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Newfih Vijiifina) the Journal of Newar Studies (Newfih Vijiifina) The Journal Of Newar Studies Shamkhadhar Siikhwiih (The Famb4r of Nepal Sambat ) Number-; NS 1120 Newiih Vijiiiina (The Journal Of Newar Studies) Number -3 112011999-00 Jwajalapti to all of you. Nepal Sambat 1120 is a Editors glorious year for all Nepalese people who have been DayZ R. Shwa demanding for the reinstallation of the national calendar Gaurishankar Maandhar Ph.D of Nepal, called the Nepal Sambat (NS) for the official Advisor use. Finally, after twenty years of struggle, the Nepalese Prof. Todd T. Lewis leaders and scholars realized that the time has come to Graphic Designer recognize the Nepal Sambat. Sudip Shaya Poblisher It is relevant to debrief how the struggle began. The Intematioual Nepa BhZshZ Seva Samiti previous constitution of Nepal (1960) and the Panchayat (INBSS) Government ignored many national symbols and Portland, Oregon USA historical achievements of Nepalese people. One of them NepZh P5sH Puchah America was the use of Nepal Sambat and the Newar language hgon Branch (the Nepal Bhasha). However, in course of time the Chairperson second amendment of the constitution took place in Dayi R. Shwa Nepal Sambat 11OO (1980), which marks the beginning Members UmZ Shrestha PhD, Gaurishankar Maandhar PhD of a new century. It allowed the Nepalese people to DiwW Mahrajan, Sashindra Vapchirya assemble and organize peaceful rallies and mass Puma BZhZdnr Ranjit meetings. This oppormnity inspired a large number of Regional Representatives people in the Kathmandu valley and to organize a new Eugene, Oregon year rally and deliver the new year's messages to the Binod Kansakir people of Nepal. These activities inspired national Los Angeles feelings among the Nepalese people. Since the political Sarba Shwa, Buddha L. Shwa power of the reactionaries was based on anti-nationalism, San Francisco Rajesh B. Skstha, Nepih Khalah they were alanned by the mass arousal. Despite the North Carolina harassment from the governmenf the celebration of the Devendra Amitya PhD. new year gradually spread to many cities and towns all New Jersey over Nepal. After the adoption of the new constitutionjn Tulsi Mahaijan PhD. 1991, the celebration of new year has been a major V~rginia national event among Newars not only within the Ttibhuvan Tulidhar, Achyut Shrestha Nepal country but also in foreign lands where the Newar people Pmf. Tej R. Kansah reside. Since 1992 the new year celebration has been Shanta R. Shwa, L&h R. Tuladhar, Siddhi R. Sh5kya organized in the Washington D.C.by the Nepeh PZsd Indio Puchoh America (NPPA), 'Friendship Society of Nepal' Yogbir Shwa, Kalimpong, West Bengal as the day of BhintunH celebration. The first issue of this Ranjana & Rajiva S. Shrestha, "Rachna", Gangtok, Sikkim journal was also published on the occasion of Nepal Canada Juhee SuwP, Edmonton Sambat 1117 new year celebration. Australia In this way, the new year celebration with mutual Bimal M% Shrestha, May Jo' Rouke exchange of Bhinmi (Greetings) has become an UnifedKingdom impoarint festival among the Newarpeople. Even thmgh Anil Mk Shwa, Brunel University the Nepal Sambat was started in the pm-Malla period of The Netherlands Nepal, the Newars suppolt this calendar by heart because B%lGopd Shrestha, Leiden it was originated in their own motherland. But due to Mailing Address: New& Vijnina the lack of enough publicity there has been an illusion P.O. Box No. 90581 among other ethnic groups that the Nepal Sambat Portland, Oregon 97290 USA belongs to the Newars only and hence unfairly has been Cover Figure Drawing: Ekirim named as 'NewFui Sambat'. However, this is not the true Source: Swanigah, Kathmandu name. In order to provide a historical evidences on Nepal Sambat, we have included an article in this issue. There are many proofs that have been published in Nepal It would be relevant to cite a remark of a senior and BhHsha but unfortunately not yet published in other native historian of Nepal, Professor Dor Bahadur Bista languages. Due to this language banier other ethnic "Many scholars, foreign and Nepali, have studied the people of Nepal are uninformed about the me facts of Newars, and much has been published concerning them. Nepal Sambat. In this regard, we thank the Government It is natural, therefore, for the most people who have of Nepal headed by the Prime Minister Krishna F'rashad any knowledge of Nepal to have heard or read of Bhattarai for recognizing the founder of Nepal Sambat, Newars. The term Newar itself was derived fmm the Shankhadhar Saw* as a national hero and, thus, name of the Country, or vice versa." ('Peaple of Nepal', fmally justifyjng the slogan 'Nepal Sambat-RaShhiya 2000, Page 17). Sambat'. Due to these achievements this year has It is a fact that if scholars leave out 'studies of become the year of victny for the entire Nepalese who Newars' it would be an incomplete study of Nepal. The boast on their rich heritage and nationality. It is time to Newars are inseparable entity of Nepal. However, Newar vow Shankhadhar for his good cause in beginning the have been facing the exploitation in every field by the Nepal Sambat 1120 years ago by making the entire so called dominant pupwho has very low profile of people of Nepal free from debt. The next step for the culhual and historical linkage to the Nepalese Nepalese people is to publicize materials on Nepal nationality. This has lead to expression of Sambat and Shankhadhar thmngh the government media dissatisfaction that breaks out from time to time. Even and to begin to use Nepal Sambat as the official though the Newars are exploited by the so called calendar. authoritative bodies their dedication to preserve the Turning to the dark side, this year has also brought a cultural heritage is highly applauded around the world. hurricane to the lovers of several mother tongues of While stepping into the new millennium the Newars Nepal. In this year the Supreme Court of Nepal issued a cannot bear further exploitation. They are demand'ig writ of certiolari on June 1, 1999 which invalidated the their lights for Wig a free modem human. One of the decisions made by a number of local bodies to introduce missions of this journal is to provide as much Nepal Bhiigi and Maithili as official languages for using information as possible on Newar studies fium the within their jurisdiction along with Nepali. This various resources. In this issue we have included quite decision concluded a two year court case, but the some materials coUected with the help of many native Kathmandu streets wimessed huge protests and rallies. and foreign scholars and library resources. We believe This verdict was a big blow to Newars in the modem that it would be beneficial to all people who eagetly history of Nepal. The Newars are never against the wish to see resources on Newar Studies. As usual, we 'RaStra BhgZ. They suppo~tpreserving other ethnic have received a lot of help and support fmm several languages of Nepal. The Supreme court verdict has been individuals and institutions to keep this journal going condemned by several social organizations. They have in a the right direction. published protest statements not only in Nepal but also Finally, we would like to thank Shashindra in the foreign countries. In Kathmandu, an activist's Bajracharya, Rama Bajracharya, in Portland and Raj organization named 'The Nepal Bhrisd Sangharsa Shyasya from JwajalapZ networks, Kashinath Tamot Samifi' called for 'Nepal Bandha' by stopping the and Bimala Dhungelfrom Central Depment of Nepal regular business, transportation, staying absent in the Bhasha, in Kathmandu, for their enthusiastic offices, and so on for one day. Definitely the impact of cooperation in bringing this issue of the journal to your bandha was successful, however, the verdict was not hand. We would like to also express our hearty over tumed. As a gesture of protest against the supreme greetings and wish you NhudcfyE Bhinru~and Subwe court verdict, this journal rejects the inclusion of Nepali (thank you) for your support in keeping this journal language articles in this issue. alive. (Newiih Vijiiiina) The Journal Of Newar Studies Number 3 Contents English Editorial.. ........................................................... ... .................................................... 00 Historical Evidence on Nepal Sambat.................. ............... Bhuwan La1 Pradhan. 01 Shankhadhar Sh2hwS :The Founder of the Nepa, ............. Suresh Manandhar ..... 07 Shared Words, Shared History ? A Case of Thangmi and Late Classical Newar ................................................. ...................... ....... .................. Mark Turin ................09 Obituary .- - KZnchhi Buddha Vajracharya ......................................................................................... 18 .- - Divyavajra Vajracharya ................................................................................................... 19 . - - Vijaya Bahadur Malla ....................................................................................................... 21 Bibliography On Newar Studies: Section I Language and Literature ................................................................................... 22 Section 11 History, Culture, Religion,Society etc. ......................................................... 32 Section 111 Masters Theses In Nepal BhSlshi ................................................................... , Conference Paper Abstracts and Titles ..................................................................................
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