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E-More- National Report on Hate Speech and Hate Crime in Malta

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E-More- National Report on Hate Speech and Hate Crime in Malta National Report on Hate Speech and Hate Crime in Malta Fall 08 2016 By Becky Vella Muskat SOS Malta For the E-More Project Table of Contents List of Tables ......................................................................................................... 3 Executive Summary............................................................................................... 4 1. The eMORE Project (MOnitoring and REporting online hate speech in Europe) .. 7 Objectives .................................................................................................................... 7 Partners ....................................................................................................................... 8 2. Conceptual framework .................................................................................... 11 Introduction ....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3. National Level Context .................................................................................... 12 Literature review on a national level: Malta ................................................................ 12 Key issues on discrimination in Malta ......................................................................... 12 Discrimination against LGBTQQI people ...................................................................... 13 Discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, nationality, and religion ........................ 15 Gaps and challenges in obtaining information ............................................................. 17 Underreporting and under-recording of hate speech and hate crimes .......................... 17 Hate speech ..................................................................................................................... 18 Intersex community and individuals ............................................................................... 18 Reanalysis of LGBT individuals......................................................................................... 18 Youths in primary and secondary education ................................................................... 19 Women ............................................................................................................................ 19 Disability .......................................................................................................................... 19 Multiple discrimination ................................................................................................... 19 4. Survey results ................................................................................................. 20 Profile of respondents ................................................................................................ 20 Victim Experience ....................................................................................................... 20 Experience of the witness ........................................................................................... 21 5. Stakeholder analysis ....................................................................................... 22 Stakeholders and organisations working in the areas of human rights, equal opportunities, anti-discrimination, hate speech and hate crime ................................... 22 6. Projects related to combatting hate speech and hate crime ............................. 30 7. Analysis of Online Media Coverage of hate speech and hate crime .................. 35 Concept ..................................................................................................................... 35 Note on methodology ................................................................................................ 35 Quantitative results: initial investigation ........................................................................ 35 Transmission .............................................................................................................. 38 Data sampling .................................................................................................................. 38 Qualitative analysis .......................................................................................................... 40 Qualitative results: The Times of Malta .......................................................................... 41 Qualitative results: TVM .................................................................................................. 44 8. Legal Framework ............................................................................................. 46 Relevant legislations .................................................................................................. 46 Constitution of Malta: Article 45 ..................................................................................... 47 Maltese Criminal Code: Article 82 ................................................................................... 47 The Press Act: Part II ........................................................................................................ 47 The Broadcasting Act: Article 16K ................................................................................... 48 The Employment and Industrial Relations Act ................................................................ 48 eMore Report November 2016 2 Becky Vella Muskat Act No. II of 2012 ............................................................................................................. 49 Judicial Interpretations and implementations of legislation ......................................... 50 Gaps and challenges within existing legislation ........................................................... 54 Recommendations ..................................................................................................... 54 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 56 Works Cited ........................................................................................................ 58 Appendix 1: Publications pertaining to hate speech and hate crime in Malta ....... 63 Appendix 2: Analysis of the eMORE survey in Malta ............................................ 72 Context and Methodology of the Survey ..................................................................... 72 General overview of the results of our survey ............................................................. 73 The profile of the people surveyed ................................................................................. 73 The internet practices of our response group ................................................................. 74 Motivations of discrimination/prejudice......................................................................... 78 Types of Hate Episodes .................................................................................................... 79 The context of the hate crime ......................................................................................... 80 Perpetrators of Hate ........................................................................................................ 80 Reporting of Hate Episodes ............................................................................................. 81 The witness’ understanding of the discrimination/prejudice ........................................ 82 Characteristics of the Incident ......................................................................................... 83 Comparison of the Victim and Witness experience ........................................................ 85 Hate speech online ..................................................................................................... 85 The specificities of hate speech online............................................................................ 85 Hate speech in Malta ....................................................................................................... 87 Feedback around hate speech online ............................................................................. 89 Comparative Analysis ................................................................................................. 90 Religion and hate speech ................................................................................................ 90 Difference and hate speech............................................................................................. 90 Disability and hate speech ............................................................................................... 91 Privacy and hate speech .................................................................................................. 92 A multitude of victims ..................................................................................................... 93 List of Tables Table 1: Malta-based NGOs whose work relates to hate crime and hate speech .................. 23 Table 2: Government bodies relevant to hate crime and hate speech in Malta .................... 27 Table 3: Projects aimed at combating hate speech, hate crime, and discrimination ............. 31 Table 4: Quantitative results of keywords searches in online newspapers of Malta from 1 Jan 2014 to 30 May 2016 ....................................................................................................... 36 Table 5: Times of Malta quantitative results ..........................................................................
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