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Reconstitución Del Ayllu: Los Desafíos Del Movimiento Indígena En Bolivia Bajo El Socialismo Del Siglo XXI

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Reconstitución Del Ayllu: Los Desafíos Del Movimiento Indígena En Bolivia Bajo El Socialismo Del Siglo XXI ARTICLE Reconstitución del Ayllu: Los desafíos del movimiento indígena en Bolivia bajo el socialismo del Siglo XXI por CRISTÓBAL HUANCA SALLES | Consejo Nacional de Ayllus y Markas del Qullasuyu, CONAMAQ http://conamaq.nativeweb.org/ racism conceals the everyday violence—a En Bolivia a diferencia de otros países de y reflexión. La difusión de mensajes y state of emergency—that migrants endure la región andina, la memoria acerca de discurso indianista6 tuvo acogida en la daily. Terrorizing some communities, in la identidad, anterior a la impuesta por población india tanto de las ciudades the name of keeping others safe, threatens los procesos de colonización europea, como el mundo rural. La wiphala (bandera everyone’s security. fue conservada y cultivada. El Qullasuyu, de siete colores) fue adoptada como el el antiguo nombre del país, a pesar de símbolo de descolonización y retorno a los procesos de destrucción colonial se la cultura y modos de vida de los pueblos Notes mantuvo vivo en la tradición, los rituales indios. En aquella coyuntura líderes y 1 Heather Koball, Randy Capps, Sarah Hooker, y el teatro. El ejemplo más importante, autoridades originarias: mallkus, jilaqatas, Krista Perreira, Andrea Campetella, Juan qué duda cabe es El Kollasuyo: Estudios t’allas (funcionarios elegidos por las Manuel Pedroza, William Monson, and históricos y tradicionales de Manuel comunidades) hacían grandes esfuerzos por Sandra Huerta, “Health and Social Service Rigoberto Paredes, descendiente de los sobrevivir a la sindicalización forzada, que Needs of U.S.-Citizen Children with Detained caciques Siñani de Carabuco2. Eduardo amparado en el discurso de modernidad or Deported Immigrant Parents,” Migration Nina Quispe en el año de 1930 se inspiró buscaba borrar todo vestigio de indianidad Policy Institute, September 2015, http:// www.migrationpolicy.org/research/health- en ese libro para fundar la Sociedad preexistente. El proyecto de construcción and-social-service-needs-us-citizen-children- República del Collasuyu y proponer la de la nación estado, llevado a cabo por el detained-or-deported-immigrant-parents. renovación de Bolivia3. Nina Quispe Movimiento Nacionalistas Revolucionario y toda la dirigencia india de la época, (MNR), partido que se impuso con la 2 American Psychological Association, “Undocumented Americans,” http://www.apa. entendió que la defensa del ayllu como revolución nacional de 1952, tenía en org/topics/immigration/undocumented-video. institución y territorio era la clave de la el sindicato campesino el instrumento aspx. supervivencia colectiva en un ambiente más efectivo para la aculturación y el de guerra permanente dispuesto por el abandono de la tradición y la cultura 3 Jens Manuel Krogstad, Jeffrey Passel, and D’Vera Cohn, “5 Facts about Illegal Estado republicano para solucionar por propia7. Sin embargo las autoridades Immigration in the U.S.,” Pew Research la vía más expedita el problema indio. originarias continuaron transmitiendo una Center, April 27, 2017, http://www. Uno de los más influyentes intelectuales visión del tiempo y el espacio diferente, e pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/27/5-facts- bolivianos del siglo XIX expresaba “Se incluso opuesto al que el Estado buscaba about-illegal-immigration-in-the-u-s/. extinguirá el pobre indio al empuje de imponer a través de la educación escolar 4 Deferred Action For Childhood Arrivals nuestra raza, como se extingue el dodo, el y la ciudadanización. A pesar de todos (DACA) is a form of temporary immigration dinornis, el ornitorrinco. Si la extinción de los esfuerzos invertidos por el Estado en relief for people who were brought to the los inferiores es una de las condiciones del extirpar de la memoria indígena todo United States as children. An estimated quarter progreso universal como dicen nuestros vestigio sobre su pasado e identidad, of a million young people are enrolled in the sabios modernos, y como lo creo, señores, núcleos de dirigencia localizados en zonas program, which requires immigrants to meet a strict eligibility criteria. (ésta) será irrevocable, por más dolorosa de ayllu: Carangas, Killakas, Kirkiyawi, que sea. Es como una amputación que Llallagua, Pacajes e Ingavi preservaban duele, pero que cura la gangrena y salva de redes de comunicación inter regional que la muerte”.4 A pesar de todos los esfuerzos luego se expresó en encuentros de ayllus8. por atraer procesos migratorios como en el Cono Sur y los vaticinios de desaparición El año de 1985 en la ciudad de Potosí, fue del indio, la fortaleza demográfica se llevado un Primer Encuentro de Ayllus que mantuvo. En el censo del año 2001, fueron debatió la viabilidad o no de reestablecer el contabilizados como indígenas, un 66 por ayllu como organización frente al sindicato ciento del total de la población censada5. campesino. Los participantes acordaron consultar y estudiar el pasado, tal como La celebración del quincuagésimo habían hecho los caciques purirantes9. aniversario del “descubrimiento de Buscar los títulos sobre tierras y territorios América” en el año 1992 conllevó un del tiempo de los reyes de España. Un importante proceso de movilización tema de fundamental importancia en 29 lasaforum summer 2017 : volume xlviii : issue 3 los debates fue no perder ni olvidar la constituida la Comisión Impulsora para la 1878 esta raza está herida de muerte tradición, thakhi-ñan (camino en español); reconstitución de Ayllus de Bolivia (CIAB) […] la sequía y el hambre trajeron el camino que los ancestros habían seguido a la cabeza de don Vicente Choqueticlla tras sí la peste que hizo estragos […] como norma fundamental de la vida. en su condición de Mallku Mayor de la el alcoholismo diezma sus filas de una La relación de la autoridad originaria FASOR. CIAB dirigió un activo proceso manera notable, tanto que el número de con la comunidad (tama) en el ayllu está de reconstitución en la región andes los nacimientos no cubre la mortalidad fundada en el cumplimiento de la norma. que tuvo en la fundación del Consejo [...] De manera que, ateniéndonos a Los caciques purirantes, en palabras Nacional de Ayllus y Markas del Qullasuyu las leyes progresivas de la estadística, de Andrés Jachacollo, Julián Ugarte, (CONAMAQ), la culminación de un tendremos la raza indígena, sino borrada Domingo Jiménez Aruquipa, asistentes en sostenido esfuerzo de carácter nacional. por completo del escenario de la vida, al el encuentro de Potosí, habían defendido al El 22 de marzo de 1997 se dieron cita en menos reducida a su mínima expresión ayllu de la agresión gamonal. Llevando sus el pueblo de Caracollo (departamento […] si ha habido una causa retardataria escritos que anunciaban la libertad de la de Oruro) organizaciones de ayllu de los en nuestra civilización, se debe a la raza raza indígena e exhibiendo los títulos que departamentos de La Paz, Cochabamba, indígena, esencialmente refractaria a toda la Corona de España había otorgado a los Oruro, Potosí y Chuquisaca. La agenda innovación y a todo progreso. ayllus a cambio de oro y plata pagados en de la reunión tenía como punto central la ciudad de Lima. la constitución de un órgano de gobierno Censo General de la República de Bolivia indígena, fue así como acordaron los 1900, 35–36 Luego del Encuentro de la ciudad de Potosí participantes establecer un consejo de y comenzando el decenio de 1990, los autoridades originarias. El retardo civilizatorio, esperaba la ayllus para enfrentar al forzado proceso república, sería corregido por la masiva de sindicalización campesina, que contaba inmigración europea como estaba además del Estado, con el apoyo de la Porqué la reconstitución del ayllu ocurriendo en los estados vecinos del Cono iglesia católica y las organizaciones no Sur. La inmigración colonizadora fue un gubernamentales10, se organizaron en: La colonización como proceso constante objetivo largamente deseada. Durante el Federación de Ayllus Originarios del desde 1532 fue destruyendo instituciones gobierno de Hugo Bánzer Suarez (1971- Norte de Potosí (FAOI-NP), Federación y tejido social de los ayllus y las familias 1978) el estado Boliviano tramitaba la de Ayllus del Sur de Oruro (FASOR), con el propósito de apropiar bienes y inmigración de colonos rodesianos y sud Consejo Occidental de Ayllus de Jach’a territorio indio. De las estructuras político- africanos11. Carangas (COAJC), la Federación de territoriales como fueron el Tawantinsuyu Ayllus y Comunidades Originarias de la y el Qullasuyu solo quedó memoria escrita, Desde el año de 1952 y al amparo de la Provincia Ingavi (FACOPI). Las dificultades y en su lugar fueron erigidas instituciones Convención 107 el indigenismo boliviano encontradas en dicho proceso organizativo coloniales como la Audiencia de los se propuso asimilar a la población indígena llevaron a encarar Encuentros de Ayllu, Charcas, la República de Bolivia, los bajo el eufemismo de integración12. donde discutían acerca del significado departamentos y las provincias. Desde los El movimiento indio representado por del ayllu, de las autoridades originarias, tiempos de Francisco Pizarro el exterminio MITKA en concordancia con otros actores normas consuetudinarias y la necesidad del indio fue un resultado esperado por denunció tal política como etnocidio, de encontrar fórmulas de organización las élites coloniales, así pues la Bolivia de así expresó la Declaración de Barbados, en los niveles regionales y el nacional. principios del siglo XX, preveía la solución resultante de simposio “Fricción interétnica Nicolás Torres de FASOR, Alberto del problema del indio
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