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Human–Computer Interaction International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | Sep-2015 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 Human–computer interaction Mrs. A.G.Andurkar , Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics & Telecommunication, Government College of Engineering, Jalgaon, Maharashtra , India Miss. Ritupriya G.Andurkar, Student , Department of Computer Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Jalgaon, Maharashtra , India --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract Human–computer interaction (HCI) researches the with the computer over this software interface using the design and use of computer technology, focusing given input and output (I/O)hardware. particularly on the interfaces between people (users) Software and hardware must be matched, so that the and computers. Researchers in the field of HCI processing of the user input is fast enough, the both observe the ways in which humans interact with latency of the computer output is not disruptive to the computers and design technologies that let humans workflow. interact with computers in novel ways. As a field of research, Human-Computer Interaction is situated at When evaluating a current user interface, or designing the intersection of computer science, behavioral a new user interface, it is important to keep in mind the sciences, design, media studies, and several other fields following experimental design principles: of study. The term was popularized by Stuart K. Card and Allen Newell of Carnegie Mellon Early focus on user(s) and task(s): Establish University and Thomas P. Moran of IBM Research in how many users are needed to perform the task(s) their seminal 1983 book, The Psychology of Human- and determine who the appropriate users should Computer Interaction, although the authors first used be; someone who has never used the interface, and the term in 1980. HCI has expanded rapidly and steadily will not use the interface in the future, is most likely for three decades, attracting professionals from many not a valid user. In addition, define the task(s) the other disciplines and incorporating diverse concepts users will be performing and how often the task(s) and approaches. To a considerable extent, HCI now need to be performed. aggregates a collection of semi-autonomous fields of Empirical measurement: Test the interface research and practice in human-centered informatics. early on with real users who come in contact with However, the continuing synthesis of disparate the interface on a daily basis. Keep in mind that conceptions and approaches to science and practice in results may vary with the performance level of the HCI has produced a dramatic example of how different user and may not be an accurate depiction of the epistemologies and paradigms can be reconciled and typical human-computer interaction. Establish integrated in a vibrant and productive intellectual quantitative usability specifics such as: the number project. The user interacts directly with hardware for of users performing the task(s), the time to the human input and output such as displays ,e.g. complete the task(s), and the number of errors through a graphical user interface. The user interacts made during the task(s). Iterative design: After determining the users, tasks, and empirical measurements to include, perform the following iterative design steps: © 2015, IRJET ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal Page 744 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | Sep-2015 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 1. Design the user interface 2. Test 3. Analyze results 4. Repeat Keywords: human-computer interaction, cognitive engineering, graphical user interfaces (GUI), Ergonomics and HCI Ergonomics. I .Introduction Until the late 1970s, the only humans who interacted with theories of writing, reading, and media, with empirical computers were information technology professionals and user testing. Documents and other information needed to dedicated hobbyists. This changed disruptively with the be usable also. emergence of personal computing in the later 1970s. Humans interact with computers in many ways; and the Personal computing, including both personal software interface between humans and the computers they use is (productivity applications, such as text editors and crucial to facilitating this interaction. Desktop applications, spreadsheets, and interactive computer games) and internet browsers, handheld computers, and computer personal computer platforms (operating systems, kiosks make use of the prevalent graphical user programming languages, and hardware), made everyone interfaces (GUI) of today. Voice user interfaces (VUI) are in the world a potential computer user, and vividly used for speech recognition and synthesizing systems, and highlighted the deficiencies of computers with respect the emerging multi-modal and gestalt User Interfaces to usability for those who wanted to use computers as (GUI) allow humans to engage with embodied character tools. agents in a way that cannot be achieved with other The challenge of personal computing became manifest at interface paradigms. an opportune time. The broad project of cognitive science, The Association for Computing Machinery defines human- which incorporated cognitive psychology, artificial computer interaction as "a discipline concerned with the intelligence, linguistics, cognitive anthropology, and the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive philosophy of mind, had formed at the end of the 1970s. computing systems for human use and with the study of Part of the program f cognitive science was to articulate major phenomena surrounding them". An important facet systematic and scientifically informed applications to be of HCI is the securing of user satisfaction (or simply End known as "cognitive engineering". Thus, at just the point User Computing Satisfaction). "Because human–computer when personal computing presented the practical need for interaction studies a human and a machine in HCI, cognitive science presented people, concepts, skills, communication, it draws from supporting knowledge on and a vision for addressing such needs through an both the machine and the human side. On the machine ambitious synthesis of science and engineering. HCI was side, techniques in computer graphics ,operating one of the first examples of cognitive engineering. systems, programming languages, and development This was facilitated by analogous developments in environments are relevant. On the human side, engineering and design areas adjacent to HCI, and in fact communication theory, graphic and industrial often overlapping HCI, notably human factors engineering design disciplines, linguistics, social sciences, cognitive and documentation development. Human factors had psychology, social psychology, and human factors such developed empirical and task-analytic techniques for as computer user satisfaction are relevant. And, of course, evaluating human-system interactions in domains such as engineering and design methods are relevant. Due to the aviation and manufacturing, and was moving to address multidisciplinary nature of HCI, people with different interactive system contexts in which human operators backgrounds contribute to its success. HCI is also regularly exerted greater problem-solving discretion. sometimes referred to as human–machine Documentation development was moving beyond its interaction (HMI), man–machine interaction (MMI) or traditional role of producing systematic technical computer–human interaction (CHI). descriptions toward a cognitive approach incorporating © 2015, IRJET ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal Page 745 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | Sep-2015 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 Poorly designed human-machine interfaces can lead to methods for evaluating and comparing interfaces many unexpected problems. A classic example of this is with respect to their usability or other desirable the Three Mile Island accident, a nuclear meltdown properties accident, where investigations concluded that the design of methods for studying human computer use and its the human–machine interface was at least partially socio cultural implications more broadly responsible for the disaster. Similarly, accidents in aviation models and theories of human computer use as have resulted from manufacturers' decisions to use non- well as conceptual frameworks for the design of standard flight instrument or throttle quadrant layouts: computer interfaces, such as, e.g., cognitivist user even though the new designs were proposed to be models, Activity Theory or ethno- superior in regards to basic human–machine interaction, methodological accounts of human computer use pilots had already ingrained the "standard" layout and perspectives that critically reflect upon the values thus the conceptually good idea actually had undesirable that underlie computational design, computer use and results. HCI research practice Human-Computer Interaction studies the ways in which Visions of what researchers in the field seek to achieve vary. humans make, or make not, use of computational artifacts, When pursuing cognitivist perspective, researchers of HCI systems and infrastructures. In doing so, much of the may seek to align computer interfaces with the mental model research in the field seek to `improve' human-computer
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