Nikita Mikhalkov's Russia

CEU eTD Collection

In partial fulfillment of degreeInof requirementspartial the for fulfillment of Nikita Mikhalkov’s Russia: The Russia: Nikita Mikhalkov’s Nation as ‘Motherland’ Nation as Department Nationalismof Studies Central European University Alex andra Supervisor: … Submitted to Master of Arts Master - Elena Jebelean By

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pp.5 Mother Russia: The Feminine Myth in Russian Culture Russian in Myth Feminine The Russia: Mother – t s zrs Rsi, n nt h Kea Rs (it t titet centuries) thirteenth to (ninth Rus’ Kievan the not and Russia, Czarist is It

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George Lakoff, Mark Johnsen, Johnsen, Mark George Lakoff, Luc Pauwels, “Visual Sociology Reframed: An Analytical Synthesis and Discussion of Visual Methods in Social Social in Methods Visual of Discussion and Synthesis Analytical An Reframed: Sociology “Visual Pauwels, Luc lsbt E Rfi, “Underst Refaie, El Elisabeth 12 11

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Ibid. Carey Jewitt and Rumiko Oyama, “Visual Meaning: A Social Semiotic Approach,” in in Approach,” Semiotic Social A Meaning: “Visual Oyama, Rumiko and Jewitt Carey

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Giorgia Aiello, “Theoretical Advances in Critical Visual Analysis: Visual Critical in Advances “Theoretical Aiello, Giorgia Rick Iedema, “Analysing Film and Television: A Social Semiotic Account of Hospital: An Unhealthy Business,” Business,” Unhealthy An Hospital: of Account Semiotic Social A Television: and Film “Analysing Iedema, Rick Carey Jewitt and Rumiko Oyama, “Visual Meaning: A Social Semiotic Approach,” in in Approach,” Semiotic Social A Meaning: “Visual Oyama, Rumiko and Jewitt Carey Handbook of Visual Analysis Visual of Handbook

(London: Sage Publications, 2001), 134 2001), Publications, Sage (London: polarization hip to the viewer) and and viewer) the to hip Journal of Visual Literacy Visual of Journal 17

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t the same time, this theory encompassed reactionary tr reactionary encompassed theory this time, same the t Ibid. Ibid. letariat). This ambiguity did not end at terminology, as in the 19 the in as terminology, at end not did ambiguity This letariat). liberation from the Tatar yoke, and yoke, Tatar the from liberation

imperiia stands, tsarstvo people

t’ and

contributed to the development of the theory of Moscow as ‘the Third Rome’. Third ‘the as Moscow of theory the of development the to contributed and calledand himself , but but , To etre ltr i 12, ee te ra fral aotd h Latin the adopted formally Great the Peter 1721, in later, centuries Two .

a wl as well as , a fourth masses narodnost

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shall Imperatorall (Emperor)Russia of

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gis the against not pt also became also pt finally,

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aia’ srgl t etn is influence its extend to struggle Vatican’s

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th development of political thought in thought political of development reunificat

folk and 18 and aits, such aits,

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ion of the of ion Century. In 1547, Ivan IV Ivan 1547, In Century.

as th

‘ Century, national exclusivity national

Russian lands, Russian - personalized 23

narodnost’ ’

CEU eTD Collection 32. 2001),p. 26 25 overlapping multiple, suggesting circles concentric of formation a entity; plural a as Moving connotation. ethnic the to addition in term, the of connotation civic a for makes which ethnicity, their of regardless The Usually, wasanyonelabeled SovietUnion‘Russian’, very blurry. abroad as thetraveling from ‘Russian’. word the of meanings two thems by both ‘Russians’, individualsas of identification the between distinction a is there First, whatafter wasRussia But andall, mean? whatbeing did Russian Bashkortostan. and Mu traditionally to respect with present was ambiguity equal were Suzdal) and Vladimir whatSlavic Ukrainians, abouttheAn ‘the But as motherland’. Belarusians? of part conceived Riazan, Tver, Pskov, Muscovy, Novgorod, of principalities the in lands’ the ‘gatheringof the of part been had territoriesthat the that agreed They Ukrainians. and Germans ethnic also were there members its Among though. Russian entirely not was intelligentsia ‘Russian’ The meant. truly Russian being what of essen the area,and the ‘imaginedof boundaries’ the startedquestion intelligentsia to The French and German by influenced was Russia once contested 191 Until the in believers the between dynasticstate traditional those and takenby the waveofnationalism. new debate the of element central the constitute to began

Ibid. Igorʹ Aleksandrovich Zevelëv, Zevelëv, Aleksandrovich Igorʹ

on from terminological issues, Igorʹ Aleksandrovich Zevelëv described Russianness described Zevelëv Aleksandrovich Igorʹ issues, terminological from on , h dnsi psto ws dooial dmnn. hs hwvr bgn o be to began however, This, dominant. ideologically was position dynastic the 7,

Russia and Its N Its and Russia

ew Diasporas ew 14

(Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press, Press, Peace of Institute US DC: (Washington, elves and by others has always beenalways has others by and elves slim populations in Tatarstan in populations slim - ye oatc nationalism. romantic type

16 th

Century (the Century ce CEU eTD Collection 20 28 27 respect. this in worse things made politically different being and fear with usually regarded was Russia country, European other any virtually than larger significantly Being Russian in emerges and strengthens identification how a opposition perto of example illustrative rather a for term very the enough, Interestingly impossible.nearly becom Russianness defining of where point the to citizen Ukrainian, ethnic speaking variations, more even adds Russian intermarriage model, complicated already this a To Kazakhstan). instance, for is, (as others several se a display who abroad near the of speakers Russian example), for Ukraine, in Russians (ethnic identity civic their with identity ethnic Russian core the combine who abroad, near the of Russians emerge: variations point, this From the with Together Russia. non the include which circles, broader are there core, this Surrounding the were These ambiguous. that not was identity whom for Federation Russian Russians ethnic identification, of sense ethnic the placed he core the At identities.

The term is used in reference to the ethnic connotation of of Russianness. connotation ethnic the to reference in isThe used term Igorʹ Aleksandrovich Zevelëv, Zevelëv, Aleksandrovich Igorʹ 01), pp. 32 01), pp. Pre - 33. -

Enlightenment 28 ceived‘other’.

russkie Russia and Its New Diasporas New Its and Russia

and the Elites’ Westernization , they share a civic identity of identity civic a share they ,

russkie

appeared during the Crimean war. This makes This war. Crimean the during appeared 15

es not only an infinitely laborious task, but task, laborious infinitely an only not es

(Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press, Press, Peace of Institute US DC: (Washington, s o clua iett, ln with along identity, cultural of nse

rossiy

ane

- (Russian citizenry). (Russian ethnic Russians of Russians ethnic

russkie of the of . 27

CEU eTD Collection 31 30 Marxism 29 thesefrom itself tendencies. distanced Russia when Elizabeth, of Western reign the until Empire, the of people education. the to introduced and culture of areas the in Western enforced elements Great the Peter opposition, strong a with confronted being Despite environment permanentlyoscillatingliberalism.between and oppression Eighteenth goods. of export and import facilitated and laws, service military taxes, of matters in manner, forceful rather ‘pro meaning intellectuals, Russian by used often were term the changes skills, and arts ‘Westernizat economic languages, and social A Russia. Czarist foreign in implemented of knowledge absorb to order in Europe Western to Empire Russian the from sent being men young of group a of result a As later,Empire the firstafter the ofthe half 18 of head the became who Great, the Catherine by area the in introduced properly only were pre of period a was this that 18 the of turn the to back traced be can culture Western the into Russia of immersion the towards steps first The pattern. political Natural

Ibid. Berlin, Isaiah nre Wlci n Hla Andrews Hilda and Walicki Andrzej

y tee s en t b mr mta udrtnig ewe sae ta sae a share that states between understanding mutual more be to meant is there ly, (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1979). Press, University Stanford California: (Stanford, Russian Thinkers Russian

century, in the times of Czar Peter the Gr the Peter Czar of times the in century,

(London, England: Penguin Books Ltd., 1 Books Ltd., Penguin England: (London, - - 31 century Russia is d is Russia century Enlightenment in the Russian Empire. Enlightenment elements Enlightenment Empire. Russian the in Enlightenment

- Rusiecka, Rusiecka, A History of Russian Thought: From the Enlightenment to to Enlightenment the From Thought: Russian of History A t 16 h

Century, in1762.

escribed by philosopher Isaiah Berlin as an as Berlin Isaiah philosopher by escribed

978), p. 117. 978), p. - Western 29 eat. Historians agree today today agree Historians eat. rs ad anr were manners and dress

ion’ (or ion’ -

s’ to pae n a in place took ism’) 30

zapadnichestvo , CEU eTD Collection Tennessee of University 36 35 34 Marxism 33 32 Orthodox Church. Russian the especially philosophical Russian, everything criticized a harshly it that in triggered debate, the of It concretization government. and intellectuals Russian the by unpleasant Yakovlevich direction. cultural and social its regarding choice upcoming Russia’s and additions cultural Western Slavophile The Letters Philosophical The century. 19 the in Westernizers and Slavophiles between debate irreversible the of emergence s vivid a remains she today and Enlightenment, of values and principles the with compatible very herself authority. and reason through history of course irrational the change would rul her during promoted Laws’. of Spirit ‘The Montesquieu’s and intellectualism French adopted she Voltaire’s, of friend A Empire. Russian the in tendencies Westernizing to Great, the German the Catherine wife, His 1742. in Third the Peter by followed was Elizabeth Nevertheless,

Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, Riasanovsky, V. Nicholas 1. p. Id., Troyat, Henri Pyotr Chaadayev, “Philosophical Letters,” in in Letters,” “Philosophical Chaadayev, Pyotr nre Wlci n Hla Andrews Hilda and Walicki Andrzej

(Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1979). Press, University Stanford California: (Stanford,

t and hlspia sgiiac bten 88 n 13, hn Pyotr when 1830, and 1828 between significance philosophical gained It Chaadayev Catherine the Great the Catherine - etrie dbt cnend h pstv o negativ or positive the concerned debate Westernizer mo o ti mvmn i Rsin history Russian in movement this of ymbol

Press, 1976). Press, A History of Russia of A History

e. She tried to embody the image of an enlightened monarch, who monarch, enlightened an of image the embody to tried She e. rt eight wrote k vr n 72 uig n vrho ad eptae the perpetuated and overthrow an during 1762 in over ok 36

(Phoenix: Phoenix Press, 2000). Press, Phoenix (Phoenix:

Rusiecka, Rusiecka,

(Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2000), p.235 2000), Press, University Oxford England: (Oxford, Russian Philosophy Russian hlspia Letters Philosophical A History of Russian Thought: From the Enlightenment to to Enlightenment the From Thought: Russian of History A 17

, ed. James Edie, vol. 1 (Knoxville, Tennessee: Tennessee: (Knoxville, 1 vol. Edie, James ed. ,

rnh huh ws intensely was thought French ht were that 34 tu mrig h later the marking thus , eevd s quite as received efcs f the of effects e 33

She proved She - 6.

CEU eTD Collection 30. p. 1995), Routledge, (London: Relations Series 39 1976). Tennessee Press, of University 38 Dignity Human of Defense 37 hist of free was Empire Russian the Chaadayev, of promising. and bright as seen was hand, other the so Russia’s that with insane declared been having to responded He ‘stand to seemed in their way’. that progress of trace any killing of and touched they everything destroying of ) wrote he all at world the to contributed not had Russia which to according several were there thoughts his Among government. the by insane declared later was he which for opinions expressed publis letter, first his In ways’. ‘Russian for disgust profound a ‘slavophobia’, called is today what with charged were letters His Chaadayev as onlyseen by through possible unity. ca which separatism, religious by characterized Byzantium’, miserable Orthodoxy ‘despised, the called he what from Russian derived opposition, By partly. least at West, the in kingdom his established West the which to according history of philosophy religious a the incorporate of letters His instead Christianity. Church European Orthodox Western the embracing of means by Europe of rest the from oppo particularly was Chaadayev

G.M. Hamburg and Randall A. Poole, eds., eds., Poole, A. Randall and Hamburg G.M. Pyotr Chaadayev, “Philosophical Letters,” in in Letters,” “Philosophical Chaadayev, Pyotr Iver Neumann, Neumann, Iver –

not with ideas,not not Russia and the Idea of Europe: Identity and International Relations International and Identity Europe: of Idea the and Russia - called ‘lack of history’ could turn out to be an advantage. Europe’s past, on past, Europe’s advantage. an be to out turn could history’ of ‘lack called sd usa o ls isl f rm nvra hsoia development, historical universal from off itself close to Russia used

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p.10. Press, 2010), University Cambridge (Cambridge:

spirituality ern Church was the embodiment of human unity and God had God and unity human of embodiment the was Church ern

ig ht e a a Rsi itninly itnig itself distancing intentionally Russia as saw he what sing A History of Russian Philosophy 1830 Philosophy Russian of A History Russian – e i 13 i te usa journal, Russian the in 1836 in hed

moreover, he accused the Russian people (‘we’,as Russianpeople accused the he moreover, 18

Philosophy

orical baggage, ready for a new beginning. new a for ready baggage, orical 37 39

Apology of a Madm a of Apology

Like a blank sheet of paper, in the eyes the in paper, of sheet blank a Like , ed. James Edie, vol. 1 (Knoxville, Tennessee: Tennessee: (Knoxville, 1 vol. Edie, James ed. ,

– 1930: Faith, Reason, and the the and Reason, Faith, 1930: an , The New International International New The , , where he stated he where , Teleskop he , CEU eTD Collection ean a ai dsuso pit ad tpc f debate. of topic a 1967). Press, University Haven: Yale and 42 point, 41 Dignity Human of Defense discussion 40 valid a remains it today that strong so was division the fact, In Westernism. and Slavophilism between one of each within models. philosophical and political Western the in progress sought who Westernizers, the and Slavophiles traditionalist the between debate ongoing yea hundred two some For and Slavophiles status abegan as its ‘EuropeanRussia to question nation’. the of influence the under and After perspective. frightening a time, wh Europe, of rest the like be never would Russia that believed then was came Russia way the regarding the that noticed Schapiro Leonard ( ( ‘Slavophiles’ themselves called who intellectuals Russian long and intense an fueled now?’) us for think eccentric p and approach rather his however, claims; Chaadayev’s of validity the here discuss not will I bothparties. benefit him, to according would, which Europe, to proximity Russia’s concerned beginning This zapadn

Ibid. eds., Poole, A. Randall and Hamburg G.M. Leonard Schapiro, Schapiro, Leonard

iki ). 41

the two groups, but no division was ever profound enough to overturn the overturn to enough profound ever was division no but groups, two the rovoking open questions (such as ‘Where are our wise men?’, or ‘Who will ‘Who or men?’, wise our are ‘Where as (such questions open rovoking ainls ad ainls i Rsin Nin Russian in Nationalism and Rationalism 40 Westernizers:

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p.11. Press, 2010), University Cambridge (Cambridge:

s Rsi’ itleta ad oiia lf ws akd y an by marked was life political and intellectual Russia’s rs,

to view itself. view to A History of Russian Philosophy 1830 Philosophy Russian of A History hlspia Letters Philosophical

Shaping the Idea ofRussianness Idea the Shaping 19

These letters, he says, are the reason why it why reason the are says, he letters, These

- atn dbt bten w gop of groups two between debate lasting eteenth 42

slavyanofily There were ideological divisions ideological were There became - etr Pltcl Thought Political Century

– 1930: Faith, Reason, and the the and Reason, Faith, 1930: an an Philosophical Letters Philosophical ad ‘Westernizers’ and ) important c ws a the at was, ich

reading

(New (New ,

CEU eTD Collection Dignity Human of Defense 46 Nati in SUNY Series 45 30. p. 1995), Routledge, (London: Relations Series 44 48. p. 1999), Press, University Northwestern 43 Khom Alexei with together thought, Slavophile of representatives God. eventually and reality, of essence ontological the reached that revelation a in resulting being, all of source divine the the grounded This intuition. concrete immediate, an in and together knowledge of object subject the bringing of means by rationalism European from different was reason’ ‘integral ofconception their Within being. human the of wholeness inner the with concerned was group Slavophile The articulated Universalist. and political was Europe language eliminate ( it for word loan French the if ‘revolution’, a of idea the conceive could Russsian no theory, his to according example, For thought. with language of identification to languages foreign other from loans linguistic any to opposed strongly was Shishkov Academy. Russian the vice a Sishkov, Semyonovich Aleksandr w ‘slavophile’ term the Initially,

G.M. Hamburg and Randall A. Poole, eds., eds., Poole, A. Randall and Hamburg G.M. Susanna Rabow Susanna Iver Neumann, Neumann, Iver William Mills Todd, Todd, Mills William

consciousness of believing reason’, that reconciled faith and reason. This ‘believing This reason. and faith reconciled that reason’, believing of consciousness - fo te usa language. Russian the from d uiyn ter, a cniee a otie i te eae Te eae about debate The debate. the in outsider an considered was theory, purifying the comprehensiveideafirst ofa Russianidentity. distinct - Russia and t and Russia Edling, Edling, onal Identities (New York: State University of New York Press, 2006). Press, New of York University York: State Identities (New onal h Fmla Lte a a ieay er i te g o Pushkin of Age the in Genre Literary a as Letter Familiar The tsel’naialichnost

Slavophile Thought and the Politics of Cultural Nationalism Cultural of Politics the and Thought Slavophile (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p.11. Press, 2010), University Cambridge (Cambridge:

h Rsin agae bsn hs tiue n h ie o the of idea the on attitude his basing language, Russian the he Idea of Europe: Identity and International Relations International and Identity Europe: of Idea he

as considered derogatory and it referred to the followers of followers the to referred it and derogatory considered as 46

ieesi i cniee t b oe f h frt leader first the of one be to considered is Kireyevskii

(‘integral personhood’) Ivan layKireyevskii’sVasilyevich (‘integral A History of Russian Philosophy 1830 Philosophy Russian of A History - admiral and member of the council of Admiralty and Admiralty of council the of member and admiral 44

43 oevr te lvpie wr te ns who ones the were Slavophiles the Moreover,

hs ru, hc ws eae t Shishkov’s to related was which group, This 20

iakov, a nobleman with an with nobleman a iakov,

– 1930: Faith, Reason, and the the and Reason, Faith, 1930: 45

, ed. Thomas M. Wilson, Wilson, M. Thomas ed. ,

, The New International International New The , (Evanston and Chicago: Chicago: and (Evanston

revolyutsiya ) were ) self in self CEU eTD Collection 51 Press, 1975). 50 From Moscow 49 1965). Press, University Harvard Massachusetts: 48 Marxism to 47 ideas thanthe society of socialists. Western Russian in better fit would which order social new a for foundation a build to commune, the as such institutions peasant Russian traditional of capacity the in believed Dostoevsky 19 the of middle the in circles literary the in seriously taken exactly not was thought Slavophile since conscious, entirely Fyo Ottomans. the and Empire Russian the between conflicts all opposed and Islam and Church Orthodox the world. drained historically and old an berei to soon environment, as Europe depicted Danilevsky Nikolai philosopher instance, For perspectives. different slightly with elites intellectual incorporated group Each lifetime. Pan of tribune and leader a as prominentvery became Aksakov intellectual. Slavophile Russian a Aksakov, Sergeyevich Christianity Orthodox of knowledge high a and romanticism German for affinity

K.A. Lantz, K.A. Lantz, William Leatherbarrow and Offord, eds., eds., Offord, and Leatherbarrow William Dale Lawrence Nelson, Nelson, Lawrence Dale Alexander Tchoubarian, Tchoubarian, Alexander Stephen Lukashevich, Lukashevich, Stephen dor Dostoyevsky adopted similar ideas in the in ideas similar adopted Dostoyevsky dor 49

48 On the other hand, philosopher Konstantin Leontiev imagined an alliance between alliance an imagined Leontiev Konstantin philosopher hand, other the On

(Ann Arbor, Michigan: Ardis Publishers, 1987). Ardis Publishers, Michigan: Arbor, (Ann

The Dostoevsky Encyclopedia Dostoevsky The

(London: Routledge, 2014). Routledge, (London: 50

vn kao, 1823 Aksakov, Ivan Konstantin Leontiev and the Orth the and Leontiev Konstantin

The European Idea in History in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: A View View A Centuries: Twentieth and Nineteenth the in History in Idea European The – nvigorated by the young Slavic people, who would take over the over take would who people, Slavic young the by nvigorated Slavism, but his positi his but Slavism,

century. In Aleksandr Miliukov’s memoir Miliukov’s Aleksandr In century.

(Greenwood Publishing, 2004). (Greenwood Publishing, A Documentary History of Russian Thought From the Enlightenment Enlightenment the From Thought Russian of History Documentary A - 86 A td i Rsin huh ad Politics and Thought Russian in Study A 1886:

51 21

Diary of Winter of Diary on changed several times throughout his throughout times several changed on odox East odox

(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Minnesota of University (Minneapolis:

, but his Slavophilia was not was Slavophilia his but , s there is proof that proof is there s 47

(Ca , and Ivan and , mbridge, mbridge, CEU eTD Collection 23. p. 2006), Press, New of York University York: State Identities (New National in SUNY Series 54 Modernity to Roads Five S. Carter, 53 2006, January 52 was West the of Imitation time. the at Slavophiles the among concept popular very a was self’ the to ‘turn The people. Russian the in guidance find and European everything b believed commonly was It toissues. social clubs discuss private and salons in met usually people parties, political or sphere government parliamentary private the to expression of freedom left regime His people the on regime oppressive rather a imposed who I, Nicholas of as perceived then was what with confrontation rational a towards oriented was thought Slavophile of core ideali apparent its to due called been has it like reality’, from ‘escape an being from Far change. social for initiative an and society Russian contemporary of critique a about Rabow Susanna As society. modern of critics conservative as seen usually were Slavophiles The the whetherwhich Russianquestion identity WesternEastern is or notdid apply. our motherlands: two Dostoyevsky, ‘have 1876, in wrote he Russians’, motherland the On

See M. Raeff, Russian Intellectual History. An Anthology (New York: Harcout, 1966); Harcout, (New York: Anthology An History. Intellectual Russian SeeRaeff, M. Susanna Rabow Susanna Andrei Piontkovsky, “East or West? Russia’s Identity Crisis in Foregin Policy,” Policy,” Foregin in Crisis Identity Russia’s West? or “East Piontkovsky, Andrei - other hand, Dostoyevsky welcomed a dual perspective when it came to defining to came it when perspective dual a welcomed Dostoyevsky hand, other Elding Russian Nationalism.Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow Tomorrow Today, Nationalism.Yesterday, Russian

I ti daiy h togt rsdd h uiuns o Rsines ‘We, Russianness. of uniqueness the resided thought, he duality, this In . p.4.

the very nature of Russianness was dual, so his was a perspective according to according perspective a was his so dual, was Russianness of nature very the one ot n otat ih omn belief common with contrast in out pointed

- Edling, Edling, a genuine social crisis social genuine a (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univers MA: Harvard (Cambridge, Slavophile Thought and the Politics of Cultural Nationalism Cultural of Politics the and Thought Slavophile

y the Slavophile group that upper classes should turn away fromaway turn should classes upper that group Slavophile the y 54

. Let us not forget that it emerged during the reign the during emerged it that forget not us Let . 22

ity Press, 1993). ity (London: Pinter, 1990); L. Greenfeld, 1990); Pinter, L. (London:

53 Saohls ws basically was Slavophilism , Rus’ –

ihu fe pes a press, free without h Frin oiy Centre Policy Foreign The of the Russian Empire.Russian the of

, ed. Thomas M. Wilson, Wilson, M. Thomas ed. , n Europe. and

Nationalism.

sm, the sm, 52

For the

, CEU eTD Collection Dignity Human of Defense 56 55 self free, a meaning personhood’, ‘autonomous the but integral, the not was model Their thought. Western characterized one but differences, numerous through Slavophiles the to opposed clearly were Westernizers dispute inner an Herzen between and historian TimofteiGranovsky. of consequence a as wings, democratic revolutionary and liberal the Belinskii.I Vissarion and Bakunin Herzen, Mikhail Alexander were debate particular this in thought Western of representatives prominent most the of Some by Westernizer theadopted group. H lines. Western European along happen to expected was which development, Russia’s in Europe of role the on perspective Chaadayev’s shared They Hegelianism. of framework philosophical the contrastwicomplete In wasitfor worldwide ato finally maketouniversal contribution progress. appreciated and accepted be would culture Russian which in way only the that concluded co was Chaadayev humanity of advancement the to contribution original an created for that pressure demands Romantic by triggered was crisis This elites. intellectual Russian i that in critiqued,

G.M. Hamburg and Randall Randall and Hamburg G.M. Ibid. f h cr eeet ta sprtd h to a te nhooetim that anthropocentrism the was two the separated that elements core the of

wvr te eiiu dmnin f hs rxmt t Erp ws not was Europe to proximity this of dimension religious the owever, ws eivd o eptae h iett cii aog h educated the among crisis identity the perpetuate to believed was t pann aot n i ‘hlspia Ltes. hs te Slavophiles the Thus, Letters’. ‘Philosophical his in about mplaining

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p.12.. Press, 2010), University Cambridge (Cambridge:

th Slavophile romanticism, the Westernizers romanticism,derivedideasfrom Slavophile the their th A. Poole, eds., eds., Poole, A.

- contained individual who fulfills him or herself ‘through herself or him fulfills who individual contained

A History of Russian Philosophy 1830 Philosophy Russian of A History 23

n 1840, the group split intosplit group the 1840, n

– 1930: Faith, Reason, and the the and Reason, Faith, 1930: 55

–

xcl what exactly CEU eTD Collection 76. p. 2006), Press, New of York University York: State Identities (New National in SUNY Series 59 58 57 the history, and W life social in personhood the of primacy the for concern their Despite progress. pre were turn, in which interests, moral and intellectual for prerequisite consci with gifted somewhat and enlightened, educated, that, in Belinskii, for sense made This nation. the of spirit the on reflected Belinskii, for that, elements two movement, intellectual and progress u made was nation the Belinskii that claimed peasantry, the in potential its saw Herzen While group. same the of members different by also but groups, two the by only not differently, viewed was progress However, p the to Slavophiles). imputed he values on based progress Russian regarding concept a as him by formulated socialism, Russian to turning now was Herzen socialism, German of Instead beliefs. political his reframing of means by Slavophiles the to th He revolutions. 1848 the during socialists German of defeat the witnessed and West the towards immigrated he once suffered progress historical in belief self through obtained turn in was which dignity, fr through attained be only could personhood’ of ‘reality The action. through self consc

Ibid. Ibid. Susanna Rabow Susanna esternizers never fully developed a philosophical concept for it. Personhood was rather was Personhood it. for concept philosophical a developed fully never esternizers - realization was a necessary task of personality, which was supposed to be accomplished be to supposed was which personality, of necessarytask a was realization

ious action in history and work toward progress’. toward work and history in action ious

- Edling, Edling, uns a te wr, h mdl ad pe cass osiue a constituted classes upper and middle the were, they as ousness Slavophile Thought and the Politics of Cultural Nationa Cultural of Politics the and Thought Slavophile

p of the middle and upper classes, which represented which classes, upper and middle the of p 24

- determination. Nevertheless, his Hegelian his Nevertheless, determination. 57

Herzen, for instance, believed that believed instance, for Herzen, aat (ey uh ie the like much (very easants en developed a proximity a developed en lism , ed. Thomas M. Wilson, Wilson, M. Thomas ed. , -

odtos for conditions eo and eedom CEU eTD Collection World Modern of the 61 Dignit Human of Defense 60 Weste Russianness. of symbol a as held and conceptually venerated they whom peasant’ Slavic eternal simple, good, ‘the of image defined clearly a had Slavophiles Catholics. to opposed Catholicism as politics, from withdrawal with the and calm tolerance, contemplation, antithesis in placed turbulent’. also and was ‘restless Orthodoxy were Westerners while meditative, peaceful, were quiet, Slavs patient, freshness. and youth with associated was Russianness Slavophiles, the For identi social the served cases, other in ‘othering’ like much that, However, tool a became imagined. was distinction of terms in everything and differences, in part significant a played representations antithetical strong these fact, In ‘other’. Western the representation. group’s other of each by constructed was Russianness values, of highest the as regarded an axiomconstituting thatneeded noanalyzing. was personhood philosophy, social in element an for merely being Even need Westernizers. the the by ignored was that phenomenon the of say development to not is This problem. philosophical independent an than view world philosophical a of part mere a problematic, social a to answer an considered

G.M. Hamburg and Randall A. Poole, eds., eds., Poole, A. Randall and Hamburg G.M. Joseph Esherick, Hasan Kayalı, and Eric Van Young, Young, Van Eric and Kayalı, Hasan Esherick, Joseph fication.

the identity the

(Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), p. 310. p. 2006), Littlefield, & Rowman (Lanham, Maryland:

construction of both groups. This is not to say there were no cultural no were there say to not is This groups. both of construction y

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 39. p. Press, 2010), University Cambridge (Cambridge:

The Russian ‘other’ was as much imagined and invented as invented and imagined much as was ‘other’ Russian The A History of Russian Philosophy 1830 Philosophy Russian of A History

the two sides in antithesis with the depiction of the of depiction the with antithesis in sides two the 25 Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making the on Perspectives Historical Nation: to Empire

psychological need for self for need psychological –

–

1930: Faith, Reason, and the the and Reason, Faith, 1930: h Otoo va Orthodox the nzr were rnizers lued lued the CEU eTD Collection 64 139. p. 1979), Press, University Stanford 63 World Modern of the 62 alien,as regarded an attimesinauthentic and anachronisticinstitution. they This state. imperial Czarist the for disregard the Westernizers with shared Slavophiles identification. Slavophi Westernizers, component’. social backward most Russia’s of language and life the ‘reproducing literature Russian the at disgust profound displayed he and tradition, its by not and elites, Belinsky, For peasantry. nationalit the by embodied best was Russia of character national the that stating ballads, and songs folk towards hostility Westernizers the shared He development. I Great. that literature the Peter with came that ‘real’area the in influences Western the to any due was Russia in appeared and continuity, historical no with imitation of product a fact history, liter ‘Russian as regarded without Slavophiles what and own, its country of literature a without a was it that stating for arguments, Belinsky, Chaadev’s Russia, on Regarding built instance, Slavophilism. to opposition the was ideas of terms in th united What speaking. ideologically group, cohesive a constitute not did Westernizers trademarks Russian traditional as community peasant the and Church Orthodox the to threat a as perceived n Belinsky’s eyes, Russia was culturally backwards, a backwards, culturally was Russia eyes, Belinsky’s n

Ibid. Joseph Esheri Joseph Andrzej Walicki, Walicki, Andrzej

ck, Hasan Kayalı, and Eric Van Young, Young, Van Eric and Kayalı, Hasan ck,

Hsoy f usa Togt Fo te nihemn t Marxism to Enlightenment the From Thought: Russian of History A

(Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), p. 310. p. 2006), Littlefield, & Rowman (Lanham, Maryland: –

thus, as a as threattothus, ofRussia.very the soul

e tesrd s mr o atetct ad vld ai fr self for basis valid a and authenticity of mark a as treasured les

y had nothing to do with the external attributes external with the of popular todo nothing y had 26 Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making the on Perspectives Historical Nation: to Empire

nd still at an early stage in its historical its in stage early an at still nd 64 62

ht a bcwr for backward was What

(St anford, California: California: anford, ature’ was in was ature’ em - CEU eTD Collection 67 35. p. 1995), Routledge, (London: Relations Series 66 Pres New of York University York: State Identities (New National in SUNY Series 65 th was This spirit. the of life inner the of impenetrability the and politics from freedom of idea the held ‘State’ and ‘Land’ between distinction the Aksakov, Konstantin For instead ofanpatriarch ancient regime t to ‘married they be which should Czar influences, The from. Western themselves by distanced untouched remain should Czar the of institution anti not nevertheless were they Great, the Peter the of understanding the wasgroup Slavophile the of state was nationalism Western culture, national towards oriented mostly was which nationalism Slavophile to opposed As andone, cultural originated culturalin a dilemma regarding nationali individuality. self and nation the of sovereignty ideaofthe from wasderived Whilenationalism political cultural shared heritage. a on based the a to belonging the between division Meineckean the within framed be easily may Rabow Consciousness Cultur

Id., p. 32. p. Id., Susanna Rabow Susanna Iver Neumann, Neumann, Iver Kulturnation - Elding noted that, placed in the context of cultural nationalism, Slavophile thought Slavophile nationalism, cultural of context the in placed that, noted Elding l ainls ad h Qeto o Rsin National Russian of Question the and Nationalism al

- The battlefield hosting the Slavophile versus Westernizer debate was thus a thus was debate Westernizer versus Slavophile the hosting battlefield The Russia and the Idea of Europe: Identity and International Relations International and Identity Europe: of Idea the and Russia certain nation is based on a common constitution and political history, and history, political and constitution common a on based is nation certain Edling, Edling, wee ebrhp s o a osqec o oes hie bt t s one is it but choice, one’s of consequence a not is membership where ,

Slavophile Thought and the Politics of Cultural Nationalism Cultural of Politics the and Thought Slavophile

- oriented and focused on political power. The main concern main The power. political on focused and oriented - determination, cultural nationalism pleaded for national for pleaded nationalism cultural determination, - styleautocrat.

- czarist; they believed the ancient Russian ancient the believed they czarist; 67 Kulturnation

e ad, n rte b a be rather and Land’, he s, 2006), p. 76. p. s, 2006),

as ‘ as dentity. the Land’. the , ed. Thomas M. Wilson, Wilson, M. Thomas ed. , Staatsnation , The New International International New The ,

Hostile to Hostile where , very e

CEU eTD Collection (Lo Relations Series 70 69 Dignity Human of Defense the 68 to Due backwardness’. ‘cultural believed Russia’s of manifestations mere were West the and Russia between differences the them, to according that, was this for reason developmen this accelerate to try should it there, different prevailed had the that despite conditions and anyway, lines Western along developing already was Russia opposition In wasitfor worldwide ato finally maketouniversal contribution progress. appreciated and accepted be would culture Russian Slavophiles which in way the only the that Thus, concluded Letters’. ‘Philosophical his in about complaining was Chaadayev humanity of advancement the to contribution original an created for that pressure demands Romantic by triggered was crisis This elites. educated intellectual the Russian among crisis identity the perpetuate w to West believed was the it of that Imitation in critiqued, time. the at Slavophiles the among concept popular very a was self’ the to ‘turn The people. Russian the in guidance find and European everything It differentinwere both SlavophileWestern and thought. system judicial the in principle a including to tied expectations and of, meaning very thought the Western with contrast In materialized. so these of understanding be to was it way the in lied difference the Westernizers; the by defended those from different no were principles These expression. and consciousness of freedom of defense Slavophiles’ the of expression

Ibid. eds., Poole, A. Randall and Hamburg G.M. Iver Neumann, Neumann, Iver was commonly believed by the Slavophile group that upper classes should turn away fromaway turn should classes upper that group Slavophile the by believed commonly was

to Russia and the Idea of Europe: Identity and International Relations International and Identity Europe: of Idea the and Russia ndon: Routledge, 1995), p. 35. p. 1995), Routledge, ndon:

the Slavophiles and their critique of imitation, Westernizers claimed that claimed Westernizers imitation, of critique their and Slavophiles the

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 13. p. Press, 2010), University Cambridge (Cambridge:

- called ‘rights’ did not include them being guaranteed by law. But law. by guaranteed being them include not did ‘rights’ called

A History of Russian Phi Russian of A History

68 losophy 1830 losophy

– 1930: Faith, Reason, and the the and Reason, Faith, 1930: , The New International International New The , 69

–

exactl Slavophile , t. what y 70

The as CEU eTD Collection 73 200 pp. 2009), Blackwell, UK: Sussex, West (Chichester, 72 Dignity Human of Defense 71 II,the Alexander of assassination the after and reforms, the of result a as came that benefits the of aware were nobles The towards. went usually it one the than direction opposite complete a in Russia in environment economic the socio of the were, Reforms majority Great the the as enlightened constituted and liberal time as Moreover, population. the at which peasantry, the disregarded and resid reforms darkerside of these The Empire. self of agencies years, seven and months six w liable, all were males forces: armed the of modernization the of element an as introduced was conscription of system new A public. the to open jury European now were bee had Serfdom Reforms’. Great ‘The of name the under reforms, today known of series a through gone had Empire Russian the II, Alexander under 1875, By to way the on task progress. obligatory an be to considered was culture’ European ‘the called of assimilation the one, universal a is paradigm Western the that assumption

Ibid. eds., Poole, A. Randall and Hamburg G.M. Daniel Field, “The ‘Great Reforms’ o Reforms’ ‘Great “The Field, Daniel

72 71

y protestedademanding representative government. - diitain ee raie fr itit, rvne ad iis n the in cities and provinces districts, for organized were administration - tl cut i Rsi, ih needn jde, ayr ad ra by trial and lawyers judges, independent with Russia, in courts style

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p.27. Press, 2010), University Cambridge (Cambridge:

eedn o te osrp’ lvl f dcto. Elective education. of level conscript’s the on depending f the 1860s,” in in 1860s,” the f was not exactly fit for such radical changes, not to mention to not changes, radical such for fit exactly not was A History of Russian Philosophy 1830 Philosophy Russian of A History ed in the fact that they favored exclusively the favored theynobility exclusivelythe factedthat in the 29 - 208. A Companion to Russian History Russian to Companion A

ith terms of service set between set service of terms ith

– 1930: Faith, Reason, and the the and Reason, Faith, 1930: 73

n abolished; there abolished; n , ed. Abbott Gleason Gleason Abbott ed. , ht was what - CEU eTD Collection 76 World Modern of the 75 Publishe 74 least, the say to unaffordable, also and territories,peripheral policing from treasury state in drain constant the considering expensive; very became Diversity Empire. Ottoman confronte being now was Russia Economically, colonialprevious own practices. their forgotten have to seemed which states, Western ‘civilized’ newly Russia’s the of from isolation threat the for made Caucasus, North the of highlanders the as well as Asia, Central in peoples the against violence of episodes Its minorities. its of treatment Empire’s Czarist the to given suddenly was attention of kind special a circumstances, these Under homeland. brotherhood/sisto similar tie political a as understood was it and state, modern the for formula legitimizing effective most the became Nationalism Britain. and France with beginning states, of nationalization E in trend dominating The time. the at agreeable find to seemed world Western the that direction a not was this However, including nations, Westernintothe ones, singleone entity.harmonious history. world in Slavop role some divine to According Russia’s of concretization the of convinced be to began they Reforms’, ‘Great the After Czar. the of initiative reforming the saluted Slavophiles The

Ibid. Dmitry Shlapentokh, Shlapentokh, Dmitry Joseph Esherick, Hasan Kay Hasan Esherick, Joseph

rs, 2009), p. 60. p. rs, 2009), 75

(Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), p. 311. p. 2006), Littlefield, & Rowman (Lanham, Maryland: The French Revolution in Russian Intellectual Life: 1865 Life: Intellectual Russian in Revolution French The

alı, and Eric Van Young, Young, Van Eric and alı, terhood between people sharing a common language, culture andculture language, common a sharing peoplebetween terhood ie esetvs Rsi ws on t b te n t uie all unite to one the be to going was Russia perspectives, hile

rp ws on t mv twrs n increasing an towards move to going was urope 30 Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making the on Perspectives Historical Nation: to Empire

wt ise smlr o h oe o the of ones the to similar issues with d

1905

74 (New Jersey: Transaction Transaction Jersey: (New

CEU eTD Collection 80 World Modern of the 79 Marxism 78 77 this but situation, the stabilize to order in powers limited with assembly national elected an killed uprising, the crushed government the as decrease, to czar the for support This public others. caused many hurting and people hundred two killing workers, the on fire opened sup military of production the for hours long work to forced were who Petersburg Sankt in workers Russian the following losses lo the and society, Russian in cleavages main the were cleavages Class century. twentieth the of break the at Russia in situation economic and social the by easier any made not was which task, difficult belong as themselves understand co to loyalty and solidarity of feelings the inducing by people Russian the of ‘nationalization’ the being one first the challenges, great posed This empire. absolutism. transfor of the for strategies developing began officials crisis the in stage last the marked thus century twentieth The wereand facing(1856), warinone,theanother Japan (1905). with cza The expenses. military of terms in

Ibid. Ibid. Joseph Esherick, Hasan Kayalı, and Eric Van Young, Young, Van Eric and Kayalı, Hasan Esherick, Joseph nre Wlci n Hla Andrews Hilda and Walicki Andrzej

thousands of rebels and rebel villages were burnt. Afterwards, Czar Nicholas II allowed IIallowed Czar Nicholas were Afterwards, villages burnt. rebel rebels of and thousands

(Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1979). Press, University Stanford California: (Stanford, plies went on strike. The demonstrations were peaceful, but the Russian army Russian the but peaceful, were demonstrations The strike. on went plies

(Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 20 Littlefield, & Rowman (Lanham, Maryland: e cas a t edr te ot ifclis s cneune f the of consequence a as difficulties most the endure to had class wer

- Japanese war. Japanese

- Rusiecka, Rusiecka, n to ing ’ ame hd en eetd n h Cie War Crimea the in defeated been had armies r’s Hsoy f usa Togt Fo th From Thought: Russian of History A russkie 80

31 Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making the on Perspectives Historical Nation: to Empire The social unrest began when 100 000 factory 000 100 when began unrest social The

. 79

mation of the autocracy into a national a into autocracy the of mation hs a srl gig o e highly a be to going surely was This 06), pp. 312 06), pp. - ethnics, who would have to have would who ethnics, - 313. 77

e Enlightenment to to Enlightenment e 78

Czarist CEU eTD Collection Philosophy in 83 82 2012). Wadsworth, 81 article, 1907 hi in Ivanov, Viacheslav philosopher by developed was idea this on, Later Renaissance’. Slavic of word ‘the for waiting was world the what that explaining dawn, breaking the with We and World lectures, his of edition second the in idea the pronounced he 1905, In Zelinskii. F to belonged Renaissance’ ‘Slavic the of idea the of account first The Russia. ‘Slavic the of naming fi had that one the idea, Renaissance’ determined meanings two These development. vigorous or animation enthusiasm, for synonym a merely becomes ‘Renaissance’ sense, journalistic instru principles, legacy, its assimilating of means by done is This era. culture cultural a or model a new as culture previous a taking by a emerges when occurs that phenomenon a understand usually we ‘Renaissance’, Russia. democratic a of concept Westernizers’ the with or quo, status the preserve to autocracy middle a find to attempted Slavophiles The bureaucratic power. short was

Ibid. William J. Duiker and Jackson Spielvogel, Spielvogel, Jackson and Duiker J. William Sergej S. Khoruzhij, “The Transformations of the Slavophile Idea in the Twentieth Century,” Century,” Twentieth the in Idea Slavophile the of Transformations “The Khoruzhij, S. Sergej

82 83

enhl, h ie o a ‘Slavic a of idea the Meanwhile, - ie. n 97 Ncoa I ws gi rln Rsi b relying by Russia ruling again was II Nicholas 1907, In lived.

34, no. 2 (1995), pp. 7 pp. 2 (1995), no. 34, hefl rf ad lvr Cheer Clever and Craft Cheerful

( Drevnii mir i my i mir Drevnii

- 25. ), he drew the image of a world frozen in expectation, along expectation, in frozen world a of image the drew he ),

nally managed to successfully fuse Western Europe and Europe Western fuse successfully to managed nally Cengage Advantage Books: World History, Complete History, World Books: Advantage Cengage ctions and typological features. In a more superficial, more a In features. typological andctions - 32 way that did not agree with the desire of the of desire the with agree not did that way

(

vslm eel i mo veselii umnom i remesle veselom O easac’ a eegd n usa By Russia. in emerged had Renaissance’

de Frantsevich addei n h am and army the on Russ

(Boston, MA: MA: (Boston, ian Studies Studies ian , which ), Ancient s CEU eTD Collection 88. p. 1998), Press, University Harvard Massachusetts: 87 86 85 84 pre of reinterpretation p and political ruptured Revolution 1917 The political Russian thought. of reality a as them eliminated have would choice different anti a that their meant core since Western alternative, autocratic the autocracy choosing directions: up ended remaining They two democratization. the between choose to forced were intelligentsia the of members Slavophile long. last not did Age Silver the However, referringliterature toearly 20 (turn Age’ fulfilled. it with be to destiny its wasasking and culture, birth into its reached just had Russia that concluded reunification through only culture into themselves transform could which organisms, historical changing of world the was barbarism while culture, of cradle the as seen was Hellenism barbarism. and Hellenism worlds: two between wascondition epochs, development all in wasthat perspective Ivanov’s time. the at culture Russian in happening was what of nature the of question the debating was

Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Yitzhak M. Brudny, Brudny, M. Yitzhak 84

- This idea of the ‘Slavic Renaissance’ became a trademark for the Russian ‘Silver Russian the for trademark a became Renaissance’ ‘Slavic the of idea This of - the - century period in Russi in period century enetn Rsi: usa Ntoaim n te oit tt, 1953 State, Soviet the and Nationalism Russian Russia: Reinventing

- eouinr togt olwd ad hnes uh s Belinsky, as such thinkers and followed, thought revolutionary 87

CenturyRussia. a), and we usually find the two interlinked in the in interlinked two the find usually we and a), 33

hilosophical thought in Russia. A radical radical A Russia. in thought hilosophical Hlei suc. Ivanov source. Hellenic s ed by the interaction ed the by

- 1991 n Western and

(Cambridge, (Cambridge, - CEU eTD Collection 90 89 321 pp. 2010), Press, University Cambridge (Cambridge: DerekOfford and Leatherbarrow 88 Westernizers and Slavophiles between opposition the that 1941 in added Dimitriev Sergei this, To Slavophiles. the of platform the in retrograde the and progressive the between eva historical the The became 1917. issue central since Slavophilism on done been had research no that claimed inaccurately he which in Slavophiles’, the and ‘Herzen on article an published Druzhinin Nikolai 1939, nation and russification of re was thought Slavophile that nothingbubbleproduced but phrases beforebursting’. o as grounded, and stable thought, Russian in phenomenon significant a and philosophy, Russian in problems original the of source the as remembered was Slavophilism and sometimes, given still were lectures its wit contrasted to which nature conservative due forgotten, almost was discourse Slavophile years, twenty approximately For censored, reinterpreted, politicallyand conditioned. wer and bookstores, 19 of writings the containing books However, emerged. trend ideological new the once irrelevant pr expect would One discourse. Leninist Marxist the within thinking revolutionary of exponents early became Pisarev and Herzen

Ibid. Ibid. ai Thnv “ Tihanov, Galin

etr tikr cud aiy e on i pbi lbais n second and libraries public in found be easily could thinkers Century Continuities in the Soviet Period,” in in Period,” Soviet the in Continuities 88

e never included in the ‘special depositories’. Nevertheless, it was oftenwas it Nevertheless, depositories’. ‘special the in included never e e

- 97 usa togt o eoe ncesbe n togt f as of thought and inaccessible become to thought Russian 1917 - introduced once Stalin came to power and introduced his politics his introduced and power to came Stalin once introduced - psd o etrim vltl ad peea, js a soap a ‘just ephemeral, and volatile Westernism, to pposed ulig wih br which building,

uto o Saohls, ln wt differentiating with along Slavophilism, of luation h the Marxist the h 34 ought back the discourse of of discourse the back ought

89 Hsoy f usa Thought Russian of History A

- Leninist discourse. However, private However, discourse. Leninist 90

- 322. narodnost’

, ed. William William ed. , - hand . In In . - CEU eTD Collection 93 Marxism to 92 91 this on solely thought Russian of history the from excluded be not should ofwas end 1960s,regarded idealists, wereit that the as they Slavophiles believed Bybut the nonthe he internationalism, Soviet intens he and achievements, of Russian promoted Instead an perspective. for Lenin’s accounted from actions distance Stalin’s 1953, increasing in death his until Congress) Party Sixteenth the justified variations of of existence innationalism the local So thus and unity, Soviet to threat main the as chauvinism Russian Great the of view Lenin’s followed he Initially, regime. such inconsistent most the was Stalin’s all, of Russia against regimes Soviet various by up put fight the of inconsistency the was consciousness national Russian the of weakening the to contributed that factor A centersecond the of the definingmomentin Soviet debates onSlavophilism. aest and Literature philosophy. and ideology debating in end always would but literature, and aesthetics on debates as 1917, before did they as begin, would Union Soviet the in Slavophilism on debates how noticed age, Soviet the of intellectual liberal distinguis a Ginzburg, Lidiia 1940, In leanings. conservative with thinkers and tradition ofupholders as Slavophiles them view onthe was mainstream depicting the 1940s, the Until capitalism. sinc relative, and novel was

Ibid. Ibid. William Leatherbarrow and Offord, eds., eds., Offord, and Leatherbarrow William

- Russianrepublics SovietUnion. of the

(Ann Arbor, Michigan: Ardis Publishers, 1987), p. 325 p. 1987), Ardis Publishers, Michigan: Arbor, (Ann 91

e Slavophiles were favouring a ‘Prussian route’ toward Russian toward route’ ‘Prussian a favouring were Slavophiles e

A Documentary Hist Documentary A 35 93

ely promoted the Russian language among language Russian the promoted ely viet Union. viet Nevertheless,(the 1934 after ory of Russian Thought From the Enlightenment Enlightenment the From Thought Russian of ory - 327.

n nationalism. Out nationalism. n

basis. After all, After basis. 92 hetics became hetics

hed hed CEU eTD Collection 36 2001),pp. 96 95 94 inarticulate rather nationalconsciousness. a for made feeling, national strengthen to much so not and borders, Empire’s the extend to times, imperial to back dating efforts past as well as one, Russian a of instead identity internali popular a obtain to order in made efforts The consciousness. national Russian inhibited empire) an as conceived and structured (also Union Soviet the in now and Empire, Czarist the in first people Russian the characterized which pattern imperial the around gathered writers Slavophile ideas. elevation ide the held which Danilevsky), Nikolay and Leontiev Konstantin Dostoevsky, Fyodor by developed the revive to attempt an to returned Gulyga Arseny philosopher 1980s, nineteenth early the and 1970s late the During deep which philosophicaldiscoveries were born. on ground the being world, the in needed still was idealism materialism, opposed it if even

Id., p. 327. p. Id., Ibid. Igorʹ Aleksandrovich Zevelëv, Zevelëv, Aleksandrovich Igorʹ

95 revival the through others, among done, was This uniqueness. Russian of a f 9h etr Rsin literature Russian century 19th of

- - 37. cent

ury Russian thinkers and joined the supporters of Russian exceptionalism, in exceptionalism, Russian of supporters the joined and thinkers Russian ury

Russia and Its New Diasporas New Its and Russia pochvennichestvo

96 ah sovremennik Nash

o suc o idsesbe philosophical indispensable of source a to te osraie eso o Slavophilism of version conservative (the 94

(Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press, Press, Peace of Institute US DC: (Washington,

aaie eivd ht the that believed magazine ain f Soviet a of zation and

CEU eTD Collection 244. 2002),p. Press, Nebraska of University 99 Sharapov,” 98 Press Nebraska of University 97 Kulturnation 19 like Much by encouraged firs the During the with contrasted ideals associated withviolence ended calledwhat being ‘communism’up USSR.inthe These life. community in established standards moral and an discrepancy Neo Slavophilism. 19 the of tradition The coreand undermined aspectsof ideologywere their eliminated. 1900 in regime old the against movement neo The n t is it actually, nationalism; Russian in trend a became Slavophilism Unfortunately, ideological change? the framework did How today? Westernizer a or Slavophile a be to mean it does What Developments Slavophiles eo

Vadim Joseph Rossman, Rossman, Joseph Vadim Rossman, Joseph Vadim ihi D Sso, “Neo Suslov, D. Mikhail - Slavophilism - lvpie satd hi pltcl n ielgcl us i te oern o the of forefront the in quest ideological and political their started Slavophiles Taylor & Francis Journals Francis Taylor & , which characterized its variation of nationalism nationalism of variation its characterized which , th he oldest we know of so far. so of know we oldest he

d incongruity of the communist doctrine with Russian traditional social ideals social traditional Russian with doctrine communist the of incongruity d and Westernizers: Contemporary Debates and Ideological Ideological and Debates Contemporary Westernizers: and etr lvpiim te neo the Slavophilism, Century glasnost yas f eetok, hn rtcs o te omns sse was system communist the of criticism when perestroika, of years t .

lvpie epan h fiue f axs i Rsi truh the through Russia in Marxism of failure the explain Slavophiles

- usa Itleta Atsmts i te Po the in Antisemitism Intellectual Russian Post the in Antisemitism Intellectual Russian , 2002). , lvpiim n te eouin f 1905 of Revolution the and Slavophilism , neo , th

etr Saohls i cniud y post by continued is Slavophilism Century -

Slavophilism was the dominant trend in Russian nationalism. Russian in trend dominant the was Slavophilism , Revolutionary Russia, 24, no. 1 (2011). no. 24, Russia, Revolutionary ,

97 37 -

94 Hwvr ter political their However, 1904. - Today, we find it materialized in the form of form the in materialized it find we Today, Slavophile ideology kept the concept of the of concept the kept ideology Slavophile

- st 07: A Study in the Ideology of S.F. S.F. of Ideology the in Study A 07: - - omns Era Communist Era Communist -

98 a cultural one. one. cultural a

- omns Neo communist

(Lincoln, Nebraska: Nebraska: (Lincoln, Nebraska: (Lincoln, oiin was position 99 Russian neo Russian

- - CEU eTD Collection 4. p. 2006, January 101 100 stripped eyes, their in now, was de the for and exploitation systematic their for regime Soviet the condemned they why is which au most the culture, Russian of interpretation 19 both post and instance) for by (Dostoevsky, thinkers Slavophile shared element another is peasants Russian of idealization The echothe still century it today old groups nationalist so and liberal was the of idea’ arguments the and ‘Russian Union, Soviet the the preceded however, idea; new a for quest a on was Russia and only differencethe history; Russian in theme recurrent a is this However, history. in crossroads a at being Russia about mostly self national of ideas and debates stimulating thus divided, and concepti 1991, in Union Soviet the of breakup the After Igorand Borodin Shafarevich,could who beinoften read neo neo the to took Solzhenitsin,Leonid Alexander advancement. wefind its figures these Among to contributed Union Soviet the in movement dissident the of wing nationalist the of leaders former but Russian, distinctively as orientation social or factors racial affiliation, geopolitical religion, emphasize to tended nationalists of communitygroups Russian traditional the of code moral the and literature of form the that believe Slavophiles

Ibid. Andrei Piontkovsky, “East or West? Russia’s Identity Crisis in Foregin Policy,” Policy,” Foregin in Crisis Identity Russia’s West? or “East Piontkovsky, Andrei

- peasantification policy which was consequently seen as a de a as seen consequently was which policy peasantification

- old

culture is the core element of Russian national identity national Russian of element core the is culture

Slavophile

- resided in the context. A new was A millenniumbeginning, context. in the resided

Westernizer debates. f t esne n o is ol Te rai, living organic, The soul. its of and essence its of 38

hni o is osiuns s h peasantry, the is constituents its of thentic - ons of Russian identity were broken were identity Russian of ons communist neo communist 101

- Slavophile Slavophile publications. - perception. The talks were talks The perception. - S aohl ielg and ideology lavophile - h Frin oiy Centre Policy Foreign The Russification Russification - Slavophiles. In their In Slavophiles. , especially in especially , th

– Century Other .

100 Russia

, CEU eTD Collection 105 History Russian 104 103 244. 2002),p. Press, Nebraska of University 102 it how out find to frame Liberal’ versus ‘Conservative and the escape to needs one Russia itself, understands understand to order in that, obvious becomes thus It ain all, all utopia. politi liberal truly a of development the in belief Messianic a adopted also It practices. political Western towards neo hand, other the On offering regime, altern imperial bureaucratic the of criticism strong a incorporated it importantly, very and press, non the of tolerance eleme liberal containing project a Romanov, Khomiakov, Kireev, Aksakov, self localon based system autocratic an of project a together put Shcherbatov, as such intellectuals Slavophile the all, After Sl whether about debate ongoing an is There Czaristthe since rulewasasinterpreted materialization thewill the of ofGod. Orthodoxy, National of representatives by adopted also is idea This people. Russian the s is family his and II Nicholas Czar of murder The wasreplacedcommunity, with anmechanicalartificial, society. moral a of members between bond a by characterized peasant, Russian the of environment

Ibid. Ibid. Vadim Joseph Rossman, Rossman, Joseph Vadim ihi Sso, ‘lvpiim s re ieaim: h Pltcl tpa f . . hrpv (1855 Sharapov F. S. of Utopia Political The Liberalism’: True Is “‘Slavophilism Suslov, Mikhail

38, no. 2 (20 no. 38, 105

- cal regime, where the Christian ethnic would accompany civil rights rights civil accompany would ethnic Christian the where regime, cal atives ofcomprehensiveformin the reforms. non and Russian

11): 281 11): - usa Intel Russian Slavophilism took to anti to took Slavophilism

– 314. eta Atsmts i te Post the in Antisemitism lectual

t o hmns oii, uh s reo o conscience, of freedom as such origin, humanist of nts

- rhdx ujcs f h Epr, reo o the of freedom Empire, the of subjects Orthodox 39

vpiim oa i lbrl r conservative. or liberal is today avophilism - een by neo by een Semitism and developed a strong hostility strong a developed and Semitism - - Slavophiles as a crime against crime a as Slavophiles omns Era Communist 102

104

(Lincoln, Nebraska: Nebraska: (Lincoln, 103 - government,

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CEU eTD Collection 107 106 a distinctimplies prioritization how of tounderstand inliberalismpolitical Russia. on Particularist the and approach Universalist the century: twentieth the of decade first the during approaches different two into divided was Russia in liberalism Political Russia). of Party Democratic Liberal (the LDPR the by represented are today voices political Westernizer the Officially, correspondents. contemporary own its has ‘Westernism’ neo As de the in terrain gain to Westernizers the for difficult it made these All expansion. alliance’s military the for plans the for and Serbs Bosnian against actions its for Russia by criticized in war Russia’s hand, other the On own. its over interests Western favoured which policy, foreign Russia’s to policy. foreign negatively reflected that collapse they short a enjoyed Union Soviet the of dissolution Westerniz the constituted that voices liberal The Russia. to enough close ideologically be not still would it ‘right’, and ‘left’ into division European the of viewpoint the from issue this approached one if Even West. the in... popular mostly

Axel Kaehne, Axel Kaehne, Abroad,” Near the and Shevel, “Russia Oxana bate. Butbate.what when dowe about mean talking post

ea facing began

- lvpiim otne te lvpie dooia taiin n usa today, Russia in tradition ideological Slavophile the continues Slavophilism Political and Social Thought in Post in Thought Social and Political On one hand, there was the growth of the discourse regarding the oppositionthe regarding discoursethe of growth wasthe there hand, one On

serious challenges. challenges. serious

hcna eevd as ciiim rm h Ws, hl NT was NATO while West, the from criticism harsh received Chechnya

n h qaiy f ie tee a as te usin of question the also was there life, of quality the on pr fo itra ise, uh s h economic the as such issues, internal from Apart GreatDecisions - Communist Russia Communist 40 -

lived period of popularity. However, popularity. of period lived r ru n Russia in group er , 2015, pp. 3 pp. 2015, , - 1990 WesternizersRussia? 1990 in

(London: Routledge, 2007), p. 8. p. 2007), Routledge, (London: - 4.

immediately after the after immediately . ah f h two the of Each e. 107

106 in 1993 in

CEU eTD Collection Post Huffington The 110 109 108 with hisstarting central, mother recurrent themetaphor Russia: for figure. work. film audio Mikhalkov’s throughout within symbols and meanings decode accurately and to interpret possible is it thought, Russian in trends significant with acquainted once of release the after 2010, in interview an during stated has sympathies ideological his of account explicit an another. or way one in Russianness, and Russia of questions the on centered Rus develop of history the of aspects these with acquainted get we Once is Particularism aby consensual characterized culture. political bureaucracy. state by guided and dominated is Capitalism and politics princi Ethical values. liberal and society civil of development the in involved is state the and definitions, particularistic have concepts Core ‘Democratism’. the to According ofanentrepreneurial role clas important the features capitalism of emergence the and democracy liberal of catalyst a as works modernization approach, Universalist the In tolerance. and civility as such liberalism, cultu political pluralistic a by characterized is It law. of rule the and freedoms, and rights liberalism: of concepts core incorporates Universalism

Ibid. Ibid. Karin Badt, “Russia Is a Cruel Place Cruel a Is “Russia Badt, Karin

a better understanding of understanding better a , 2010, U.S. edition. U.S. 2010, , Particularistic

approach, Russian civilization is opposing Western European Western opposing is civilization Russian approach, 108 : A Conversation with Directors Nikita Mikhalkov and Sergei Loznitsa,” Loznitsa,” Sergei and Mikhalkov Nikita Directors with Conversation A :

the films directed by Nikita Mikhalkov, Nikita by directed films the

hs s ht h floig hpe i ddctd to, dedicated is chapter following the what is This 41 109

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However, CEU eTD Collection 11. p. Press, 1993), 112 17. 111 The meaning. ideological strong for makes w one, last the than smaller each dolls, such other several contains that stomach, the at to‘contain was within said things who herbody’all legends national traditional the with familiar is Everyone originsofthe explain thisfamous portrayal. t order In mothera as Russia figure;as Russia is one prominent most the all, of out but life, social and political history, its of aspects and Russia of metaphors numerous feature They identity. and culture history, are films Mikhalkov’s Nikita issues. various public. general the of minds the influencing of capacity highest the with form art the as it designates and history cultural human of course the in devised ever influence mass of instrument greatest book, his In

Bela Balazs, Balazs, Bela

Joanna Hubbs, Hubbs, Joanna

cdmc icpie, n re t bodn h shlr’ perspectives scholars’ the broaden to order in disciplines, academic o properly incorporate meanings into their corresponding contexts, I will briefly will I contexts, corresponding their into meanings incorporate properly o

traditional children’s puzzle children’s traditional Theory of the Film (Character and Growth of a New Art) New a of Growth and (Character Film the of Theory Theory of Film of Theory 111 Chapter 2

ohr usa T Russia: Mother .

She is symbolically is She Thu s, it is no surprise that the study of film was designed to accommodateto designed was film of study the that surprise no is s, it

, Bela Balaz Bela , especially significant when researching topics regarding R regarding topics researching when significant especially

e eiie yh n usa Culture Russian in Myth Feminine he

– Matrioshka

Nikita Mikhalkov’s Russia the motherlandthe

tied to the ancient Ugrian goddess Jumala of the Urals, the of Jumala goddess Ugrian ancient the to tied s explains the importance of film as potentially the potentially as film of importance the explains s - type toy. Apart from its practical function, it has a has it function, practical its from Apart toy. type Matrioshka

42 ( the first syllable of her name, a name, her of syllable first the

112 .

doll It is a rounda is It te beto ueos Russian numerous of object the ,

(London: Dennis Dobson LTD, 1970), p. p. 1970), LTD, Dobson Dennis (London:

(Bloomington: Indiana University University Indiana (Bloomington: - shapeddollbroken the metaphor of metaphor the

diminutive of diminutive

n diverse on ussian

apart hich

CEU eTD Collection 114 113 ‘na culturologist Theological entity. motherly the of part theis with soil linked tradition, nature all peasant the In collectivity. and communion for nostalgia of place a is It peasantry. the unlike soil, the to connection intellectual’s The among‘brothers’ all themselves. self is who nourishment and land. the to attributedpower creative the in together come Russia Mother historical the and Earth Mother mythological the Here, we space artificial closed, the not but peasant; Russian the of home later, T sarafan figure female a commonly is it when today, until times various changed have doll the of identities The baby. a finally girl a contain they and century, nineteenth the to back date manner continuous a in children identical to nation a as itself of vision Russia’s enfolding word the here is a is here

Ibid. Ibid. 11 pp. Ibid., ture was embracing, and man was unwilling to master her’. She is essentially good, but good, essentially is She her’. master to unwilling was man and embracing, was ture through the eyes of Russian intellectuals. Matushka Rus’ (Little Mother Russia) is the is Russia) Mother (Little Rus’ Matushka intellectuals. Russian of eyes the through

(a peasant dress) peasant (a

m distinction between the motherland seen through the eyes of the peasantry, and peasantry, the of eyes the through seen motherland the between distinction Both and Earth MotherRussiaMother are ofcreativeexpressions power. atriona - 12.

motherland , means ,

113

otiig te ietcl il, all girls, identical other containing mother

sufficient, a self a sufficient,

s ls prds, ic te orei hv ls their lost have bourgeois the since paradise, lost a is 114 ) is the very embodiment of the idea of of idea the of embodiment very the is )

This particular home is deeply organic, a source of life of source a organic, deeply is home particularThis . . The oldest Matrioshka dolls we know of today of know we dolls Matrioshka oldest The . 43

ery ervc Fedotov Petrovich Georgy - The great motherly doll figuratively gives birth gives figuratively doll motherly great The inseminated

mot , a boy, then another girl, and girl, another then boy, a ,

herly figure whose ‘sons’ are ‘sons’ whose figure herly ern a rgty coloured brightly a wearing wholeness of the wholenessof usually

wrote about how how about wrote Mother R Mother call ‘home’.

central ussia , CEU eTD Collection 116 115 and whoseformostlydreams, presenceyearns. he target central hurts. it strong so nostalgia a with childhood careless his about dreaming day, all sleeps and Zahar, servant, old his with lives speaking), (existentially ago’ years 10 as place same ‘whose one wassimpl state natural as narrator the by described Oblomov, lethargic a to introduced being are 19 in place takes action The theitself where word is used. negligence’ life of way specific a of representation social this by inspired language, Russian in invented was word new a Even be can bycultural influenced the context. perception its how and existence human of sense the on views different about clearly and loudly speaks movie this fact, In lifestyle. bohemian lazy, its and nobility Russian was Oblomov’ I.I. fashi politically a of have would it so Life modeled carefully the in Days Few ‘A Union, Soviet 1970s the of context the In destroying level certain a itself. to harsh, especially is climate the where North, the of forests motherland the of dimension sacred the is This himself. God like somewhatdestroyer, a also is she

Nikita Mikhalkov, Mikhalkov, Nikita 14. p. Ibid., 115

has its own place in every Russian dictionary, dictionary, Russian every in place own its has - character of this nostalgia is Oblomov’s mother, whom he keeps calling in his in calling keeps he whom mother, Oblomov’s is nostalgia this of character . The fertile land of the now Ukrainian steps becomes less we less becomes steps Ukrainian now the of land fertile The . Neskolko dney iz zhizni I.I. Oblomova I.I. zhizni iz dney Neskolko -

y lying around’. He is soon to be 30 years old and ‘finds himself in the ‘finds in himself and old 30years be to soon is He around’. y lying oblomovshchina th

century Russia, in St. Petersburg. From the very beginning we beginning very the From Petersburg. St. in Russia, century

, defined , 44

(Mosfilm, 1980).

as ‘ as 116 onable meaning meaning onable carelessness, want o want carelessness,

origin

atin g

– in Goncharov's novel, Goncharov's in

a critical view of the of view critical a f energy, laziness, energy, f lcoming in the in lcoming Russia as Russia

The CEU eTD Collection 118 117 life. in goal their is This him. avoided has happiness because sighs one another everyday, p these of None their Both shy. ‘ very lines: few a in concentrated are existence of sense the on perspectives and solitary somewhat analytical, contemplative, is hand, other sociable, dynamic, energetic, isStoltz own. his on it makecould he so school, hefinished as soon as home from away sent be to said is what of spirit the in educated Stoltz, to opposed as state’), imagination. and by inspired Oblomov child, a As the wasactive, published, wasdebate heavily as I mentioned have Westernizersthe and (Oblomov)(Stoltz) Slavophiles the of symbols as presented antithetically were Oblomov and Stoltz how observed Beumers Stoltz. f best childhood his by here symbolized other’, ‘the towards attitudes concerning expressed feeling national the to elements dangerous no are there attachment, nationalist’. ‘romantic of kind special Russia, past a for nostalgia here, obvious is the fairytale through seems) it so (or aimlessly runs he time every clear crystal is metaphor The

Ibid. BirgitBeumers,

- likefiel Russian folklore, Russian Nikita Mikhalkov: Between No Between Mikhalkov: Nikita ds, looking for his ‘mother’. A connection to the landscapes and national soil landscapesnational connectionthe and A to ‘mother’. lookinghis for ds,

ol ae ap. n i uhpy ih aig o o o ok n i office his in work to go to having with unhappy is One happy. are eople

h iae f h cid unn i te ils en a eahr o the for metaphor a being fields the in running child the of image the He has always been overly protecte overly been always has He was guarded by peasant nannies that that nannies peasant by guarded was

and one could argue could one and and they both left a strong mark strong a left both they and

goal - retd abtos n invtv. boo, n the on Oblomov, innovative. and ambitious oriented, stalgia and Nationalism and stalgia 117

45 oee, xet o nsaga n strong and nostalgia for except However,

, as Birgit Beumers did, Beumers Birgit as , 118 . In 1859, whenGoncharov’s 1859, . In d (like a citizen a (like d

used to tell him horrific stories horrific him tell to used (London: I.B. Tauris, 2005), p. 63. Tauris,p. 2005), I.B. (London: on the young the on

in chapter.first the - child by his ‘mother his by child I do not like this life. life. this like not do I

‘ German rigor German that Mihalkov is Mihalkov that Oblomov's mind Oblomov's –

especially Oblomov

riend, ’

and a -

CEU eTD Collection tho This existence. our in asense is there born, are we since Ever are. we who matter no us, with same the It’s before. ones the in like years,next the inthere kept be will them part of that means This them. needsand leaves the tr this in life one only has leaf every and fall... and grow will others many how and time... whole this fell then and grew, leaves many How years. more 1000 for there be will it and more, or years 500 for there been has it Maybe house. my of front in tree something doing are who Ilia ‘Ah, Butwhat onefor?want No live. should he how wonders man each him... see will doctor whathealth, his for bad or good is what about thinks man Each for? What Oblomovka. like plantations 100 another buys 3 not 60, look to supposed is man a 60, At anything’ anyone teach to want don’t ‘I age.’; your at do you than 60 at younger looks [...] him call you as man, pale That [..] you? from learn to there is there? learn to supposed I am What that? is life of kind What other. each like they do neither hospitality, no is there but meals, for other each invite they meetings, up set They cards? playing mind my poisoning without lie I because them than condemnable more I Am there? stand they way the lives, whole their asleep being ones the are they see you Don’t action! little a wants that mind ho life social your like I do Neither paeu te ae itn aon te al, lyn crs A odru eape o a for example wonderful A cards. playing table, the around sitting are they peaceful w ’, Stoltz’s answer arrives quickly; arrives answer Stoltz’s ’, .’. Oblomov then replies with an illustrative metaphor: ‘ metaphor: illustrative an with replies then Oblomov .’. s to thinkanybody to aboutDoes s youris that. Whatlife? needyou?’. –

they way you admire the symmetrically seated guests seated symmetrically the admire you way they ’. Stoltz replies, somewhat a somewhat replies, Stoltz ’. ught makes me happyme ughtmakes ‘It is easy to lie around all day and judge the ones ones the judge and day all around lie to easy is ‘It 5. [...] Let’s assume he lives another 100 years andyears 100 anotherlives he assume Let’s [...] 5. 46

, Oblomov replies. ‘ replies. Oblomov , – ggressively: ‘ ggressively:

I even feel like crying. Then, Then, likecrying. feel even I ee. Maybe the tree feels tree the Maybe ee. And you? What you? And What for? What There is a is There in bed bed in –

CEU eTD Collection 120 119 landscape for concern the in disguised is pride nationalist his which Niki on book her In Russia). about talking when common particularly is mother’ (‘the metaphors strong by and painting by supported Russia, of films. his sun vast, incorporate to omits never Mikhalkov idea anythingthis is but nationalistic. non co can they end, the In life. on views and of ways ‘Occidental’ the and ‘Oriental’ the between comparison Nevert other. other each about care who friends best remain but different, fairly are two The West’. ‘the and East’ polariz ‘the as today known Oblomov The the in relationship. tension bringing by friendship their threatens it and spectacularly, fails attempt was I long. that live not ashamednotrememberingI’veanything of fromwhat learned. did trees that out found and botanic, on book a into looked I When Stoltz tries to help Oblomov by convincing him him convincing by Oblomov help to tries Stoltz When

Ibid. Mikhalkov, Nikita e of them imposes his lifestyle and way of thinking on the other. Surprisingly enough, Surprisingly other. the on thinking of way and lifestyle his imposes them of e

He has often been labeled been often has He – 120

ees ter esnlte icroae oua seetps ocrig the concerning stereotypes popular incorporate personalities their heless, ete o te i a eaie hrce, n nihr n i bte ta the than better is one neither and character, negative a is them of neither -

tlz eainhp yai i hgl rpeettv frwa i commonly is what for representative highly is dynamic relationship Stoltz Neskolko dney iz zhizni I.I. Oblomova I.I. zhizni iz dney Neskolko - xs paeul ad amnosy ad vn e etfins a ln as long as friends, best be even and harmoniously, and peacefully exist a ihlo, igt emr flos ted agmn acrig to according argument trendy a follows Beumers Birgit Mikhalkov, ta

ed view on nationalism’, concerning an antithesis between ‘the between antithesis an concerning nationalism’, on view ed

- like landscapes that seem to transcend the palpable world palpable the transcend to seem that landscapes like

as ‘nationalist’ because of his romanticized portrayals romanticized his of because ‘nationalist’ as 47

- (Mosfilm, 1980). soaked, fairytale soaked, o dut o i on ietl, the lifestyle, own his to adjust to

’ 119 -

like Russian landscapes in landscapes Russian like –

pcfcly the specifically, CEU eTD Collection 121 in M generations. portrayed is mother one’s for need The life. of relativis with, dealt be should they how and differences on perspectives film Mihalkov’s Oblomov other’, ‘the towards tolerant and kind insightful, is nationalism Unless artist’s belonging to the fashion. introspective rather a in topic, the on feelings and perspectives own his of more speak to meant are representations adoratio the in and peasantry the nationali itself. nationalism beyond go that works public. the for speaking when times, several it about talked explicitly has he but clear, crystal only not part. Mikhalkov’s from anything disguise to efforts any Mikhalkov’s on perspective My nationalism. disguised and country one’s in happening changes political with disagreement of metaphor in both landscape. the of destruction

Birgit Beumers, BirgitBeumers,

Burnt by the Sun the by Burnt sm, but a traditional Slavophile traditional a but sm,

is not a nationalist one one nationalist a not is 122

I consider I uch like himself as a child, Oblomov’s child, a as himself like uch Nikita Mikhalkov: Between Nostalgia and Nationalism and Nostalgia Between Mikhalkov: Nikita

innerworld.

the term the and and 121

Burnt by the Sun 2 Sun the by Burnt

films is slightly different slightly is films Indeed, the destruction of the Russian landscape is present is landscape Russian the of destruction the Indeed, ‘nationalist’ to ‘nationalist’ fe al at s sal a rcs o rvaig aspects revealing of process a usually is art all, After

– o te rans o te usa lns These lands. Russian the of greatness the of n

n h cnrr, t nopse hgl complex highly encompasses it contrary, the on

rhetoric regarding the the regarding rhetoric What is perpetuated in his films is not not is films his in perpetuated is What 48

. However, there is a difference between a between difference a is there However, .

Oblomov oversimplify a very complex collection of collection complex very a oversimplify own boy now runs through the fields, the through runs now boy own

His attachment to his homeland is homeland his to attachment His fr om Beumers’ om s oehn ta transcends that something as

(London: I.B. Tauris, 2005), pp. 96 Tauris,pp. 2005), I.B. (London: Russian soul, Russian m and the meaning the and m . First, I do not see not do I First, .

originating in originating pure - 97.

CEU eTD Collection 123 aspect. internal an as kept was nature f strong physically a show and adversaries possible inhibit to meant was side masculine its While world. Western the to face masculine a showed Russia installed, was regime autocratic the once Petersburg Sankt to moved was capital the When heart. called popularly city (a Kiev Mother from shift a by characterized was it evolution, cultural Russia’s th is (woman) great The fertility. her from derive all they and things, all of origin the is earth the tradition, peasant Russian the In centuries. for culture agrarian predominantly a had Russia exceptionchant wasthe end. only Orthodox atthe film the throughout nostalgia with charged generally atmosphere certain a which building on focuses soundtrack, instrumental dramatic and melodic a with compensating fi soundtrack in of function the encountercounterpointing not do We identity. own our of search in when to up look to figure motherly needed much that without lost getting up yet‘opium ofthe wh masses’, not the Russian NationalStatethe Choir heard clearly be still mother his for calling nd

Ibid., pp. 13 pp. Ibid., polarization the birth the - 14. e soil which encloses the historical Mother Russia within its boundaries. its within Russia Mother historical the encloses which soil e -

giver , as we will in in will we as ,

, while in the background, we hear an Orthodox chant interpreted by interpreted chant Orthodox an hear we background, the in while , ) to to ) . Slowly, he disappears into the drea the into disappears he Slowly, .

Mother Moscow Mother

Burnt by the Sun. the by Burnt . Weare thus remindedofa ‘betterreligion time’, when was ile we are weare suggested being individualthat selfile the ends

123

, commonly associated with with associated commonly , The masculine was the facade, while the femininethe while facade, the was masculine The 49

Instead, the music paraphrases the image, the paraphrases music the Instead,

m - like landscape, but his calls can calls his but landscape, like Oblomov Great Mother Great acet, its motherly its acet, , neither do we do neither ,

Russia

As for As . The . baba ’s ’s

CEU eTD Collection Cinema Soviet and Russian in Studies 125 124 speaking? morally re to supposed was that revolution the represent to order in child a such than symbol better What honest. and blunt is she patriot, true a be to taught father, her to loyal R nurses mother intentions the of ideals utopian the film the throughout survive to seems somehow that ‘ of reminding ultimately is fe their of symbol very the through united to dream beautiful, seem they which after her, without leave not would they that father not t motherland, inclined be the might we is as wife, here Kotov’s Marusyia, ‘mother’ the Naturally, mother.’. with but ‘Yes, replies, motherland Soviet your cherish hard. work all, above well…and, it follow path, your ‘Follow guidance: and advice her gives He landscape. picturesque remarkably a by surrounded boat, a in together father her and Nadia showing scene illustrative an in evident made is This nourishesand who protects their emotionaland physi waslink

Nikita Mikhalkov, Mikhalkov, Nikita ee C Kne “hl’ Pa: ai ad oatc hlho i Nkt Mkakvs un b the by Burnt Mikhalkov’s Nikita in Childhood Romantic and Nadia Play: “Child’s Kunze, C. Peter

ed to inner to ed (and she somewhat becomes one, in ‘Burnt by the Sun 2’, where, as a woman, she woman, a as where, 2’, Sun the by ‘Burnt in one, becomes somewhat she (and ussian hurt ussian –

a child who is going to be a ‘mother’ herself ‘mother’ a be to going is who child a - Utomlennye Solntsem Utomlennye like

feelings and perspectives feelings and soldiers during World War II). Nadia is innocent, but not naive. She is She naive. not but innocent, is Nadia II). War World during soldiers

landscape. The motherly and fatherly embodiments of Russia are now are Russia of embodiments fatherly and motherly The landscape.

1905 aa Rossiya Mama

. *…+ Can we drift like this for all our lives?’ our all for likethis drift we Can *…+ . 7, no. 1 (2013): no. 25 7, Revolution, a child so innocent she is blind to external evil external to blind is she innocent so child a Revolution,

(Sony Pictures Classics, 1994). Pictures Classics, (Sony rtility: Nadia. Even Kotov’s wife’s name, Marusyia, name, wife’sKotov’s Even Nadia. rtility: ( ’ 50 ohr Russia Mother – –

the way the children feel about their mother, their feel children about waythe the 38.

blee Se s hn esue b her by reassured then is She believe. o 125 cal integrity. cal , because she is the living symbol of symbol living the is she because , , but unfortunately, a disillusioned a unfortunately, but , . ai href s lvn myth living a is herself Nadia ).

epc yu prns and parents your Respect

124 , to which Nadiawhich to ,

et no the into melt form Russia, form

Sun,” Sun,” CEU eTD Collection 126 in culture French of imitation the of to reminding French is This speak Dimitriy. to asked once was he how remembers nostalgically Philippe Russian, speak to asked is he When son. his and house the after look to probably father, Dimitriy’s fo frenchman a Philippe, by received is he where home, his enters Dimitriy it is though morning AM,already (6 to be precise). even gloomy, ofis lighting the and empty feeling are surroundings The glory. strong without tired, lifeless, A essence. sce very that its through transmitted from is depersonalization and people from itself distanced has Sovietdream bright and close seemingly clear, the that very beginning thefrom suggested is on walking clothing military in soldiers of zoom a by followed beginning, the close a is there where movement, camera specific a by characterized film, the contextualizing simply than more does imagery This towers. Kremlin film openingthe image The its essence. from defend a Kotov, General in. live to world w generations future provide will struggle perpetual his that convinced cause, s Kotov. She ocialist ocialist

Nikita Mikhalkov, Mikhalkov, Nikita

General Kotov General also r evolution

vtl hrce wo hfs h adec fvu aa fo Dmti towards Dimitriy from away favour audience the shifts who character vital a

Utomlennye Solntsem Utomlennye

D and mti hs hs co thus has imitriy , well a in the USSR.in With the ant of the country’s very soul, and corrupt her towards alienation towards her corrupt and soul, very country’s the of ant Burnt by the Sun the byBurnt - known and respected Civil War hero War Civil respected and known

out effect, allowing us to see three towers and a group a and towers three see to us allowing effect, out (Sony Pictures Classics, 1994). Pictures Classics, (Sony e o ti Mte Rsi o hr ihfl husband, rightful her of Russia Mother strip to me a remarkablea idealism,hededicateshimself to this Bolshoy Moskvo Bolshoy

51 is a Soviet red star glowing on top of one ofthe ofone top on starglowing red Soviet a is

126 e Te ac o te odes seems soldiers the of march The ne.

retsky

Bridge in Moscow. Thus, it Thus, Moscow. in Bridge ,

pre is a strong believer in the in believer strong a is - up of the Soviet star in star Soviet the of up - eouinr Russia, revolutionary rmerly hired by hired rmerly

ith a better a ith in that it is it that in CEU eTD Collection 128 127 image) the with congruent of solntsem Utomlennye one Stalinist the by becoming glowing, of weary grows beginning, the in promising realities. its experience and it to was close that love a tri of one once burns go but afar, let from shines to that sun having the like of idealized, dangerously pain the about song a also is It sun. burning w warning. of kind some be to meant were it if as often, very key at sung being music the of disambiguat one the towards image the of character (where polarization lyrics. Union Soviet the in popular became it tango, Polish Su the by Burnt took itwho over one the and Russia Czarist worlds: two between meeting a to introduced immediately thus French. of lot a quite spoke century 19th and 18th the of nobility Russian the when hose sadness is compared through metaphors to the feeling of winter taking over after thecompared after is metaphorsofwinter taking through feeling over tothe sadness hose

Ibid. Ibid. polarization

disappointing outcomesdisappointing This song song This . image) the es 128 . The rest of it falls under the under falls it of rest The . n

- is named after named is

- Soviet Russia. ep cne te eta msae f h fl truh poes of process a through film the of message central the convey helps moments by Nadia, who seems to enjoy the song very much and sings it sings and much very song the enjoy to seems who Nadia, by moments the music has a specific character and puts into motion the ambiguous the motion into puts and character specific a has music the

is the only piece of music in the soundtrack that makes for a process a for makes that soundtrack the in music of piece only the is

It .

–

eoe a becomes , which weren’t good enough to prevent s prevent enoughto goodweren’t which , t does it

127 a

1930s song composed by by composed song 1930s

o dsmiut te mg; t ep ehne the enhance helps it image; the disambiguate not

h sn f h Rvlto, emnl bih and bright seemingly Revolution, the of sun The ybl n a and symbol 52 paraphrasing

n h mid the in

eta mtf hogot h film, the throughout motif central

category category Jerzy Petersburski Jerzy

– It is a song about a lost love, lost a about song a is It

tews pt te music the put, otherwise increasingly overshadowed increasingly - 1930s (the music is additive, additive, is music (the uch a regime as the as regime a uch

ih e Russian new with . Originally a Originally es to get to es

We are We CEU eTD Collection 130 129 needed. when refuge, and a of image incorporates mother the The beenmisunderstood hidden, have misinterpretedand abouthis homeland. isolati and regimesSoviet of time long a After eyes. Western for reserved been mostly has which figure F sunthis take to ourown since level, weareofmaterial mostly incapable of hands the in left is it when ideal an to happens pa Sun the as such deity, central of image the is sun the cultures, certain In radiance. absolute bliss, royalty, of symbol a is illusion. Whatever pla an – key At Solaris Tarkovsky’s Andrei as such films, Russian famous acclaimed, critically other to soundtrack for soundtrack the composed do a as violins of use making dramatic, and haunting is music The elements. pictorial of contextualization the to contributing atmosphere, specific a creates it and conveys, already it that meanings or a change, Mikhalkov change, a or

not high in the sky, but so low it could ‘fit’ in Kotov’s house. house. Kotov’s in ‘fit’ could it low so but sky, the in high not

Ibid. Mikhalkov, Nikita rticular sun has reached such a low level resembles the fall of a god, of an ideal an of god, a of fall the resembles level low a such reached has sun rticular

and and momen n rm h Ws, e otne t reveal to continues he West, the from on Stalke ts during the film, there is a recurrent a is there film, the during ts iat i minant Utomlennye Solntsem Utomlennye r ,

as well as Konchalovsky’swellas as

reveals reveals srmn, u i hs distinctive a has it but nstrument, 130 ced in the sky is associated with heaven, withwith sanctity heaven, skyinassociated the is ced

In fact, the nest metaphor was so pop so was metaphor nest the fact, In Burnt by the Sun the by Burnt - o ‘a i Acet gp, o instance for Egypt, Ancient in ‘Ra’ god Mother Russia Mother

(Sony Pictures Classics, 1994). Pictures Classics, (Sony nest , where children find themselves (their identity) themselves find (their where , children 53 Siberiade

to the world, and not the autocratic fatherly autocratic the not and world, the to . He is also known for having for known also is He . the the

image of a surreal sun floating around floating sun surreal a of image people. As human beings, we can only can we beings, human As people.

ht h what

prevs s lmns that elements as perceives e

129 amh Eur Artemyev Eduard warmth. This This ular that in September in that ular represents izingideals. . T

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produced the produced –

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–

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. None . ( ihi Roshal Mikhail xeiet n rges” A opsd o Mikhalkov’s to opposed As progress!”. in Experiment V h tls h soy f h dfiute h hd o go to had he difficulties the of story the tells he , of his films deal more explicitly with the notion of notion the with explicitly more deal films his of osemnadtsati

54 at the Hall of Culture pavilion at the Exhibition the at pavilion Culture of Hall the at vr wle er, e ss na h same the Anna asks he years, twelve Over

Vco Sess n Gnay oso) put Donskoi) Gennady and Skersis Victor , ta ayhn i te world?’. the in anything than e , which wa which , ormance consisted of all three of them them of three all of consisted ormance .

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Karin Badt, “Russia Is a Cruel Place: A Conversation with Directors Nikita Mikhalkov and Sergei Loznitsa,” Loznitsa,” Sergei and Mikhalkov Nikita Directors with Conversation A Place: Cruel a Is “Russia Badt, Karin ei Piesaa “,0 Fok o rmi fr Brt y h Sun the by ‘Burnt for Kremlin to Flock “6,000 Prilepskaya, Xenia IMDB nt foreach film. ffington Post ffington in the Russian socio Russian the in 142 ,

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arge part of the public to separate his emergence as a as emergence his separate topublic ofthe part arge Ibid. Oksana Boyko, “Director’s Directives,” Directives,” “Director’s Boyko, Oksana “Quentin Tarantino: Violence Is the Best Way to Control an Audience,” Audience,” an Control to Way Best the Is Violence Tarantino: “Quentin uin. e imse te iea tk o te akt cnm a uraitc a ‘fairy a unrealistic, as economy market the on take liberal the dismisses He tutions. -

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Ibid. Ibid. Ibid.

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Ibid. memberment memberment Russianstate.’ofthe Vladimir Osherov, Osherov, Vladimir ’, he said, ‘ said, he ’,

oo cvlzto, s el as well as civilization, hodox

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Vladimir Osherov, Osherov, Vladimir res earch contributes to the gradual the to contributes earch , as well as as well as , - democracy/. , which has been described by Mikhalkov as Mikhalkov by described been has which ,

153 (1994), (1994), -

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identity, whether personal or collective, is accepted as ‘perhaps our ‘perhaps as accepted is collective, or personal whether identity, 152 identity

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- ol ot f meil usa mre Sve Rsi, u is sec ultimately essence its but Russia, Soviet emerged Russia Imperial of out doll, screening a political philosophy, Mikhalkov aims at responding to a to responding at aims Mikhalkov philosophy, political a screening 113.

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- manifesto Psychomusicology ity Press,1998.

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, 2010. 2010. , - 1991 – . CEU eTD Collection Liah. Greenfeld, In 1860s.” the of Reforms’ ‘Great “The Daniel. Field, Kayal Hasan Joseph, Esherick, Newsp of Example The Metaphor: Visual “Understanding Elisabeth. Refaie, El Spielvogel. Jackson and J., William Duiker, Nancy. Condee, Karen. Collins, (1994).” Sun In Letters.” “Philosophical Pyotr. Chaadayev, the by “Burnt (2010).” 2) Solntsem (Utomlyonnye 2 Sun the by “Burnt University Press, 1993. University Gleason Abbott by MakingonModernthe the of World Cartoons.” Complete Press, 2009. University Games Knoxville,1. T http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/burnt_by_the_sun/. http: //www.rottentomatoes.com/m/burnt_by_the_sun_2/. . Cambridge, InstituteMassachusetts: ofTechnology . Cambridge, Press, 2013. Playing with Sound. A Theory of Interacting with Sound and Music in Video Video in Music and Sound with Interacting of Theory A Sound. with Playing . Boston, MA: . Boston, 2012. Wadsworth, Nationalism.Five Roads to Modernity to Roads Nationalism.Five h Ipra Tae: eet Russia Recent Trace : Imperial The VisualCommunication ennessee: of University Tennessee 1976. Press, . Chichester,WestSussex, UK: Blackwell, 2009. ı, and Eric Van Young. Van Eric and ı,

2, no. 1(2003). no. 2, . Lanham, & Littlefield,Maryland: Rowman . Lanham, 2006. 68 Russian Philosophy Russian Cengage Advantage Books: World History, History, World Books: Advantage Cengage

Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives Historical Nation: to Empire A Companion to Russian History Russian to Companion A Cinema n . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Massachusetts: Cambridge, .

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