English As a Lingua Franca in Russia: a Sociolinguistic Profile of Three Generations of English Users

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English As a Lingua Franca in Russia: a Sociolinguistic Profile of Three Generations of English Users UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS DEPARTAMENTO DE ESTUDOS ANGLÍSTICOS ENGLISH AS A LINGUA FRANCA IN RUSSIA: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC PROFILE OF THREE GENERATIONS OF ENGLISH USERS Olesya Lazaretnaya DOUTORAMENTO EM LINGUÍSTICA Especialidade em Linguística Inglesa 2012 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS DEPARTAMENTO DE ESTUDOS ANGLÍSTICOS ENGLISH AS A LINGUA FRANCA IN RUSSIA: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC PROFILE OF THREE GENERATIONS OF ENGLISH USERS Olesya Lazaretnaya Tese orientada pela Professora Doutora Maria Luísa Fernandes Azuaga DOUTORAMENTO EM LINGUÍSTICA Especialidade em Linguística Inglesa 2012 … as English becomes more widely used as a global language, it will become expected that speakers will signal their nationality, and other aspects of their identity, through English. David Graddol Acknowledgements I want to thank all the people who have contributed to this dissertation in various ways. I am also bound to the Faculty of Letters of the University of Lisbon for accepting me as a PhD student and giving the opportunity to start this research. Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Luísa Azuaga who took up this challenge to guide my research and allowed me to find my own line of work. Her experience and invaluable feedback especially in the final phase substantially improved this study. I would also like to thank her for helping to integrate into the Centre for English Studies at the University of Lisbon and also for offering me opportunities to work on diverse projects. It was precious experience for me. I thank all my colleagues from the Research Group: Linguistics: Language, Culture and Society (RG5) for their generous encouragement in difficult times. Their enthusiasm, interest, motivation and zeal in carrying out various research projects always served as an example. I am especially grateful to Susana Clemente for her help in processing questionnaire data and later on for her feedback on the questionnaire analysis. I have furthermore to thank Alexander I. Lysikov, the head of the Moscow Regional Pedagogical College, situated in the Moscow region, Serpukhov, for allowing me to carry out the survey of student population, making up one of the focus groups of the empirical study of this research. I would like to thank all the researchers who gave me food for inspiration and helped me to clarify my own understanding of issues under discussion. During my investigation, I have largely benefited from Barbara Seidlhofer, David Graddol, Elizabeth Erling, Jennifer Jenkins, Marko Modiano, and many other researchers. I am also grateful to the group of Russian scholars and educators who contributed for the visibility of Russian studies into the English language by sharing their experience in volume 24 of World Englishes. Particularly, I am indebted to Zoya G. Proshina and Irina P. Ustinova who served as a source of inspiration. My thanks go to Liudmila Iabs and António Mendonça for their help at different stages of this research. Last but not least, I would like to give special thanks to my family whose love and encouragement made this research possible. iv Resumo Há muito que a língua inglesa ultrapassou as fronteiras das comunidades dos seus falantes nativos, sendo a sua expansão pelo mundo um fenómeno único e sem paralelo, intimamente associada ao seu reconhecimento como língua franca global. Este estatuto da língua inglesa como recurso universal e meio de comunicação internacional e intercultural justifica o crescente número de pessoas que usa esta língua: de facto, há, hoje em dia, mais gente a recorrer ao inglês como segunda língua e/ou como língua estrangeira do que há falantes nativos. Assim, a língua inglesa é actualmente um bem partilhado por milhões de indivíduos e comunidades, independentemente da sua identidade nacional ou geográfica. Neste quadro, considerando o caso particular da Rússia, verifica-se que o inglês, neste país, surge num vasto leque de domínios como a educação, o trabalho, os media, a publicidade e muitos outros, sendo esta sua utilização frequentemente atribuída ao prestígio de que gozam os falantes de inglês nas esferas social, cultural e económica. Sublinhe-se que, presentemente, a comunidade dos falantes de inglês na Rússia é maioritariamente composta por indivíduos para quem o inglês é uma língua estrangeira, no entanto, em função da proficiência e da situação envolvida, a língua inglesa aparece relacionada com realidades linguísticas diversas, incluindo variedades locais de inglês russo como o Runglish e o Ruslish. Porém, a penetração da língua inglesa na sociedade russa não é tão profunda como noutros países, dependendo as particularidades da situação do inglês no contexto nacional da política linguística que é, em grande medida, produto de estratégias políticas dentro e fora do país. Como a compreensão do corrente estatuto do inglês neste país será impossível sem uma descrição retrospetiva da forma como a língua se desenvolveu historicamente no contexto nacional russo, tendo em mente certos fatores condicionantes, a difusão do inglês na Rússia é apresentada neste trabalho numa perspectiva simultaneamente diacrónica e sincrónica, baseada em três períodos fundamentais da história russa moderna: a Guerra Fria (1947-1991), o período pós-Perestroika (1992-1999) e a Nova Rússia (a partir de 2000). O quadro teórico em que se desenvolve a investigação baseia-se numa conceptualização inovadora do inglês como língua internacional, ou língua franca, ultimamente considerado em largo uso nos países com comunidades de falantes não nativos de inglês. Este termo, vem sendo aplicável à língua, quando se verefica que o inglês passou a ser usado como meio de comunicação por um elevado número de indivíduos, para quem este, v não sendo língua mãe, não pode ser visto como uma língua estrangeira, pois faz parte da sua vida quotidiana, ou é a língua utilizada em diversas situações. Esta dissertação revisita também abordagens anteriores desta questão, de um ponto de vista de uma nova ordem linguística, tendo em conta contextos emergentes de aquisição da língua, o seu presente uso e utilizadores, e novas funções e instâncias de interação. O cerne da reflexão, porém, é a maioria dos falantes da língua, que são predominantemente falantes não nativos. Sublinha ainda o facto de que os usos internacionais do inglês em novos contextos geográficos, históricos, comportamentais, linguísticos e sociolinguísticos acaba por resultar numa diminuição das diferenças entre falantes nativos e não-nativos. Uma vez que os processos de globalização e internalização têm implicações distintas para diferentes comunidades, dependendo largamente da história, politica, cultura e política linguística de cada país, o presente trabalho examina a presença do inglês num contexto nacional particular. Procura assim esclarecer o estatuto do inglês na Rússia e o modo como os russos são afetados pela sua presença, bem como a forma como a língua é adaptada ao contexto local, e como os indivíduos reagem ao seu uso. Devido à sua situação histórica peculiar e aos anos em que a Cortina de Ferro dominou a vida europeia, o desenvolvimento das relações anglo-russas viveu períodos de altos e baixos. Vale a pena mencionar que a Rússia procurou resistir à influência da língua inglesa na língua e na cultura russas durante a maior parte da sua história. Antes de 1985, não existiam praticamente contactos entre a União Soviética e o Ocidente; esta situação alterou-se com as reformas da Perestroika, trazendo uma abertura ao Ocidente na política externa, na economia e nos modos de vida. No entanto, mesmo hoje, quando o país parece ter finalmente completado a transição para uma ordem democrática numa perspetiva globalizada, a resistência politica, económica, cultural, social e linguística à influencia do inglês permanece forte. Esta característica da paisagem linguística russa deve-se a uma politica governamental orientada para a proteção da identidade nacional e cultural pelo reforço da posição da língua russa. A maior contradição, porém, é que, na Rússia atual, o inglês é reconhecido como língua franca universal, sendo a mais popular das línguas estrangeiras, aprendida em todos os níveis do sistema educativo. O trabalho inclui também uma pesquisa empírica focada em três gerações de falantes russos da língua inglesa que evidencia as atitudes perante a presença do inglês na Rússia, os seus usos, modelos e variações, bem como as suas perspetivas no contexto nacional. O levantamento pretende mostrar como as transformações na política linguística e na vi aprendizagem das línguas influenciaram as atitudes em relação ao inglês e ao seu desenvolvimento em ambientes específicos. Os resultados desta pesquisa revelam que a aprendizagem da língua tem efeitos significativos nas atitudes e perceções dos indivíduos face à língua inglesa, à sua aquisição e aos padrões de ensino. A maioria dos falantes de inglês na Rússia ainda se confronta com perceções estereotipadas, impostas por tradições pedagógicas; em consequência, avaliam a sua proficiência pela proximidade com os falantes nativos - na sua maioria, demonstrando a sua preferência pelo inglês britânico e proficiência equivalente à nativa. Defendendo o princípio de uma nova abordagem do inglês no quadro do seu ensino, acentua-se que, hoje em dia, o largo leque de domínios de uso do inglês torna problemático avaliar o lugar da Rússia no conjunto de países onde o inglês é ensinado e aprendido exclusivamente como língua estrangeira. A esta luz, um passo importante é a tentativa de estabelecer novos
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