A Critical Analysis of Some Razor Clam

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Critical Analysis of Some Razor Clam f:2 0 o:!- = o 0 _ an - an -,...._ -('I') - ('I') TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES . iii LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF PLATES . x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xii IN MEMORIUM . xiii INTRODUCTION . 1 History of Commercial Harvests in Alaska 1 History of Toxicity Problems in Alaska 7 RAZOR CLAM BIOLOGY . 33 Distribution of Razor Clams in Alaska 33 Razor Clam Life History Studies . 36 Methods . 36 Sexual Characteristics . 4 2 Spawning . 46 Growth Rates . 61 Age-length-weight Relationships . 80 Population Dynamics and Habitat Relationships . 87 Frequency of Occurrence by Tide Level . 87 Estimated Upper Habitable Tide Levels . 119 Apparent Affects of Substrate and Exposure on Razor Clam Survival and Density on the Low Tide Terrace 119 Age by Tide Level . 125 Total Valve Length by Tide Level . 128 Growth Increment in Valve Length by Tide Level. 128 Fecundity . 132 Mortality and Survival . 135 Negative and Positive Relocation of Marked Razor Clams. 138 Genetics and Larval Drift . 140 SURVEY TECHNIQUES . 144 Density Indicators . i 44 The Little Mummy Island Study . 144 The Point Steele Beach Study . 156 Methods of Estimating Clam Numbers . 159 Employment of Density Indicators and Probability Distributions . 159 Stratified Random Sampling . 1 70 Probabilities and Reapportionment . 173 Mark and Recapture . 178 Beach Surveys . 181 Dredging . 185 APPLICATION OF DISCRIMINATORY AND SEQUENTIAL ANALYSES AS AN ADJUNCT TO THE SHELLFISH SANITATION PROGRAM . 189 Discernment of Annuli . 189 The Problem of Approved and Unapproved Growing Areas . 190 Analysis of an Anticipated Typical Case . 1 90 Examples of High Risk and Low Risk Areas . 192 SUMMARY . 199 APPENDIX 1: Age and length of razor clams dug commercially during 1969 and 1970 in the Cordova, Alaska, growing areas . 202 APPENDIX 2: Identification and description of razor clam study plot sites in Cordova Sector I 214 APPENDIX 3: Growth rate of razor clams collected from a variety of growing areas in Alaska . 228 APPENDIX 4: Method of total estimation for a stratified sampling scheme when two subestimates are combined within 1000 sq. ft. (92.9 m2) index blocks . ......25 4 APPENDIX 5: Gamma distribution fitted to Point Steele Beach "C" plot series razor clam abundance by tide level . 256 APPENDIX 6: Analysis of substrates obtained fr om Cordova and Polly Creek razor clam growing areas . 257 APPENDIX 7: Test results of razor clam growth increment in valve length by tide level . 265 APPENDIX 8: Method for determining fecundity in razor clams . 269 APPENDIX 9: Life tables . 270 APPENDIX 10: Expansion of variance equations and propagation of error formula for application in estimating population size by employment of density indicators and probability distributions . 284 GLOSSARY ... 285 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 286 ii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Commercial razor clam harvest history for the Cordova, Alaska, area 1916 to 1973 . 9 Table 2. Comparative history of razor clam production in the Cook Inlet and Kodiak Island areas based on the standard case of forty-eight 1/2-pound cans or pounds (#) where indicated . 15 Table 3. Sex ratio of mature razor clams from eight study plot sites in Orca Inlet, Cordova Sector 1 . 44 Table 4. Comparative growth of males versus females in Cordova Sector 1 for members of the 1963 cohort 45 Table 5. Analysis of age, length, sexual maturity and related dimorphism for razor clams in Cordova Sector 1 ; length measured at the last annulus formation. 47 Table 6. Analysis of age, length, sexual maturity and related dimorphism for razor clams in Cordova Sector 4; length measured at the last annulus formation. 48 Table 7. Five levels of gonad pH in the razor clam, Cordova, Alaska, May to September, 1973 . 60 Table 8. Estimated probable range of razor clam spawning threshold (accumulation of 1350 temperature units from January 1) in the Cordova, Alaska, growing areas. 63 Table 9. Analysis of variance of razor clam length (mm) at the sixth annulus ( 1963 cohort) from Strawberry Reef, Softuk Beach, Katalla Beach and Kanak Island (outside beach) . 65 Table 10. Analysis of variance of razor clam length (mm) at the sixth annulus ( 1963 cohort) from Inside Ocean Bar, Southwest Ocean Bar, Strawberry Reef, and Kanak Island (outside beach) . 66 Table 11. Analysis of variance of razor clam length (mm) at the sixth annulus (1963 cohort) from Inside Ocean Bar (lOB), Southwest Ocean Bar (SWOB), Erickson Bar (EB), Canoe Pass Trail Bar (CPTB), tittle Mummy Island Bar (LMIB), and Rockslide Bar (RB) . 67 Table 12. Analysis of variance of razor clam length (mm) at the sixth annulus ( 1963 cohort) from Erickson Bar, Little Mummy Island Bar, Canoe Pass Trail Bar, and Rockslide Bar . ...... 68 Table 13. A comparison of the mean length at the sixth annulus utilizing razor clams from Concrete Bar, Cordova Sector 1; Polly Creek Beach, Cook Inlet; and Swikshak Beach, Alaska Peninsula. ...... 69 Table 14. 10 - 90 percentile range of razor clam annual ring lengths from plots 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 10 in Cordova Sector 1. 70 iii Table 15. 10 - 90 percentile range of razor clam annual ring lengths from Strawberry Reef, Softuk Beach, Katalla Beach, and Kanak Island in Cordova Sector 4 . 71 Table 16. Composite analysis of the first order of recruit razor clams from Cordova Sectors 1 and 4 as applied to the present legal size of 4 inches (102 mm) in valve length . 72 Table 17. 80 percent average length of razor clams from Cordova Sector I and data for fitting a Walford line to length . 74 Table 18. 80 percent average length of razor clams from Cordova Sector 4 and data for fi tting a Walford line to length . 7 5 Table 19. Standard mean length of razor clams from Polly Creek, west side of Cook Inlet, and data for fi tting a Walford line to length . 78 Table 20. Standard mean length of razor clams from Swikshak Beach, Alaska Peninsula, and data for fitting a Walford line to length . 81 Table 21. Length-weight relationship of razor clams in Cordova Sector I collected during 1971 . 83 Table 22. Length-weight relationship of razor clams in Cordova Sector 4 collected during 1971 . 84 Table 23. Distribution of dug razor clams by plot per tide level ± mean lower low water from eight study sites in Sector I, Cordova, Alaska, 1969. I 07 Table 24. Distribution of dug razor clams by age per tide level ± mean lower low water from eight study sites (data lumped) in Sector I, Cordova, Alaska, 1969. 108 Table 25. Analysis of covariance to test for a difference in means (percent razor clams per tide level transformed by an arcsin square root transformation) and whether one regression line can be used for all observations from the +4 to the +I foot (+1.22 to +0.30 m) tide level among eight study sites in Sector l, Cordova, Alaska . 109 Table 26. Analysis of covariance to test for a difference in means (percent razor clams per tide level transformed by an arcsin square root transformation) and whether one regression line can be used for all observations from the 0 to the -3 fo ot (0 to -0.91 m) tide level among five study sites in Sector I, Cordova, Alaska. II0 Table 27. Distribution of razor clams by tide level ± mean lower low water fr om "C" series study plots at Point Steele Beach, Hinchinbrook Island, Cordova, Alaska, growing area, 1971 . 112 Table 28. Distribution of razor clams by tide level ± mean lower low water from Katalla and Softuk beaches, Cordova Sector 4, 1971. 114 iv Table 29. Analysis of covariance to test for a difference in means (percent razor clams per tide level transformed by an arcsin square root transformation) and whether one regression line can be used for all observations from the +3 to the +1 foot (+0.91 to +0.30 m) tide level as pertains to sampling data of (1) Orca Inlet study sites; (2) Point Steele Beach II C11 series plots; (3) Katalla- Softuk beaches; and ( 4) the gamma distribution derived from Point Steele 11 C11 plots . 115 Table 30. Analysis of covariance to test for a difference in means (percent razor clams per tide level transformed by an arcsin square root transformation) and whether one regression line can be used for all observations from the 0 to the -2 foot (0 to -0.61 m) tide level as pertains to sampling data of (1) Orca Inlet study sites; (2) Point Steele Beach II C11 series plots; (3) Katalla-Softuk beaches; and ( 4) the gamma distribution derived from Point Steele 11 C11 plots . 116 Table 31. Regression estimates of razor clam frequency of occurrence by tide level on the low tide terrace derived from a gamma distribution fitted to Point Steele Beach II C11 series plot data, Cordova, Alaska . 117 Table 32. Extrapolation of the Point Steele Beach 11 C11 plot series gamma distribution of razor clam density by tide level from the low tide terrace to subtidal depths, Cordova, Alaska . 118 Table 33. Estimated upper habitable tide level (relative to mean lower low water) at various razor clam growing areas based on the ratio of the uppermost habitable tide level at Cordova, Alaska ( +4. 50 feet), and the mean tide level at Cordova, Alaska ( +6.40 feet) . 120 Table 34. Analysis of substrate obtained from Point Steele Beach, Cordova Sector 1, 1971, from +5 to -16.5 feet (+1.52 to -5.03 m) relative to mean lower low water. 122 Table 35. Analysis of substrate obtained from Swikshak Beach, Alaska Peninsula, September, 1970, at tide levels estimated to be between mean lower low water and the + 3 foot ( +0. 91 m) tide level . 1 23 Table 36.
Recommended publications
  • A Review of the Biology and Fisheries of Horse Clams (Tresus Capax and Tresus Nuttallii)
    Fisheries and Oceans Pêches at Océans Canada Canad a Canadian Stock Assessment Secretariat Secrétariat canadien pour l'évaluation des stocks Research Document 98/8 8 Document de recherche 98/8 8 Not to be cited without Ne pas citer sans permission of the authors ' autorisation des auteurs ' A Review of the Biology and Fisheries of Horse Clams (Tresus capax and Tresus nuttallii) R. B . Lauzier, C . M. Hand, A. Campbell and S .Heizerz Fisheries and Oceans Canada Pacific Biological Station, Stock Assessment Division, Nanaimo, B.C. V9R 5K6 2 Fisheries and Oceans Canada South Coast Division, N anaimo, B.C. V9T 1K3 ' This series documents the scientific basis for the ' La présente série documente les bases scientifiques evaluation of fisheries resources in Canada . As des évaluations des ressources halieutiques du such, it addresses the issues of the day in the time Canada. Elle traite des problèmes courants selon les frames required and the documents it contains are échéanciers dictés. Les documents qu'elle contient not intended as definitive statements on the subjects ne doivent pas être considérés comme des énoncés addressed but rather as progress reports on ongoing définitifs sur les sujets traités, mais plutôt comme investigations . des rapports d'étape sur les études en cours . Research documents are produced in the official Les documents de recherche sont publiés dans la language in which they are provided to the langue officielle utilisée dans le manuscrit envoyé Secretariat. au secrétariat . ISSN 1480-4883 Ottawa, 199 8 Canada* Abstract A review of the biology and distribution of horse clams (Tresus capax and Tresus nuttallii)and a review of the fisheries of horse clams from British Columbia, Washington and Oregon is presented, based on previous surveys, scientific literature, and technical reports .
    [Show full text]
  • Data From: Microplastic Concentrations in Two Oregon Bivalve Species: Spatial, Temporal, and Species Variability
    Portland State University PDXScholar Environmental Science and Management Datasets Environmental Science and Management 7-2019 Data From: Microplastic Concentrations in Two Oregon Bivalve Species: Spatial, Temporal, and Species Variability Britta Baechler Portland State University, [email protected] Elise F. Granek Portland State University, [email protected] Matthew V. Hunter Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Kathleen E. Conn United States Geological Survey Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/esm_data Part of the Environmental Health and Protection Commons, Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment Commons, and the Environmental Monitoring Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Baechler, Britta; Granek, Elise F.; Hunter, Matthew V.; and Conn, Kathleen E., "Microplastic Concentrations in Two Oregon Bivalve Species: Spatial, Temporal, and Species Variability" (2019). [Dataset]. https://doi.org/10.15760/esm-data.1 This Dataset is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Environmental Science and Management Datasets by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Metadata template1 for datasets of L&O-Letters articles Table 1. Description of the fields needed to describe the creation of your dataset. Title of dataset Microplastic Concentrations in Two Oregon Bivalve Species: Spatial, Temporal, and Species Variability URL of dataset Data is available in the Portland State University PDXScholar data repository at: https://doi.org/10.15760/esm-data.1 Abstract Microplastics are an ecological stressor with implications for ecosystem and human health when present in seafood.
    [Show full text]
  • Siliqua Patula Class: Bivalvia; Heterodonta Order: Veneroida the Flat Razor Clam Family: Pharidae
    Phylum: Mollusca Siliqua patula Class: Bivalvia; Heterodonta Order: Veneroida The flat razor clam Family: Pharidae Taxonomy: The familial designation of this (see Plate 397G, Coan and Valentich-Scott species has changed frequently over time. 2007). Previously in the Solenidae, current intertidal Body: (see Plate 29 Ricketts and Calvin guides include S. patula in the Pharidae (e.g., 1952; Fig 259 Kozloff 1993). Coan and Valentich-Scott 2007). The superfamily Solenacea includes infaunal soft Color: bottom dwelling bivalves and contains the two Interior: (see Fig 5, Pohlo 1963). families: Solenidae and Pharidae (= Exterior: Cultellidae, von Cosel 1993) (Remacha- Byssus: Trivino and Anadon 2006). In 1788, Dixon Gills: described S. patula from specimens collected Shell: The shell in S. patula is thin and with in Alaska (see Range) and Conrad described sharp (i.e., razor-like) edges and a thin profile the same species, under the name Solen (Fig. 4). Thin, long, fragile shell (Ricketts and nuttallii from specimens collected in the Calvin 1952), with gapes at both ends Columbia River in 1838 (Weymouth et al. (Haderlie and Abbott 1980). Shell smooth 1926). These names were later inside and out (Dixon 1789), elongate, rather synonymized, thus known synonyms for cylindrical and the length is about 2.5 times Siliqua patula include Solen nuttallii, the width. Solecurtus nuttallii. Occasionally, researchers Interior: Prominent internal vertical also indicate a subspecific epithet (e.g., rib extending from beak to margin (Haderlie Siliqua siliqua patula) or variations (e.g., and Abbott 1980). Siliqua patula var. nuttallii, based on rib Exterior: Both valves are similar and morphology, see Possible gape at both ends.
    [Show full text]
  • OREGON ESTUARINE INVERTEBRATES an Illustrated Guide to the Common and Important Invertebrate Animals
    OREGON ESTUARINE INVERTEBRATES An Illustrated Guide to the Common and Important Invertebrate Animals By Paul Rudy, Jr. Lynn Hay Rudy Oregon Institute of Marine Biology University of Oregon Charleston, Oregon 97420 Contract No. 79-111 Project Officer Jay F. Watson U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 500 N.E. Multnomah Street Portland, Oregon 97232 Performed for National Coastal Ecosystems Team Office of Biological Services Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Department of Interior Washington, D.C. 20240 Table of Contents Introduction CNIDARIA Hydrozoa Aequorea aequorea ................................................................ 6 Obelia longissima .................................................................. 8 Polyorchis penicillatus 10 Tubularia crocea ................................................................. 12 Anthozoa Anthopleura artemisia ................................. 14 Anthopleura elegantissima .................................................. 16 Haliplanella luciae .................................................................. 18 Nematostella vectensis ......................................................... 20 Metridium senile .................................................................... 22 NEMERTEA Amphiporus imparispinosus ................................................ 24 Carinoma mutabilis ................................................................ 26 Cerebratulus californiensis .................................................. 28 Lineus ruber .........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Upwelling Surfin’ Salmon: Graduate Research by a Markham Scholar by Jose Marin Jarrin, Ph.D
    July 2010 Volume 7, Issue 2 Newsletter of the Friends of Hatfield Marine Science CenterUpwelling www.hmsc.oregonstate.edu/friends Surfin’ Salmon: Graduate Research by a Markham Scholar by Jose Marin Jarrin, Ph.D. Student, OSU’s Department of Fisheries and Wildlife juveniles at eight different beaches along the Oregon coast. Presence and Sandy beach surf zones occur along 70% of the distribution of the juveniles is related to whether the beach is located in Oregon coastline. These high energy environments are a littoral cell, which is a defined stretch considered ‘semi-enclosed’ because there is limited of sandy beach exchange of waters between these zones, which extend that is bordered by from the shoreline to the outermost breaker, and offshore rocky headlands that waters. Several fish species, including English sole, contain estuaries Northern anchovy, and Staghorn sculpin inhabit surf- with local Chinook zones, especially when they are juveniles, because it salmon popula- provides an abundant supply of potential prey and shelter tions. There are from predators. Although juvenile Chinook are thought also more juveniles to migrate from estuaries directly to the open ocean, present along sandy juveniles have also been collected within Oregon’s surf beaches adjacent to zones. estuaries. Densities of juveniles in the My M.Sc. research project at the Oregon Institute surf zone vary widely and are positively related to estuarine water tem- of Marine Biology suggested that surf-zones provide perature, suggesting that higher temperatures may influence movement an intermediate habitat for Chinook salmon between and prompt juveniles to exit the estuary. In surf-zones, juveniles grow at the estuary and the open ocean.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Clams, Cockles, Scallops, Oysters Of
    CommonHow Clams, Toxic Are Cockles, Alaska's Most Scallops, Common Shellfish Oysters ? of Alaska Concentric Pacific Littleneck Clam rings Protothaca staminea Pacific Razor Clam Distribution: Aleutian Islands to mid-California Alaska Razor Clam Siliqua patula Habitat: Midtidal to subtidal zone, mud to coarse Siliqua alta Distribution: Bristol Bay to southern gravel beaches 1 Distribution: Bering Sea to Cook Inlet California Size: Up to 2 ⁄2" Habitat: Intertidal zone, open coasts in sand Identification: External surface of shell with radiating Habitat: Intertidal zone to 30 feet on open sandy beaches Size: Up to 8" and concentric grooves Horse (Gaper) Clam Size: Up to 6" Identification: Long narrow shell, thin and Tresus capax brittle, olive green to brown color Identification: Long narrow shaped Distribution: Shumagin Islands, Alaska to shell, shell thin and brittle, brown to olive California green color Habitat: Intertidal zone, imbedded deeply Butter Clam Spiny Scallop Size: Up to 8" Saxidomus giganteus Chlamys hastata Identification: Shell large and thick, wide gape Radiating Distribution: Aleutian Islands to mid- Distribution: Gulf of Alaska between shells at posterior end when held grooves California to California together, dark covering on shell surface often or rib Habitat: Intertidal zone to 120 feet depth, on Habitat: Low intertidal area to partially worn off protected gravel, sandy beaches 400 feet depth Blue Mussel 1 Size: Up to 5" Size: Up to 3 ⁄2" Mytilus edulis Identification: Dense shell, external surface Identification:
    [Show full text]
  • Shelled Molluscs
    Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) Archimer http://www.ifremer.fr/docelec/ ©UNESCO-EOLSS Archive Institutionnelle de l’Ifremer Shelled Molluscs Berthou P.1, Poutiers J.M.2, Goulletquer P.1, Dao J.C.1 1 : Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, Plouzané, France 2 : Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France Abstract: Shelled molluscs are comprised of bivalves and gastropods. They are settled mainly on the continental shelf as benthic and sedentary animals due to their heavy protective shell. They can stand a wide range of environmental conditions. They are found in the whole trophic chain and are particle feeders, herbivorous, carnivorous, and predators. Exploited mollusc species are numerous. The main groups of gastropods are the whelks, conchs, abalones, tops, and turbans; and those of bivalve species are oysters, mussels, scallops, and clams. They are mainly used for food, but also for ornamental purposes, in shellcraft industries and jewelery. Consumed species are produced by fisheries and aquaculture, the latter representing 75% of the total 11.4 millions metric tons landed worldwide in 1996. Aquaculture, which mainly concerns bivalves (oysters, scallops, and mussels) relies on the simple techniques of producing juveniles, natural spat collection, and hatchery, and the fact that many species are planktivores. Keywords: bivalves, gastropods, fisheries, aquaculture, biology, fishing gears, management To cite this chapter Berthou P., Poutiers J.M., Goulletquer P., Dao J.C., SHELLED MOLLUSCS, in FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE, from Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Oxford ,UK, [http://www.eolss.net] 1 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pacific Razor Clam
    Temperature and Growth- The Pacific Razor Clam By Oyde C. Taylor Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biolosical Laboratory U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Woods Hole, Massachusetts Introduction Quantitative relations between growth parameters of the cod (Gadus morhua l.) and mean annual sea surface temperature at various localities have been described by TAYLOR ( 1958 a). This paper shows similar relations for a more sedentary organism, the Pacific razor clam (Si/iqua patula). The theoretical "ignificance of such relations is discussed briefl.y. WEYMOUTH and McMILLIN (1931) show age-length data for the razor clam at ten localities ranging from California to Alaska. Using these data but excluding median lengths based on less than 5 clams, I have determined the parameters of the equations:- L, 1 = mL, + i ........... ........... (1) e-K(t-to>) . • . •••...•.. L, = L 00 (I - (2) 2·996 A.9~ .......... (3) I • K t quation (1) is the regression of length at time t I on length at time t, m lftl the slope and i the y-intercept (WALFORD, 1946). Equation (2) is the ""talanlfy ( 1938) growth equation, L00 is the asymptotic length, K a constant, and a correction on the time axis. L00 and K are derived from equation (I) a' follows:- L00 i/(1 m) . ..... ( 4) and K - log.m . .... (5) 1 "uation (3) defines the life span as time, A.95 , required to attain 95% of L00 1Wtt, 1958a, 1958b). 1 .~ I shows the localities and latitudes from which age-length data for the: r&Lur clam are reported by WEYMOUTH and McMILLIN (1931); also the estimated mean air temperature and the parameters K, i, L00, and A 95 • ACE 6275596 -tfs 94 CLYDE C.
    [Show full text]
  • Bradley P. Harris Phone: (907) 564-8802 Email: [email protected] Website: EDUCATION Ph.D
    Bradley P. Harris Phone: (907) 564-8802 Email: [email protected] Website: www.alaskafastlab.org EDUCATION Ph.D. Fisheries Oceanography. University of Massachusetts - School of Marine Sciences. 2011 M.Sc. Fisheries Oceanography. University of Massachusetts - School of Marine Sciences. 2006 B.Sc. Wildlife and Fisheries Science. Texas A&M University. 1999 PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYMENT 2011 - Present Director: Fisheries, Aquatic Science & Technology (FAST) Lab, Alaska Pacific University 2011 - Present Associate Professor: Alaska Pacific University 2016 - Present Honorary Fellow: Ulster University, Northern Ireland, UK 2012 - Present Adjunct Professor: School of Marine Sciences, University of Massachusetts 2007 - 2011 Research Associate, Dept. Fisheries Oceanography, University of Massachusetts - Dartmouth 2001 - 2007 Program Manager, Dept. Fisheries Oceanography, University of Massachusetts - Dartmouth 2000 Captain, Oil Spill Response Vessel Harrison Bay, Alaska Clean Seas 1995 - 2000 Boat Officer, Research Vessel Pandalus, Alaska Department of Fish and Game 1991 - 1995 Commercial Fisherman, Pink Salmon Purse Seine Fishery, Prince William Sound, Alaska; Sockeye Salmon Set Net Fishery, Upper Cook Inlet, Alaska PROFESSIONAL SERVICE 2017 - Present Member: North Pacific Research Board – Science Panel 2016 - Present Member: Bering Sea Fishery Ecosystem Plan Team, North Pacific Fisheries Management Council 2014 - Present Member: Scientific and Statistical Committee, North Pacific Fisheries Management Council 2013 - Present Member: Working Group on Scallop Assessment, International Council for Exploration of the Sea 2013 - Present Member: Working Group on Fishing Technology and Fish Behavior, International Council for Exploration of the Sea / Food and Agriculture Organization PEER-REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS (*student author) Wolf N., Harris B., Richard N., Sethi S.A., Lomac-MacNair K., Parker L. In Press. Seasonal distribution of Cook Inlet Beluga whales (Delphinaptera leucas) from high frequency aerial survey data.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter I Taxonomy
    THE AMERICAN OYSTER CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA GMELIN By PAUL S. GALTSOFF, Fishery Biologist BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES CHAPTER I TAXONOMY Page This broad characterization included a number Taxonomic characters _ 4 SheIL _ 4 of genera such as scallops, pen shells (Pinnidae), Anatomy _ 4 Sex and spawnlng _ limas (Limidae) and other mollusks which ob­ 4 Habitat _ 5 viously are not oysters. In the 10th edition of Larvll! shell (Prodlssoconch) _ 6 "Systema Naturae," Linnaeus (1758) wrote: The genera of living oysters _ 6 Genus 08trea _ 6 "Ostreae non orones, imprimis Pectines, ad Genus Cra8808trea _ 7 Genus Pycnodonte _ cardinem interne fulcis transversis numerosis 7 Bibliography _ 14 parallelis in utraque testa oppositis gaudentiquae probe distinguendae ab Areis polypleptoginglymis, The family Ostreidae consists of a large number cujus dentes numerosi alternatim intrant alterius of edibleand nonedible oysters. Their distribution sinus." Le., not all are oysters, in particular the is confined to a broad belt of coastal waters within scallops, which have many parallel ribs running the latitudes 64° N. and 44° S. With few excep­ crosswise inward toward the hinge on each shell tions oysters thrive in shallow water, their vertical on opposite sides; these should properly be dis­ distribution extending from a level approximately tinguished from Area polyleptoginglymis whose halfway between high and low tide levels to a many teeth alternately enter between the teeth depth of about 100 feet. Commercially exploited of the other side. oyster beds are rarely found below a depth of 40 In the same publication the European flat feet. oyster, Ostrea edulis, is described as follows: The· name "Ostrea" was given by Linnaeus "Vulgo Ostrea dictae edulis.
    [Show full text]
  • Molluscs: Bivalvia Laura A
    I Molluscs: Bivalvia Laura A. Brink The bivalves (also known as lamellibranchs or pelecypods) include such groups as the clams, mussels, scallops, and oysters. The class Bivalvia is one of the largest groups of invertebrates on the Pacific Northwest coast, with well over 150 species encompassing nine orders and 42 families (Table 1).Despite the fact that this class of mollusc is well represented in the Pacific Northwest, the larvae of only a few species have been identified and described in the scientific literature. The larvae of only 15 of the more common bivalves are described in this chapter. Six of these are introductions from the East Coast. There has been quite a bit of work aimed at rearing West Coast bivalve larvae in the lab, but this has lead to few larval descriptions. Reproduction and Development Most marine bivalves, like many marine invertebrates, are broadcast spawners (e.g., Crassostrea gigas, Macoma balthica, and Mya arenaria,); the males expel sperm into the seawater while females expel their eggs (Fig. 1).Fertilization of an egg by a sperm occurs within the water column. In some species, fertilization occurs within the female, with the zygotes then text continues on page 134 Fig. I. Generalized life cycle of marine bivalves (not to scale). 130 Identification Guide to Larval Marine Invertebrates ofthe Pacific Northwest Table 1. Species in the class Bivalvia from the Pacific Northwest (local species list from Kozloff, 1996). Species in bold indicate larvae described in this chapter. Order, Family Species Life References for Larval Descriptions History1 Nuculoida Nuculidae Nucula tenuis Acila castrensis FSP Strathmann, 1987; Zardus and Morse, 1998 Nuculanidae Nuculana harnata Nuculana rninuta Nuculana cellutita Yoldiidae Yoldia arnygdalea Yoldia scissurata Yoldia thraciaeforrnis Hutchings and Haedrich, 1984 Yoldia rnyalis Solemyoida Solemyidae Solemya reidi FSP Gustafson and Reid.
    [Show full text]
  • Milford Recreational Brochure
    RECREATIONAL SHELLFISHING REQUIREMENTS AND GUIDELINES There is no license required for harvesting clams, mussels or oysters for your own consumption in Milford, CT. Harvest is limited to 1/2 bushel of shellfish (clams, mussels, oysters) per day taken during daylight hours. (1/2 bushel is approximately one 5 gallon bucket.) Implements used to collect shellfish must have openings or spacing between the teeth of 1” or greater. Oysters less than 3” in length must be returned to the harvest area. Hard clams less than 1” in thickness or that will pass through a ring of 1.5” internal diameter must be returned to the harvest area. Soft-shell clams (steamers) less than 1.5” in length must be returned to the harvest area. Recreational harvesters can not offer their shellfish for sale or barter. Recreationally harvested shellfish are intended to be consumed by the harvester and family members. Harvesting is limited to “Approved” and “Conditionally Approved-Open” areas, excluding franchised or leased shellfish beds. Recreational shellfishing in closed areas, (“Conditionally Approved-Closed,” “Restricted,” and “Prohibited” areas) whether for bait or personal consumption is illegal. Illegally shellfishing in “closed areas” subjects the harvester and his/her family to public health risks and fines. RECREATIONAL SHELLFISHING REQUIREMENTS AND GUIDELINES Shellfish should be promptly refrigerated in a self-draining container. They should never be stored in water or hung overboard from a dock or boat since they are filter feeders and may concentrate contaminants from that new environment. In the interest of preventing the growth of non-indigenous species, disease and parasites, no shellfish taken from or originating from areas outside of Connecticut’s Long Island Sound may be placed, planted or disposed of in Long Island Sound and its tributaries with out the written approval of the Connecticut Depart- ment of Agriculture, Bureau of Aquaculture.
    [Show full text]