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Principal Oil and Gas Plays in the Appalachian Basin (Province 131)

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Principal Oil and Gas Plays in the Appalachian Basin (Province 131) Principal Oil and Gas Plays in the Appalachian Basin (Province 131) Middle Eocene Intrusive Igneous Rocks of the Central Appalachian Valley and Ridge Province Setting, Chemistry, and Implications for Crustal Structure U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1839-I, J *KSL I I i.y~ j T! "^ <®&^^&tf-':-:.&^^^^^^^ :s^^:^>^; ^^W^^r^^^^^;-V:V-^^ ;^:il^^^ AVAILABILITY OF BOOKS AND MAPS OF THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Instructions on ordering publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, along with prices of the last offerings, are given in the current-year issues of the monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey." Prices of available U.S. Geological Survey publications released prior to the current year are listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List." Publications that may be listed in various U.S. Geological Survey catalogs (see back inside cover) but not listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List" may be no longer available. Reports released through the NTIS may be obtained by writing to the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA 22161; please include NTIS report number with inquiry. Order U.S. Geological Survey publications by mail or over the counter from the offices given below. BY MAIL OVER THE COUNTER Books Books and Maps Professional Papers, Bulletins, Water-Supply Papers, Tech­ Books and maps of the U.S. Geological Survey are niques of Water-Resources Investigations, Circulars, publications available over the counter at the following U.S. Geological Survey of general interest (such as leaflets, pamphlets, booklets), single offices, all of which are authorized agents of the Superintendent of copies of Earthquakes & Volcanoes. Preliminary Determination of Documents: Epicenters, and some miscellaneous reports, including some of the foregoing series that have gone out of print at the Superintendent of Documents, are obtainable by mail from ANCHORAGE, Alaska-Rm. 101. 4230 University Dr. U.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution LAKEWOOD, Colorado-Federal Center, Bldg. 810 Box 25286, MS 306, Federal Center MENLO PARK, California-Bldg. 3, Rm. 3128, 345 Denver, CO 80225 Middlefield Rd. Subscriptions to periodicals (Earthquakes & Volcanoes and RESIGN, Virginia-USGS National Center, Rm. 1C402, Preliminary Determination of Epicenters) can be obtained ONLY 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr. from the SALT LAKE CITY, Utah-Federal Bldg., Rm. 8105, 125 Superintendent of Documents South State St. Government Printing Office SPOKANE, Washington U.S. Post Office Bldg., Rm. Washington, D.C. 20402 135, West 904 Riverside Ave. (Check or money order must be payable to Superintendent WASHINGTON, D.C.-Main Interior Bldg., Rm. 2650, of Documents.) 18th and C Sts., NW. Maps Maps Only For maps, address mail orders to Maps may be purchased over the counter at the following U.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution U.S. Geological Survey offices: Box 25286, Bldg. 810, Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 Residents of Alaska may order maps from FAIRBANKS, Alaska-New Federal Bldg., 101 Twelfth Ave. U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center 101 Twelfth Ave. - Box 12 ROLL A, Missouri 1400 Independence Rd. Fairbanks, AK 99701 STENNIS SPACE CENTER, Mississippi-Bldg. 3101 I. Principal Oil and Gas Plays in the Appalachian Basin (Province 131) By WALLACE de WITT, Jr. J. Middle Eocene Intrusive Igneous Rocks of the Central Appalachian Valley and Ridge Province- Setting, Chemistry, and Implications for Crustal Structure By C. SCOTT SOUTHWORTH, KAREN J. GRAY, and JOHN F. SUTTER U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1839-1, J EVOLUTION OF SEDIMENTARY BASINS-APPALACHIAN BASIN U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1993 For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution, Box 25286, MS 306, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data de Witt, Wallace, Jr. 1920- Principal oil and gas plays in the Appalachian Basin (Province 131) / by Wallace de Witt, Jr. Middle Eocene intrusive igneous rocks of the central Appala­ chian Valley and Ridge province setting, chemistry, and implications for crustal structure / by C. Scott Southworth, Karen J. Gray, and John F. S utter. p. cm. (U.S. Geological Survey bulletin ; 1839-l-J) Includes bibliographical references. Supt. of Docs, no.: I 19.3:18391-) 1. Petroleum Geology Appalachian Basin. 2. Natural gas Geology- Appalachian Basin. 3. Geology, Stratigraphic Eocene. 4. Rocks, Igneous Virginia. 5. Rocks, Igneous West Virginia. I. Southworth, C. Scott. Middle Eocene intrusive igneous rocks of the central Appala­ chian Valley and Ridge province setting, chemistry, and implications for crustral structure. 1992. II. Gray, Karen. III. Sutter, John F. IV. Title. V. Title: Middle Eocene intrusive igneous rocks of the central Appalachian Valley and Ridge province setting, chemistry, and implica­ tions for crustral structure. VI. Series. QE75.B9 no. 1839-l-J [TN870.5] 557.3 s-dc20 92-20025 [553.2'8'09755] CIP Chapter I Principal Oil and Gas Plays in the Appalachian Basin (Province 131) By WALLACE deWITT, Jr. A discussion of the six remaining principal oil and gas plays in reference to the stratigraphic and structural framework of the Appalachian basin, and a general description of oil and gas productivity of individual plays U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1839 EVOLUTION OF SEDIMENTARY BASINS-APPALACHIAN BASIN CONTENTS Abstract II Introduction II Basin Size II Structure 13 Source Beds 13 Thermal Maturation 110 Oil and Gas Migration 110 Depositional History 112 Definition of the Principal Plays 115 Details of the Principal Plays 116 Upper Devonian Sandstone Play 116 Lower Devonian Oriskany Play 119 Lower Silurian Sandstone Play 122 Ordovician Carbonate Shelf Play 126 Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician Knox Carbonate Shelf Play 129 Rome Trough Play 132 Virtually Exhausted Plays 134 References Cited 135 FIGURES 1,2. Maps showing: 1. The surface extent of the Appalachian basin 12 2. Locations of some structural features and places mentioned in the text 14 3. Generalized geologic map of the Appalachian basin 16 4. Penetration chart showing age and position of source beds, reservoir rocks, and principal oil and gas plays in the Appalachian basin 17 5. Schematic cross section athwart the Appalachian basin 110 6-13. Maps showing: 6. The structure on top of the autochthonous Precambrian basement complex under the Appalachian basin 111 7. Conodont color alteration index isograds in the Appalachian basin 112 8. The Upper Devonian sandstone play 117 9. The Lower Devonian Oriskany play 120 10. The Lower Silurian sandstone play 123 11. The Ordovician carbonate shelf play 127 12. The Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician Knox carbonate shelf play 130 13. The Rome trough play 133 TABLE 1. The relative stratigraphic position of rock units mentioned in the text 18 Contents III EVOLUTION OF SEDIMENTARY BASINS-APPALACHIAN BASIN Principal Oil and Gas Plays in the Appalachian Basin (Province 131) By Wallace de Witt, Jr. Abstract source rocks, degree of thermal maturation, and types of reservoir rocks, traps, and seals. Because of the great areal The Appalachian basin is an elongate, asymmetric extent and thick stratigraphic sequence of the Appala­ foreland basin that is about 230,000 square miles in area. It chian basin, plays tend to be less well delineated in this is more than 1,000 miles long and as much as 350 miles basin than plays in some smaller basins with thinner wide. More than 550,000 cubic miles of Paleozoic rock stratigraphic sequences. ranging in age from Early Cambrian to Early Permian fill the In descending stratigraphic order, the major oil and basin. The basin lies south and east of the cratonic gas plays in the Appalachian basin are the Upper Devonian platform and west of a series of erogenic highlands that sandstone play, the Lower Devonian Oriskany play, the were major sources for much of the basin-filling siliciclas- Lower Silurian sandstone play, the Ordovician carbonate tic sediment. Large tectonic fan-delta complexes, which shelf play, the Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician contain abundant coarse-grained siliciclastic reservoir Knox carbonate shelf play, and the Rome trough play. rocks of shallow neritic to fluvial depositional environ­ ments, are concentrated mainly on the eastern side of the basin. Carbonate rocks are more abundant in the western INTRODUCTION part of the Appalachian basin. Finer grained turbiditic siltstone and sandstone are associated as prodelta reser­ During much of the Paleozoic Era, the Appalachian voirs for gas and oil. Karstic carbonate reservoir rocks are basin was an elongate active foreland basin west of a series associated with unconformities in the major carbonate of orogenic source areas that were generated by continental strata. Reefs are of lesser importance as reservoirs. Exten­ collision between the North American continental plate and sive marine shale source rocks rich in organic detritus several other continental plates or associated island arcs. blanketed large segments of the basin during parts of the Ordovician and Devonian Periods. Coals and canneloid During the Cambrian and Early Ordovician, the eastern shales in the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian terrestrial margin of the North American plate was passive, and Early rocks may have been source beds for oil and gas reser- and Middle Cambrian extensional tectonics associated with voired in late Paleozoic rocks. Thermal maturation the opening of an ancestral Atlantic Ocean were dominant. increased in intensity eastward across the basin with Sediments from cratonic sources accumulated in nearshore increasing depth of burial of specific strata. Oil and shallow-water environments in rift and postrift sequences. associated gas occur mainly in the western part of the In the Middle Ordovician and continuing to the close of the basin.
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