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Heavy Metal Pollution to the Baltic Sea in 2004

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Heavy Metal Pollution to the Baltic Sea in 2004 Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 108 Heavy Metal Pollution to the Baltic Sea in 2004 Helsinki Commission Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 108 Heavy Metal Pollution to the Baltic Sea in 2004 Helsinki Commission Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission For bibliographic purposes this document should be cited to as: HELCOM 2007 Heavy Metal Pollution to the Baltic Sea in 2004 HELCOM Balt. Sea Environ. Proc. No. 108, 33 pp. Information included in this publication or extracts thereof is free for citing on the condition that the complete reference of the publication is given as stated above Copyright 2007 by the Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission - Helsinki Commission - ISSN 0357-2994 Table of Contents Abstract…………...………………………………………………………………………4 Preface…………………………………………………………………………………….5 1. Introduction……………..………………..……………………………..…………….6 2. Cadmium…………………..…………………………………………….…………….9 Cadmium emissions and sources…………...……...……….………………9 Cadmium loads to the Baltic Sea…..…………..…...………..………………9 3. Lead………………....…………….…………………………………………………..11 Lead emissions and sources…………………...…….…………..…………11 Lead loads to the Baltic Sea…..…………...…...……………………………11 4. Mercury……………......……………………………………………………………..13 Mercury emissions and sources….…………...…………….....……..……13 Mercury loads to the Baltic Sea…..……...…...……….…...........…………13 5. Transboundary riverine pollution……….……………..………........…………..15 6. Long-term changes and trends in emissions and loads….............………..16 Emissions……………………………..….……...…………………......………16 Loads…..………………………………..…….…...…………….....………...…16 7. Actions and policies………..……………...……………....…...………………….20 HELCOM actions……………........………………..…..………………………20 International efforts……..…………......………….....…..………….………..21 8. Conclusions, recommendations and further action…...…..................……..23 References…..………….………………...……………………...…........………….…26 Annex 1: Data tables…….……..……...……………...…………..........……….……27 3 Abstract The Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) pro- The total cadmium load to the Baltic Sea in duces periodic assessments of the state of the 2004 was 41 tonnes, of which 86% was water- Baltic Sea to support the development of ap- borne and 14% airborne. The waterborne load propriate policies aimed at protecting the ma- was about half and the airborne load about rine environment of the Baltic Sea area. This two-thirds of the 1994 load. report is based on the latest available informa- The total load of lead to the Baltic Sea in 2004 tion on emissions and loads of cadmium, lead was 567 tonnes, of which 59% was water- and mercury to the Baltic Sea in 2004.1 Al- borne and 41% airborne. The waterborne load though HELCOM has developed jointly agreed was about half and the airborne load about monitoring guidelines, methodologies have two-thirds of the 1994 load. Air emissions of differed over time and by country. In addition, lead from HELCOM countries have dramati- the submission of data by the Contracting Par- cally decreased since 1990 (87%) with in- ties has been variable, meaning that the avail- creased use of unleaded fuel. During the able information contains significant uncertain- same period atmospheric deposition has de- ties. The quality of data should be borne in creased by 69% and EMEP (Co-operative mind when interpreting the results and conclu- Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of sions presented in this report. the Long-range Transmission of Air pollutants Heavy metals are transported to the sea either in Europe) modelling results indicate that over via rivers, run-off in coastal areas, direct wa- half of the present airborne load of lead to the terborne discharges to the sea or by wet and Baltic Sea originates from sources outside the dry atmospheric deposition. In the case of air- HELCOM area. borne loads, these also originate from distant The total mercury load to the Baltic Sea in sources outside the Baltic Sea catchment 2004 was 9.3 tonnes of which 69% was water- area. borne and 31% airborne. The total annual in- Heavy metals can accumulate in the marine put of mercury has fluctuated dramatically food web up to levels which are toxic to ma- since the early 1990s and no clear trends can rine organisms, particularly predators, and be observed despite air emissions and atmos- they may also represent a health risk for hu- pheric deposition of mercury having de- mans. Once released into the Baltic Sea, creased by approximately 40%. heavy metals can remain in the water for very As heavy metals are long-range transbound- long periods. The concentrations of heavy ary air pollutants, measures taken in the Baltic metals in Baltic Sea water are up to 20 times region to reduce emissions are not sufficient higher compared to the North Atlantic. to reach HELCOM’s objective of continuously When considering annual loads of heavy met- reducing discharges, emissions and losses als, it is important to bear in mind the fluctua- towards the target of their cessation by the tions in meteorological conditions, as air cur- year 2020, with the ultimate aim of achieving rent and the amount of precipitation affect at- concentrations in the environment near back- mospheric deposition and run-off, making it ground values for naturally occurring sub- difficult to identify clear temporal trends. Nev- stances and close to zero for man-made syn- ertheless, HELCOM monitoring activities indi- thetic substances. The findings in the report cate that the loads of some heavy metals to suggest that in order to be able to reach this the sea have declined over the past 10-20 target, further measures will be needed, not years. Concentrations of some heavy metals only at regional level, but also at European have also decreased in many parts of the Bal- and global levels. Some recommendations for tic Sea although high concentrations can still further actions to tackle the Baltic problems be found in certain marine organisms. with regard to heavy metal pollution are pre- sented in the conclusions of this report. 1 Note: Latvia and Russia have not submitted their monitor- ing data on waterborne loads of cadmium, lead and mercury and Lithuania has not reported their waterborne cadmium loads for 2004. The figures used in this report for these countries have been calculated using a five year average of their latest submitted data. 4 Preface In 1974, the Baltic Sea coastal states adopted The Baltic Sea is connected to the world’s the Convention for the Protection of the Marine oceans by only the narrow and shallow waters Environment of the Baltic Sea Area (Helsinki of the Sound and the Belt Sea, which limits the Convention) and committed themselves to un- exchange of water with the North Sea. This dertake measures to prevent and eliminate means that some of the water may remain in pollution of the marine environment caused by the Baltic Sea for over 30 years. harmful substances. The revised 1992 Con- vention requires the Helsinki Commission Box 1. HELCOM’s monitoring activities (HELCOM) to produce periodic assessments on the state of the Baltic Sea in order to ascer- HELCOM started joint monitoring programmes in tain the implementation of the Convention. the 1970s in order to provide reliable information These assessments are based on measure- on the state of the marine environment. To deter- ments and calculations of emissions from point mine the effectiveness of measures taken to re- duce pollution in the Baltic Sea and to support the sources and of inputs from diffuse sources to development of HELCOM’s environmental poli- water and air, which the Contracting Parties to cies, reliable data on different pollution sources as the Convention compile annually. Article 24 of well as inputs of harmful substances into the Baltic the Convention requires the Contracting Par- Sea need to be reviewed. In addition, quantified ties to co-operate in developing inter- input data is a prerequisite to interpret and evalu- comparable observation methods, in perform- ate the environmental status and related changes ing baseline studies and in establishing com- in the open sea and coastal waters. plementary or joint programmes for monitor- To satisfy these needs, HELCOM annually com- ing.2 piles waterborne riverine and direct coastal load data on various pollutants. Approximately every This report summarizes and combines the five years, HELCOM assesses the overall pollution main results from the latest HELCOM airborne load situation for the whole Baltic Sea area, with and waterborne pollution load compilations Baltic Sea-wide waterborne Pollution Load Compi- and indicator fact sheets and refers to the year lations (PLCs) having been carried out in 1987 2004. This report deals only with selected (PLC-1), 1990 (PLC-2), 1995 (PLC-3), and 2000 heavy metals (cadmium, lead, and mercury), (PLC-4). while the original reports also comprise some Emissions to the air as well as atmospheric depo- eutrophying nutrients and dioxins. The data sition onto the sea are assessed annually by used have been calculated and submitted by EMEP Centres acting as consultants for HEL- the HELCOM Contracting Parties, using jointly COM. Comprehensive airborne pollution load compilations (PLC-Air) have been carried out for agreed monitoring and reporting guidelines, HELCOM in 1990, 1995 and 2000. and have been officially approved at the Com- mission level. Despite efforts to harmonise data collection and reporting; monitoring meth- Box 2. Effects of heavy metals odologies vary greatly over time and by coun- try. Also the many
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