.v^/ 12. "Teach yourself Urdu A1 Hodder & & jif1999 (^ J(/(^ jy^^f^O'V^^^^^'^^-^" -(/cil^^d>^Stoughton 13. A Historical Anthology of Kazn Tatar Verse" 14. "Pushkin's Mozart & Saiiere" -cf^l^jf f 20002^//Rusistika(^J(;j^(^;^Ifc^>J) 15. The Pursuit of Urdu Literature . "The Pursuit of Urdu Literature, is the fruit of a life time's research and reflection and uniquely combines both introduction to and in-depth exploration of a language which for two centuries has been one of the major literary vehicles of the subcontinent." ^•-(i>f a "Jr^Lif "How not to write A History of Urdu ••{:)/^^J^i6^^^^&'j Literature" A History of Urdu Literature 1st ^iXi/jjU^Z/iiyi^ '^'-^'^ tjB\>jiiD.J. iViethewst^filAii L/^UiJ^y^Vi/vbiiJ/U-yLji ^^;iif AA Part I: Classical Poetry (18 to mid 19the century) Part II: Literature in Reaction to British Rule (1857-1922) Part III: Literature and the People (1920s onwards) -L^>/j(>ir(>^(i^Lc/Oii(j^/>y^v^C.M.Nainri(^(^^ ** • • • "The major forms which the poets of the classical period used were the ghazal (a love lyric), the qasida (a panegyricode) the masnavi (a love narrative poem) and the marsiya (an elegy on the death of Imam Husain, the Prophets grandson)^r "Fr[i^i\,J"^,}iij\^-\hQ Pursuit of Urdu Literature.-a5H''(/J^^'^ &i>wC/^(ii^ i^wiXcfJ^^iy j:!: ;uM/^ j^ji^i^ jbjjyi^ wlT'Jii^L/Jfi^^^i/J^^wi'iv2-(Frances W. Pritchett)wify^JtH/ (M^wt^>*0«^Hidden in the \ja\.e(t^^O^J\^^\Jt/^y ••«••• jv t/j^i^ c^.y »>iri cfi/' 4? ^ ^-^ r'^*' *=^' ^^' f- r"^ vj( t/J(r'^}!(i^^Zl us>>iUvib(>^( (/f^^li'yr (ii)Ji't ^V^-''-^l^-''' l^^^' (0 ^ ^l^(^ J^t3lX..:- v>f iiy j^5/IT, c^ 1/U>X (J^ * * Hindi Sada Gulab (Short Stories) Svaravali (Problems Plays) English Modern Urdu Poetry A History of PanjabI Literature Guru Gobind Singh as a Poet GorakhnatGuru Nanahk anDedv Medievaand Nation-Buildinl Hindu Mysticisg m Confessions of a Lover(Poems) Kabir and the Bhagti Movement Mysticism of Time in Rig-Veda Mysticism of Time in Tine Puranas Secrets of Spiritual Life, Vol.1 New Light on Sri Krishna and Gita, Vol.1 A Double Miracle (Poems) ^mfSb^J^^^riemies of Peace u^lXJlfo^^/'i^Uk-^^ Enemies of Peace. Atma Ram & Sons Lahore 1947. The Origin & Gro\A/th of Panjabi. Government College Panjabi Society Lahore, May 1930 Gorakhnath and Mediaeval Hindu Mysticism. Oriental College Lahore 1937. Convent College Srinaga The J)i(./Cl^ji)Jhe Mon\{or ^Ul{^y^&\>^Jjb^iiS>^^'UliS'J(y'^iAUiyd^[iJ^^PQ^^sian Review "Hazrat Abu Bakr, Umar the Great, Hazrat Ali. Hazrat Khadija, Imam Husain and Ghalib." (63) ( •• ^ " The time came when Ghalib became a great scholar himself and other young pupils came to seek his help as he had himself done before when young.(65) -^^LAJU l^i^^r ijjr^The pakistan review vi( Hazrat Khawaja Mueen-ud-Din chishti "Muhammad The Prophet of Islam Muhammad Bin Qasim Abdul Rehman of Spain Hazrat Ali Sulaiman the Magnificent Tipu Sultan ,Sher Shah Suri, Dr. Iqbal, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan , Three Famous Muslim Queens of India , Tales from Islamic history". (67) The great l^o^i)'y':}^< iM !f\>\ Ji/^£ U^lX/^ /i J^ITc^L ^ ^ybi|/i.J^;»4;(/;t(/!/ii(/6v^>yi'^ci'i^^ (uy/6'>"f<^)Biographies Grahme Bailey ixf'l N.S. GorekarXyli^Lc/i {jjjci "Hebrew and Arbsta Pahlvi"(i^l^-^'>^'l!yrJ'Xv^iy«^vy^iyZl ^A Ram Babu Saksena : A History of Urdu Literature, Sang-e-IVIeel -(^ Publications, Lhr, 1996. (/p(^^^(;^(J^^y(^kjj^il,(q^q^^tir ,ir r»i(/.^r»»(i.v>fiJ.^^i^/Ll>^'((i:^0cici^Xvt2s^iiJc/r^^^^ -1^ (1O3u;'.1989^>t0 ^n5(/^HAD 30. Marjorie Kinan Rawlings: "The Yearling" Charles Scribners New York, renewed 1966. M. ikram Chaghatai, Burzine K.Waghmar(comp) Biblography of -rr the works of Prof. Dr. Annemarie Schimmel, Iqbal Acdemy, Lahore, 1998, p. 7 A/I. Ikram Chaghatai, Burzine K.Waghmar(comp) Biblography of ,rr the works of Prof. Dr. Annemarie Schimmel, p.23 Annemarie Schimmel: Gabriel's Wing, Iqbal Academy, Lahore, ^r'r 2000, p 85 Mathews, Shackle & Shahrukh Hussain: Urdu Literature, Gora -'*'i Publishers Lahore, 1995 Ralph Russell: The Pursuit of Urdu Literature, Zed Books Ltd. -^r London, U.K 1992, p 24. (•r b>ii .11 (63) Naz, Usman the third caliph, Ferozsons Lahore, 1970, Flap (67) Naz.An outline of urdu Literature,Ferozsons Ltd, Lahore, 1971, Back title rAii(/ ^I9A6 ^jy!\}^i^c)[^^c( firrz in (/: ^(qAr/:^Ji(v^(;r ,^» 71- N.S. Gorekar: Glimpses of Urdu Literature: Jaico Publishing House, Delhi, 1961,Introduction & Preface. \*r ^J ^ 6 _ ^ ^ ^ _ ^^ ^^^^^ i»r V^u The New School of Urdu Literature : Sh Abdul Qadir, 1898 >jl5lfV'§^^LrL[>i^L/''Jf tl/uCurdu Literature of Nineteenth CenturyZl/ -Li I»1 The Writings of Mali "This kind of writing is nearly unknown in Urdu Literature"(1) I •A .A / . ^ , • , . ".1,1 /^ "t I 1 "As regards Sharar's style, it is as new to Urdu as the plan of his writings"(2) Ram Babu Saksena: A History of Urdu Literature 1st Edition 1927. Sang-e-Meel Publications 1996,(Revised Ed) "It was the influence of Ghalib and Sir Syed and the new era ushered in by Western Education that freed prose from the trammels of rhyme and long-winded Persian constructions."(4) c\f\S)j}d^^J ^j^/i)j\JM^ cT^tf 'jifCijJ ^J^L^^JL {Jhs^Jiry^yi <^Uv/(/(J^^4 "The new movement in Urdu Poetry has revolutioned its character. Its high priests, Azad, Sarur and Mali have introduced new themes and fresh styles." (5) "There is a splendid future for Urdu Poetry as people who are equipped with the cultures of East and West have begun to take active interest in its activities."!?) 'i\.;\Jji\ u/^'jt ^fj^L o^/it^\j^<^\M^ (/ "The towering personality of this age, however is Waii, whom fitly denominated Baba-i-rekhta(The father of Urdu Poetry) The Urdu chaucer with whom Urdu poetry takes a definite start."(9) :.\.j^u\r(\^ d:j>:^^^i\^ iir c^"^'/: &r''/^' »/>'CrV'Uf'^ (/'^l/^^^ r^^ ^Vi ^^/^^^'^^ ^hy-'^ii^'Ji^X "In the width of vision, in versatility of genius in his mastery over details, in his knowledge of the world, in his bon homie, in his sense of humour Sauda is superior to Mir. In simplicity of style, in the domain of love, in sufism, in eloquence Mir reigns supreme and excels Sauda"(11) "Both are supreme artists—the truth lies in acl Amir and Asir who were their contemporaries"(13) (ir UC) « ** * X • • "The most promising writer in tlie domain of fiction is "Prem Chand" wiio commenced liis career by writing short delightful stories very much in the style of Tagore."(15) • • • • 11^ "A History of Urdu Literature" Grahame Bailey "The formation of Urdu began as soon as the Gaznavi forces settled in Lahore i.e 1027" (17) (fA) "-Li'S:/>i,-i?(jfv>:iJ5/i>((/jy/u-^(/c3>?6i/^^ " "It is worthy of note that whereas in the north the invaders gave up their own tongue and adopted Urdu."(19) (lA "Urdu Literature in its early stages was much more conversational and simple than it was in later years."(20) "But no one in the early days spoke of 'Urdu'. Even in the end of the eighteenth century it was an uncommon word."(21) "-l^JJol "The linguistic importance of the religious period is very great, for here we see the language in its earliest known form."(22) Jj iri( (J J c/>^i (/^jivii J (/. Ji^i. ^^^ Ji/o/T^^ " His style was simple and dignified, sometimes rising to real eloquence. His importance as being the man who induced the Delhi poets to write in their native language can hardly be over-rated. (24) \r» "Mir was at his best in lyrics and romances, his lyrics, in fact, have rarely been equalled." (26) in "To borrow an urdu expression, Nazir can be compared only with himself." (28) (M)",jr^rji^ji"/ />*j^i/^i/i^(i'(^i/^"j/i>jj>i(/r«^^ irr "Most previous poets were confined to a narrow circle of ideas. Galib not only struck out new lines of thought, but abopted notable methods of treatment."(30) (n) "-i.i^((/;ui£^Zlc^U irr -i, Z^A<:U'(/c.tl^v£^ (j:! w^O \S/^'<^yj^J^ U^^6^h J'jiSi^ ijOhjja £ cii'li^i^ ('IT'LTI-J> J?(/iy LT-^^ ^/l> J^ J>^ij'U cTc^iii^^ "In spite of considerable opposition the work was begun and the new era ushered Urdu poetry definitely entered upon a new stage." (32) t^(>:/^c.ly(£ ^^'Jy/^O^ I^U^^i^TJr-^'Jl)^Oi((/y(^.( c.>^*) Dr.Mohan Singh Diwana:Hand Book of Urdu Literature: Careers, Lahore. 1942 o: If Jf >^/L::f JA4?/Jlr^l 2. ;^>^JUl iTiiiA 4^^ L^ ^ * . ^ /^i I /^ \n t • \r^ \r^ jih\y\\^jijJiiij\L^ /cA/^- (/l^ i5i^>( (jf J:/^ cfj>r i>^ L t/'C'^i/i /j^/i> (/(/Oj(i. ^f}j^i^\ ^( »j i/j^^u M/J^'^ Z^/Ji;r ^j/t^il ;/o^i IM \r* /6 Its'! Jy^Zl Ivj^^i L/b lil^U^ »/T/> Jy^£ l;^ ^ L^^ (^jli?i-(Lord Ripon)cCvi7iJul>i -diJ^^'AA;i(^Aj^[:/>Ljif^bV >/W'^t5/v>-c^i^rjiJ^vL.l,/i;A^,j:jf,iAAi^Vcr^i/^L^^ in irr irr irr "He is chiefly a writer of purposeful social and political stories." (36) \rci ^.jji \S/^ji\)^iij\c ot^^y/L Ul£<^y v^lTc^'L jl ,j>^.y<^ ^J\ &<^^h in J>^ ^ii U jl^y (/UiA^ jUl/u:! ^vii>*j^^» (/jjj^/^ UU^ y*^ ir^ irA * ifjt d»>>i^ ciit^(jf dt^^viJ? tj^Z Zl 2^7/^ v>^(/!r- ii^*^-»^>'/J^ ^J:,\^^^ Sir Abdul Qadir: Famous Urdu Poets and Writers. New Book Society Lhr.1947 ir» "His poetry we find full of deep thought and meaning"(37) "Ghalib's verses are also full of deep philosophic truths, expressed with remarkable facility, in philosophic language(38) ii/ut)^L ^ t i/c://^ J?UiiZl cJ/vi' LTVU »i iy?(j^i?>^ ^>*(/4^ ^^^ in "He writes as he would speak. He addresses his correspondents as if he was tallying to them face to face. He gives expression boldly and fearlessly to the innermost feelings of his heart. He expresses his opinions freely and frankly and calls for similar frankness in reply.(39) C^^L^V ^'^v w^. r^L/J(j£ ^li j:! t^il/^ 2£?jf t/£ ^^^ irr "His own work, as an eminent writer of urdu prose, is imporant both as regards its quality and quantity."(40) irr w/Jt^(Zl 6b (ji (i/l>yr <::^ f t^'t::>lii''£^"i^ iJiyr^t cT^^ I think both the master and his disciple rendered an appreciable service to the Urdu language"(41) (j:! (j>^ t>f (jf /^ c^; L^h H J^\ Zl c/0^( .C/U (/cf (>(/2^vj l^L^^^vil l^il^'Jl-(J^/-[^ J^l^v^^ (i. 2L^ •ci>V^~(ji c^l^j c.l/l>£ Jl^/^ jyiTlt^ JiJJfy'^ J^^ "The Book is a model of elegance and eloquence"(44) m "Mali's life is a noble example of complete devotion to literature, plain living and high thinking" (45) >i(>^(y^ jy^^ (ic/T^ii J(;J(>/c^ J>(/^ ;:;L (<^^^ y^(^lXvi J^l?^ i:^(/l.f^L Zl^lt^ JjJ-(> b;^ C^L/i C.lvJ'l^^/i .^ ( " irA "This book shows his great capacity as a literary critic"(46) id* .,-rj^i Ji>i( i^c/i-/;i^ r r(/>-; i/^ (j^^; ji J/uu • • -ii^ Mohammad Sadiq: Twentieth-century Urdu Literature, PADIVIA Publications Ltd Bombay, 1947 I ^C^ //?C^/(>*L iJi^S Ul A^\^\*y v^jf^ d^y^L/>0i ^ J^Uj/i', yi I^li4^ jy(/|j->Oii J.k-.(ivlrZl (/vlJcr^J^ Jiy^ (jlliy^ i "It will be as well to remember that Akbar was a mystic by temperament"(47) ji ji\ "And now for over two decades Iqbal's position lias been that of a religious and literary dictator Iqbal has very often been considered as a poet who is in advance of his age"(50) i^r "There is nothing in our poetry that breaths such a deep love of the motherland as these poems there is no doubt that he had the making of a genuine poet"(51) "The Light of u^lXi/Thomas Moor»^(/t^*L^^t J>ZlO?^i/j^U/ij^ (^r),^U^,-t^"6>JU'U^^^>'l^Other Days" The beauty of Shah Nama-i-lslam lies in its purple patches only"(53) \^ *• ••• ^AjJ^ci.[SiJjr.60\ji\ul jVut^i^'JdL c^ J't>'['U, '^jl'oly wTi'^j:! U^^^/'cT 1(51 ^ui^Zl J'>i;ui^ ^^/r^ 1^4^^^-^ Ar>-^ J^ Prem Chand has been called the father of short story in Urdu. Prem Chand's reputation as a novelist depends on "Bazar-e-Husn", his best novel and "Chaugan-i-Hasti" (54) "The chief critical achievement of the twentieth century urdu criticism in my opinion has been the discovery of the genius of Ghaiib"(55) "One of the most notable of the research scholars today is Hafiz Mahmud Shairani"(56) - r "It is the object of our association to rescue literature from the conservative classes .... to bring the Arts into the closest touch with the people....we believe that the new literature of India must deal with 16A the basic problems of our existence to-day-tlie problem of Hunger and poverty, social backwardness and political subjection"(57) ^ c^^^j^JLof^^Jji^^^-'^^o^^'i^^^^^i'^^'^f^^j^ "Perphaps his greatest contribution to poetry has been his highly personal use of language His words are like bursting shell which release innumerable associations and fill the readers, mind with colour and beauty" (58) (6fl "Miraji's poetry is wrapped in an impenetrable darkness. It is the most baffling poetry that I have ever read. His symbols are vague and arbitrary".(59) w hi ^ t/u^ (/^ (j/i> (i'l/o^" c^u^f^ ((/(i/^^^^^ (Ram Babu Saksena: A History of Urdu Literature, P-31) nr nr (16 ni J-ii- 1- Sh. Abdul Qadir: Urdu Literature of Nineteenth Century, Qaumi Kutab Khana, Lhr.1941, P-44 2- Sh. Abdul Qadir: Urdu Literature of Nineteenth Century. P-86 3- Ram Babu Saksena :A History of Urdu Literature , Sang-e-Meel Publications Lhr.1996.P-6 5- Ram Babu Saksena :A History of Urdu Literature. P-21 7- Ram Babu Saksena :A History of Urdu Literature P-34 9- Ram Babu Saksena :A History of Urdu Literature. P-45 11- Ram Babu Saksena :A History of Urdu Literature. P-88 13- Ram Babu Saksena :A History of Urdu Literature. P-148 15- Ram Babu Saksena :A History of Urdu Literature. P-379 « •• • • 17- Grahame Bailey: A History of Urdu Literature: Al- Hamra Art Press, 1977: P-7 26(/^1993 ij'^t/^-^ 19- Grahame Bailey: A History of Urdu Literature: P-8 20- Grahame Bailey: A History of Urdu Literature, P-10 21- Grahame Bailey: A History of Urdu Literature,P-12 22- Grahame Bailey: A History of Urdu Literature,P-15 24- Grahame Bailey: A History of Urdu Literature: P-34 26- Grahame Bailey: A History of Urdu Literature, P-48 28- Grahame Bailey: A History of Urdu Literature, P-59 30- Grahame Bailey: History of Urdu Literature, P-71 I1A 32- Grahame Bailey: A History of Urdu Literature: P-94 HA: J 35- Molian Singli Diwana: Handbook of Urdu Literature, Careers, LHR1942, P-56-57 36- Mohan Singh Diwana : Handbook of Urdu Literature, P-88 37- Sir Abdul Qadir: Famous Urdu Poets and Writers, New Book Society, Lhr, 1947, P-18 38- Sir Abdul Qadir: Famous Urdu Poets and writers. P-25 39- ibid. P-47 40- Sir Abdul Qadir: Famous Urdu Poets and Writers, P-71 41- ibid. P-98 43- Sir Abdul Qadir: Famous Urdu Poets and Writers, P-114 44- Sir Abdul Qadir: Famous Urdu Poets and writerss, P-137 45- Sir Abdul Qadir: Famous Urdu Poets and writerss, P-144 46- Sir Abdul Qaidr: Famous Urdu Poets and Writers, P-178 47- Mohammad Sadiq: Twentieth-century Urdu Literture. P-13 50- Mohammad Sadiq: Twentieth-century Urdu Literature. P-16 51- Ibid. P-27 52- Ibid. P-27 53- Mohammad Sadiq: Twentieth-century Urdu Literature. P-30 54- Ibid. P-40-41 55- Mohammad Sadiq: Twentieth-century Urdu Literature. P-54 56- Ibid. P-55 57- Mohammad Sadiq: Twentieth-century Urdu Literature. P-62 58- Ibid. P-74 59- Ibid. P-77 (^» f^f N.S. Gorekar: Glimpses of Urdu Literature, Jaico Publishing House, Delhi, 1961 iS'jxii "Hebrew and Avesta Pahlavi"ii^l^-^'>-''l!/r?'Xi^iy,^vy^iyZl (3y>i(f'>t^ almost wholly in Verse." (2) Ut^iji (/»/> iruj/l>7iiUvl0>*jviT-VX^ f^j(>^j^7L (^ (jLl/^uT^rVtUy "It was during the post -revolution era that English Literature and Western thought influenced the development of Urdu Literature especially prose." (3) ur (Post-war Times) JH^M^^^.OP '-'(^^^ •.jt "He utilized all the symbols and themes of the traditional "ghazal" and gave it a new tone and atmosphere." (4) i^r "The modren short story in Urdu can be said to begin with Munshi Premchand." (5) (Post Independance period) v^^l^^^J^uT: j^vl^^wj^L 1^1 "And Urdu Literature which has lived through all revolutions is a living force and it reflects all the trends which have crept into it from time to time." (6) Muhammad Sadiq :A History of urdu literature Oxford University Press, London, 1964 I^fl "The cheif forms of medieral Urdu poetry are the ghazal, the qasida and the marsiya. The first is the popular form of literature, The second, aristocratic and cheifly associated with court life, The third, elegiac and quasi-religious, is associated with the brief flowering time of the shi'ah aristocracy in Lucknow, after the decline of Delhi." (7) lAI * • •• • lAr "The chief quality of Mir's mind is his realism "(8) lAr cif^ir^ Ujc^vii J^l;:--* ij^ Jl^ijf Ur> V'L^VL^ 2£^^ "An unrestrained indulgence in grief is a pervasive feature of his IVIarsiyas". (9) j^ij:^Lj hiji\ ui L^/S^V{iJ^iJfu^)iJi^ul ^^ ^/J- d^v^ 4-/^!/^ IA(5 -J? IA1 (/^>:/ Jy^(j:J (jy/y^f u^^L^i i^/i- L/OOO/>1. UV/(/(/^ ^ *^iJ''4 ^^ c/V»i>3'(/(j^UcJi>(jfUit/vyi^^*£JJi^vp((/>lr 4'jyZlJiU/ij,^ lAA Naz: "An outline of urdu litrature" Ferozsons, Lahore, 1971. "His poetry is written in the free and easy style of the moderns" (10) "Sauda left us some splendid specimens of Qasidas and Ghazals but he was a pastmaster in the Art of Hijv."(11) "He depicted life as he saw it from his own plane."(12) "Sarur is an important writer as his "Fasana-i-Ajaib" is among the few notable works of prose fiction." (13) ir'c.i)U(;i?*/d/i>(/ji;oi((ji^i„jA^bvi7^tvr/"^ "The difference in him from previous ghazal poets is that his ideal is of flesh and blood, very true to life and close to the soil on which he treads." (14) "His Masjid-e-Qartaba is enough to place him among isr the greatest of poets." (15) Annemarie Shimmel: Classical Urdu Literature from the beginning to Iqbal OTTO HARRASSOWITZ. WIESBADEN 1975 ^ '^ •• • '^ •• •• •• "I had been asked to contribute to the History of Indian Literature, which the great Dutch indologist Jan Gonda was just preparing. I looked through the table of contents of the planned volumes and saw that there was no indication of "Islamic Literature" but do go ahead, write something about that "I booked myself in for a course in this Language." (16) "With the work of Wali and his followers the first period of the Deccani, school of Urdu Literature comes to a close." (17) HA • 19^ MUHAMMAD SADIQ : TWENTIETH CENTURY URDU LITERATURE, ROYAL BOOK COMPANY, KARACHI 1983 ' * • • • • (/(r-yil JUU. (JU^. J.b Ju^l 1. uCt/^ t^v/>* ^>i:3rj,( i^/^^ ^JjU/fL i^ ^^ J^( ^^i/i S^^K ^ 6^ i^ (/j^lT/r y^c.Ul>/^ Jl> (Jv ^c/' (/ly^l ^U Uy/c/^J^ (/(/^v>^ l^trU^i^/iP* rv^->2i> ^U UL>lv J/LC^ I '^^ yj. HA (J^. J0i< \^'/\M L^^i (Xvy, (jCii^lf \Sj^i^iJi\ {Jjjjn ^ jiy/l^ Oif^J'^ "Akbar's limited vision made him more practical. His main interest was in India." (18) (//i/u^ 22?!.^ ±'/±^, Jt/Id^l.j/^L U1 ^i ^'f.OLd^Ji^Uy^L 0^'/j>\ .i(//i rj^(/r ^J>-^£ f (iyyc^UrV•^((Revalism)fL>Oi((Nationalism)cit^A(Pan-lslamism)j^;((^lJ^'l "As I see it, this is true only insofar as lie tends to think in terms of the erotic imagery of the ghazai. As is well known, Iqbal imitates as well as innovates formally,as witness the songs and lyrics in Payam-e-Mashriq ."(19) r*\ (Twentieth century urdu ^i^^C^/^il^yCy^^ifil^dil^/ij ij^^j:>f^y^ii,\/jj^i^Jl/j\J^\,(^}j:^\c^ l/Jl>y|/((j::iiterature)1947 r*r J.u/j(jf ^ L/^I^/V/^Z: c^^ Jyt^i^ (3.i>^^^ "The object of the book was to criticise the current conception of religion , morality and society in a light.bantering manner"(20) (/jx-»Oiiiji/t>4( ij/!^-ir'>^'/' c^i^ (J'Jv^v^ Jy>:ii>fe^' j/v(y^;^U>^oy( Muhammad Sadiq : A History of urdu Literture Oxford Universty Press London, 1985. < • •• *'•• • • • (iHT/i/lvLjiy^r M "Nazir is the most unaccountable figure in the poetry of his age. The most striking feature of his poetry is its detachment from the literary ideals of the day.lt is born of the impact of life and has an accent of its own, being buoyant, cheerful and unconventional."(21) J^jf ^1^1^^ ^jhi\^ U7i (rUi/> Ji>:^i£ ^^(i^^i 2^ J;>u/( j (j:: ^L c/i Gopi Chand Narang: "Urdu Language and Literature " (Critical Perspectives) Vanguand books limited, Lahore,1991 • • • V (/lAA^^jf ^(^ (;/i_ JSt>:> (j/j;f ^L (//" cjl^ (/lA^^^ji ^1;"^LJV r\* • * "I now see no way of getting back the pension I once iiad fronn the British . I am carrying on by selling my bedding and clothing: other people eat bread , I eat clothing."(22) -^U(i^*>.U(j:r^c^^y(^z^/s.L(j::^4£jytvr^ Ui>j^^L^b(/ji/ir'^i7;j«>yi(i5^£^i^^^Zlt;^(y£ rii 3>: Ui7 (/(jlivc:' jl^^l^Zl Ui^-Ji'S^i iSr^£^^ (/(j^yit>X^i( jy >T.(jyy/. jf "It took the Urdu language five to six centuries to reach its level of perfection and poetic excellence"(23) ;:^^-L/U t>^< ^ilJ^^ L,//fk./L jV^(/t>vii (/I^y (Jyi^'i i:/^c^ i>i^ u^L^ L//yj ^ci^iy ^(/Zl cl^^ii t/Zl .i;^t:/l>' rir jt [S/\>iij\^/\^ L/(/(Jij? ^^iU if-iS'J\ ^^i:i/^ ofjy, uO^^ ^ c^ rir "One of them ,by Nasikh,reads Sauda Jauhar-e-fzl "Sauda the essence of learning "(24) ^ /CJ/LTU ^ f U tb/ff^r^ J^41^«^ j^y jf i/^/ (Garrett) Zl li/yfi' (^^jy-i "The Garrett manuscript is written In a neat and clear hand in Nast'aliq style."(25) rir ri(5 ni J'l^^l^viiX'C^^ (J^^!/^c^'-/Jl>(j:l: wLu^ii-wfvt^y l^t:;!^ "His poetry, therefore is not bound by the temporal, but marked by the universal. He adds no new emotions in Urdu Ghazal but he writes of some old ones with new feeling. (26) riA /uvl^*>2rji jy^^^ t J(>:^iZl 4/t/i (/^^>«f i^ ^t/^j, £^ 1/ m "Modernist Movement steadily gained in popularity and swept the whole of the subcontinent becoming a forceful literary movement deeply influencing both poetry and fiction." (27) rr» L^ L^ • rr\ v^iur^>'(v^ij>Ji;olf>y(^c)l>^L^L(y0^1^t:;l^->l;(^ f^ci^^l(i^l^j>lt:J(ijy/ci?22fjSt,ti?(j'l^l/LvlX^j((^ rrr rrr iij\L^jj>^ ^LiSf^j: li/Zc^ i/^c^' OI£,^±^.J:J (//j^.v^i/*^ Oijt^\J\f^ "The themes of his work are as varied as can be- romantic, social, psychological , political , national, international." (28) rrr Ji/^(j:!c^^//jruii^if<}^(7(jfjy\;^^^4»^>t^^'^>ir^^ Ralph Russell: The pursuit of urdu literature : Zed books limited, London and Newjersey: 1992 J: ^ J^y {J/\>J:\)^SijJ^ i^^ ^ L/fC^ji jr-^cf/^lX(/i 1. if J ^h ifcr^^ihjJ""The first flowering of urdu literature " j^^^jii^l rn "History of Urdu (/j^u/ijd/jl "Aa^ b t^/'d^^Ji l^jif'i cU^Zl Uyj^^ii^y (Quantity) VI>(/JU (/UJ/. (/ijv( C'>(/t:/Ui Vile/-?Ji^J/i/l^^c.UrV^I(jiviJ(/' : c:tf^JJ/^ilc/i^U^/l>^ LjC/i^^> Jiiil c/i?V(j:t jj/l>c^i L/I^IT/: (j^v Jll^^i L ^ Z.^ ^i:>^ tf'i^^ji^ rrA "To me, he is still the greatest love poet in Urdu Literature, and one of the great love poets of the world." (31) 2£?^>fZ^^Jii^l^"Three Mughal Poeis"^CC//>£:^J^i^JlfD^iiijAJjiiL^i rM rr* i - i ^L^iV>V^^"A6^v^(ijK;-(/"ji)^ij(^ij?"jUv,(/^irc^c^vi!:yyi(^^^ rri "His excellence as a writer of Urdu prose has in my view always been much underrated Nazir Ahmad has an astounding range of vocabulary and a sureness of touch which enables him to write effortlessly and appropriately on every theme and which makes one feel that he is never at loss for suitable words." (35) rrr ^Ufi rrr ^>c^l?* (?^^ji J/U>^ (/u£ (/o^ii: 2£'^ (/^i^ (jy"^ 4^^ rrr V J>-t;/c^ 2LU Bi (^ (j^Oii^Zl J;/i/t^ 22?(/^^^^ rra m "The most blatant example of this is his prays in "Javed Nama " of the Iranian king Nadir Shah and his Afghan successor Ahmad Shah Abdali both of them cruel .ruthless, tyrannical rulers the "mardemomin "of Iqbal's ideal and if Iqbal had been true to his own ideals he should have had no difficulty in recognizing this.(37) i^yiir/o^L^i i^OiL Uy i:>/4^ 41ZI i^i/j:! J^^ L?v^' Jl/l/'^ cLvU'Zl (Ji^i^l/iJ^j^ ^ft^-w^- ^ (3>?yrl^*^ U/^^^v' (iA c^^ -<::- ( ' • •• i rrA m in) "J^^jJ^i^f^Si^if/ "Faiz's poetry gives their feelings and aspirations tlie expression that they need and deserve, and it will long continue to inspire others with the hatred of oppression, a sympathy with the downtrodden, and the desire for a better world." (40) rr* (/vii^ c.yi/ui/( (/o^^ (j^vLpt^ jj/j^U/vii c^ (ri)"jLy(J>b<(c.l>Zl Ali Jawad Zaidi:A History of Urdu Literature Sahitya Akademi, 1993. rn rrr X'i/C'i^'(/^v L^ jL^Utr^Ukk LTC^'»ii^*il-^^t>^ t|^^ (1J wi^'iTc/p c3'4'^i'(y (jif J'ji (^T,^^( u JA^ cJ^-^ uU^f ^^ /jii^J-^v 2L>: Jl^ijiti^yi (/j?UJ(£ j4^(i>C^( J(/(^^ rrr ^iij\ d,^L 0?^Jci^lf J^y^L /cf^ (S^f>\>(ij^L41^ jtM ^0^^/^ t/wi^.l^c' rrr • • T "He is remembered equally for his satires.social and individual. His social satires(shahr ashoubs),written both in the form of qasidah and mukhammas (Pentagon)have few parallels in minute observation of the social conditions as of huamn behaviour ."(42) 22?(i^; ^^ I./^J rc^liv LTJA ^ L/LZ/J ^(/I/ Jlj^vl^ (iA(jf U.L UTI "j(;Ty "J'^ "J^^Jf ">ir';i;i;t"(/j4r^^o "^^yi "Lr^t;ji;j:/.^(y" "Dilpazir is regarded the best after Sehrul Bayan and Gulzar-e-Nasim and departs from the beaten pattern in some respects."(43) rrA (/uy^yii ir'uj/;^(/vbOi(i^(Ji> J;t; UM2^ ^U i;/.:^ (^iy^i;>i ^ r(5i " JlV'V'l^v^ C/^L^ C<^>'^ V^'^'lji U^t^d'i^ ^4^ ^ rar rar >>fe>i' Jv/t^ iTj^^i Gora Publishers, Lahore, 1995. ^ c't^iA'^t "(/i^lTc/i./ijf c^t>i>;:c j'j^c w/JjiK. ^ L/L/^U (//^(J^ ^OP"^ J^ ^/i 4/ *L a' (/ ^^-^ J^-'i' J-^? ^ Jii liiMi L u^O^f^iAi iS>i^^ u^/^y. vi^Ui U^7i( ji^>«^ (/i^yl i„ jyy[^^ t (j:r ^i/,^ (i>t^(^r:^-^ r(5^ ji/^X^ Vt^L^ J^i^f'ij'L/i^ ji J/J/(/V(/'AJ^I3^/^^^ "Unlike his contemporaries, Dard had no need to impress rich patrons with his verse and often used straightforward language and simple metres." (45) n* ATHAR RAZ : A SHORT HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE European Urdu Literary Society, London, 1999. nr nr ^ •** ^C? uCl^-'/"^l/^f'l^a''u^"An outline of Urdu LiteratureVI^(^'*i--''t(/ "Classical Urdu Literature from w^lX(/J^(X^c/'u^^-''&>'y^-^^'/^ l**''<::^>^L^L^'>ii(jyii''(,pi(/vtrthe beginning to Iqbal" n^ "Urdu language and wj^lXcTc^t^ JSt>;>cj//(i6>^J^'^j'4' (jVj^Ui l^c^UrV^ u "The Prusuitof ^iXcTc^^l^J^^iYtf^'^L/^t/^^^J^'^^t^/; "How not to write t^/y^Ji/^^i L (j:! ^^>f 22?^lX*L J^ ^0 ^>lri O^ li't^'r^t:^ij^'^'^^^'J-^'^^b^t-c}^'(/j^^'-^(/history of urdu literature" "A History of Urdu ^IXLTC^IL^t>>^lJj(^x^^i*Lii*^((i>:y^)b^lr rii j'zl^yi ^^pj<^j: (fij ^o^^^jf ti^ijM r.j^(/1 L/L;i:^j i^jiybi cTix I?? (j:/;?./^^ u/^iif ^ ^ IT-//: u^iTu^r (ju Ju "A Short History of Urdu ^C^iSj^'Ul^^^J'^ t^^ii^i ij7^^ ^l Ji Bi \f'\JiJl w^lX <^ (jt/ c^ UrV^vif J ("^^ Literatu re" n^ J^ir 1- N.S. Gorekar: Glimpses of Urdu Literature: Jaico Pubiisliing House Delhi, 1961,(Foreword and introduction). 2- N.S. Gorekar, Glimpes of Urdu Literature, Jaice Publishing house Bombay, 1961, P/17 3- N.S. Gorekar, GLimpes of Urdu Literature, P/27 4- N.S. Gorekar, G Limpes of Urdu Literature, P/39 5- N.S. Gorekar, G Limpes of Urdu Literature, P/42 6- N.S. Gorekar: Glimpses of Urdu Literature: P-68 7- Muhammad Sadiq: A History of Urdu Literature, Oxford Universty Press, London, 1964 ,P-18 8- Muhammad Sadiq : A History of urdu Literature, P-97 9- Muhammad Sadiq: History of Urdu Literature, P-156 10- Naz, An outline of Urdu Literature, P-18-19 11- Naz, An outline of Urdu Literature, P-29 12- Naz, An outline of Urdu Literature, P-33 13- Naz, An outline of Urdu Literature, P-43 14- Naz, An outline of Urdu Literature, P-66 15- Naz, An outline of urdu Literature: P-92 16- Annemarie Schimmel,Trans Karin IViittmann,Orient and Occident, Iqbal Academy Pakistan, LHR, 2007, P-240 17- Annemarie Schimmel: Classical Urdu Literature from tfie biginning to Iqbal, Otto Harrassowitz Wiesbaden, 1975,P-155 18- Dr. Muhammad Sadiq:Twenteenth Century Urdu Literature, Royal Book Co, Karachi ,1983 ,P-14 19- Muhammad Sadiq : Twentieth century urdu literature, P-69 20- Muhammad Sadiq : Twentieth century urdu literature, P-210 21- Muhammad Sadiq : A History of urdu literature, oxford university Press ,Lahore,1985,P-163 22- Gopi chand Narang :urdu language and Literature, Vanguard books, Lahore, 1991,p-6 23- Gopi chand Narang,urdu language and literature, P:19 24- Gopi chand Narang: Urdu language and Literature, P-37 25- Gopi Chand Narang: Urdu Language and Literature, P-39 26- Gopi Chand Narang: Urdu Language and Literature , P-94 27- Gopi Chand Narang: Urdu Language and Literature, P-115 28- Gopi Chand Narang: Urdu Language and Literature, P-204 31- Ralph Russel, The Pursuit of Urdu Literature,zed books Ltd,London and new Jursey,1992 P53 35- Ralph Rassell: The Pursuit of Urdu Literature: P-98 37- Ralph Russell :the pursuit of urdu literature: P-186 40- Ralph Russell: The Pursuit of Urdu Literature: P-247 42- All Jawad Zaidi: A History of Urdu Literature Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 1993, P-93 43- All Jawad zaidi: A History of Urdu Literature, P-171 45- Mathews, Shackle and Shahrukh Husain: Urdu Literature, Gora Publishers, Lahore, 1995 ,P-57 XL* K^. r^i t^j y ^li J/^ti/i y ^>? 5i>;^>( »4;^ 4(Zl u^iXij* Oi-^/L^^^ The New School of ft^^(X'Ji^utJ^0iJ/B/'.J^^^O^^i^S^Lr^ '\/i) ^Jijii(jy! 6l>^ jyt\i^\^^JM (J^u^^Ji8g8 wCC ^Urdu Literature •Urdu Literature of the ft L. ^-is \/t l^wlXuTi^ \y^ t^ JL ,\^\ ^-i\ yc.t/'86wlX.-(>?^l>^Lf'>ifU^(^^jyij:tfJi9^1 tf:.Ninteenth Century >*i^y( C/>(/'-L^ (j'l>j>^'J/tj:; t/^*5^ (/^^ JL:^(^^^ "Mir is at the head of them all and is regarded by them as a master of this style." (1) (ji jiv^-Jit J^£ c;l;>i>;^ ji/c^ 2^vil5i(^/(ji J^lP^ vl^Z-^t ^ "It is thus clear that Sharar holds the first place as a writer of novels in Urdu but if there be any hesitation in giving him this distinction, no one can take away from him the distinction of being the first writer of Novels of chivalry in Urdu like Sir Walter Scott in English." (2) rLd -^Memoir of Ghalib5-<^(J^ RAM BABU SAKSENA: A HISTARY OF URDU LITERATURE, SIND SAGAR ACADEMY, LHR, 1927. (j^ c.l/^413 .^iX^-L/^1>C^ .J[9^61-v^iJ >^(J:^(^ ^^— •• y • • rL'i -^ b^trc3-»'J^s'J^l^ljr (/l^l?^ ^-JL-^'-^^ Jl^L^--1 »>^^ • • •• ( • t y •** "The Delhi School of Urdu Poets Part I the age of Arzu and Hatim" The Dehli School of Udu Poets Part n the age of Mir and Sauda.. The Delhi School of Urdu poets, part m the age of Insha and Mushaffi. XLS GRAHAME BAILEY: A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE. //i ^^ i^/r^£ ./^c/^^(£ iiJijl^Ul Ji>zKjjii LA d'y^ »/> ^ Ut Z, (/(/ r^q J\^J\^L '^JSi^iJi2-lf 01^^(t^(/^) J^^i^^i L^^vi^i(j:!>:>^Ji>/f>^>/; i^iXX'f^ l^-^i/l^>^-'^^^^ (^ (i>^ iJ^-^''^(/^ The age of the four pillars of urdu Mazhar, Sauda, Mir and Dard.(6) rs* rAi "Like Mali, he looks back to a golden age, but he feels a greater personal pain at its passing away , laterly he appears to have experienced much disillusionment and becomes somewhat embittered."(8) /^/^\j/^^ J^J^^jJ^j: (j^vi^->-/Jt>xo^i ^j^ J;/^ rsr ^i(240 Ir239 c.l^£ a?->lrc3-j'(/i^vi wlXi^i i^>:> c^iL/)^ (^(X^ .JL8^7 J^>. t^^JJl jf t}^i^ (/j5^^^ (243y:^i')^ U^^ DR. MOHAN SINGH DIWANA : Hand book of Urdu Literature, Careers, Lahore, 1942. c/^y-^L/9/i* '^Ji^tjihi/ /> ji^ifi' Ch < ni^^h i^t:ii-^ J^if [jiji/iiji^ii h^t^jii/^^CC (X^'y-j/' -bf/^yfUbJii^^^lXi/i rAr Sir Abdul Qadir; Famous Urdu poets and writers, new book society , Lahore, 1947. r^Ci Muhammad Sadiq: Twentieth Century Urdu Literature (A review), Padma publications, Bombay, 1947. rAi -^:-U^lsrar-0-Rumuz -f-ji^ j3; 4* t-^^ i^c^^ir^^'S^->^'(J^ o^ u^v^* C'(;'(j^ N.S.Gorekar: Glimpses of Urdu Literature, Joico Publishing House, New Delhi, 1961. • • * rAA MUHAMMAD SADIQ: A History of Urdu Literature, Oxford University Press, London, 1964. 5>lr/^J:^-^ ^0^6/ii i/(>"c >^'^ Lp^i ^1/^429 u^lX. (/jj>U^/ii /^4' i^ J^u/i j, ^ I/L& (/^t/^ i^cJt^i^jf 9J'^ii\i i^M^ (/.j^g^o vi( 47" r^'\ ^>5 J^ITy >3rJ'(j^/;r^j^l jf j-l/^^ ^jjl^j-l^ J^i^L^vU^ ,^T j:^T ^^ 1^/ (y jj^ ^ i/. n» y210 i'- ^ ^( ?(/ ^^^ l/^l^f»!/ft ^^\ii£ Jt>X' C/>I/'« ^ cT "The Author of half a dozen of Masnavis of varying length and merit." (20) (139 J^J^A^yiu^^i b^t-)-^ f^t^c^"^ How not to write a history of urdu literature, cjy^-^ "He does not tell us what this hierarchy is, or what other forms stand where in it, but at any rate the "very low" is clear enough." (21) Ml (rr)l783^ 1792t1781c.>|^U100(/ Mr Naz: An outline of Urdu Literature Feroz Sons, Lahore : 1971 ' (j U '>iry'/1>/J/V^ i^^^-J ^ j^^c^^w L o^^'^^^iJ^ ^^\j^ji\ {jiJ^dl^' J^oUT Mr wC^t^i J(i^ L^f J9Z1 Jaiu b(j£jii^ J/^JM j^^ nr "In existence for some hundred years now, the only name worthy of mention in dramatics is that of Agha Hashr Kashmiri Syed Imtiaz Ali Taj with his play Anarkali added another milestone". (26) Annemarie Schimnnel: Classical urdu literature from the beginning to Iqbal, Otto Harasssowitz wies Baden 1975. /c/>^v^'J^ ^iXuTL^ J>^L.( i^c^o/: ^C^^ ti^'v ^^ jt J>(/Lt^ 4- ^'^ (^ (S^^' cTO^^f ^Lft/Ojfi-ii^Zl ^o>*i jj^Zl c^u;f i/'L t/1936 Ji^t^i^-iTtiy? JL (/Ji;(^246 J^il ^C^(^( i^ (>^^ Muhammad Sadiq: Twentieth Century Urdu Literature, Royal Book Company, Karachi, 1983. Ml -/j (ji w(^( uyij c^i-^/b (/^y J>:v^ i^c^Oii (^ tfJ^ ^ < Jiff Hi 2^ J^ u/ij-^ tP^ vjj B^ijy^ I (J (j^^^ ,^ J^J (j (/iv (/v: c^ ((/^ ( - MA "Iqbal died in the full odour of Sanctity on April 21, 1938. Two years before this, on april 10, 1936, the first All India Progressive Wrtiers Conference, was held in lucknow." (29) Muhammad Sadiq: A Histroy of Urdu Literature, Oxfrord University press, karachi, revised edition 1985. i^i/Zi ^Uyv sMUL ^i^ij:^^^^ (]l?/»^ir^^ t^/j ^J^(J^ Jy^tji ^^ j.vy>i(>y^ wC .^ L (^>fv/t^ c.v^(/^ »><^/ipZl Jj(>^/^^y^ "THe present Edition represents for more than a perfunctory check of the first. In view of the fresh material added it is almost a new book and replaces the first edition the age of Sauda and Mir have been re-written with useful additions minor errors in names and dates have been corrected and notes on Atish and Rusva have been rewritten." (31) Gopi Chand Narang: Urdu Language and Literature (Acritical Perspective) Vanguard Books, Lahore, 1991. —ijt^^i}} r*\ "The short story in Urdu realy originated with prem chand (1880-1936) Universally considered as one of the greatest fiction writers of modern India in the foreground appeared Hamlet, Faust, Don Quixote and numerous characters of Tolstoy, Chekhov, Maupassant and assorted Bengali writers, particularly Tagore and Sarat Chandar."(34) RALPH RUSSELL : The Pursuit of urdu literature ( A select History) Zed Books, London, and New Jersey, 1992. How not to write a History of Urdu literature.c^y^^y*^!^ J'S^^f^'jy^ ^(fut ^/\^L J^ ^/^^ c^ir it ii^.y>^ ^&}iij\ -.(ii^i r*r fji9g2 Ir1857 ^i\^J^jLb^j{j^\^y,^ij^'^^^y'/ Jl>:l <0'f\^J^Jji\J\yj^' (^wL *J;> i^j\ S^' >^"-'' dif J^/' 1^ '^^ Jit J^lilr^ '^^J-J ji\ i\)^cJ\. L h^jj^j. 'd/l>^>(/(i4T Jj/l. [,l/i> ITJ^T J(/(: f^^L i^Jl?/. ctjj-/y ij/t^^^l^ ^i .^^/U;/C.A ^1 (/JL?/Ylij 1^^^ * • r*r (rd)J'^1830-31 dl^-tir22?fj[8^0y112/i?'(j:!u.lc/;^ -^c Uk^ (/^ t^V>4^>^'(iV^^ t:^'j^ "Sayyed Ahmed Khan : Sarshar and Nazir Ahmad, Aligarh movment Akbar....Dagh Libya in 1911....Morocco in 1912 Khilafat movement. Hasrat Mohani, Iqbal Gandhi.... the year of 1922."(36) r»6 -J^ Ali Jawad Zaidi: A History of Urdu Literature Sahtiya Academy, New D6lhi, 1993. (^(jf (^^ (j^y c.l/'459 ^iTv (^ Z Z (^ (j:! ;UI > ^P^^^ r»i "A striking specimen of the 19th century literary prose is fasanah -e-Ajaib by Rajab Ali Beg Suroor (1785/86-1869) the establisment of the Fort william college at Calcutta on may 4, 1800 by the East India Company and the leading role played by Dr. Gilchrist (38) f-t/a?^d'^^"No Seprate Schools" (jfc^jU'i "That was the socio political setting in India when Sheikh Muhammad Iqbal was born in Sialkot in 1873."(40) t:ii *L J^*(/^ t>fy: li'V *^ t/'^ Mathews, C Shackle, Shah Rukh Husain Urdu Literature, Gora publishers, Lahore. 1995 • * • • JiT^lf (JJ/LT^^O \i^hL ^iXT^ U^J^t/j^^ J^Jl (?(\iji\ Ch ^^» OiA^i^ (jj> oXyji 'vy f^uMJo (j/i^Xzl c^i:>^>??/^v ^o c^t ^ rii "It was the function of Marsiya Writers to arouse such emotion and undoubtedly the greatest practitioner was Mir Babar AN Anis Anis grew up in Faizabad when he arrived in lucknow, his learning, eloquence and fine voice made an Impression at the assemblies and he soon autshone all the other Marsiya writers including Mirza Dabir."(41) 6>lrv/i^ Z-/jf;i^U (-^^'^'^ ^'^^'c^-^ Af*>*l^(/j^ rir "The choice of Persian, even through it had little immediate effect upon Iran and the wider Islamic World." rir 1- Sheikh Abdul Qadir, Urdu Literature of the Nineteenth Century, Quami Kutub Khana LHR. 1941. P.10 2- do- p.83 (3/" (->^^t r'^) ^''^' ---'' bvir J>^c^L>4:/'^i/(^/): J;i; ^; Jji\ -r 6- Grahame Bailey, A History of Urdu Literature Al Beroni, Lahore. 1977. p.46 8- Graham Bailey, A History of Urdu Literature, p. 104 11- Dr. Mohan Singh Diwana Hand Book of Urdu Literature Careers Lahore, 1942, P-109, 144,147 12- do™p.147 14- Sir Abdul Qadir, Famous Urdu Poets and Writers New Book rir Society Lahore 1947. p.70,130,198. 15- Mohammad Sadiq, Twentieth Century Urdu Literature (A view) Padma Publication Bombay 1947. P-11,15 17- N.S. Gorel House New Delhi, 1961. P-51 19- Muhammad Sadiq: A History of Urdu Literature. Oxford University Press London 1964. P-64 20- do~P-108 21- Ralph Russell: How not to write the History of Urdu Literature Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1999. P-31 26- Naz: An outline of Urdu Literature, Feroz Son Lhr. 1971. P-97 27- Annemarie Schimmel: Classical Urdu Literature from the begining to Iqbal, Otto, Harrassowity, Wiesbdden 1975. P-246 29- Dr. Muhammad Sadiq: Twentieth Century Urdu Literature, Royal r((S Book Company Karachi, 1983. P-190 30- Dr. Muhammad Sadiq: A History of Urdu Literature. Oxford University Press Karachi. P-625 31- Dr. IVIuhammad Sadiq: A History of Urdu Literature Preface. P-IX 34- Gopi Chand Narang: Urdu Language and Literature (A Critical Perspective) Vanguard Bool 36- Ralph Russell: The Pursuit of Urdu Literature, Zed Books, London New Jersers 1992. P-78-82 38- Ali Jawad Zadi: A History of History Literature Sahitya Akademy New Delhi, 1993. P-201-209 40- Ali Jawad Zadi: A History of Urdu Literature. P-292 41- Mathews Shackle and Shah Rukh Husain, Urdu Literature, Gora Publication, Lahore 1995. P-72 rii • • • L>^t n^ riA y>£ Jl>"The pursuit of Urdu Wteraiure^^C^Siyj^hJ^y^jifj ns ijjt/i (//l^(/C^ ^\fy^j\)/ut [SJ\^/L.\{> {Sl-^A ^^c/0 ^^Jhjj^ rr* * •• rri L/L^(j:r c;f^ ^ji^j^o t^ l^M ^>(/L ^ ;i/(^(^^ rrr rrr rrr UW ^U^tAi}/} iJ'j\^J\^L c.iil/|/^£ (Jiy^*>*C/l i^ Ji^SjJ'/ .p ll^(y^i^(/l yUi^yOyu^^ (j^*( j:! (/^.^ Ji^U LT^I ^''j\:\}i\^jj^ Zl V V '^ (/^l^^ (J^'' LTJI; T^ij:! (jy^^ii (jy/(/2^ (iHtii/i rra rn rni "Hand Book of Urdu ^iXi/c^c^'^iyj/c^y/ij tv>"(Ji(i:j^ i • • •• j rrA j: ^L S^^ijjiS ti}L ^i\iij\ ^J\^jji\ cui^i tj ji \j\ L f^^i^JvL iUi i^^ji^> "Glimpses of Urdu ^U'\i\j''iji Xjf^J-s^ c^i t^^^J^ii;: Zl ^L cT' L/lJ^/iP* t^i(j:t^7L L iyjihiAi (/j^vii^X/J^ ^l^t/ niu Literature" rr» rn rrr t^J:,\^^r^{^S'y/\) "^jivJ^d^U^yit^ "^C^j^i^iSd^l^/^^ rrr S^O^LT^^ t^ C.X ^{jjh^j 9^t; ^if 22^/^lX^y; 1. JiU>//ii "An outline of Urdu ^0^Sd"' Ul ^^ ^ t^^6^^ ^i^ ^^ [^^W^ Ji^\f^\:^hj'^^ji\j^^^J^y^c.^^^^V^(j$J:,\<^L\ Literature" rrr LL '^/A ^u^^jf^d/i i/jii (j>Vc.UUZl U^J^U^^/^ ^(^l^J^ "Classical Urdu Literature from the |'tl^w^lX(/(/6>t*Lr^-'' vvt^^li-f^i^^^pic^^t--Jx^t^c/^.n^^uj^lX-^begining to Iqbal." U^ITLTI, ^ b^f^y^i/^wiiv [/h^i^j/j. [^^3\i3j\ ^ij^'^uj d/^6/ii "Urdu d^^ ^\f^^ \^JAJ:> |j//(i c.l^rrr^lX.J>f^l>(j:t,(qq(^l7d^y;,^Language and Literature" rra ryi^^lX^J^yc>l^rAi^irvJ>f^l>(j:!.H9r^^Urdu Literature" rri j!:^f'i'ir^,if%.iX^fl:£A History of Urdu Literaturei^(J^Lu^6>^ Urdu " i- c/T^ t^ »l>^ii LM^C^47 b^t-f'?' 4* LT^L/' rr^ rrA 1. t;;^>t3^i (j:r c/i^ J^Vwji 6^'ii/^v^'->^-^^ rr* i ^ji^^ ^^^ Us^L [SM ^(^OiiZlu^ i\M\ ir'^^iXiTj^jjiir (J^-^ rn ijyi j: (j^i7i>fX L.>? Z-v^'^r"^ ^i^f^^-^'ii'^^v'''' b^tv-^cfj-'U/i j "classial urdu Literature ^C^i/t/ (JXc/'/^i^^ L^^-j^'^-^'b^'j^^ Zlc.l^r^>^wi^u^l7d^y;Jir^(j^U^-?/ from the begining to Iqbal" ji\^\j:^j:}'\L ^iX^u^j^'^jt ^iXLii^^^ii^j^ L/SJ La:^'!^ uVii^J^ rn - ^UiX rrp" •* iL)>^ rra • • • fi ^Xf\ j^<{(i)i Jii^) di^c/J hj^< {JAUJ'I (^^\^ f,;^c^ik'di^crJ i/Ji>(^ flSA1.7^U^^lJy^.vjl5l(^c.Ul^..j^/:>^t>^^ f IU1.y>f ij^^( Jyiy^.vl? b Jli^loi;fc/Tl/: JJU>/ rrz fisrr.v>fD>^j;?:i('(vL/ut;->(y:^(y^/t;;^y ^•ilrrri(/>^yu>,t^l:^Ldtl>^c.U^ibvlr':j>>J4Vl^^ 6rirrV.yifiJ(/yjiy^lr,.>(/<%^t;/t^/lt:/tl>^c.U->^ iilrir(/.,(q^(yy(^iyCy^Ljy^,;^L^t^Oj("^^^..^iillojj" rrA Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature Vol III, Sahitya Akademi, New Dehli India 1995. The New Book of knowledge vol 8 (H) Grolier Incorporated u.s 1986, The New Encyclopedia Britannica vol 8, U.S.A, 1982. rn n5» Daily Pakistan Times, 17, May 1970. Daily Pakistan Times, 7, June 1970. Dally Pakistan Times, 15, Nov. 1970. Iqbal (Quarterly Journal), Bazm-l-lqbal Lahore, Jan, 1968. Ravi. (Azad Number) G.C. Lahore, 1983. r(M k • Maulvi Muhammad Hussain Azad-His Life and Works, 1939 Main Library Punjab University LHR. rar rcr English Books Abdul Qadir, Famous Urdu Poets and Writers, New Book Society, Lahore, 1947. Abdul Qadir, Urdu Literature of the Nineteenth Century, Quami Kutub Khana, LHR, 1941. Ali Jawad Zadi: A History of Urdu Literature, Sahitya Akademy, New Delhi, 1993. Annemarie Schimmel,Trans Karin Mittmann,Orient and Occident, Iqbal Academy Pakistan, LHR, 2007. Annemarie Schimmel: Classical Urdu from the beginning to Iqbal, otto, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 1975. Annemarie Schimmel: Gabriel's Wing, Iqbal Academy, Lahore, 2000, Arnold J.Toynbee: A Study of History : Oxford University press , London, 1963,7th (Ed) Devahuti (Editor):Problems of Indian Historiogrophy: D.K Publisher Dehli1979. Dr. Mohan Singh Diwana, Hand Book of Urdu Literature, Careers , Lahore, 1942. E.H CARR: What is History ( 2nd Ed), the Macmillan press LTD London ,1986. George Wilhelm, Friedrich Hegal : the Philosophy of History .Dover Publiication INC , Newyork 1956. Gopi Chand Narang: Urdu Language and Literature (A Critical Perspective) Vanguard Books, Lahore.1991. Grahame Bailey, A History of Urdu Literature, Al Beroni, Lahore. 1932. Grahame Bailey: A History of Urdu Literature: Al Hamra Art Press: 1977. John H .Arnold : History-A very short Introduction, Oxford University press, New York ,2000. Khurram All Shafique:lqbal: Iqbal Academy Lahore, 2007 M. Ikram Chagatai Biblography of the works of Prof. Dr. Annemarie Schimmel, Iqbal Academy, Lahore, 1998. Marjorie Kinan Rawlings: "The Yearling" Charles Scribners, New York, renewed 1966. Mathews, Shackle & Shahrukh Hussain: Urdu Literature, Gora Publishers Lahore, 1995. Mohammad Hanif Shahid: Ed. Sir Abdul Qadir on Urdu Literature. West pakstan Acadmy Lahore. Mohan Singh: Enemies of Peace, Atma Ram & Sons Lahore 1947. Mohan Singh: Gorakhnath and Mediaeval Hindu Mysticism, Oriental College Lahore 1937. Mohan Singh: Handbook of Urdu Literature, Careers Lahore 1942. Mohan Singh: The Origin & Growth of Panjabi, Oriental College Lahore, 1930 Muhammad Sadiq, Twentieth Century Urdu Literature (A view) Padma Publication Bombay 1947. Muhammad Sadiq: A History of Urdu Literature. Oxford University Press London, 1964. Muhammad Sadiq: Twentieth Century Urdu Literature, Royal Book Company Karachi, 1983. Muhammad Sadiq : A History of urdu literature, oxford university Press ,Lahore, 1985. Muhammad Sadiq: Muhammad Hussain Azad His Life and Works, Lahore. nil Muhsin Mehdi : Ibn Khaldun's Philosophy of History, George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London" N.S. Gorekar, Glimpses of Urdu Literature, Jaico Publishing house Bombay, 1961, Naz, An outline of urdu Literature, Ferozsons Ltd, Lahore, 1971. Naz, Usman the third caliph, Ferozsons Lahore, 1970. Ralph Russell: How not to write the History of Urdu Literature, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1999. Ralph Russell: The Pursuit of Urdu Literature, Zed Books Ltd, London, U.K1992. Ram Babu Saksena : A History of Urdu Literature, Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lhr, 1996. Tahir Kamran : The idea of History through Ages, progressive publishers , LHR, 1993.