DOCSLIB.ORG

Use of Irradiation for Chemical and Microbial Decontamination of Water, Wastewater and Sludge

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Use of Irradiation for Chemical and Microbial Decontamination of Water, Wastewater and Sludge IAEA-TECDOC-1225 Use of irradiation for chemical and microbial decontamination of water, wastewater and sludge Final report of a co-ordinated research project 1995–1999 June 2001 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Industrial Applications and Chemistry Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria USE OF IRRADIATION FOR CHEMICAL AND MICROBIAL DECONTAMINATION OF WATER, WASTEWATER AND SLUDGE IAEA, VIENNA, 2001 IAEA-TECDOC-1225 ISSN 1011–4289 © IAEA, 2001 Printed by the IAEA in Austria June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Ã Ã Ã Ã (',725,$/127( 7KLVSXEOLFDWLRQKDVEHHQSUHSDUHGIURPWKHRULJLQDOPDWHULDODVVXEPLWWHGE\WKHDXWKRUV7KHYLHZV H[SUHVVHGGRQRWQHFHVVDULO\UHIOHFWWKRVHRIWKH,$($WKHJRYHUQPHQWVRIWKHQRPLQDWLQJ0HPEHU 6WDWHVRUWKHQRPLQDWLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQV 7KH XVH RI SDUWLFXODU GHVLJQDWLRQV RI FRXQWULHV RU WHUULWRULHV GRHV QRW LPSO\ DQ\MXGJHPHQWE\WKH SXEOLVKHU WKH ,$($ DV WR WKH OHJDO VWDWXV RI VXFKFRXQWULHVRUWHUULWRULHVRIWKHLUDXWKRULWLHVDQG LQVWLWXWLRQVRURIWKHGHOLPLWDWLRQRIWKHLUERXQGDULHV 7KHPHQWLRQRIQDPHVRIVSHFLILFFRPSDQLHVRUSURGXFWV ZKHWKHURUQRWLQGLFDWHGDVUHJLVWHUHG GRHV QRWLPSO\DQ\LQWHQWLRQWRLQIULQJHSURSULHWDU\ULJKWVQRUVKRXOGLWEHFRQVWUXHGDVDQHQGRUVHPHQW RUUHFRPPHQGDWLRQRQWKHSDUWRIWKH,$($ 7KHDXWKRUVDUHUHVSRQVLEOHIRUKDYLQJREWDLQHGWKHQHFHVVDU\SHUPLVVLRQIRUWKH,$($WRUHSURGXFH WUDQVODWHRUXVHPDWHULDOIURPVRXUFHVDOUHDG\SURWHFWHGE\FRS\ULJKWV CONTENTS SUMMARY................................................................................................................................1 Advanced oxidation for groundwater remediation and for soil decontamination.......................5 P. Gehringer, H. Eschweiler The application of the electron beam process in water and wastewater treatment: Fundamental and applied studies .........................................................................................25 W.J. Cooper, T. Tobien Electron beam technology for purification of municipal wastewater in the aerosol flow ........45 A.K. Pikaev, E.A. Podzorova, O.M. Bakhtin, S.L. Lysenko, V.A. Belyshev Application of electron beam to industrial wastewater treatment.............................................57 B. Han, D.K. Kim, J.Y. Boo, J.K. Kim, Y. Kim, W. Chung, J.S. Choi, H.J. Kang, A.K. Pikaev Electron beam wastewater treatment in Brazil..........................................................................65 M.H.O. Sampa, P.R. Rela, C.L. Duarte, S.I. Borrely, H. Oikawa, E.S.R. Somessari, C.G. Silveira, F.E. Costa Gamma radiation treatment of pentachlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2-chlorophenol in water .......................................................................................................87 Yongke He, Jun Liu, Jilan Wu The destructive degradation of some organic textile dye compounds using gamma ray irradiation.......................................................................................................................97 Abdel-Gawad A.S. Emara, A.A. Abdel-Fattah, S.E. Ebraheem, Z.I. Ali, H. Gad Effect of radiation on wastewater from textile industries in Ghana........................................121 S.A. Dogbe, G. Emi-Reynolds, G.K. Banini Radiation-induced degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater ......................................133 A.N.M. Bagyo, W.A. Lindu, S. Sadjirun, E.K. Winarno, E. Widayat, Aryanti, H. Winarno Radiation hygienization of raw sewage sludge.......................................................................147 M.R. Shah, D.S. Lavale, K.P. Rawat, P.G. Benny, A.K. Sharma, G.R. Dey, V. Bhave Radiation technology for sewage sludge treatment: The Argentine project ...........................163 J.G. Graiño List of Participants ..................................................................................................................179 SUMMARY Introduction Environmental application of radiation processing has an advantage over other emerging processes in that a good understanding of the underlying chemistry is found in the radiation chemistry literature. In addition, industrially rugged electron beam accelerators, which are used for radiation processing of polymers, sterilization and many other applications, are available. The process is flexible because it is relatively pH insensitive, solutions to be processed may contain solids and could in fact be heterogeneous and the material throughput may be very high. The fundamental chemistry of irradiation of water is well understood. It is this understanding that allows for the potential implementation of radiation processing to solve existing and emerging problems related to environmental pollution. In particular, application of radiation processing in water based systems has a solid foundation. The uniqueness of radiation processing results from the formation of three reactive species in irradiated solutions: oxidizing hydroxyl radical and the reducing radicals, hydrated electron and – hydrogen atom, e aq and H. Another unique feature is that the presence of solids does not comprise the process, thus allowing the potential application of radiation processing to sewage sludges and suspended sediments and soils. It can also be easily engineered as a unit process in a treatment system because reactions resulting in the destruction of pollutants are rapid. Another advantage of radiation processing is its capability to kill bacteria and inactivate viruses at the same time it is destroying pollutants. The CRP on “Irradiation treatment of water, wastewater and sludge” was established in order to focus the attention of appropriate technical experts in integrating the effects of ionizing radiation on refractory organic pollutants and pathogenic microorganisms and parasites in the treatment of water, wastewater and sewage sludge. It involved research institutes from 11 countries (Argentina, Austria, Brazil, China, Egypt, Ghana, India, Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation and the USA). The objectives of the CRP were: ¾ to establish optimal combination treatments utilizing ionizing radiation and other agents such as oxygen, ozone, heat, etc. for decontamination of polluted water from ground and surface reservoirs and of wastewaters and sewage sludges; ¾ to establish the effects of dose rate on the decontamination efficiency; ¾ to establish technological and economic parameters. Groundwater remediation To better understand the application of electron beam processing to water, the group at the University of North Carolina at Wilmington conducted fundamental studies on radiation degradation of several halogenated methanes, thioanissole and methyl tert-butyl ether, a common contaminant arising from gasoline releases in the USA. The kinetic rate constants determined are used to build kinetic models to describe the destruction of target organic compounds in aqueous solutions. The work of the group at the Austrian Research Centre Seibersdorf aimed at purifying groundwater contaminated with perchloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE) and some genotoxic compounds. The combination of ozone and 1 electron beam irradiation was able to mineralize trace amounts of chloroethylene in groundwater in a single stage process without formation of any by-product to be disposed of. Experiments performed with real groundwater demonstrated that the combined ozone/electron beam (EB) irradiation process is also apt to total removal of some genotoxic compounds detected in groundwater contaminated with PCE and TCE. Additional experiments further confirmed that application of UV-irradiation for disinfection of such contaminated water is not possible. Large-scale studies were conducted both in Austria and the USA to examine the practicality of using EB and ozone/EB process under different conditions, and cost figures were developed for these applications. Optimal combination treatments utilizing ionizing radiation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Fast-Response Methodological Approach to Assessing and Managing
    Ecological Engineering 85 (2015) 47–55 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ecological Engineering jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ecoleng A fast-response methodological approach to assessing and managing nutrient loads in eutrophic Mediterranean reservoirs a,∗ a a Bachisio Mario Padedda , Nicola Sechi , Giuseppina Grazia Lai , a b a a Maria Antonietta Mariani , Silvia Pulina , Cecilia Teodora Satta , Anna Maria Bazzoni , c c a Tomasa Virdis , Paola Buscarinu , Antonella Lugliè a University of Sassari, Department of Architecture, Design and Urban Planning, Via Piandanna 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy b University of Cagliari, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, via T. Fiorelli 1, 09126 Cagliari, Italy c EN.A.S. Ente Acque della Sardegna, Settore della limnologia degli invasi, Viale Elmas 116, 09122 Cagliari, Italy a r a t i b s c l e i n f o t r a c t Article history: With many lakes and other inland water bodies worldwide being increasingly affected by eutrophication Received 13 July 2015 resulting from excess nutrient input, there is an urgent need for improved monitoring and prediction Received in revised form 8 September 2015 methods of nutrient load effects in such ecosystems. In this study, we adopted a catchment-based Accepted 19 September 2015 approach to identify and estimate the direct effect of external nutrient loads originating in the drainage basin on the trophic state of a Mediterranean reservoir. We also evaluated the trophic state variations Keywords: related to the theoretical manipulation of nutrient inputs. The study was conducted on Lake Cedrino, a Eutrophication typical warm monomictic reservoir, between 2010 and 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • Department of Natural Resources Division 60—Public Drinking Water Program Chapter 2—Definitions
    Rules of Department of Natural Resources Division 60—Public Drinking Water Program Chapter 2—Definitions Title Page 10 CSR 60-2.010 Installation, Extension, Testing and Operation of Public Water Supplies (Rescinded October 11, 1979) ..................................................3 10 CSR 60-2.015 Definitions .......................................................................................3 10 CSR 60-2.020 Grants for Public Water Supply Districts, Sewer Districts, Rural Community Water Supply and Sewer Systems and Certain Municipal Sewer Systems (Moved to 10 CSR-13.010).................................7 Rebecca McDowell Cook (7/31/00) CODE OF STATE REGULATIONS 1 Secretary of State Chapter 2—Definitions 10 CSR 60-2 Title 10—DEPARTMENT OF liquids, gases or other substances into the ified operator classification of the certifica- NATURAL RESOURCES public water system from any source(s). tion program under the provisions of 10 CSR Division 60—Public Drinking 2. Backflow hazard. Any facility which, 60-14.020. Water Program because of the nature and extent of activities 2. Certificate of examination. A certifi- Chapter 2—Definitions on the premises or the materials used in con- cate issued to a person who passes a written nection with the activities or stored on the examination but does not meet the experience 10 CSR 60-2.010 Installation, Extension, premises, would present an actual or potential requirements for the classification of exami- Testing and Operation of Public Water health hazard to customers of the public water nation taken. Supplies system or would threaten to degrade the water 3. Chief operator. The person designat- (Rescinded October 11, 1979) quality of the public water system should ed by the owner of a public water system to backflow occur.
    [Show full text]
  • Measurements and Fluxes of Volatile Chlorinated Organic Compounds (Vocl) from Natural Terrestrial Sources
    Technical Report TR-18-09 February 2019 Measurements and fluxes of volatile chlorinated organic compounds (VOCl) from natural terrestrial sources Measurement techniques and spatio-temporal variability of flux estimates SVENSK KÄRNBRÄNSLEHANTERING AB SWEDISH NUCLEAR FUEL AND WASTE MANAGEMENT CO Box 3091, SE-169 03 Solna Phone +46 8 459 84 00 Teresia Svensson skb.se SVENSK KÄRNBRÄNSLEHANTERING ISSN 1404-0344 SKB TR-18-09 ID 1695279 February 2019 Measurements and fluxes of volatile chlorinated organic compounds (VOCl) from natural terrestrial sources Measurement techniques and spatio-temporal variability of flux estimates Teresia Svensson, Linköpings Universitet Keywords: Chlorine, Soil, Emission, Chloroform, Uptake, VOCl, Surface ecosystem, Biosphere, SE-SFL. This report concerns a study which was conducted for Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB (SKB). The conclusions and viewpoints presented in the report are those of the author. SKB may draw modified conclusions, based on additional literature sources and/or expert opinions. A pdf version of this document can be downloaded from www.skb.se. © 2019 Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB Abstract Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and especially chlorinated VOCs (VOCls) are regarded as en viron mental risk substances in water bodies due to their toxic characteristics. Even in the atmo­ sphere they highly impact atmospheric chemistry, e.g. degrading the ozone layer. Several studies have convincingly identified a number of natural VOCl sources thereby challenging the view of VOCls as only produced by humans. Yet, fundamental knowledge is still missing concerning the emission, distribution and the natural abundance of VOCls, especially regarding the high spatial and temporal variability of emissions from terrestrial sources. In the nuclear industry, Cl­36 is a dose­dominating radionuclide in some waste, and this adds to the need to better understand the processes, transport and fate of chlorine in the biosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Regression Relations and Long-Term Water-Quality Constituent
    Prepared in cooperation with the City of Wichita Regression Relations and Long-Term Water-Quality Constituent Concentrations, Loads, Yields, and Trends in the North Fork Ninnescah River, South-Central Kansas, 1999–2019 Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5006 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover. Photograph showing North Fork Ninnescah River downstream from the continuous water- quality monitor installation, taken at the North Fork Ninnescah River above Cheney Reservoir (U.S. Geological Survey [USGS] site 07144780) on July 8, 2020, by David Eason (USGS hydrologic technician). Back cover. Photograph showing sandy channel and streamflow conditions at 150 cubic feet per second upstream from the continuous water-quality monitor installation, taken at the North Fork Ninnescah River above Cheney Reservoir (USGS site 07144780) on November 26, 2018, by USGS personnel. Regression Relations and Long-Term Water-Quality Constituent Concentrations, Loads, Yields, and Trends in the North Fork Ninnescah River, South-Central Kansas, 1999–2019 By Ariele R. Kramer, Brian J. Klager, Mandy L. Stone, and Patrick J. Eslick-Huff Prepared in cooperation with the City of Wichita Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5006 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2021 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit https://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov/. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Transmittal of Final "Guidance for State Implementation of Water Quality Standards for CWA Section 303(C) (2) (B)"
    UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON. D.C. 20460 OFFICEOF WATER MEMORANDUM SUBJECT: Transmittal of Final "Guidance for State Implementation of Water Quality Standards for CWA Section 303(c) (2) (B)" FROM: Rebecca W. Hanmer, Acting Assistant Administrator for Water (WH-556) TO: Water Management Division Directors Regions I-X Directors State Water Pollution Control Agencies Attached is the final guidance on State adoption of criteria for priority toxic pollutants. We prepared this guidance to help States comply with the new requirements of the 1987 amendments to the Clean Water Act. We have made only minor changes to the September 2, 1988 draft which was distributed to you earlier. The guidance focuses specifically on the new effort to control toxics in water quality standards. It does not supersede other elements of the standards program which address conventional and non-conventional pollutants as well as priority toxic pollutants. These other elements are described in other Office of Water guidance such as the Water Quality Standards Handbook and continue in full force and effect. Some commenters on the draft expressed a concern that the guidance places an unnecessary burden on States to demonstrate a need to regulate toxics before State criteria are adopted. This comment related primarily to Option 2 which provides for a more target red approach than Option 1. We wish to clarify that no such requirement for the States to develop a demonstration of need is included in or intended by the guidance. We do urge States, as a minimum, to use their identifications of impacted segments under Section 304(l) as a starting point for identifying locations where toxic pollutants are of concern and in need of coverage in State standards.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemicals Found in Pool Water Can Be Derived from a Number of Sources
    CHAPTER 4 CChemicalhemical hhazardsazards hemicals found in pool water can be derived from a number of sources: the source Cwater, deliberate additions such as disinfectants and the pool users themselves (see Figure 4.1). This chapter describes the routes of exposure to swimming pool chemi- cals, the chemicals typically found in pool water and their possible health effects. While there is clearly a need to ensure proper consideration of health and safety issues for operators and pool users in relation to the use and storage of swimming pool chemicals, this aspect is not covered in this volume. Chemicals in pool, hot tub and spa water Source water-derived: Bather-derived: Management-derived: disinfection by-products; urine; disinfectants; precursors sweat; pH correction chemicals; dirt; coagulants lotions (sunscreen, cosmetics, soap residues, etc.) Disinfection by-products: e.g. trihalomethanes; haloacetic acids; chlorate; nitrogen trichloride Figure 4.1. Possible pool water contaminants in swimming pools and similar environments 4.1 Exposure There are three main routes of exposure to chemicals in swimming pools and similar environments: • direct ingestion of water; • inhalation of volatile or aerosolized solutes; and • dermal contact and absorption through the skin. 60 GUIDELINES FOR SAFE RECREATIONAL WATER ENVIRONMENTS llayoutayout SSafeafe WWater.inddater.indd 8822 224.2.20064.2.2006 99:57:05:57:05 4.1.1 Ingestion The amount of water ingested by swimmers and pool users will depend upon a range of factors, including experience, age, skill and type of activity. The duration of ex- posure will vary signifi cantly in different circumstances, but for adults, extended ex- posure would be expected to be associated with greater skill (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Concentration and Determination of Trace Organic Pollutants in Water Richard Chi-Yuen Chang Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1976 Concentration and determination of trace organic pollutants in water Richard Chi-Yuen Chang Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Analytical Chemistry Commons, and the Oil, Gas, and Energy Commons Recommended Citation Chang, Richard Chi-Yuen, "Concentration and determination of trace organic pollutants in water " (1976). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 6264. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/6264 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Eutrophication on the Coagulation Efficiency in Reservoir
    Chemosphere 53 (2003) 773–778 www.elsevier.com/locate/chemosphere Influence of eutrophication on the coagulation efficiency in reservoir water Wen Po Cheng a,*, Fung-Hwa Chi b a Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Lien-Ho Institute of Technology, Miaoli 36012, Taiwan, ROC b Department of Environmental Engineering, Kun Shan University of Technology, Tainan 710, Taiwan, ROC Received 3 May 2002; received in revised form 25 April 2003; accepted 30 April 2003 Abstract Water from the three reservoirs, Min-ter, Li-yu-ten and Yun-ho-shen, was examined for concentration of chloro- phyll a, ultraviolet absorption (UV254), fluorescence intensity (FI), concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and fractionation of dissolved molecules by molecular weight. The water samples were collected over the change from spring to summer (May to July but before the typhoon season) when the water temperature and extent of eutrophi- cation increase. Analytical results indicate that the concentration of DOC is proportional to the concentration of chlorophyll a, but not to the values of UV254 and FI. Therefore, eutrophication, extraneous contaminants of small molecules, and the extracellular products of algae cause an increase in DOC, but a decrease in the proportion of large organic molecules such as of humic substances. The fraction of DOC with a molecular weight of less than 5000 Da increases with the concentration of chlorophyll a. All these data suggest that changes in the quality of water after eutrophication make the treatment of drinking water more difficult. The method of enhanced coagulation was recently developed for removing DOC. However, the results of this paper demonstrate that the efficiency of DOC removal falls as the degree of eutrophication increases.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Awaii a Manoa
    University of awaii a Manoa Environmental Center Crawford 317. 2550 Campus Road Hono lulu. Hawaii 96822 Telephone (808] 948-7361 Office of the Director RL:0214 HB 117 RELATING TO AEROSOL SPRAYS Statement for House Committee on Water, land Use Development, and Hawaiian Homes Public Hearing 8 March 1977 by Wan-Cheng Chiu, Meteorology Michael J. Chun, Public Health Doak C. Cox~ Environmental Center Peter M. Kroopnick, Oceanography Thomas A. Schroeder, Meteorology Sanford M. Siegel, Botany also A. Daniel Burhans, Environn~ntal Center Gordon, , E. Bigelow, General Science HB 117 would amend Chapter 342 of Hawaii Revised Statutes, relating to environmental qua1itY,to ban the sale of chlorofluorocarbon-based aerosol sprays in Hawaii. This statement on the bill is being submitted for review to the legislative Subcommittee of the Environmental Center of the University of Hawaii, but does not reflect an institutional position of the University. Findings in bill The finding that cert~in chTorofluorocarbon compounds used in aerosol sprays may have significant effect on the ozone layer in the stratosphere is valid, although the complete destruction of the ozone layer that is post~lated in the bill is not a possibility. The findings in the bill as to the malntenance of the ozone layer are valid. The findings that the production of ozone destroying chemicals has been estimated to be increasing at 10 percent per year is valid, although a number " of differing estimates have been made, and most of them overlook the importance of natural production and release of these chemicals. The similar findings as to estimates that have been made as to the health effects of the release of the chlorofluorocarbon compounds is also valid, but subject to the same qualification.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Genbank
    Methylotrophs and Methylotroph Populations for Chloromethane Degradation Françoise Bringel1*, Ludovic Besaury2, Pierre Amato3, Eileen Kröber4, Stefen Kolb4, Frank Keppler5,6, Stéphane Vuilleumier1 and Thierry Nadalig1 1Université de Strasbourg UMR 7156 UNISTR CNRS, Molecular Genetics, Genomics, Microbiology (GMGM), Strasbourg, France. 2Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Chaire AFERE, INR, FARE UMR A614, Reims, France. 3 Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, Clermont-Ferrand, France. 4Microbial Biogeochemistry, Research Area Landscape Functioning – Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research – ZALF, Müncheberg, Germany. 5Institute of Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany. 6Heidelberg Center for the Environment HCE, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany. *Correspondence: [email protected] htps://doi.org/10.21775/cimb.033.149 Abstract characterized ‘chloromethane utilization’ (cmu) Chloromethane is a halogenated volatile organic pathway, so far. Tis pathway may not be representa- compound, produced in large quantities by terres- tive of chloromethane-utilizing populations in the trial vegetation. Afer its release to the troposphere environment as cmu genes are rare in metagenomes. and transport to the stratosphere, its photolysis con- Recently, combined ‘omics’ biological approaches tributes to the degradation of stratospheric ozone. A with chloromethane carbon and hydrogen stable beter knowledge of chloromethane sources (pro- isotope fractionation measurements in microcosms, duction) and sinks (degradation) is a prerequisite indicated that microorganisms in soils and the phyl- to estimate its atmospheric budget in the context of losphere (plant aerial parts) represent major sinks global warming. Te degradation of chloromethane of chloromethane in contrast to more recently by methylotrophic communities in terrestrial envi- recognized microbe-inhabited environments, such ronments is a major underestimated chloromethane as clouds.
    [Show full text]
  • Ozone Depletion and the Depletion of Cooperation: Model-Based Management to Keep Collective Action Running Long Term
    Ozone Depletion and the Depletion of Cooperation: Model-based Management to Keep Collective Action Running Long Term. Jorge Andrick Parra Valencia Universidad Autonoma´ de Bucaramanga Systemic Thinking Research Group [email protected] Isaac Dyner Rezonzew Universidad Nacional de Colombia Systems and Informatics Research Group [email protected] July 9, 2012 Abstract This paper presents an evaluation of the capacity of cooperation based on trust to support future collective action for mitigating the Ozone Depletion Crisis. We developed a system dynamics model considering the Ozone Crisis as a social dilemma. We con- cluded that the dependence of future trust on initial conditions of trust and difficulties for getting feedback about past cooperation effects are problems which require additional complementary mechanisms to keep cooperation running in the long term. Finally, we suggested that to achieve sustainable cooperation in the Ozone Crisis we need to un- derstand the inertia of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and their effect on the feedback of cooperation. Key words: Cooperation based on trust, Ozone Depletion Crisis, Social Dilemmas. 1 1 Introduction The Ozone layer (O3) protects us against the ultraviolet rays allowing life on Earth. Sci- entists suppose that this layer is fragile and human activities can increase its fragility (Molina, 1997). The literature reports the relationship between chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) made by humans such as CCl2F2 and CCl3F and the reduction of the Ozone concentration in the high atmosphere (Rowland, 1990). The CFC are inert in the low at- mosphere and can survive for years without producing any chemical reactions (Molina, 1997). Components based on CFC are used in refrigerants, solvers, and aerosols.
    [Show full text]
  • 8. References
    CHLOROMETHANE 203 8. REFERENCES *ACGIH. 1996. TLVs Threshold Limit values and biological exposure indices for 1995-1996. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 26. *Adinolfi M. 1985. The development of the human blood-CSF-brain barrier. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 27:532-537. *Ahman PK, Dittmer DS. 1974. In: Biological handbooks: Biology data book, Volume III, second edition. Bethesda, MD: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 1987-2008, 2041. Andersen ME, Gargas ML, Jones RA, et al. 1980. Determination of the kinetic constants for metabolism of inhaled toxicants in vivo using gas uptake measurements. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 54:100-116. *Andersen ME, Krishman K. 1994. Relating in vitro to in vivo exposures with physiologically-based tissue dosimetry and tissue response models. In: H. Salem, ed. Current concepts and approaches on animal test alternatives. U.S. Army Chemical Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. *Andersen ME, MacNaughton MG, Clewell HJ, et al. 1987. Adjusting exposure limits for long and short exposure periods using a physiological pharmacokinetic model. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 48(4):335-343. *Andrews AW, Zawistowski ES, Valentine CR. 1976. A comparison of the mutagenic properties of vinyl chloride and methyl chloride. Mutat Res 40:273-276. Anger WK. 1985. Neurobehavioral tests used in NIOSH-supported worksite studies, 1973-1983. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 7:359-368. Anger WK, Johnson BL. 1985. Chemicals affecting behavior. In: O’Donoghue JL, ed. Volume I: Neurotoxicity of industrial commercial chemicals. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 51-148. Anonymous. 1977. TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act) interagency testing committee.
    [Show full text]