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Hazardous Substances in the Baltic Sea an Integrated Thematic Assessment of Hazardous Substances in the Baltic Sea

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Hazardous Substances in the Baltic Sea an Integrated Thematic Assessment of Hazardous Substances in the Baltic Sea Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 120B Hazardous substances in the Baltic Sea An integrated thematic assessment of hazardous substances in the Baltic Sea Helsinki Commission Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 120B Hazardous substances in the Baltic Sea An integrated thematic assessment of hazardous substances in the Baltic Sea Helsinki Commission Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission Published by: Helsinki Commission Katajanokanlaituri 6 B FI-00160 Helsinki Finland http://www.helcom.fi Authors Samuli Korpinen and Maria Laamanen (Eds.), Jesper H. Andersen, Lillemor Asplund, Urs Berger, Anders Bignert, Elin Boalt, Katja Broeg, Anna Brzozowska, Ingemar Cato, Mikhail Durkin, Galina Garnaga, Kim Gustavson, Michael Haarich, Britta Hedlund, Petriina Köngäs, Thomas Lang, Martin M. Larsen, Kari Lehtonen, Jaakko Mannio, Jukka Mehtonen, Ciarán Murray, Sven Nielsen, Bo Nyström, Ksenia Pazdro, Petra Ringeltaube, Doris Schiedek, Rolf Schneider, Monika Stankiewicz, Jakob Strand, Brita Sundelin, Martin Söderström, Henry Vallius, Paula Vanninen, Matti Verta, Niina Vieno, Pekka J. Vuorinen and Andre Zahharov. Authors’ contributions, see page 109. For bibliographic purposes this document should be cited as: HELCOM, 2010 Hazardous substances in the Baltic Sea – An integrated thematic assessment of hazardous substances in the Baltic Sea. Balt. Sea Environ. Proc. No. 120B. Information included in this publication or extracts thereof are free for citing on the condition that the complete reference of the publication is given as stated above. Copyright 2010 by the Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission – Helsinki Commission Language revision: Janet F. Pawlak Design and layout: Bitdesign, Vantaa, Finland Photo credits: Front cover: Elena Bulycheva, Russia. Metsähallitus/HA, Finland. Jakob Strand, Aarhus University, Denmark. Wolfgang Dinter, Germany. Back cover: Risto Valo, Pöyry, Finland. Page 14, Ljudmila Romaniyk, Russia. Page 15, Wolfgang Dinter, Germany. Page 17, Metsähallitus, Finland. Page 24, Timo Seppälä, Finland. Page 29, Metsähallitus, Finland. Page 37, Samuli Korpinen, HELCOM Secretariat. Page 45, Kaj Granholm, HELCOM Secretariat. Page 48, Maria Laamanen, HELCOM Secretariat. Page 59, Ulf Bergström, Sweden. Page 65, Jan Ekebom, Metsähallitus, Finland. Page 75, Nikolay Vlasov, HELCOM Secretariat. Page 78, Timo Seppälä, SYKE, Finland. Page 82 Paula Korpinen, Finland. Page 85, Maria Laamanen, HELCOM Secretariat. Page 88, Essi Keskinen, Metsähallitus, Finland. Page 91, W. Wojciech, Poland. Page 93 and 94, Maria Laamanen, HELCOM Secretariat. Page 111, Metsähallitus/ Essi Keskinen, Finland. Page 112, Elena Bulycheva, Russia. Number of pages: 116 Printed by: Erweko Oy, Finland 2 ISSN 0357-2994 PREFACE The natural marine environment of the Baltic the Kattegat and Belt Sea areas. The objectives Sea is susceptible to pollution by hazardous sub- of this thematic assessment on hazardous sub- stances because natural features such as water stances are: residence times of around 30 years, shallow- • To defi ne the level of contamination and effects ness, and the large catchment area predispose of hazardous substances by answering the ques- the Baltic Sea to the accumulation and effects tions: “What is the level of contamination of the of hazardous substances. The number of species marine environment caused by hazardous sub- inhabiting the Baltic Sea is low and the brackish stances?” and “What are the effects caused by water increases the natural physiological stress them?” that many of these species, with a marine or • To document the overall status of the marine freshwater origin, experience even in the absence environment in relation to hazardous substances of hazardous substances. using an indicator-based integrative assessment tool “CHASE”. There are about 85 million people living in the • To document the causes of the contamination Baltic Sea catchment area, in which are also effects by describing uses, emissions, discharges, located various types of industrial activities, losses and inputs to the sea of hazardous sub- busy traffi c, and intensive farming and animal stances. husbandry. Hazardous substances emitted or • To discuss and present solutions to the pollution discharged by households, traffi c, industries and and contamination problem by assessing the suf- agriculture are transported to the sea via water fi ciency of existing strategies and by suggesting courses and the air. Some airborne substances supplementary measures. can travel thousands of kilometres and their sources may be located far away from the Baltic This report is associated with the HELCOM Baltic Sea catchment area. Maritime transport and other Sea Action Plan, which identifi es pollution by haz- maritime activities carried out at sea also add to ardous substances as one of the four main issues the pollution burden of the sea. requiring action to improve the health of the Baltic Sea. The Action Plan sets a strategic goal The Helsinki Commission (HELCOM), which is related to hazardous substances which is “Baltic responsible for implementing the Convention on Sea with life undisturbed by hazardous sub- the Protection of the Marine Environment of the stances”, and identifi es a set of Ecological Objec- Baltic Sea Area (Helsinki Convention 1992), has tives which corresponds to good environmental worked for over 30 years to reduce the pollution status. The Ecological Objectives are: “concentra- of the Baltic Sea. In fact, the focus of the initial tions of hazardous substances close to natural Helsinki Convention signed in 1974 was largely levels”, “all fi sh safe to eat”, and “healthy wildlife on the prevention and elimination of pollution and radioactivity at pre-Chernobyl levels”. This by hazardous chemicals. The 1970s was also thematic assessment addresses each one of the the time when serious environmental problems, Ecological Objectives for hazardous substances, including collapses of seal and sea eagle popula- and provides an integrated overview of the status tions caused by PCBs and DDTs, became obvious of the Baltic Sea in relation to hazardous sub- to the larger public. Since then, some of the focus stances and the degree to which the strategic of the HELCOM work has shifted to combat- goal has been reached. ing eutrophication, protecting biodiversity and ensuring the environmental safety of maritime The HELCOM Monitoring and Assessment Strat- activities. Nevertheless, hazardous substances still egy from 2005 prompted the production of remain one of the four focal areas of HELCOM thematic assessments. According to the HELCOM work and are also covered by one of the thematic Baltic Sea Action Plan, tools and methodologies segments of the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan need to be developed for evaluating the status adopted at ministerial level in 2007. of the marine environment and an integrated assessment of the occurrence and inputs, as well This report describes and documents the degree as uses and sources, of hazardous substances of contamination and effects of pollution by haz- in the Baltic Sea region is required. Specifi cally, ardous substances in the Baltic Sea area, including a Baltic Sea-wide thematic report on hazard- 3 ous substances was requested to be produced This thematic assessment is aimed at decision- by 2010. This assessment is the third HELCOM makers, managers, scientists, educators and others thematic report defi ned in the Baltic Sea Action interested in the environmental health status of the Plan (HELCOM 2007a). The previous reports were Baltic Sea; it includes a glossary to support readers on eutrophication (HELCOM 2009a) and biodi- without a professional background in marine versity and nature conservation in the Baltic Sea ecology, chemistry or ecotoxicology. The assess- (HELCOM 2009b). ment is supplemented by an Executive Summary. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE . .3 1 INTRODUCTION . .7 1.1 The pollution problem of the Baltic Sea . .7 1.2 Where does the pollution originate? . .8 1.3 Objectives, scope and the basis of this assessment . .9 2 STATUS AND TRENDS OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES . .11 2.1 Integrated assessment and classifi cation of “hazardous substances status” . .11 2.1.1 Methods of the integrated assessment . 11 2.1.2 Results of the integrated assessment . .12 2.1.3 Confi dence assessment of CHASE results . .16 2.2 Status and trends of individual hazardous substances or substance groups . .16 2.2.1 Status and trends of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds . .17 2.2.2 Status and trends of polychlorinated biphenyls . .21 2.2.3 Status and trends of heavy metals . .22 2.2.4 Status and trends of TBT . .29 2.2.5 Status and trends of organochlorine insecticides and some herbicides . .31 2.2.6 Status and trends of perfl uoroalkyl substances . .38 2.2.7 Status and trends of some brominated fl ame retardants . .40 2.2.8 Status and trends of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . .43 2.2.9 Status of substances not monitored on a regular basis . .46 2.2.10 Status and trends of radioactive substances . .51 2.3 Biological effects of hazardous substances: status and trends . .54 2.3.1 Early warning responses . .55 2.3.2 Individual health and reproductive disorders . .57 3 POLLUTION SOURCES . .61 3.1 Land-based point-source pollution . .63 3.1.1 Industrial sources . .63 3.1.2 Wastewater treatment plants and municipal storm waters . .64 3.1.3 Sources of radioactive substances . .64 3.2 Diffuse land-based pollution . .65 3.2.1 Riverine inputs of POPs and heavy metals . .65 3.2.2 Pesticides in the catchment area . .66 3.2.3 Losses from various types of goods, articles and materials . .67 3.3 Pollution from sources at sea . .68 3.3.1 Shipping . .68 3.3.2 Harbours and marinas . .70 3.3.3 Oil platforms . .70 3.3.4 Contaminated sediments as a source of pollution . .71 3.4 Emissions to air and atmospheric deposition of hazardous substances to the Baltic Sea . .73 3.4.1 Heavy metals . .73 3.4.2 Dioxins and furans and other POPs . .74 5 4 OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES . .76 4.1 Why do we care? – A healthy wildlife and safe food . .76 4.2 International regulatory framework for hazardous substances .
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