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academic.oup.com/whq 7$%/(2) &217(176 ³ɎƏɎƺȅƺȇɎȒȇ(ǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ ÁǝƺzȒȸɎǝȅƺȸǣƬƏȇáƺɀɎǝƏɀƫƺƺȇƫȒɎǝǝȒȅƺɎȒȅƏȇɵƳǣǔǔƺȸƺȇɎǕȸȒɖȵɀɯǣɎǝƳǣɮƺȸǕƺȇɎ ƫƺǼǣƺǔ ɀɵɀɎƺȅɀ ƏȇƳ ƬɖǼɎɖȸƏǼ ȵȸƏƬɎǣƬƺɀً ƏȇƳ Ə ȵǼƏƬƺ ǣȇ ɯǝǣƬǝ ȵƺȒȵǼƺ ȒǔɎƺȇ ƺɴȵƺȸǣƺȇƬƺƳ ɀǝǣǔɎǣȇǕǣƳƺȇɎǣɎǣƺɀِÁǝƺáƺɀɎƺȸȇRǣɀɎȒȸɵɀɀȒƬǣƏɎǣȒȇɀɎȸǣɮƺɀɎȒȸƺǔǼƺƬɎɎǝƺȸǣƬǝȇƺɀɀȒǔȒɖȸ ȸƺǕǣȒȇɀِáƺɀƺƺǸɎȒƫƺƏȇƏɀɀȒƬǣƏɎǣȒȇȒǔǝǣɀɎȒȸǣƏȇɀȒǔƳǣɮƺȸɀƺƫƏƬǸǕȸȒɖȇƳɀɯǝȒɎǝȸǣɮƺǣȇ ٣ו׎׏א׎׏׏ƏȇƳȸƺɮǣɀƺƳǣȇאɎǝƺɀȵǣȸǣɎȒǔȅɖɎɖƏǼȸƺɀȵƺƬɎƏȇƳƺȇǕƏǕƺƳƬɖȸǣȒɀǣɎɵِ٢ƳȒȵɎƺƳǣȇ

¨ȒǼǣƬɵȒȇ³ƺɴɖƏǼRƏȸƏɀɀȅƺȇɎƏȇƳ³ƺɴɖƏǼxǣɀƬȒȇƳɖƬɎ ɯȒȸǸɀ ɎȒ ȅƏǣȇɎƏǣȇ Əȇ ƺȇɮǣȸȒȇȅƺȇɎ ٢áR٣ Áǝƺ áƺɀɎƺȸȇ RǣɀɎȒȸɵ ɀɀȒƬǣƏɎǣȒȇ يȸƺƏȅƫǼƺ¨ ɎǝƏɎ ƏǼǼȒɯɀ ȵƺȸɀȒȇɀ ǣȇ Ɏǝƺ ǝǣɀɎȒȸǣƬƏǼ ȵȸȒǔƺɀɀǣȒȇ ɎȒ ǔǼȒɖȸǣɀǝ ƫɵ ƺȇƬȒɖȸƏǕǣȇǕ ȸƺɀȵƺƬɎǔɖǼً ǣȇƬǼɖɀǣɮƺً ƏȇƳ ƺȷɖǣɎƏƫǼƺ ɎȸƺƏɎȅƺȇɎ Ȓǔ ƏǼǼ ɯǝȒ ȵƏȸɎǣƬǣȵƏɎƺ ǣȇ áR ƏƬɎǣɮǣɎǣƺɀِ ɀ Ə ɀɎƏɎƺȅƺȇɎ Ȓǔ ȵȸǣȇƬǣȵǼƺً Ɏǝƺ áR ȸƺǴƺƬɎɀ ǝƏȸƏɀɀȅƺȇɎً ƳǣɀƬȸǣȅǣȇƏɎǣȒȇً ƏȇƳ ȸƺɎƏǼǣƏɎǣȒȇ ƫɵ ژƏȇɵ ȅƺƏȇɀً ƫƏɀƺƳ Ȓȇ ɀƺɴً ǕƺȇƳƺȸ ǣƳƺȇɎǣɎɵً ǕƺȇƳƺȸ ƺɴȵȸƺɀɀǣȒȇً Ȓȸ ɀƺɴɖƏǼ ȒȸǣƺȇɎƏɎǣȒȇِ ³ƺɴɖƏǼ ǝƏȸƏɀɀȅƺȇɎ ƬȸƺƏɎƺɀ Ə ǝȒɀɎǣǼƺ ƺȇɮǣȸȒȇȅƺȇɎ ɎǝƏɎ ǣȅȵƺƳƺɀ Ɏǝƺ ƏƳɮƏȇƬƺȅƺȇɎ Ȓǔ XɎ ƏǼɀȒ ƳƏȅƏǕƺɀ ژǝǣɀɎȒȸǣƬƏǼ ǸȇȒɯǼƺƳǕƺ ƫɵ ȅƏȸǕǣȇƏǼǣɿǣȇǕ ǣȇƳǣɮǣƳɖƏǼɀ ƏȇƳ ƬȒȅȅɖȇǣɎǣƺɀِ áƺƏǔǔǣȸȅژȵȸȒƳɖƬɎǣɮǣɎɵƏȇƳƬƏȸƺƺȸǕȸȒɯɎǝًƏȇƳȵȸƺɮƺȇɎɀɎǝƺǝƺƏǼɎǝɵƺɴƬǝƏȇǕƺȒǔǣƳƺƏɀِ ɎǝƏɎ ƳǣɀƬȸǣȅǣȇƏɎǣȒȇ ƏȇƳ ǝƏȸƏɀɀȅƺȇɎ Əȸƺ ɖȇƏƬƬƺȵɎƏƫǼƺ ǣȇ Əȇɵ ȸƺɀƺƏȸƬǝ Ȓȸ ǼƺƏȸȇǣȇǕ ƺȇɮǣȸȒȇȅƺȇɎِ Áǝƺ áR ǣɀ ƬȒȅȅǣɎɎƺƳ ɎȒ ȵȸȒɮǣƳǣȇǕ Ə ɀƏǔƺً ȵȸȒƳɖƬɎǣɮƺً ƏȇƳ ɯƺǼƬȒȅǣȇǕ ȵƏǕƺȵȒǼǣƬɵ٢ɮǣƺɯǝƺȸƺ٣ȵƺȸɎƏǣȇɀɎȒƏǼǼáRƏƬɎǣɮǣɎǣƺɀًٮƺȇɮǣȸȒȇȅƺȇɎǔȒȸƏǼǼِÁǝƺǔɖǼǼǔȒɖȸ ȸƺǼƏɎƺƳ ƫɖɀǣȇƺɀɀٮǣȇƬǼɖƳǣȇǕ ƺɮƺȇɎɀ ƏɀɀȒƬǣƏɎƺƳ ɯǣɎǝ áR ƬȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺɀ ƏȇƳ Əȇɵ áR ȒƬƬɖȸȸǣȇǕɎǝȸȒɖǕǝȒɖɎɎǝƺɵƺƏȸِXɎƺȇƬȒȅȵƏɀɀƺɀǣȇɎƺȸƏƬɎǣȒȇɀǣȇȵƺȸɀȒȇًƫɵɎƺǼƺȵǝȒȇƺًƏȇƳ ƫɵƺǼƺƬɎȸȒȇǣƬƬȒȅȅɖȇǣƬƏɎǣȒȇِÁǝƺȵȒǼǣƬɵƏȵȵǼǣƺɀɎȒƏǼǼȅƺȅƫƺȸɀƏȇƳȵƏȸɎǣƬǣȵƏȇɎɀƏɀɯƺǼǼ Əɀ ƺȅȵǼȒɵƺƺɀً ƬȒȇɎȸƏƬɎȒȸɀً ɮƺȇƳȒȸɀً ɮȒǼɖȇɎƺƺȸɀً ƏȇƳ ǕɖƺɀɎɀً ȒɖɎǼǣȇǣȇǕ ƬȒȇƬƺȵɎɀ Ȓǔ ٢ɯǝǣƬǝ ǣȇƬǼɖƳƺɀ ǕƺȇƳƺȸ ǝƏȸƏɀɀȅƺȇɎً ƺɴȵƺƬɎƺƳ ƫƺǝƏɮǣȒȸٓ ƏȇƳ ٓɖȇƏƬƬƺȵɎƏƫǼƺ ƫƺǝƏɮǣȒȸٓٓ ɖȇɯƏȇɎƺƳɀƺɴɖƏǼƏɎɎƺȇɎǣȒȇًƏȇƳɀƺɴɖƏǼƬȒƺȸƬǣȒȇ٣ِÁǝƺȵȒǼǣƬɵƏǼɀȒǣȇƬǼɖƳƺɀƳƺǔǣȇǣɎǣȒȇɀǔȒȸ ƬȒȇɀƺȇɎًƳǣɀƬȸǣȅǣȇƏɎȒȸɵƫƺǝƏɮǣȒȸًɀƺɴٖǕƺȇƳƺȸƳǣɀƬȸǣȅǣȇƏɎǣȒȇًɀƺɴɖƏǼǝƏȸƏɀɀȅƺȇɎًǕƺȇƳƺȸ ǝƏȸƏɀɀȅƺȇɎً ɖȇɯƏȇɎƺƳ ɀƺɴɖƏǼ ƏɎɎƺȇɎǣȒȇً ɀƺɴɖƏǼ ƬȒƺȸƬǣȒȇً ƏȅƫǣƺȇɎ ǝƏȸƏɀɀȅƺȇɎً ǝȒɀɎǣǼƺ ƺȇɮǣȸȒȇȅƺȇɎ ǝƏȸƏɀɀȅƺȇɎً ȷɖǣƳ ȵȸȒ ȷɖȒ ɀƺɴɖƏǼ ǝƏȸƏɀɀȅƺȇɎً ƏȇƳ ǣȇƬǣɮǣǼǣɎɵِ Áǝƺ áR ׎ ƏƳȒȵɎƺƳ Əȇ ƺȇǔȒȸƬƺȅƺȇɎ ȵȒǼǣƬɵ ɎȒא׎א ƏȇƳ ǣȇ ًח׎׏א ȒɖȇƬǣǼ ƏƳȒȵɎƺƳ Ɏǝƺ ȵȒǼǣƬɵ ǣȇ! ƏƬƬȒȅȵƏȇɵǣɎِ

(ǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ³ƺɀɀǣȒȇ¨ƏȸɎǣƬǣȵƏȇɎɀ ׏٣Áǝƺ¨ȸȒǕȸƏȅ!ȒȅȅǣɎɎƺƺي٣ǕɖǣƳƺǔȒȸ¨ȸȒǕȸƏȅ!ȒȅȅǣɎɎƺƺɀ¨I!áR!ƏǼǼǔȒȸ¨Əȵƺȸɀ٢ ǣȇƬǼɖɀǣȒȇ Ȓǔ ȸƏƬǣƏǼ ƏȇƳ ƺɎǝȇǣƬ ȅǣȇȒȸǣɎǣƺɀً ژɯǣǼǼ ƏƬɎǣɮƺǼɵ ȵȸȒȅȒɎƺ Ɏǝƺ ǔɖǼǼ ƏȇƳ ƺȷɖǣɎƏƫǼƺ ȸƺǼǣǕǣȒɖɀȅǣȇȒȸǣɎǣƺɀًȵƺȒȵǼƺɯǣɎǝƳǣɀƏƫǣǼǣɎǣƺɀًɯȒȅƺȇًƏȇƳnJ ÁªȵƺȒȵǼƺȒȇɎǝƺȇȇɖƏǼ ǼɎǝȒɖǕǝ ȇȒɎ ƏǼǼ ɀƺɀɀǣȒȇɀ ƬƏȇ ȸƺǔǼƺƬɎ Ɏǝƺ ƺȇɎǣȸƺ ƳǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ Ȓǔ Ɏǝƺ ٣א xƺƺɎǣȇǕ ȵȸȒǕȸƏȅِ ȵȸȒǔƺɀɀǣȒȇً Ɏǝƺ ¨ȸȒǕȸƏȅ !ȒȅȅǣɎɎƺƺ ɯǣǼǼ ƺȇƬȒɖȸƏǕƺ ȵȸȒȵȒɀƺȸɀ Ȓǔ ɀƺɀɀǣȒȇɀ ɎȒ ǣȇƬǼɖƳƺ ƳǣɮƺȸɀƺɀƺɎɀȒǔȵƏȸɎǣƬǣȵƏȇɎɀًƏƳƳȸƺɀɀǣȇǕǕƺȇƳƺȸƳǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵًȸƏƬǣƏǼƏȇƳƺɎǝȇǣƬƳǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵًɀƺɴɖƏǼ Áǝƺ ٣ב ƫƏɀƺƳ ƳǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵً ƏȇƳٖȒȸ nJ Áª ƳǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵِٮƳǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵً ȸƺǼǣǕǣȒɖɀ ƳǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵً ƳǣɀƏƫǣǼǣɎɵ ¨ȸȒǕȸƏȅ !ȒȅȅǣɎɎƺƺ ɯǣǼǼ ƺȇƬȒɖȸƏǕƺ ɀƺɀɀǣȒȇ ȵȸȒȵȒɀƺȸɀ ɎȒ ƬȒȇɀǣƳƺȸ Ɏǝƺ ƫƺȇƺǔǣɎɀ Ȓǔ ٢ǣِƺًِ ǣȇƬǼɖƳǣȇǕ Ȓȇ Ɏǝƺǣȸ ȵƏȇƺǼɀ ǝǣɀɎȒȸǣƏȇɀ ǣȇ ɮƏȸǣȒɖɀ ƬƏȸƺƺȸ ȵƏɎǝɀ ƏȇƳ Ȓǔ ɮƏȸǣȒɖɀ ȸƏȇǸɀ ɀƺȇǣȒȸɀƬǝȒǼƏȸɀًȵɖƫǼǣƬǝǣɀɎȒȸǣƏȇɀًǕȸƏƳɖƏɎƺɀɎɖƳƺȇɎɀًǣȇƳƺȵƺȇƳƺȇɎǝǣɀɎȒȸǣƏȇɀًƺɎƬِ٣ɯǣɎǝǣȇ Ɏǝƺ áR !ȒɖȇƬǣǼ ƏƳȒȵɎƺƳ Ɏǝƺ ƏƫȒɮƺ ɎȒ ǕɖǣƳƺ ז׎׏א ٢Xȇ Ɏǝƺǣȸ ȒȸǕƏȇǣɿƏɎǣȒȇɀٖǣȇɀɎǣɎɖɎǣȒȇɀِ ƺƏƬǝ¨ȸȒǕȸƏȅ!ȒȅȅǣɎɎƺƺِƫƫȸƺɮǣƏɎƺƳɮƺȸɀǣȒȇɀȒǔɎǝǣɀƏȵȵƺƏȸɀȒȇáR!I¨ɀƺƏƬǝɵƺƏȸِ٣

³ɖȵȵȒȸɎǔȒȸƏȇƳ«ƺƬȒǕȇǣɎǣȒȇȒǔ!ȒȇɎǣȇǕƺȇɎۭƳǴɖȇƬɎIƏƬɖǼɎɵ Ɏǝƺ³ɎƏȇƳǣȇǕ!ȒȅȅǣɎɎƺƺǔȒȸ!ȒȇɎǣȇǕƺȇɎƏȇƳƳRȒƬIƏƬɖǼɎɵȸƺȷɖƺɀɎƺƳɎǝƺáRז׎׏אXȇ Áǣȅƺً ƳǴɖȇƬɎً ƏȇƳٮ³ɎƏȇƳƏȸƳɀ ǔȒȸ ¨ƏȸɎٹ ɀ ³ɎƏɎƺȅƺȇɎ ȒȇټR ȒɖȇƬǣǼ ɀɖȵȵȒȸɎ Ɏǝƺ! ȸƺɀȵƺƬɎǣɮƺǼɵِáǣɎǝɎǝƺًג׎׏א׎׏׏ƏȇƳאƏɀǣɎɯƏɀƏƳȒȵɎƺƳƏȇƳȸƺɮǣɀƺƳǣȇٺȒȇɎǣȇǕƺȇɎIƏƬɖǼɎɵ! Əɀ ƬȒȇɎǣȇǕƺȇɎ ٺȒƬ ¨ȒɀǣɎǣȒȇɀ)ٮÁƺƏƬǝǣȇǕ ¨ȒɀɎٹ ƬƏɮƺƏɎ ɎǝƏɎ Ɏǝƺ áR ƏǼɀȒ ƬȒȇɀǣƳƺȸɀ R³ɎƏɎƺȅƺȇɎǝƺȸƺِ٣ ƺƏƳɎǝƺǔɖǼǼ»ƺȅȵǼȒɵȅƺȇɎًɎǝƺ!ȒɖȇƬǣǼƏȵȵȸȒɮƺƳɎǝǣɀȸƺȷɖƺɀɎِ٢ kƺǼǼɵ!ƏȸȒǼǣȇƺIȸɵƺيƫȒɖɎɎǝƺȸɎǣɀɎ kƺǼǼɵ !ƏȸȒǼǣȇƺ Iȸɵƺ ǣɀ Ə ƬȒȇɎƺȅȵȒȸƏȸɵ ɮǣɀɖƏǼ ƏȸɎǣɀɎ Ȓǔ Áƺɀɖȷɖƺ ¨ɖƺƫǼȒ ƏȇƳ xƺɀƬƏǼƺȸȒ ȵƏƬǝƺ ƳƺɀƬƺȇɎِ Rƺȸ ɯȒȸǸ ǣȇƬǼɖƳƺɀ ȅƺɎƏǼ ƬƏɀɎǣȇǕً ȵƏǣȇɎǣȇǕً ƏȇƳ ƬƺȸƏȅǣƬɀِ ³ǝƺ ȸƺƬƺȇɎǼɵ ȵƏȸɎǣƬǣȵƏɎƺƳ ǣȇ Ɏǝƺ nǣǕǝɎɯƺǼǼ JƏǼǼƺȸɵ٥ ǸǼƏǝȒȅƏِ³ǝƺǣɀ IƏƬɖǼɎɵ0ɴǝǣƫǣɎǣȒȇƏɎɎǝƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ ȵɖȸɀɖǣȇǕ ǝƺȸ I ǣȇ ³ɎɖƳǣȒ ȸɎɀ ɯǣɎǝ Əȇ ƺȅȵǝƏɀǣɀ ǣȇ ɀƬɖǼȵɎɖȸƺƏȇƳƏȅǣȇȒȸǣȇXȇƳǣǕƺȇȒɖɀnǣƫƺȸƏǼ³ɎɖƳǣƺɀƏɎ ɎǝƺXȇɀɎǣɎɖɎƺȒǔȅƺȸǣƬƏȇXȇƳǣƏȇȸɎɀǣȇ³ƏȇɎƏIƺًzƺɯ ׎ِא׎א xƺɴǣƬȒً ɯǝƺȸƺ ɀǝƺ ǕȸƏƳɖƏɎƺƳ ǣȇ Ɏǝƺ ³ȵȸǣȇǕ Ȓǔ kƺǼǼɵȵǼƏȇɀɎȒƬȒȇɎǣȇɖƺǝƺȸƺƳɖƬƏɎǣȒȇƏɎɎǝƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ ȒǔzƺɯxƺɴǣƬȒǣȇǼƫɖȷɖƺȸȷɖƺِ

àƺǝƺȅƺȇƬƺ¨ȸȒǴƺƬɎ³ɎƏɎƺȅƺȇɎ Áǝƺȸƺ Əȸƺ ǔƺɯ ɎǝǣȇǕɀ ǣȇ Ɏǝǣɀ ɯȒȸǼƳ ɎǝƏɎ Əȸƺ Əɀ ɖȇȵȸƺƳǣƬɎƏƫǼƺ Əɀ Ɏǝƺ ɮǣȒǼƺȇɎً ƳƺɮƏɀɎƏɎǣȇǕ ƏƬɎǣȒȇ Ȓȸ ƺȅȒɎǣȒȇ ɎǝƏɎ ǣɀ ɎȸƏɖȅƏِ XɎ ƬƏȇ ƬɖɎ ɎǝȸȒɖǕǝ Ɏǣȅƺ ƏȇƳ ƫƺȇƳ ɀɎƺƺǼ ǼǣǸƺ Ɏǝƺ ɯǣȇƳɀ Ȓǔ Ə ǝɖȸȸǣƬƏȇƺِ Áǝƺ ɀɎȒȸȅ ɎƏǸƺɀɖɀًɀǝƏǸƺɀɖɀًȸǣȵɀɖɀƏȵƏȸɎًƏȇƳɎǝƺȇɎǝȸȒɯɀɖɀ ǼǣǸƺƳƺƫȸǣɀِ!ǼƺƏȸȒǔɎǝƺƳƏȇǕƺȸًɯƺǝƏɮƺɎȒǼȒȒǸƫƏƬǸƏɎ ɎǝǣɀȅƏǕȇǣǔǣƬƺȇɎȅȒȇɀɎƺȸًƏɀɯƺƏȸƺǣȇƏɯƺȒǔǣɎɀȵȒɯƺȸ ƏȇƳ ǣɎɀ ȅƏǼǣƬǣȒɖɀ ƳƺɮƏɀɎƏɎǣȒȇ ɯǝǣƬǝ ȸƺƏƬǝƺɀ ǣȇɎȒ ǝƺƏɮƺȇ ƏȇƳ ɎƺƏȸɀ ƏɎ Ɏǝƺ ǝƺƏȸɎɀ Ȓǔ Ɏǝƺ ǣȇȇȒƬƺȇɎِ ټדɴټדɴټאàƺǝƺȅƺȇƬƺً³ɎƺƺǼًnƏȸǕƺ׏ ي٢ȸɎɯȒȸǸ!ƏȵɎǣȒȇ ׎٣א׎אًټבɴټבɴټדƏȇƳ³ȅƏǼǼ

XȇƳǣǕƺȇȒɖɀnƏȇƳɀƬǸȇȒɯǼƺƳǕƺȅƺȇɎ ɀƏɎɎƺȇƳƺƺɀȒǔɎǝƺáR!ȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺǣȇǼƫɖȷɖƺȸȷɖƺً ɯƺƏȸƺǕɖƺɀɎɀȒȇɎǝƺɖȇƬƺƳƺƳƏȇƬƺɀɎȸƏǼǝȒȅƺǼƏȇƳɀȒǔ ɀȵƺƏǸǣȇǕ ¨ƺȒȵǼƺً ǣȇ ȵƏȸɎǣƬɖǼƏȸ ɎǝƺٮɎǝƺ ³ȒɖɎǝƺȸȇ ÁǣɯƏ ɖƺƫǼȒɀ Ȓǔ ³ƏȇƳǣƏ ƏȇƳ XɀǼƺɎƏِ ɀ ƬƏȸƺɎƏǸƺȸɀ Ȓǔ Ɏǝƺ¨ xǣƳƳǼƺ«ǣȒJȸƏȇƳƺًɎǝƺɀƺÁǣɯƏzƏɎǣȒȇɀǝƏɮƺȇɖȸɎɖȸƺƳ ǣɎɀ ƳƺɀƺȸɎً ȅȒɖȇɎƏǣȇً ƏȇƳ ȸǣɮƺȸǣȇƺ ƺƬȒɀɵɀɎƺȅɀً ƏȇƳ ƬȒȇɎǣȇɖƺɎȒǔȒɀɎƺȸɎǝƺƬɖǼɎɖȸƏǼƏȇƳƺƬȒȇȒȅǣƬǼǣǔƺȒǔɎǝƺ ƏȸƺƏِǼƫɖȷɖƺȸȷɖƺǝƏɀƏǼɀȒǼȒȇǕƫƺƺȇƏȅƺƺɎǣȇǕȵǼƏƬƺ ٮȒǔƳǣɮƺȸɀƺXȇƳǣǕƺȇȒɖɀzƏɎǣȒȇɀ٢ǔƺƳƺȸƏǼًɀɎƏɎƺًƏȇƳȇȒȇ ȸƺƬȒǕȇǣɿƺƳ٣ǣȇƬǼɖƳǣȇǕًƫɖɎȇȒɎǼǣȅǣɎƺƳɎȒً¨ɖƺƫǼȒً(ǣȇƻً XȇƳƺًƏȇƳJƺȇǥɿƏȸȒɀِÁȒƳƏɵًǼƫɖȷɖƺȸȷɖƺǝƏɀƏɀȅƏȇɵ ׎׎ɎȸǣƫƏǼȇƏɎǣȒȇɀȸƺȵȸƺɀƺȇɎƺƳǣȇɎǝƺƬǣɎɵ٢ɎǝƺɀǣɴɎǝגƏɀ ǝǣǕǝƺɀɎ ɖȸƫƏȇ XȇƳǣǕƺȇȒɖɀ ȵȒȵɖǼƏɎǣȒȇ ǣȇ Ɏǝƺ Èِ³ِ٣ِ Áǝƺɀƺ zƏɎǣȒȇɀ ƬȒȇɎǣȇƺ Ɏǝƺ ɀɎȸɖǕǕǼƺ ƏǕƏǣȇɀɎ ɮǣȒǼƺȇɎ ƬȒǼȒȇǣƏǼ ǔȒȸƬƺɀ ƏǣȅƺƳ ƏɎ XȇƳǣǕƺȇȒɖɀ ǕƺȇȒƬǣƳƺ ƏȇƳ ƺȸƏɀɖȸƺɎǝƏɎƫƺǕƏȇǣȇɎǝƺɀǣɴɎƺƺȇɎǝƬƺȇɎɖȸɵًƺȇɀɖȸǣȇǕ ɎǝƏɎǼƫɖȷɖƺȸȷɖƺȸƺȅƏǣȇɀ³ȒɖɎǝƺȸȇÁǣɯƏǼƏȇƳƏȇƳɎǝƺ ɀǣɎƺȒǔƏɮǣƫȸƏȇɎًǣȇɎƺȸɎȸǣƫƏǼXȇƳǣǕƺȇȒɖɀƬȒȅȅɖȇǣɎɵِ

áR¨ȒǼǣƬɵȒȇÁȸǣƫƏǼǔǔǣǼǣƏɎǣȒȇɀ ɎǝƺáR!ȒɖȇƬǣǼɮȒɎƺƳًƫƏɀƺƳȒȇƏًה׎׏אXȇɎǝƺǔƏǼǼȒǔ ȸƺƬȒȅȅƺȇƳƏɎǣȒȇ ƫȸȒɖǕǝɎ ǔȒȸɎǝ ƫɵ Ɏǝƺ áR xƺȅƫƺȸɀǝǣȵ !ȒȅȅǣɎɎƺƺً ɎȒ ǣȇƬǼɖƳƺ ÁȸǣƫƏǼ ƏǔǔǣǼǣƏɎǣȒȇɀ ȒȸƳƺɀƬƺȇƳƏȇƬɵȇƺɴɎɎȒɎǝƺȇƏȅƺɀȒǔȵƏȸɎǣƬǣȵƏȇɎɀȒȇ ɎǝƺƬȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺȵȸȒǕȸƏȅِ0ƏƬǝȵƺȸɀȒȇȒȇɎǝƺȵȸȒǕȸƏȅ ɯǝȒǝƏɀƏÁȸǣƫƏǼƏǔǔǣǼǣƏɎǣȒȇȇƺɴɎɎȒɎǝƺǣȸȇƏȅƺȵȸȒɮǣƳƺƳ ɖɀ ɯǣɎǝ Ɏǝƺǣȸ ȵȸƺǔƺȸƺȇƬƺ ǔȒȸ Ɏǝƺ ɀȵƺǼǼǣȇǕً ǔȒȸȅƏɎɎǣȇǕً ƏȇƳƏȵȵƺƏȸƏȇƬƺȒǔɎǝƺÁȸǣƫƺ٢ɀ٣ƏȇƳٖȒȸzƏɎǣȒȇ٢ɀ٣ِXǔًǔȒȸ Əȇɵ ȸƺƏɀȒȇً ɵȒɖȸ ƏǔǔǣǼǣƏɎǣȒȇ ɯƏɀ ȇȒɎ ǣȇƬǼɖƳƺƳً ȵǼƺƏɀƺ ׎א׎אƬȒȇɎƏƬɎɎǝƺáRȒǔǔǣƬƺƏȇƳɯƺɯǣǼǼƏƳƳǣɎɎȒɎǝƺ ȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺ¨ȸȒǕȸƏȅ0ȸȸƏɎƏِ! ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔzƺɯxƺɴǣƬȒ¨ȸƺɀɀ

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ɖǔǔƏǼȒ ǣǼǼ!ƺȇɎƺȸȒǔɎǝƺáƺɀɎ ƏȵƺȸɀȒǔáǣǼǼǣƏȅIِ!ȒƳɵً ɖǔǔƏǼȒ ǣǼǼ!ƺȇɎƺȸȒǔɎǝƺáƺɀɎ¨ !ƺȇɎƺȸǔȒȸáƺɀɎƺȸȇ³ɎɖƳǣƺɀƏɎɖǕɖɀɎƏȇƏÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ ǝƏȸǼƺɀ«ƺƳƳ!ƺȇɎƺȸǔȒȸáƺɀɎƺȸȇ³ɎɖƳǣƺɀً çÈ! ɖƫǼǣƬnƏȇƳɀRǣɀɎȒȸɵ!ƺȇɎƺȸً!ȒǼȒȸƏƳȒ³ɎƏɎƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ¨ Ȓɵ«ȒɀƺȇɿɯƺǣǕ!ƺȇɎƺȸǔȒȸRǣɀɎȒȸɵƏȇƳzƺɯxƺƳǣƏًJxÈ» ɖƫǼǣƬRǣɀɎȒȸɵ¨ȸȒǕȸƏȅًxȒȇɎƏȇƏ³ɎƏɎƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ¨ ɖƫǼǣƬRǣɀɎȒȸɵ¨ȸȒǕȸƏȅًzȒȸɎǝ(ƏǸȒɎƏ³ɎƏɎƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ¨ ǸǼƏǝȒȅƏ³ɎƏɎƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ ɖƫǼǣƬRǣɀɎȒȸɵ¨ȸȒǕȸƏȅً¨ ǣǕǣɎƏǼRɖȅƏȇǣɎǣƺɀً³ɎƏȇǔȒȸƳRɖȅƏȇǣɎǣƺɀ!ƺȇɎƺȸ) áȒȅƺȇǼɀȒkȇȒɯRǣɀɎȒȸɵ ɀɎǼƺȸ٢xƺȅƫƺȸ٣ hƺǔǔȸƺɵ ƏɀɎ¨ȸƺɀǣƳƺȇɎ٣¨áƏǼɎƺȸzɖǕƺȇɎ٢ ȸƺǕǣɀɎȸƏɎǣȒȇƳƺƏƳǼǣȇƺٮ׎ِÁǝƺƬȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺȵȸƺא׎אًוáRƬȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺȸƺǕǣɀɎȸƏɎǣȒȇȒȵƺȇɀɖǕɖɀɎ׏ ׎ِ«ƺǕǣɀɎȸƏɎǣȒȇƏȇƳǔɖǼǼȵƏɵȅƺȇɎ٢ȒȇǼǣȇƺƏȇƳȅƏǣǼ٣ȅɖɀɎƫƺȵȸȒƬƺɀɀƺƳƫɵא׎אًדאǣɀ³ƺȵɎƺȅƫƺȸ ȸƺǕǣɀɎȸƏɎǣȒȇȸƏɎƺɀƏȇƳɎȒƺȇɀɖȸƺɵȒɖȸƺƬƺǣɮƺƏȵǝɵɀǣƬƏǼٮ׎ɎȒȸƺƬƺǣɮƺɎǝƺȵȸƺא׎אًדא³ƺȵɎƺȅƫƺȸ ƬȒȵɵ Ȓǔ Ɏǝƺ ƬȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺ ȵȸȒǕȸƏȅ ƏȇƳ ƬȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺ ɎȒɎƺِ ǼǼ ȵƺȸɀȒȇɀ ƏɎɎƺȇƳǣȇǕً ǣȇƬǼɖƳǣȇǕ ȵȸȒǕȸƏȅ ȵƏȸɎǣƬǣȵƏȇɎɀً Əȸƺ ȸƺȷɖǣȸƺƳ ɎȒ ȸƺǕǣɀɎƺȸ ǔȒȸ Ɏǝƺ ƬȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺِ Áǝǣɀ ɵƺƏȸً áR ȅƺȅƫƺȸɀ ǴȒǣȇɎǝƺáRٍژȸƺƬƺǣɮƺƬȒȅȵǼǣȅƺȇɎƏȸɵȸƺǕǣɀɎȸƏɎǣȒȇٍàǣɀǣɎɯɯɯِɯƺɀɎƺȸȇǝǣɀɎȒȸɵِȒȸǕٖǴȒǣȇɎȒ

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0È٣ƏȸƺƏɮƏǣǼƏƫǼƺƏɎɎǝƺƬȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺɎǝȸȒɖǕǝɎǝƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ!ȒȇɎǣȇɖǣȇǕ0ƳɖƬƏɎǣȒȇÈȇǣɎɀ٢! ȵƺȸƬȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺƳƏɵِ³ƬǝȒǼƏȸɀǝǣȵɀƏȸƺƏɮƏǣǼƏƫǼƺǔȒȸɎǝȒɀƺɎƺƏƬǝǣȇǕƏɎדאڟzȒɎȸƺ(Əȅƺِ!0ÈɀƏȸƺ ȸƺɀȒɖȸƬƺɀɀƬǝȒȒǼɀِIȒȸȅȒȸƺǣȇǔȒȸȅƏɎǣȒȇȒȇ!0ÈȅƏɎƺȸǣƏǼɀًȵǼƺƏɀƺƬȒȇɎƏƬɎ ȸǣƏȇ!ȒǼǼǣƺȸٮɖȇƳƺȸ ובה׏ٮ׏בה٣גודƏɎ ȸǣƏȇِ!ȒǼǼǣƺȸ۬ȇƳِƺƳɖȒȸ٢

ǕǼȒƫƏǼȵƏȇƳƺȅǣƬًɎǝƺח׏ٮɖƺɎȒɎǝƺɯǣƳƺɀȵȸƺƏƳȵɖƫǼǣƬǝƺƏǼɎǝȸǣɀǸƏɀɀȒƬǣƏɎƺƳɯǣɎǝɎǝƺ!ȒɮǣƳ) ÁǝƺáRɀƺǼƺƬɎƺƳِו׏ٮבƬɎȒƫƺȸ׏ ׎áR!ȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺɯǣǼǼɎƏǸƺȵǼƏƬƺȒȇǼǣȇƺɎǝǣɀɵƺƏȸًǔȸȒȅא׎א ׎א׎אٓ ǝƺƺƳǼȒȒȵٓ Əɀ ǣɎɀ ȒȇǼǣȇƺ ȵǼƏɎǔȒȸȅِ ÁȒ ǔǣȇƳ ɎɖɎȒȸǣƏǼɀً Ɏǝƺ áR ɀɎƏǔǔ ɯǣǼǼ ɀƺɎ ɖȵ Ə¨ٓ ȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺ Iªɀ ȵƏǕƺ ɎȒ ƏɀɀǣɀɎ ƏɎɎƺȇƳƺƺɀ ɯǣɎǝ ȵȸƺɀƺȇɎƏɎǣȒȇ ǣȇǔȒȸȅƏɎǣȒȇً ƏƬƬƺɀɀǣȇǕ Ɏǝƺ! ƬȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺًƫɖǣǼƳǣȇǕƏȵȸȒǔǣǼƺًƏȇƳɮǣɀǣɎǣȇǕɎǝƺɮǣȸɎɖƏǼƺɴǝǣƫǣɎǝƏǼǼِ¨ǼƺƏɀƺɀɎƏɵɎɖȇƺƳɎȒƺȅƏǣǼɀ يȇǼǣȇƺ ɯƺƫɀǣɎƺ ǔȒȸ ȅȒȸƺ ƳƺɎƏǣǼɀ ׎א׎א ǔȸȒȅ Ɏǝƺ áR ȒǔǔǣƬƺً ƏȇƳ ɮǣɀǣɎ Ɏǝƺ áRٔɀ ׎א׎אȇǼǣȇƺ ɯɯɯِɯƺɀɎƺȸȇǝǣɀɎȒȸɵِȒȸǕٖ '~s¹/¹~¹N/ØNȟ àǣɀǣɎɖɀȒȇǼǣȇƺƏɎɯƺɀɎƺȸȇǝǣɀɎȒȸɵِȒȸǕٖƳȒȇƏɎƺɎȒ ƳȒȇƏɎƺɎȒɎǝƺáƺɀɎƺȸȇRǣɀɎȒȸɵɀɀȒƬǣƏɎǣȒȇٍ

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ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ ǸǼƏǝȒȅƏ

ƺƏȸIȸǣƺȇƳɀً) ɎƫȸǣȇǕɖɀɎȒǕƺɎǝƺȸټɀƏƬƺȸɎƏǣȇɀƏƳȇƺɀɀǣȇɯƺǼƬȒȅǣȇǕɵȒɖƏǼǼɎȒƏƬȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺɎǝƏɎɯȒȇټÁǝƺȸƺ ƫƺɵȒȇƳɎǝƺɮǣȸɎɖƏǼȸƺƏǼȅِXɎɯȒɖǼƳǝƏɮƺƫƺƺȇɯȒȇƳƺȸǔɖǼًƏȇƳǔǣɎɎǣȇǕًɎȒȅƺƺɎǣȇǼƫɖȷɖƺȸȷɖƺ ׏הח׎ɎǝȇȇɖƏǼáRƬȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺًɀȒƬǼȒɀƺɎȒɎǝƺǼȒƬƏɎǣȒȇȒǔɎǝƺǔǣȸɀɎáRȅƺƺɎǣȇǕǣȇ׏הǔȒȸɎǝƺ ǣȇ³ƏȇɎƏIƺِzȒȇƺɎǝƺǼƺɀɀًǣȇɎǝƺɀƺȵƏȇƳƺȅǣƬɎǣȅƺɀًǣɎǣɀƏƬȒȅǔȒȸɎɎǝƏɎɯƺɯǣǼǼɀɎǣǼǼǝƏɮƺɎǝƺ ׎ɀƺɀɀǣȒȇɀɎǝƏɎȒɖȸזȒǔɎǝƺ׏חדȒȵȵȒȸɎɖȇǣɎɵɎȒƫƺɎȒǕƺɎǝƺȸȒ ȇɀƬȸƺƺȇًƏȇƳɎȒǸȇȒɯɎǝƏɎǔɖǼǼɵ׏ ƺɴƬƺǼǼƺȇɎ ¨ȸȒǕȸƏȅ !ȒȅȅǣɎɎƺƺ ȒȸǕƏȇǣɿƺƳ ǔȒȸ Ǽƫɖȷɖƺȸȷɖƺ Əȸƺ ƫƺǣȇǕ ȒǔǔƺȸƺƳ ɎǝȸȒɖǕǝ Ɏǝƺ ǝǣǼƳƺȸɀً nȒȸǣ!ٮƬǝƏǣȸɀً nƺǣɀǼ !ƏȸȸٮƳǣǕǣɎƏǼ ƬȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺ ȵǼƏɎǔȒȸȅِ áƺ Əȸƺ ƏǼǼ ǣȇƳƺƫɎƺƳ ɎȒ Ȓɖȸ ƬȒ IǼȒȸƺɀً ƏȇƳ ȅɵ nȒȇƺɎȸƺƺً ɯǝȒ ǝƏɮƺ ǣȇɮƺɀɎƺƳ ƬȒɖȇɎǼƺɀɀ ǝȒɖȸɀ ǣȇ ƫɖǣǼƳǣȇǕ Ɏǝƺ ƫƺɀɎً ȅȒɀɎ ǣȇɎƺǼǼƺƬɎɖƏǼǼɵɀɎǣȅɖǼƏɎǣȇǕƏȇƳȸƺǕǣȒȇƏǼǼɵǣǼǼɖȅǣȇƏɎǣȇǕƬȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺȵȒɀɀǣƫǼƺِ ɀƫƺƺȇƏɎȸƺȅƺȇƳȒɖɀǼɵƏƬɎǣɮƺɵƺƏȸǔȒȸɎǝƺáRًƏȇƳًǣȇƏƳƳǣɎǣȒȇɎȒɎǝƺ¨ȸȒǕȸƏȅ!ȒȅȅǣɎɎƺƺټXɎ ɮƺټƳ ǼǣǸƺ ɎȒ Ȓǔǔƺȸ ɀȵƺƬǣƏǼ ɎǝƏȇǸɀ ɎȒ ɀȒȅƺ ȒɎǝƺȸ ȵƺȒȵǼƺ ɯǝȒټƬǝƏǣȸɀً XٮƏȇƳ ǣɎɀ ȒɖɎɀɎƏȇƳǣȇǕ ƬȒ ژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژژيƳȒȇƺɀȒȅɖƬǝǔȒȸɎǝƺȒȸǕƏȇǣɿƏɎǣȒȇ áƺǝƏɮƺƫƺƺȇɯƺǼǼɀƺȸɮƺƳƏɀƏȇȒȸǕƏȇǣɿƏɎǣȒȇƫɵƏɯȒȇƳƺȸǔɖǼǼɵƬƏȸƺǔɖǼƏȇƳƬȒȅȅǣɎɎƺƳǕȸȒɖȵ Ȓǔ!ȒɖȇƬǣǼȅƺȅƫƺȸɀ٪nƏɖȸǣƺȸȇȒǼƳً0ȸǣǸƏ ɀɖȅƺǸً ِ0ȸǣȇ!ȒǼƺًȸǣkƺǼȅƏȇً³ǝƺǣǼƏxƬxƏȇɖɀً ɀ ƏȇƳ ȒɖȸټɀɎǼƺȸً ƏȇƳ 0ȸǣǸƏ ¨ƻȸƺɿِ Áǝƺɵ ǝƏɮƺ ȅƏƳƺ ǣȇǔȒȸȅƺƳ ƳƺƬǣɀǣȒȇɀ ǣȇ Ɏǝƺ áR hƺǔǔȸƺɵ ȸƺɀǣƳƺȇɎ JǣȇǕɵ¨ٮɀ ƫƺɀɎ ǣȇɎƺȸƺɀɎɀِ áƺ ǝƏɮƺ ƫƺȇƺǔǣɎƺƳ ȒȇƬƺ ȅȒȸƺ ǔȸȒȅ ȵƏɀɎټȅƺȅƫƺȸɀǝǣȵ ³ƬǝƏȸǔǔً ɯǝȒɀƺ ƳɵȇƏȅǣƬ ǔɖȇƳȸƏǣɀǣȇǕ ƺǔǔȒȸɎɀ Əɀ !ǝƏǣȸ Ȓǔ Ɏǝƺ nȒƬƏǼ ȸȸƏȇǕƺȅƺȇɎɀ !ȒȅȅǣɎɎƺƺ È JȸƏƳɖƏɎƺ ³ɎɖƳƺȇɎ ȸȒȒǸƺ RƏƳǼƺɵ ȒǔǔƺȸƺƳ ɀ ƫȸǣǕǝɎ ǔɖɎɖȸƺِټǝƏɮƺ ǝƺǼȵƺƳ ƺȇɀɖȸƺ Ɏǝƺ áR ǣȇɮƏǼɖƏƫǼƺƏɀɀǣɀɎƏȇƬƺɎȒɎ ǝƺn!ƏɀɯƺǼǼِxƏȸɵxƺȇƳȒɿƏƏȇƳ(ƺƫƫǣƺkƏȇǕǝƏɮƺƺɴƺȅȵǼǣǔǣƺƳ ƏȇƳȅƏǕȇǣǔǣƺƳɎǝƺƳƺƺȵƳƺɮȒɎǣȒȇƏȇƳɀƺǼǔǼƺɀɀǼƺƏƳƺȸɀǝǣȵȷɖƏǼǣɎǣƺɀɎǝƏɎǕǣɮƺȒɖȸȒȸǕƏȇǣɿƏɎǣȒȇ È ƬȒǼǼƺƏǕɖƺ ȇȇƺ RɵƳƺ ƏȇƳ ǝƺȸ ƺƳǣɎȒȸǣƏǼ ɎƺƏȅ ǝƏɮƺ ȅƏǣȇɎƏǣȇƺƳ ƏȇƳ ǣɎɀ ɀɎȸƺȇǕɎǝِ xɵ ƏɖǕȅƺȇɎƺƳɎǝƺƺɴƬƺǼǼƺȇƬƺȒǔɎǝƺáRªِ ɖȸ 0ɴƺƬɖɎǣɮƺ (ǣȸƺƬɎȒȸ 0ǼƏǣȇƺ zƺǼɀȒȇ ǝƏɀ ȅȒɮƺƳ Ɏǝƺ áR ǔǔǣƬƺ ǔȸȒȅ Ɏǝƺ ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ Ȓǔ ȅƏǝƏ ɎȒ Ɏǝƺ ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ Ȓǔ kƏȇɀƏɀ ǣȇ nƏɯȸƺȇƬƺً ɯǝƺȸƺ ɀǝƺ ƏȇƳ ǝƺȸ ǝɖɀƫƏȇƳ zƺƫȸƏɀǸƏ ƏɎ ǔȒȸǝȒɀɎǣȇǕ ٢ƏȇƳǔƺǼǼȒɯáRȅƺȅƫƺȸ٣kƺȇɎ ǼƏȇɀƺɎɎǝƏɮƺǴȒǣȇƺƳɎǝƺǔƏƬɖǼɎɵِÁǝƏȇǸɀɎȒÈz ɖɀɎǝƺɀƺȵƏɀɎɎǝȸƺƺɵƺƏȸɀِÁǝƏȇǸɀɎȒkÈǔȒȸƫƺƬȒȅǣȇǕȒɖȸȇƺɯǝȒȅƺِxȒɀɎȒǔƏǼǼًɎǝƏȇǸɀɎȒ ȵƏȇƳƺȅǣƬِáƺȅƏȇƏǕƺƳח׏ٮ)àX 0ǼƏǣȇƺًǔȒȸƬƏȸƺǔɖǼǼɵǕɖǣƳǣȇǕɎǝƺȒȸǕƏȇǣɿƏɎǣȒȇɎǝȸȒɖǕǝɎǝƺ! ɎȒ ȵɖǼǼ ȒɖɎ Ȓǔ Ɏǝƺ Ǽƫɖȷɖƺȸȷɖƺ ǝȒɎƺǼ ƏȇƳ ƬȒȇɮƺȇɎǣȒȇ ƬƺȇɎƺȸ ƬȒȇɎȸƏƬɎɀ ɯǣɎǝ ȇȒ ǔǣȇƏȇƬǣƏǼ ɮƺ ȅȒɮƺƳ ɎȒ kÈ ɯǣɎǝ ɎǝƺټƫƺǣȇǕِ áƺٮɀ ǔǣȇƏȇƬǣƏǼ ɯƺǼǼټȵƺȇƏǼɎǣƺɀً Ɏǝƺȸƺƫɵ ȵȸƺɀƺȸɮǣȇǕ Ɏǝƺ áR ɀ ƺǔǔȒȸɎɀ ƳɖȸǣȇǕټɀ ǔɖɎɖȸƺ ǕȸȒɯɎǝِ 0ǼƏǣȇƺټƺɴȵƏȇƳƺƳ ɀɎƏǔǔ ɀɖȵȵȒȸɎ ǣȇ ȵǼƏƬƺ ɎȒ ƺȇɀɖȸƺ Ɏǝƺ áR Ƭȸǣɀǣɀ ǝƏɮƺ ƫƺƺȇ ȇȒɎǝǣȇǕ ɀǝȒȸɎ Ȓǔ ȸƺȅƏȸǸƏƫǼƺِ ÁǝƏȇǸɀ ƏǼɀȒ ǕȒ ɎȒ ǝƺȸ ǕȸƺƏɎ ɀɎƏǔǔٮ)àX Ɏǝƺ ! nƺƏǝ!ƏȸǕǣȇًkƏǣɎǼǣȇ³ɖȇƳƫƺȸǕً¨ƏǣǕƺxǣɎƬǝƺǼǼًƏȇƳxǣƬǝƏƺǼRǣǼǼِيɎƺƏȅ ƬɎȒƫƺȸƏȇƳǣȇȵƺȸɀȒȇƏǕƏǣȇɀȒȒȇِX ɎǣɀȒȇƺ ȅǼȒȒǸǣȇǕǔȒȸɯƏȸƳɎȒɀƺƺǣȇǕɵȒɖƏǼǼȒȇɀƬȸƺƺȇǣȇټX Ȓǔ Ɏǝƺ ǕȸƺƏɎƺɀɎ ǝȒȇȒȸɀ Ȓǔ ȅɵ ȵȸȒǔƺɀɀǣȒȇƏǼ ƬƏȸƺƺȸ ɎȒ ǝƏɮƺ ǝƏƳ Ɏǝƺ ȒȵȵȒȸɎɖȇǣɎɵ ɎȒ ɀƺȸɮƺ Ɏǝƺ áRɎǝǣɀȵƏɀɎɵƺƏȸƏɀ¨ȸƺɀǣƳƺȇɎِ ǼƺƏɀƺًȵǼƺƏɀƺ³ɎƏɵ³Əǔƺِ¨ ƺɀɎ«ƺǕƏȸƳɀً (ƏɮǣƳáȸȒƫƺǼ xǣǕȸƏɎǣȒȇً xƺƺɎǣȇǕ JȸȒɖȇƳɀً ƏȇƳٹ ׎Ɏǝ ȇȇɖƏǼ !ȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺה ɀټáƺ ɯƺǼƬȒȅƺ ɵȒɖ ɎȒ Ɏǝƺ áR ǼɎǝȒɖǕǝɯƺɯǣǼǼȇȒɎƏƬɎɖƏǼǼɵƫƺȅƺƺɎǣȇǕȵǝɵɀǣƬƏǼǼɵǣȇǼƫɖȷɖƺȸȷɖƺًzƺɯٺxƺȅȒȸɵǣȇɎǝƺáƺɀɎِ ɀȵƺƏǸǣȇǕ ¨ƺȒȵǼƺً ǣȇٮxƺɴǣƬȒً ɯƺ ƏƬǸȇȒɯǼƺƳǕƺ ɎǝƏɎ ǣɎ ǣɀ Ɏǝƺ ǝȒȅƺǼƏȇƳɀ Ȓǔ Ɏǝƺ ³ȒɖɎǝƺȸȇ ÁǣɯƏ ɀǼƺƏƳƺȸɀǝǣȵًɯƺǔƺǼɎƏټǼȒȇǕɯǣɎǝɎǝƺȒȸǕƏȇǣɿƏɎǣȒȇژȵƏȸɎǣƬɖǼƏȸɎǝƺ¨ɖƺƫǼȒɀȒǔ³ƏȇƳǣƏƏȇƳXɀǼƺɎƏِ ɀ Ƴǣɮƺȸɀƺ ƬɖǼɎɖȸƏǼ ǝƺȸǣɎƏǕƺ ɎȒټƬȒǼǼƺƬɎǣɮƺ ȸƺɀȵȒȇɀǣƫǣǼǣɎɵ Əɀ ɀƬǝȒǼƏȸɀ ƏȇƳ ǕɖƏȸƳǣƏȇɀ Ȓǔ Ɏǝƺ áƺɀɎ ǝɖȅƏȇȅǣǕȸƏɎǣȒȇɀًƬɖǼɎɖȸƏǼٮɀǝǣɀɎȒȸǣƺɀȒǔǝɖȅƏȇƏȇƳȇȒȇټƬȒȇɮƺɵɎǝƺǔɖǼǼȸǣƬǝȇƺɀɀȒǔɎǝƺȸƺǕǣȒȇ ƏȇƳ ȵǝɵɀǣƬƏǼ ȅƺƺɎǣȇǕ ǕȸȒɖȇƳɀً ƏȇƳ ǣȇƳǣɮǣƳɖƏǼً ƬȒǼǼƺƬɎǣɮƺً ƏȇƳ ƬȒȇɎƺɀɎƺƳ ȅƺȅȒȸǣƺɀ ɎȒ Ə ɯǣƳƺȸ 0ȇɮǣɀǣȒȇǣȇǕ Ə ƬȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺ ɎǝƏɎ ǣȇƬǼɖƳƺƳ ɀƬǝȒǼƏȸɀ ƏȇƳ ɎƺƏƬǝƺȸɀ Ȓǔ Ɏǝƺ zȒȸɎǝ ȅƺȸǣƬƏȇ ژȵɖƫǼǣƬِ áƺɀɎǣȇƏǼǼǔǣƺǼƳɀ٪ǝǣɀɎȒȸɵًȅƺȸǣƬƏȇ³ɎɖƳǣƺɀً0ɎǝȇǣƬ³ɎɖƳǣƺɀًzƏɎǣɮƺȅƺȸǣƬƏȇً!ǝǣƬƏȇƏٖȒًɀǣƏȇً ƏȇƳ ǔȸǣƬƏȇ ȅƺȸǣƬƏȇ ³ɎɖƳǣƺɀً ǼǣɎƺȸƏɎɖȸƺً ǔǣǼȅً ȅɖɀǣƬً ƏȸɎ ƏȇƳ ƏȸɎ ǝǣɀɎȒȸɵ٪ɯƺ ɯƏȇɎƺƳ ɎȒ ȅƏǸƺ ȅƺȅƫƺȸɀٕɎƺȇɖȸƺɀɎȸƺƏȅًȸƺȇƺɯƏƫǼƺًƏȇƳƬȒȇɎǣȇǕƺȇɎǔƏƬɖǼɎɵٮɀɖȸƺɎǝƏɎáRȅƺȅƫƺȸɀƏȇƳȇȒȇ ɀƬǝȒȒǼɀٕǣȇƳƺȵƺȇƳƺȇɎɀƬǝȒǼƏȸɀٕǕȸƏƳɖƏɎƺא׏ٮƏȇƳȵȸȒǔƺɀɀǣȒȇƏǼɀƏɎƏǼǼƬȒǼǼƺǕƺɀًɖȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎǣƺɀًƏȇƳk ɀɎɖƳƺȇɎɀٕȵɖƫǼǣƬȵȸƏƬɎǣɎǣȒȇƺȸɀǣȇȅɖɀƺɖȅɀًƏȸɎǕƏǼǼƺȸǣƺɀًǝǣɀɎȒȸǣƬɀǣɎƺɀًǕȒɮƺȸȇȅƺȇɎƏǕƺȇƬǣƺɀٕƏȇƳ ɖȸɎǝƺȅƺƬƺȸɎƏǣȇǼɵɎƏǸƺɀȒȇƏȇƺɯȅƺƏȇǣȇǕ ژȒɎǝƺȸɀɯǝȒƬƏȸƺƏƫȒɖɎɎǝƺáƺɀɎǴȒǣȇƺƳɖɀɎǝǣɀɵƺƏȸِ ǣȇɎǝǣɀƬȒȇɎƺɴɎȒǔƏɮǣȸɎɖƏǼƬȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺِÁǝǣɀǣɀًȷɖǣɎƺǼǣɎƺȸƏǼǼɵًƏȇƺɯǸǣȇƳȒǔȅƺƺɎǣȇǕǕȸȒɖȇƳǔȒȸɖɀِ áƺƫƺǼǣƺɮƺًǝȒɯƺɮƺȸًɎǝƏɎɎǝǣɀȒȇǼǣȇƺǔȒȸɖȅƺȇƬȒɖȸƏǕƺɀɖɀɎȒƺȅƫȸƏƬƺɎǝƺɮƏȸǣȒɖɀɯƏɵɀǣȇɯǝǣƬǝ ɯƺƬƏȇƺȇǕƏǕƺɯǣɎǝƺƏƬǝȒɎǝƺȸًȒɖȸƬȒȅȅɖȇǣɎǣƺɀًƏȇƳȒɖȸɯȒȸǸِRȒǼƳǣȇǕƏȇȒȇǼǣȇƺƬȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺ ƏǼǼȒɯɀɖɀɎȒƺɴȵƏȇƳȒɖȸȅƺƺɎǣȇǕƫƺɵȒȇƳȒɖȸɖɀɖƏǼǔȒɖȸƳƏɵɀƏȇƳȵȸȒɮǣƳƺɀȒȵȵȒȸɎɖȇǣɎǣƺɀɎȒƬȒȅƺ ɎȒǕƺɎǝƺȸǔȒȸɯȒȸǸɀǝȒȵɀƏȇƳɀȒƬǣƏǼƺɮƺȇɎɀƫƺǔȒȸƺȒɖȸǕƏɎǝƺȸǣȇǕًƏȇƳǔȒȸǣɎɎȒǼǣɮƺƫƺɵȒȇƳǣɎɀɖɀɖƏǼ ɎƺȅȵȒȸƏǼƫȒɖȇƳƏȸǣƺɀِÁǝƺȸƺƏȸƺȅƏȇɵɎǝǣȇǕɀɎǝƏɎɯƺǼȒɮƺƏƫȒɖɎǼƫɖȷɖƺȸȷɖƺɎǝƏɎɯƺɯǣǼǼȅǣɀɀ ɎǝƺƫƏǼǼȒȒȇǔƺɀɎǣɮƏǼًɎǝƺǣƬȒȇǣƬƳȒɯȇɎȒɯȇًɎǝƺƏȸɎƏȇƳȸɖȇȇǣȇǕɎȸƏǣǼɀȒǔ³ƏȇɎƏIƺًɮǣƫȸƏȇɎٮٮɎǝǣɀɵƺƏȸ ɀɖȇɀƺɎɀًȸƺƳƏȇƳǕȸƺƺȇƬǝǣǼƺًƏȇƳɎǝƺɖȇǣȷɖƺƺƏɎƺȸǣƺɀɎǝƏɎȒǔǔƺȸƺɮƺȸɵɎǝǣȇǕǔȸȒȅǕɖƏƬƏȅȒǼƺƏȇƳ ƬǝǣȵɀɎȒȒɮƺȸɀɎɖǔǔƺƳƫɖȸȸǣɎȒɀِáƺƬƺȸɎƏǣȇǼɵǝȒȵƺɎǝƏɎɯƺƬƏȇȅƏǸƺƏȸƺɎɖȸȇɎȒɎǝƺÁɖȸȷɖȒǣɀƺ³ɎƏɎƺ ƏɀɀȒȒȇƏɀǣɎǣɀȵȒɀɀǣƫǼƺِ ɀǝǣɀɎȒȸɵِXɎټ׎ȵȸȒǕȸƏȅًƏɀɯƺȒȸǣǕǣȇƏǼǼɵƬȒȇƬƺǣɮƺƳǣɎًɯƏɀɎǝƺǼƏȸǕƺɀɎǣȇɎǝƺȒȸǕƏȇǣɿƏɎǣȒȇא׎אÁǝƺ ׎ɀƺɀɀǣȒȇɀɎǝƏɎƏƳƳȸƺɀɀƺƳƏɯǣƳƺƏȸȸƏɵȒǔɀɖƫǴƺƬɎɀƳƺƏǼǣȇǕɯǣɎǝɎǝƺzȒȸɎǝȅƺȸǣƬƏȇזǔƺƏɎɖȸƺƳ׏ áƺɀɎِ áȒȸǸǣȇǕ ǣȇ Ɏǝƺ ƫƺɀɎ ǣȇɎƺȸƺɀɎ Ȓǔ Ɏǝƺ ȅƺȅƫƺȸɀǝǣȵً Ɏǝƺ áR ǝƏɀ ƳƺƬǣƳƺƳ ɎȒ ȅȒɮƺ Ɏǝƺ ƬȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺȒȇǼǣȇƺɎǝǣɀɵƺƏȸِǼɎǝȒɖǕǝɎǝƺǔȒȸȅƏɎȒǔɎǝƺƬȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺǣɀƬǝƏȇǕƺƳًǣɎǣɀɀɎǣǼǼƫȸȒƏƳǼɵ ȸƺȵȸƺɀƺȇɎƏɎǣɮƺ Ȓǔ Ɏǝƺ ɮǣƫȸƏȇɎ ƏȇƳ ǣȇɎƺǼǼƺƬɎɖƏǼǼɵ ƺȇǕƏǕƺƳ ƬȒȅȅɖȇǣɎɵ ɎǝƏɎ ƬȒȅȵȸǣɀƺɀ Ɏǝƺ ɀƺɀɀǣȒȇɀِחדȒȸǕƏȇǣɿƏɎǣȒȇًƏȇƳǣȇƬǼɖƳƺɀ׏ ƺȇɎƺȸƺƳ Ȓȇ Ɏǝƺ ƬȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺ Ɏǝƺȅƺɀ Ȓǔ ȅǣǕȸƏɎǣȒȇɀً! ȅƺƺɎǣȇǕ ǕȸȒɖȇƳɀً ƏȇƳ ȅƺȅȒȸɵً Ɏǝƺ ȵȸȒǕȸƏȅ ƫȸǣȇǕɀ ɎȒǕƺɎǝƺȸ ǝǣɀɎȒȸǣƏȇɀً ǼǣɎƺȸƏȸɵ ɀƬǝȒǼƏȸɀً ɀȒƬǣȒǼȒǕǣɀɎɀً 0Ǽǣɀƺ Ȓɴƺȸ ǴȒɖȸȇƏǼǣɀɎɀً XȇƳǣǕƺȇȒɖɀ ǼƺƏƳƺȸɀً ƏƬɎǣɮǣɀɎɀً ƏȸɎǣɀɎɀً ƏȇƳ Ə ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ³ȒɖɎǝ(ƏǸȒɎƏ ǝȒɀɎȒǔȒɎǝƺȸȵȸȒǔƺɀɀǣȒȇƏǼɀِzƺƏȸǼɵƏǼǼɎǝƺɀƺɀɀǣȒȇɀǔƺƏɎɖȸƺ hȒǝȇxِIǣȇƳǼƏɵ ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔáƏɀǝǣȇǕɎȒȇ ȇƺɯ ǔƏƬƺɀ ƏȇƳ ȇƺɯ ɮȒǣƬƺɀِ Áǝƺȸƺ Əȸƺ ȵƏȇƺǼɀ ɎǝƏɎ ɎƏǸƺ ǝƺǼƳƬȒȸȇƺȸɀɎȒȇƺɀȒǔáƺɀɎƺȸȇǝǣɀɎȒȸɵً hȒȇƏɎǝƏȇIȒɀɎƺȸٮȇƺɯǼȒȒǸɀƏɎǼȒȇǕ JȸƺƏɎ Əɀǣȇ!ȒǼǼƺǕƺ ɀɖƬǝ Əɀ Ɏǝƺ ǕȒǼƳ ȸɖɀǝً ȸȒƳƺȒ ƬȒɯƫȒɵɀً ƏȇƳ ɖǔǔƏǼȒ ǣǼǼِ ƏƳƳȸƺɀɀƺƳ ȅɵ«ƺȇƺƺRƏǣȇƺɀٮÁǝƺȸƺ Əȸƺ ƏǼɀȒ ȵƏȇƺǼɀ ɎǝƏɎ ɎȸƺƏɎ Ǽƺɀɀ ɯƺǼǼ ɎȒȵǣƬɀɯǣɎǝǣȇɎǝƺǔȸƏȅƺɯȒȸǸȒǔáƺɀɎƺȸȇǝǣɀɎȒȸɵًɀɖƬǝƏɀ ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ!ȒǼȒȸƏƳȒ!ȒǼȒȸƏƳȒ³ȵȸǣȇǕɀ ȇ ȸȒǼǼً ƏȇƳ ƫɖɎɎƺȸǔǼɵ xƏȸǕƏȸƺɎhƏƬȒƫɀٻ ɮȒɎǣȇǕ ȸǣǕǝɎɀً XȇƳǣǕƺȇȒɖɀ ȸȒƬǸ nǣȇƬȒǼȇٮ³Ȓȅƺ ȵƏȇƺǼɀ Əȸƺ ƳƺɮȒɎƺƳ ɎȒ ƺɴƏȅǣȇǣȇǕ Ɏǝƺ ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔzƺƫȸƏɀǸƏ ژȅǣǕȸƏɎǣȒȇِ hƏȇȇƺnƏǝɎǣ ٮɀɎƏɎƺ Ȓǔ Ə ȵƏȸɎǣƬɖǼƏȸ ǔǣƺǼƳ  ǣȇ Ɏǝƺ  áƺɀɎ  Ȓȸ Ɏǝƺ ƬƏȸƺƺȸ Ɏǝƺȸɀ Əȸƺ ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔRƺǼɀǣȇǸǣ ɀȵƏȇȇǣȇǕ ƬȒȇɎȸǣƫɖɎǣȒȇɀ Ȓǔ áR ȅƺȅƫƺȸɀِ ƳƺɮȒɎƺƳ ɎȒ Ǹƺɵ ǝǣɀɎȒȸǣƬƏǼ ƏȇȇǣɮƺȸɀƏȸǣƺɀً ǣȇƬǼɖƳǣȇǕ Ɏǝƺ !Əɀƺɵ(ِzǣƬǝȒǼɀ Ɏǝ ȅƺȇƳȅƺȇɎ ƏȇƳ Èِ³ِ ÁƺɴƏɀ³ɎƏɎƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵח׏׎׎Ɏǝ ƏȇȇǣɮƺȸɀƏȸɵ Ȓǔ Ɏǝƺ ׏ Ɏǝ ƏȇȇǣɮƺȸɀƏȸɵ Ȓǔ Ɏǝƺ ǔǣȸɀɎ RƺȸƫƺȸɎJِ«ɖǔǔǣȇXXדו ɀ ɀɖǔǔȸƏǕƺً ɎǝƺټɯȒȅƺȇ ƏɎȒȅǣƬƫȒȅƫƳƺɎȒȇƏɎǣȒȇƏɎÁȸǣȇǣɎɵƏȇƳɎǝƺɀɖƫɀƺȷɖƺȇɎ ³ɵȸƏƬɖɀƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ ɖɀƺȒǔɎǝƺɯƺƏȵȒȇȒȇRǣȸȒɀǝǣȅƏƏȇƳzƏǕƏɀƏǸǣًƏȇƳɎǝƺ ³ƏȸƏǝ³ƏƳǼǣƺȸ ׎Ɏǝ ƏȇȇǣɮƺȸɀƏȸɵ Ȓǔ Áǝƺ RǣǕǝ !ȒɖȇɎȸɵ zƺɯɀً Ȓȇƺ Ȓǔ Ɏǝƺ RƏȸɮƏȸƳÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵד ɀ ȅȒɀɎ ǣȅȵȒȸɎƏȇɎ ȇƺɯɀ ȒɖɎǼƺɎɀِ ³Ȓȅƺ ȵƏȇƺǼɀ ɎƏǸƺ hƺǔǔȸƺɵ¨ِ³ǝƺȵǝƺȸƳټáƺɀɎ ƳƺƺȵǼȒȒǸɀƏɎǝǣɀɎȒȸǣƬƺɮƺȇɎɀƏȇƳȒɎǝƺȸɀǼȒȒǸɎȒɎǝƺȵƏɀɎ ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔÁƺɴƏɀƏɎ0Ǽ¨ƏɀȒ ǣȇȒȸƳƺȸɎȒƫƺɎɎƺȸɖȇƳƺȸɀɎƏȇƳȒɖȸƬȒȅȵǼǣƬƏɎƺƳȵȸƺɀƺȇɎِ ÁƏɵǼȒȸ³ȵƺȇƬƺ ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔzƺɯxƺɴǣƬȒ ÁǝȒɖǕǝɯƺƏȸƺɀƏƳƳƺȇƺƳȇȒɎɎȒƫƺƏƫǼƺɎȒɀƺƺɵȒɖƏǼǼǣȇ ǼǼɵɀȒȇ³ɎƺɮƺȇɀȒȇ ȵƺȸɀȒȇًɎǝǣɀǣɀƏȇȒȵȵȒȸɎɖȇǣɎɵǔȒȸɎǝƺƬȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺɎȒƫƺƏ ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ«ƺǕǣȇƏ ǝɖȇáɖ!ٮȅȒȸƺƏƬƬƺɀɀǣƫǼƺȅƺƺɎǣȇǕɎȒȵƺȒȵǼƺɯǝȒȅǣǕǝɎȇȒɎǝƏɮƺ hɖƳɵÁɿɖ ȒɎǝƺȸɯǣɀƺƫƺƺȇƏƫǼƺɎȒɎȸƏɮƺǼɎȒǼƫɖȷɖƺȸȷɖƺِÁǝƺȸƺƏȸƺ ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ!ƏǼǣǔȒȸȇǣƏًXȸɮǣȇƺ ȅƏȇɵ ɀƺɀɀǣȒȇɀ ǔȒȸ ƺƳɖƬƏɎȒȸɀً ƏɖɎǝȒȸɀً ȵɖƫǼǣƬ ǝǣɀɎȒȸɵ hǣȅƻȇƺɿٮȅƏȸàƏǼƺȸǣȒ ȵȸȒǔƺɀɀǣȒȇƏǼɀً ƳǣǕǣɎƏǼ ǝǣɀɎȒȸɵ ȇȒɮǣƬƺɀً ǕȸƏƳɖƏɎƺ ɀɎɖƳƺȇɎɀً ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔÁƺɴƏɀƏɎ³ƏȇȇɎȒȇǣȒ ƏȇƳ ȸƺɀƺƏȸƬǝƺȸɀ ƏɎ ƏǼǼ ǼƺɮƺǼɀ ƏƬȸȒɀɀ Ə ɯǣƳƺ ƏȸȸƏɵ Ȓǔ ɀɖƫǴƺƬɎɀِ Áǝƺȸƺ ǣɀ ȷɖǣɎƺ ǼǣɎƺȸƏǼǼɵ ɀȒȅƺɎǝǣȇǕ ǝƺȸƺ ǔȒȸ ƺɮƺȸɵȒȇƺِÁǝƺɯǣƳƺƫȸƺƏƳɎǝƏȇƳƳƺȵɎǝȒǔɎǝƺȵȸȒǕȸƏȅǣɀ ׎¨ȸȒǕȸƏȅ!ȒȅȅǣɎɎƺƺɯǝȒɀƺא׎אƏƬȸƺƳǣɎɎȒɎǝƺáRٔɀ ȅƺȅƫƺȸɀ ɯȒȸǸƺƳ ƳǣǼǣǕƺȇɎǼɵ ɎȒ ƬȸƏǔɎ ɀƺɀɀǣȒȇɀ ƏȇƳ ǔƏƬǣǼǣɎƏɎƺ ǣȇȇȒɮƏɎǣɮƺ ǣƳƺƏɀِ Áǝƺɵ ȅȒȸƺ ɎǝƏȇ ȅƺɎ Ɏǝƺǣȸ ƬȒȅȅǣɎȅƺȇɎ ɎȒ ǣȇȇȒɮƏɎƺ ǣȇɎƺȸƺɀɎǣȇǕ ƏȇƳ ƺȇǕƏǕǣȇǕ áƺژȵƏȇƺǼɀɎǝƏɎɯȒȸǸƺƳƫȒɎǝǼǣɮƺƏȇƳǣȇƏȇȒȇǼǣȇƺǔȒȸȅƏɎِ ɯƺȸƺ ȵȸǣɮǣǼƺǕƺƳ ɎȒ ɯȒȸǸ ɎȒǕƺɎǝƺȸ ƏȇƳ ǔǣȇƳ ɯƏɵɀ ɎȒ ɀ ȵȸȒǕȸƏȅِ ÁǝȒɖǕǝ ɯƺ ɯƺȸƺټƬȒǼǼƏƫȒȸƏɎƺ Ȓȇ Ɏǝǣɀ ɵƺƏȸ ǔƏƬƺƳ ɯǣɎǝ ɖȇɖɀɖƏǼ ƬǣȸƬɖȅɀɎƏȇƬƺɀً Ȓɖȸ ƬȒȅȅǣɎȅƺȇɎ ɎȒ Ɏǝƺ ȒȸǕƏȇǣɿƏɎǣȒȇ ǝƏɀ ɀɎƏɵƺƳ ɀɎȸȒȇǕ Əɀ ɯƺǼǼ Əɀ Ȓɖȸ ƳƺƳǣƬƏɎǣȒȇ ɎȒ ɀɖȵȵȒȸɎǣȇǕ ƳɵȇƏȅǣƬ ƬȒȇɮƺȸɀƏɎǣȒȇɀ پɮǣƏáȒȸƳȸɎٽƫƺɎɯƺƺȇȒɖȸƳǣɮƺȸɀƺƬȒȅȅɖȇǣɎǣƺɀȒǔáƺɀɎƺȸȇǝǣɀɎȒȸǣƏȇɀِ áȒȸƳ!ǼȒɖƳ ƳƺȵǣƬɎǣȇǕɎǝƺȅƺɀƏȇƳ áRש׫שɎȒȵǣƬɀǔȸȒȅɎǝƺ׫ ƺɀɎ«ƺǕƏȸƳɀً ¨ȸȒǕȸƏȅȒǔ³ƺɀɀǣȒȇɀ nƺǣɀǼ!Əȸȸ!ǝǣǼƳƺȸɀًnȒȸǣIǼȒȸƺɀًƏȇƳȅɵnȒȇƺɎȸƺƺ RƺƏȸɎǣƺɀɎǕȸƺƺɎǣȇǕɀɎȒƏǼǼȒǔɵȒɖɯǝȒًǼǣǸƺȅƺًǼȒȒǸƺƳǔȒȸɯƏȸƳɎȒǕƏɎǝƺȸǣȇǕǣȇǼƫɖȷɖƺȸȷɖƺǔȒȸáR ɮƺټǝȒȅƺǼǣǔƺِáƺٮƏɎٮ׎ِɀXɯȸǣɎƺɎǝǣɀǣȇɖǕɖɀɎًɯƺƏȸƺƏɎɎǝƺƫƺǕǣȇȇǣȇǕȒǔɎǝƺɀǣɴɎǝȅȒȇɎǝȒǔƏɀɎƏɵא׎א ɎƺɀɎƺƳȒɖȸƬȸƺƏɎǣɮǣɎɵɯǣɎǝƫƺƏȇɀًƺȇǕƏǕƺƳǣȇǼȒȇǕƬȒȇɮƺȸɀƏɎǣȒȇɀɯǣɎǝȒɮƺȸɀɎǣȅɖǼƏɎƺƳȵƺɎɀًȇƺǕȒɎǣƏɎƺƳ ƫǼɖȸȸƺƳ ƫȒɖȇƳƏȸǣƺɀ ƫƺɎɯƺƺȇ ǔƏȅǣǼɵ ƏȇƳ ɯȒȸǸً ȇƏɮǣǕƏɎƺƳ Ǽǣǔƺ Ȓȇ ñȒȒȅِ áƺ Əȸƺ ɀɎǣǼǼ ȵɖɿɿǼǣȇǕ ȒɖɎ Ɏǝƺ zƺɯ zȒȸȅƏǼِ XȇɀɎǣɎɖɎǣȒȇɀ Ȓǔ ƏǼǼ ǸǣȇƳɀ٪ȵɖƫǼǣƬ ƏǕƺȇƬǣƺɀً ȅɖɀƺɖȅɀ ƏȇƳ ƏȸƬǝǣɮƺɀً ɖȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎǣƺɀ ƏȇƳ ɀƬǝȒȒǼɀ٪ǝƏɮƺƏƳɮǣɀƺƳɖɀɎǝƏɎɯƺɀǝȒɖǼƳȵǼƏȇǔȒȸɎǝƺǔƏǼǼƫɵƺɴȵƺƬɎǣȇǕɎǝƏɎɯƺɯǣǼǼƫƺא׏ٮƬȒǼǼƺǕƺɀًk ɯȒȸǸǣȇǕȒȇǼǣȇƺƺȇɎǣȸƺǼɵًȒȸȵƏȸɎǼɵȒȇǼǣȇƺِ ɖɎɎǝƺȸƺǣɀɀȒȅɖƬǝɖȇƬƺȸɎƏǣȇɎɵƏȇƳȵƏǣȇِ³ȒȅƺȒǔɖɀǝƏɮƺ ǼȒɀɎǴȒƫɀًȒȸƫƺƺȇɀǣƬǸًȒȸǼȒɀɎǼȒɮƺƳȒȇƺɀِXȇɀɖƬǝƏȇɖȇɀƺɎɎǼƺƳƏȇƳɖȇɀƺɎɎǼǣȇǕɯȒȸǼƳًɯƺƬƏȇɎȸɵɎȒǔǣȇƳ ɀɎȸƺȇǕɎǝǣ ȇȒɖȸɀǝƏȸƺƳƳƺƳǣƬƏɎǣȒȇɎȒǝǣɀɎȒȸɵًȒɖȸǼȒɮƺȒǔɎǝƺƫƺƏɖɎǣǔɖǼƏȇƳƬȒȅȵǼǣƬƏɎƺƳȵǼƏƬƺɀȒǔɎǝƺ áƺɀɎًƏȇƳȒɖȸɀɖɀɎƏǣȇǣȇǕƬȒȅȅɖȇǣɎɵِ

X ȸƺȅƏǣȇ ȒȵɎǣȅǣɀɎǣƬ ɎǝƏɎ Ɏǝƺ áR ɯǣǼǼ ȸƺɎɖȸȇ ɀȒȒȇ ɎȒ zƺɯ xƺɴǣƬȒِ Xȇ Ɏǝƺ ȅƺƏȇɎǣȅƺً X ǣȇɮǣɎƺ ɵȒɖ ɎȒ ȸƺɀɎƏȇƳǣȇǕټɮǣɀɖƏǼǣɿƺɎǝǣɀȅƏǴƺɀɎǣƬƏȇƳƏȇƬǣƺȇɎǼƏȇƳًǝȒȅƺɎȒɀȒȅƏȇɵȒɮƺȸɀȒǼȒȇǕِXȅƏǕǣȇƺɎǝƏɎɵȒɖ ƏɎ Ɏǝƺ ƬȸƺɀɎ Ȓǔ Ɏǝƺ ³ƏȇƳǣƏ xȒɖȇɎƏǣȇɀً Ȓȇ Ɏǝƺ ƺƏɀɎƺȸȇ ǔǼƏȇǸ Ȓǔ Ǽƫɖȷɖƺȸȷɖƺً ǕƏɿǣȇǕ ǣȇ Əȇɵ ƳǣȸƺƬɎǣȒȇِ ȸƺǣȇɎǝƺƏȇƬƺɀɎȸƏǼǝȒȅƺǼƏȇƳȒǔɎǝƺ¨ɖƺƫǼȒȵƺȒȵǼƺɀًƏȇƳǣȇɎǝƺȅǣƳɀɎȒǔƏǼƏȇƳɀƬƏȵƺɎǝƏɎɎƺɀɎǣǔǣƺɀټçȒɖ ɎȒȅǣǼǼƺȇȇǣƏȒǔǼƏɵƺȸƺƳًɀȒȅƺɎǣȅƺɀɎȸȒɖƫǼǣȇǕًɀȒȅƺɎǣȅƺɀǣȇɀȵǣȸǣȇǕًƏǼɯƏɵɀƬȒȅȵǼǣƬƏɎƺƳǝǣɀɎȒȸɵِÁȒɎǝƺ ɯƺɀɎ ƏƬȸȒɀɀ Ɏǝƺ ǝǣǕǝ ƳƺɀƺȸɎ Ǽǣƺɀ xȒɖȇɎ ÁƏɵǼȒȸً ǸȇȒɯȇ ɎȒ Ɏǝƺ (ǣȇƻ ȵƺȒȵǼƺ Əɀ ÁɀȒȒƳǣȄً Ȓȇƺ Ȓǔ Ɏǝƺ ǔȒɖȸ ɀƏƬȸƺƳȅȒɖȇɎƏǣȇɀȅƏȸǸǣȇǕɎǝƺƫȒɖȇƳɀȒǔ(ǣȇƺɎƏǝًɎǝƺɎȸƏƳǣɎǣȒȇƏǼzƏɮƏǴȒǝ ȒȅƺǼƏȇƳِÁǝƺȅȒɖȇɎƏǣȇǣɀ ƏǼɀȒɀƏƬȸƺƳɎȒɎǝƺƬȒȅƏًRȒȵǣًnƏǕɖȇƏƏȇƳñɖȇǣȵƺȒȵǼƺȒǔɎǝƺ¨ɖƺƫǼȒɀɯǝȒǝƏɮƺǼǣɮƺƳǣȇɎǝǣɀȸƺǕǣȒȇ ǔȒȸ ɎǝȒɖɀƏȇƳɀ Ȓǔ ɵƺƏȸɀِ ÁȒ Ɏǝƺ ȇȒȸɎǝ Ǽǣƺ Ɏǝƺ ³ƏȇǕȸƺ Ƴƺ !ȸǣɀɎȒɀً Ɏǝƺ ǼƺǕƺȇƳƏȸɵ ȅȒɖȇɎƏǣȇ ȸƏȇǕƺ ǸȇȒɯȇɯƺɀɎƺȸȇƫƏɎɎǼƺȒǔɎǝƺٮɀɎȸƺɎƬǝǣȇǕǔȸȒȅɀȒɖɎǝƺƏɀɎȒǔ³ƏȇɎƏIƺɎȒJǼȒȸǣƺɎƏ¨ƏɀɀًɀǣɎƺȒǔɎǝƺƫƺɀɎ ǣɮǣǼ áƏȸِ ³ƺƺȇ ǔȸȒȅ zƺɯ xƺɴǣƬȒً ɯƺ ƏǼɀȒ ǸȇȒɯ ǝȒɯ ȅƺȸǣƬƏȇɀ ɯǝȒ ƬƏȅƺ ȵȸȒƬǼƏǣȅǣȇ Ǖ ǼǣƫƺȸɎɵ! ɀȒȅƺɎǣȅƺɀǔȒɖǕǝɎǔȒȸƬǝƏɎɎƺǼɀǼƏɮƺȸɵًƏȇƳƏǼɯƏɵɀȅƺƏȇɎɎȒƬȒȇȷɖƺȸًɎȒƺɀɎƏƫǼǣɀǝƏȇƺȅȵǣȸƺِ

Èȵ ƏȇƳ ƳȒɯȇ Ɏǝƺ «ǣȒ JȸƏȇƳƺ ɮƏǼǼƺɵ ƏȇƳ ǣȇɎȒ Ɏǝƺ ɀɖȸȸȒɖȇƳǣȇǕ ȅȒɖȇɎƏǣȇɀً ɀȒɮƺȸƺǣǕȇ ¨ɖƺƫǼȒ ȇƏɎǣȒȇɀ ǣȇǝƏƫǣɎƺƳ ƏƳȒƫƺ ɮǣǼǼƏǕƺɀ ƏȇƳ ȵȒɯƺȸǔɖǼ ƬƺȸƺȅȒȇǣƏǼɀ ɎƺɀɎǣǔɵǣȇǕ ɎȒ Ɏǝƺǣȸ ȸƺɀǣǼǣƺȇƬƺ ǣȇٮȵƺȸɀǣɀɎً Ɏǝƺǣȸ ǼȒȇǕ ɎǝƺǔƏƬƺȒǔȸƺȵƺƏɎƺƳǣȇɮƏɀǣȒȇِxƺɀɎǣɿȒƳƺɀƬƺȇƳƏȇɎɀȒǔ³ȵƏȇǣɀǝƏȇƳxƺɴǣƬƏȇƏȇƳǣȇƳǣǕƺȇȒɖɀȵƺȒȵǼƺɀ ǼǣǸƺɯǣɀƺƺ ɀɎƏƫǼǣɀǝƺƳɮǣǼǼƏǕƺɀɯǝƺȸƺȵƺȒȵǼƺǝƏɮƺɀɎȸɖǕǕǼƺƳɎȒǔƏȸȅًȸƏȇƬǝًƏȇƳǝȒǼƳȒȇǣȇƏǼǼɎȒȒȅƏȇɵ ǝƏȸƳ Ɏǣȅƺɀً ɀɖɀɎƏǣȇƺƳ ƫɵ ǔƏȅǣǼɵ ƏȇƳ ǔƏǣɎǝ ƏȇƳ ȇȒ ɀȅƏǼǼ ȅƺƏɀɖȸƺ Ȓǔ ɀɎɖƫƫȒȸȇ ƳƺɎƺȸȅǣȇƏɎǣȒȇِ ÁȒ Ɏǝƺ ȇȒȸɎǝ Ȓǔ Ǽƫɖȷɖƺȸȷɖƺً ÁƏȇȒƏȇ ƏȇƳ ÁƺɯƏ ȵƺȒȵǼƺ ȒƬƬɖȵǣƺƳ Ɏǝƺ ǼƏȇƳ ɎǝƏɎ ɯȒɖǼƳ ƫƺƬȒȅƺ Ɏǝƺ ƬǣɎɵ Ȓǔ ׏׎ًȸƺǣȇɮƺȇɎƺƳƫɵȇǕǼȒƏȇɎǝȸȒȵȒǼȒǕǣɀɎɀًƏȸɎǣɀɎƏȇƳɯȸǣɎƺȸɀǣȇɎǝƺה³ƏȇɎƏIƺًǔȒɖȇƳƺƳƫɵɎǝƺ³ȵƏȇǣɀǝǣȇ׏ ɎɯƺȇɎǣƺɎǝ ƬƺȇɎɖȸɵً ȇȒɯ Ə ɎǝȸǣɮǣȇǕ ƏȸɎɀ ƬȒȅȅɖȇǣɎɵ ƏȇƳ ƬƏȵǣɎƏǼ Ȓǔ Ɏǝƺ ɀɎƏɎƺ Ȓǔ zƺɯ xƺɴǣƬȒِ Xȇ ٮƺƏȸǼɵ ƺɮƺȸɵƳǣȸƺƬɎǣȒȇًɎǝƺȅǣǼǣɎƏȸɵȅǣǕǝɎȒǔɎǝƺÈȇǣɎƺƳ³ɎƏɎƺɀǝƏɀǣȇɀƬȸǣƫƺƳǣɎɀȵȸƺɀƺȇƬƺȒȇɎǝƺǼƏȇƳًǣȇǔȒȸȅɀ ƏɀɮƏȸǣƺƳƏɀǔȒȸɎɀȇȒɯǣȇȸɖǣȇɀًƫȒȅƫƬȸƏɎƺȸɀًǼƏƫȒȸƏɎȒȸɵƬȒȅȵǼƺɴƺɀًǝȒɀȵǣɎƏǼɀًƬȒǼǼƺǕƺƬǼƏɀɀȸȒȒȅɀƏȇƳ ȵƏɵƬǝƺƬǸɀِ

ǼƫɖȷɖƺȸȷɖƺًȒǔƬȒɖȸɀƺًƳȸƏɯɀȒȇƏǼǼɎǝƺɀƺȵƺȒȵǼƺƏȇƳǝǣɀɎȒȸǣƬƏǼǔȒȸƬƺɀًɯǣɎǝƏȇƏƳƳƺƳƳȒɀƺȒǔ«ȒɖɎƺ ɎȒɖȸǣɀɎǝƺȸǣɎƏǕƺًǝǣǕǝɎƺƬǝǣȇƳɖɀɎȸɵًƏȇƳǼƏɎƺǼɵًɎǝƺƬȸƺƏɎǣȒȇȒǔƏɎǝȸǣɮǣȇǕǔǣǼȅǣȇƳɖɀɎȸɵِçƺɀًɯƺǸȇȒɯًהה ƏȇƳ ٺȸƺƏǸǣȇǕ ƏƳً ٹ ٺȒȵɀً!ٹ ɀ ƏǼɀȒ ǔƏȅȒɖɀ ǔȒȸ ǣɎɀ ɖȇǔȒȸǕƺɎɎƏƫǼƺ ȸȒǼƺ Əɀ ɀǣɎƺ Ȓǔ ƏǼǼ ɎǝȒɀƺ ƺȵǣɀȒƳƺɀ ȒǔټǣɎ ɎɯƏȇɎɎǝǣȇǕɀɎȒǕƺɎɎȒȒǝȒɎِټƳƫƺɎɎƺȸƏɀǸǔȒȸɎǝƺƬǝǣǼƺȒȇɎǝƺɀǣƳƺًǣǔɵȒɖƳȒȇټçȒɖٺƺɎɎƺȸ!ƏǼǼ³ƏɖǼِ ٹ zƺɯxƺɴǣƬƏȇɀǸȇȒɯɎǝƏɎȒɖȸɀǣɀƏƳƺƺȵƏȇƳƳɵȇƏȅǣƬǝǣɀɎȒȸɵɯǝƺȸƺȵƺȒȵǼƺȒǔ ƳǣǔǔƺȸƺȇɎƬɖǼɎɖȸƺɀǝƏɮƺǔȒɖǕǝɎƺƏƬǝȒɎǝƺȸǔȒȸǼƏȇƳًǔȒȸǼƏƫȒȸًǔȒȸȵȸǣȅƏƬɵƏȇƳ ǔȒȸƫƺɎɎƺȸƏȇƳɯȒȸɀƺِáƺǝƏɮƺƏǼɀȒȅǣȇǕǼƺƳƏȇƳȅƏȸȸǣƺƳًǼƺƏȸȇƺƳǔȸȒȅƺƏƬǝ ȒɎǝƺȸً ƺɴƬǝƏȇǕƺƳ ɀƺƺƳɀ ƏȇƳ ɎȒȒǼɀ ƏȇƳ ȸƺƬǣȵƺɀ ƏȇƳ ɀɖȸɮǣɮƏǼ Ɏǣȵɀِ zƏɮƏǴȒ ɯƺƏɮƺȸɀǝƏɮƺƏƳƏȵɎƺƳȵƏɎɎƺȸȇɀǕƏȸȇƺȸƺƳǔȸȒȅƏȸɖǕɎȸƏƳƺɎǝƏɎɀɎȸƺɎƬǝƺɀɎȒ ȸƺƬǣȵƺɀ ɎǝƏɎ ƬƏǼǼ ǔȒȸ ٺƬǝǣǼƺٹ ƬƺȇɎȸƏǼ ɀǣƏِ ȇǕǼȒ ƬǝɖȸƬǝ ƬȒȒǸƫȒ ȒǸɀ ǔƺƏɎɖȸƺ ƬȸƺƏȅȒǔȅɖɀǝȸȒȒȅɀȒɖȵِ³ȒȅƺƬƏǼǼǣɎɎǝƺnƏȇƳȒǔ0ȇƬǝƏȇɎȅƺȇɎٕȒɎǝƺȸɀًɎǝƺ nƏȇƳ Ȓǔ 0ȇɎȸƏȵȅƺȇɎِ ¨ȒǼǣɎǣƬƏǼ ɀɎȸɖǕǕǼƺɀ ƏȇƳ ƬɖǼɎɖȸƏǼ ƬȒȇǔǼǣƬɎɀ ƬȒȇɎǣȇɖƺً ǼƺǕƏƬǣƺɀ Ȓǔ Ɏǝƺ ǼȒȇǕ ǝǣɀɎȒȸɵ Ȓǔ ƬȒǼȒȇǣɿƏɎǣȒȇً ƺɮƺȇ Əɀ ɯƺ ƬƺǼƺƫȸƏɎƺ Ɏǝƺ ȸǣƬǝ ǝǣɀɎȒȸǣƺɀƏȇƳɀɎɖȇȇǣȇǕȇƏɎɖȸƏǼƫƺƏɖɎɵȒǔɎǝƺȵǼƏƬƺɯƺǼǣɮƺِ ژژژژژژژژژژژ ³ƺƺǣȇǕɎǝƺáƺɀɎǔȸȒȅɎǝƺɮǣƺɯȵȒǣȇɎȒǔzƺɯxƺɴǣƬȒًƏƬǼƏǣȅƺƳƏȇƳƬȒȇɎƺɀɎƺƳ ǝȒȅƺǼƏȇƳ ɯǝƺȸƺ ǝǣɀɎȒȸɵ ǴɖɀɎ Ǹƺƺȵɀ Ȓȇ ǝƏȵȵƺȇǣȇǕً ȅƏǸƺɀ Ɏǝƺ áƺɀɎ ǼȒȒǸ ƳǣǔǔƺȸƺȇɎِIȸȒȅɎǝƺƏȇƬǣƺȇɎɀǸɵƬǣɎɵȒǔƬȒȅƏ¨ɖƺƫǼȒɎȒɎǝƺȸȒƬǸƺɎǼƏɖȇƬǝǣȇǕ ȵƏƳɀ Ȓǔ kǣȸɎǼƏȇƳ ǣȸ IȒȸƬƺ Əɀƺً ǔȸȒȅ Ɏǝƺ ǕƏǼǼƺȸǣƺɀ Ȓǔ ³ƏȇɎƏ Iƺ ɎȒ Ɏǝƺ ɀɎȸƺƺɎ ȅɖȸƏǼɀȒǔǼƫɖȷɖƺȸȷɖƺًɯƺƫƺǝȒǼƳƏáƺɀɎƺȸȇǝǣɀɎȒȸɵɎǝƏɎǣɀƏǼǣɮǣȇǕƺȅƫǼƺȅ ȒǔɎǝȒɀƺɀɎȸɖǕǕǼƺɀƏȇƳƺɴƬǝƏȇǕƺɀًȇȒɎƏȇɵɎǝǣȇǕɎǝƏɎɯƏɀƳƺɀɎǣȇƺƳɎȒǝƏȵȵƺȇً ƫɖɎ ȸƏɎǝƺȸً Ɏǝƺ ȵȸȒƳɖƬɎ Ȓǔ ǝɖȅƏȇ ƬǝȒǣƬƺɀ ƏȇƳ ƏƬɎǣȒȇɀِ áǝƺȇ Ɏǝƺ áR ȸƺɎɖȸȇɀ ɎȒ Ǽƫɖȷɖƺȸȷɖƺً ɯƺ ɯǣǼǼ ɀǝȒɯ Ȓǔǔ Ȓɖȸ ǕȸƺƏɎ ǔȒȒƳ ƏȇƳ ɀƬƺȇƺȸɵً Ȓɖȸ ƬȸƺƏɎǣɮǣɎɵًȒɖȸ ǣȇƬǼɖɀǣɮƺɀȵǣȸǣɎ ƏȇƳ Ɏǝƺ ǕǣǔɎ Ȓǔ Ɏǝƺ ȸƺȅƏȸǸƏƫǼƺƬƏȅƏȸƏƳƺȸǣƺȒǔ ɎǝƺáRِXƏȅƺȇƳǼƺɀɀǼɵǕȸƏɎƺǔɖǼǔȒȸƏǼǼɎǝƺǝƏȸƳɯȒȸǸȒǔɎǝƺȅƺȅƫƺȸɀȒǔɎǝƺ nȒƬƏǼ ȸȸƏȇǕƺȅƺȇɎɀ !ȒȅȅǣɎɎƺƺً ɯǝȒ ȒȸǕƏȇǣɿƺƳ ƏǼǼ ǸǣȇƳɀ Ȓǔ ǔɖȇ ƏȇƳ ǣǼǼɖȅǣȇƏɎǣȇǕƺɮƺȇɎɀًɯǝǣƬǝɯǣǼǼǝƏɮƺɎȒɯƏǣɎǔȒȸɎǝƺɎǣȅƺƫƺɵȒȇƳɎǝǣɀƬȸǣɀǣɀِX ɯƏȇɎ ɎȒ Ǖǣɮƺ Ə ɀȵƺƬǣƏǼ ɎǝƏȇǸɀ ɎȒ ȸȒȒǸƺ RƏƳǼƺɵً ɯǝȒ ɎȒȒǸ Ɏǣȅƺ ǔȸȒȅ ǝƺȸ ǕȸƏƳɖƏɎƺ ɯȒȸǸ ƏɎ Ɏǝƺ ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ Ȓǔ ǸǼƏǝȒȅƏ ɎȒ ɀƺȸɮƺ Əɀ ǣȇƳǣɀȵƺȇɀƏƫǼƺ ȇ ƫƺǝƏǼǔ Ȓǔ Ɏǝƺ n! Ƭȸƺɯً ǼƺɎ ȅƺ ɀƏɵ ǝȒɯ ǕȸƏƳɖƏɎƺ ƏɀɀǣɀɎƏȇɎ ɎȒ Ɏǝƺ n!ِ ƺɴƬǣɎƺƳ ɯƺ ɯƺȸƺ ɎȒ ǝȒɀɎ ɵȒɖً ƏȇƳ ƺɴȵȸƺɀɀ Ȓɖȸ ƬȒǼǼƺƬɎǣɮƺ ǝȒȵƺ ɎǝƏɎ ɵȒɖ Əȸƺ ɀɎƏɵǣȇǕɀƏǔƺƏȇƳɯƺǼǼِnǣǸƺƏǼǼȒǔɵȒɖًɯƺǼȒȒǸǔȒȸɯƏȸƳɎȒɀƏɵǣȇǕǝƺǼǼȒȒȇǼǣȇƺًɎȒ ǝƺƏȸǣȇǕ ƏƫȒɖɎ ɵȒɖȸ ɯȒȇƳƺȸǔɖǼ ɯȒȸǸً ɎȒ ǝȒǼƳǣȇǕ ƺƏƬǝ ȒɎǝƺȸ ɖȵ ƏȇƳ ǝƺƏȸǣȇǕ ƺƏƬǝȒɎǝƺȸȒɖɎِáƺɯǣǼǼɀƺƺɵȒɖƏɎɎǝƺɮǣȸɎɖƏǼƬȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺɀǣɎƺِɎɎǝǣɀȅȒȅƺȇɎ ȒǔɖȇƬƺȸɎƏǣȇɎɵًɎȸƏɖȅƏًƬȒȇǔǼǣƬɎًƏȇƳًȵƺȸǝƏȵɀȵƺȸɮƺȸɀƺǼɵًǝȒȵƺًǣɎǣɀǣȅȵȒȸɎƏȇɎ ɎȒȸƺȅƺȅƫƺȸɎǝƏɎɯǝƏɎɯƺɀɎɖƳɵًƳȒًƏȇƳɎǝǣȇǸȅƏɎɎƺȸɀًƏȇƳɎǝƏɎɀɎȒȸǣƺɀƏȇƳ ȵǼƏƬƺɀȅƏɎɎƺȸِ

ǝƏǣȸ٣!àǣȸǕǣȇǣƏ³ƬǝƏȸǔǔًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔzƺɯxƺɴǣƬȒ٢ ȸǣƏȇ³!ȒǼǼǣƺȸًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔzȒɎȸƺ(Əȅƺ ƏȇƳȒǼǣȇ!ȒȒǸًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔzƺɯxƺɴǣƬȒ! xƏɖȸǣƬƺ!ȸƏȇƳƏǼǼً(ƏȸɎȅȒɖɎǝ!ȒǼǼƺǕƺ ³ȒȇǣƏ(ǣƬǸƺɵًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔzƺɯxƺɴǣƬȒ¨ȸƺɀɀ RȒǼǼɵJɖǣɀƺًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔzƺɯxƺɴǣƬȒ hȒɀƺȵǝkɖȇǸƺǼً³ɖɀɎƏǣȇƏƫǼƺzƏɎǣɮƺ!ȒȅȅɖȇǣɎǣƺɀ!ȒǼǼƏƫȒȸƏɎǣɮƺ hȒɀǣƺnȒȵƺɿًǼƫɖȷɖƺȸȷɖƺxɖɀƺɖȅ hƺȇȇǣǔƺȸxƬ¨ǝƺȸɀȒȇً¨ɖȸƳɖƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ JƏƫȸǣƺǼxƺǼƻȇƳƺɿً!ƺȇɎƺȸǔȒȸ«ƺǕǣȒȇƏǼ³ɎɖƳǣƺɀًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔzƺɯxƺɴǣƬȒ Əȸȸƺȇ«ƏɀȵƏًÈِ³ِǣȸIȒȸƬƺ) ³ƏȅÁȸɖƺɎɎً!ƺȇɎƺȸǔȒȸɎǝƺ³ȒɖɎǝɯƺɀɎƏȇƳRǣɀɎȒȸɵ(ƺȵƏȸɎȅƺȇɎًÈِȒǔzƺɯxƺɴǣƬȒ ǝȸǣɀáǣǼɀȒȇً³ƬǝȒȒǼȒǔȸƬǝǣɎƺƬɎɖȸƺƏȇƳ¨ǼƏȇȇǣȇǕًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔzƺɯxƺɴǣƬȒ! ȸƏȇƳȒȇxȒȸǕƏȇً!ƺȇɎȸƏǼzƺɯxƺɴǣƬȒ!ȒȅȅɖȇǣɎɵ!ȒǼǼƺǕƺ ÁǝƺáƺɀɎƺȸȇRǣɀɎȒȸɵɀɀȒƬǣƏɎǣȒȇJȸƏƳɖƏɎƺ³ɎɖƳƺȇɎ!ƏɖƬɖɀǣɀƳƺɮȒɎƺƳɎȒ ɀƺȸɮǣȇǕɎǝƺȇƺƺƳɀȒǔɀɎɖƳƺȇɎɀȒǔáƺɀɎƺȸȇRǣɀɎȒȸɵƫɵȵȸȒɮǣƳǣȇǕ ȒȵȵȒȸɎɖȇǣɎǣƺɀɎȒƺɴƬƺǼǣȇɎǝƺǔǣƺǼƳȒǔáƺɀɎƺȸȇRǣɀɎȒȸɵِǼǼáRɀɎɖƳƺȇɎ ȅƺȅƫƺȸɀƏȸƺƺȇƬȒɖȸƏǕƺƳɎȒǴȒǣȇɎǝƺJȸƏƳɖƏɎƺ³ɎɖƳƺȇɎ!ƏɖƬɖɀِ

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WHA 2020 – ALBUQUERQUE AND ONLINE

Networking for Change: An Introduction to the Work and Members of Faculty for a Sexual Assault Free Environment at UNM WHA 2020 Sponsored by the WHA Committee on Assault SCHEDULE OF SESSIONS Response and Educational Resources (WHA-CARES) Chair: Elizabeth Hutchison, University of New Mexico Amy Levi, University of New Mexico TUESDAY, OCTOBER 13 Kimberly Gauderman, University of New Mexico 2:00 P.M. – 4:30 P.M. (CDT) Dominika Laster, University of New Mexico Stephen Bishop, University of New Mexico Improving the Research Experience: Jessica Goodkind, University of New Mexico A Workshop for Graduate Students in Western American History Theresa Cruz, University of New Mexico Sponsored by the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Jackie Hood, University of New Mexico Library at Yale University Amy L. Brandzel, University of New Mexico Laurie Arnold (Sinixt Band, Colville Confederated Comment: Audience Tribes), Gonzaga University Peter J. Blodgett, The Huntington Library, Art Collections and Botanical Gardens WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 14 J. Wendel Cox, Southwestern Research Collections, 9:30 A.M. – 11:00 A.M. (CDT) Dartmouth College Lisa E. Duncan, University of Arizona Libraries Violence in the West: Past, Present, and Future Sam Herley, South Dakota Oral History Center, University of South Dakota Chair: Patricia N. Limerick, University of Colorado Tamsen Hert, University of Wyoming Boulder Anne Jenner, University of Washington Libraries Kathleen Belew, University of Chicago Ginny Kilander, American Heritage Center, University Apocalypse/Future: Rocky Flats, Rocky Mountain of Wyoming Arsenal, and the 1990s Nick Estes (Lower Brule Sioux Tribe), University of Matthew Daniel Mason, Beinecke Rare Book and New Mexico Manuscript Library, Yale University “No More Broken Treaties”: An International George A. Miles, Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Political Imaginary of Native Protest from the Red Library, Yale University Power Movement to the Present Suzanne Noruschat, University of Southern California Jennifer L. Holland, University of Oklahoma Libraries "Violence Outside the Womb": Anti-Abortion Violence in the American West Jacquelyn Reese, University of Oklahoma Libraries Jessica Ordaz, University of Colorado Boulder Laurie Scrivener, University of Oklahoma Libraries The Shadow of Migrant Detention in the Greater Southwest Benjamin Stone, Stanford University Libraries Alyssa Smith, University of Chicago Gregory C. Thompson, University of Utah Random Violence, Close at Hand: Media Culture, Murdered Women, and Fighting Back in Suburban Rachel Vagts, Denver Public Library Los Angeles Comment: Audience Comment: Audience

#WHA2020 19 WHA 2020 – ALBUQUERQUE AND ONLINE

“Strange” Encounters: Teaching History Through Play Tourism in the American West Chair: Jeffrey Ostler, University of Oregon Chair: Bill Philpott, University of Denver Abigail Margaret Markwyn, Carroll University Susan Sessions Rugh, Brigham Young University “I’ve never seen a class have so much fun learning Asian Indian Motel Owners in the Modern West history”: Engaging General Education Students Kara McCormack, Bilkent University Through Reacting to the Past Alien Encounters: Memory, Race, and UFO Cynthia Prescott, University of North Dakota Tourism in Roswell, New Mexico Teaching Historical Empathy Through Play Coyote Shook, University of Texas at Austin Jeremy Vetter, University of Arizona Donner Party/ Dinner Party: Foodways and Reacting to the West Occult Tourism in the American Southwest Rob Harper, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point Microhistory in Reacting to the Past Rolesheets Comment: Alex Hernandez, National Park Service National Heritage Areas Program Comment: Audience

Beyond the Boundaries: Playing with Community and Colonialism in the 20th-Century West

Chair: Tom I. Romero II, University of Denver Beth Eby, University of Texas at Austin Sporting Mobilities: The Travels of the Haskell Institute Women’s Basketball Team, 1900-1920 Ben Chappell, University of Kansas Fastpitch in the Railway World: Answering the Mexican Question on the Playing Field John Mckiernan-González, Texas State University “Galan demolishes Kelly Air Force base”: Adult Play, Soccer, and the Geography of Desegregation in Central Texas, 1910-1990 Comment: Audience

Individual Lives and National Movements: A Roundtable on Women's Activism in the American West

Chair: Renée M. Laegreid, University of Wyoming Heather Clemmer, Southern Nazarene University Farina King (Diné), Northeastern State University Sarah Eppler Janda, Cameron University Chelsea Ball, University of Oklahoma Patricia Loughlin, University of Central Oklahoma Comment: Audience

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Housing, Belonging, and Displacement in the New Research on Indigenous Boarding and 20th-Century West Residential Schools in the U.S. and Canada

Chair: B. Erin Cole, Minnesota Historical Society Chair: Margaret Jacobs, University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Jason A. Heppler, University of Nebraska at Omaha Preston McBride (Comanche descent (unenrolled)), The Calm of the Country: Place, Nature, and Dartmouth College Silicon Valley’s Suburban Exclusion in the 1950s “Let all that is Indian within you die!”: Infectious Ryan Driskell Tate, Rutgers University Disease and Deaths in American Indian Boarding “Aluminum Conestogas”: Trailer Parks and Schools, 1879-1934 Energy Boomtowns in the 1970s Amanda K. Wixon (Chickasaw), Sherman Indian Sandra I. Enríquez, University of Missouri-Kansas City Museum/University of California, Riverside “We Need Housing, Not Demolition”: Squatter Programs of Punishment: Carceral Aspects of Demonstrations and the Fight for Tenants’ Rights Sherman Institute in South El Paso, Texas Andrew Woolford, University of Manitoba Allyson P. Brantley, University of La Verne Assimilating Nature: Symbiotic Destruction Tent Cities Across the West: Homeless through Canadian Residential Schools and the Mobilization & Coalition-Building in the 1980s Fate of Lake Winnipeg Azusa Ono, Osaka University of Economics Tricia Logan (Métis), Residential School History and “No Home in Our Homeland”: Native American Dialogue Centre, University of British Columbia Homelessness in Denver since the 1980s Memory and Settler Colonialism in Canada: Access, Privacy and Creating a “Record” of Comment: Audience Genocide Comment: Audience Transnational Latin American Politics in the 20th-Century United States West Latinas and Power: Latina Identity Chair: Jessica M. Kim, California State University, Formation in Sociopolitical Middle Grounds Northridge Nathan Ellstrand, Loyola University Chicago Chair: Cynthia E. Orozco, Eastern New Mexico Mexican Fifth Columnists in the U.S.? The Unión University-Ruidoso Nacional Sinarquista in World War II Era Los Angeles Gabriela González, University of Texas at San Antonio Nahomi Linda Esquivel, University of Chicago Jovita Idar: A Complex Life of Service to La Raza “The INS Has Decided Not To Apply The Fiction:” Sarah McNamara, Texas A&M University An Examination of the INS’s Administrative Neglectful Mothers and Foreign Tramps: Latina Discretion and the Entrenchment of Deportation Sexualities and the U.S. Welfare State Infrastructures Danielle R. Olden, University of Utah Luis Herrán Ávila, University of New Mexico Mexican American Women and Conservatism in “Por Dios y por la Patria, Arriba Cuba”: the Postwar U.S. West: A Preliminary Examination Paramilitarism, Cuban Exile Activism, and the and a Research Agenda Transnational Revolution of the Latin American Veronica Nohemi Duran, University of Nebraska- Right in the United States Lincoln Andrea Oñate-Madrazo, California Polytechnic State Mujeres lideres y de “buena mano”: Aida Barrera, University Carrascolendas and Intersectionality, 1970-1976 Transnational Activists as U.S. Foreign Policy Makers in the Salvadoran Cold War, 1981-1992 Comment: Sonia Hernández, Texas A&M University Comment: Alexander Aviña, Arizona State University

#WHA2020 21 WHA 2020 – ALBUQUERQUE AND ONLINE

New Research on Women's Participation in African American Migration in the Western Politics, 1900-2000 Southwest Borderlands

Chair: Cathleen D. Cahill, Pennsylvania State University Chair: Sarah Cornell, University of Massachusetts Amherst Tiffany Jasmin González, Tulane University Expanding Democracy and Representation: María Esther Hammack, University of Texas at Austin Latinas, Women’s Rights, and Citizenship in the Between Slavery and Freedom: Black Women 20th Century Freedom Fighters in the Texas Borderlands Judy Tzu-Chun Wu, University of California, Irvine Edward Valentin Jr., Rice University Patsy Takemoto Mink and Pacific Feminisms “He Was Very Much in Love with a Mexican John M. Findlay, University of Washington Girl”: Black Veterans and Women of Mexican “Feminist Capital of the Nation”? Women Descent Officeholders in the Post-War American West Daniel Aaron Grant, University of Wisconsin-Madison “Nobody’s Island”: African American Squatters, Comment: Kim Cary Warren, University of Kansas Yuma Indians, and Boundaries of Settler Colonialism in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands Roundtable: Missions as Migration in the Comment: Julian Lim, Arizona State University American West

Chair: Brennan Keegan, Randolph College Indigeneity and the Digital American West: Rereading Native People in Video Games Max Perry Mueller, University of Nebraska-Lincoln The Land Moved Under Our Feet: Mormon Chair: Gianna M. May Sanchez, University of Michigan Missionaries to Utes in Early Mormon Utah Margaret Huettl (Anishinaabe), University of Marcus Macktima (San Carlos Apache Tribe), Nebraska-Lincoln University of Oklahoma Missionaries on the Run in the Anishinaabe West Virtual Indigeneity: The Development of Brandon Bayne, University of North Carolina at Chapel Indigenous Representation in Video Games Hill James Patrick Gregory, University of Oklahoma Between the Mission and El Monte: Spatial and “This Land is My Land”: Teaching Indigenous Ritual Migrations in Northern New Spain Perspectives with Video Games Danae Jacobson, Colby College Robert Voss, Northwest Missouri State University Nuns on the Move (West) Ideology and Ethnocentrism: Teaching with Red Dead Redemption II Comment: Kathleen Holscher, University of New Mexico Comment: Audience

#WHA2020 22 WHA 2020 – ALBUQUERQUE AND ONLINE

What’s My Job? Diversifying Environmental Histories of the A Public History Gameshow U.S.–Mexico Borderlands - Justicia, Sponsored by the WHA Public History Committee Memoria, y Tierra: Ethnic Mexican Struggles for Clean Air, Water, and Food Co-Chairs: Rebecca S. Wingo, University of Cincinnati Jeremy M. Johnston, Buffalo Bill Center of Chair: Erika M. Bsumek, University of Texas at Austin the West Jeffrey P. Shepherd, University of Texas at El Paso Nicolai Kryloff, Historical Research Associates, Inc. Recovering Marginalized Histories of Race and the Jennifer Bryant, National Park Service Environment in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands: An Introduction Jeff Pappas, New Mexico State Historic Preservation Micaela Valadez, University of Texas at Austin Office Drowning in Alamo City: Combating Robert Martinez, New Mexico State Records Center and Environmental Racism in San Antonio, 1950 to the Archives Present Marc A. Molina, University of Texas at El Paso Tara Elisabeth Travis, Mesa Verde National Park and Amistad y memoria: Deconstructing the Amistad Yucca House National Monument Reservoir and Tamaulipan Mezquital Borderlands Zebulon Miracle, Gateway Auto Museum Comment: Tim Bowman, West Texas A&M University Comment: Douglas Seefeldt, Clemson University WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 14 Animal Mobility and Environments 11:30 A.M. – 1:00 P.M. (CDT)

Chair: Alison Laurence, Stanford University Foodways in the American West William V. Scott, Texas Tech University Chair: Lori Flores, Stony Brook University A Miner’s Diet of Beef: Texas-California Cattle Drives Braden Neihart, San Diego State University Research Glenn Iceton, Independent Scholar Foundation Beavers and Borders: Wildlife Conservation Brewing Social Spaces: Beer and Business in Across the Yukon-British Columbian Border Leadville, 1879-1905 Iker Saitua, University of the Basque Country Divana Olivas, University of Southern California (UPV/EHU) Colonial Governance through Food: New Mexico’s “Winged Gunners:” Sheep Industry, Aerial Coyote Agricultural Experiment Station, 1889-1943 Hunting, and Predator Control in Montana, 1930- Cindy Ott, University of Delaware 1940 "Grandma Hates Fences”: Alma Hogan Snell and James W. Martin, Montana State University The Culinary Legacy of Crow Indian Women in the Histories of Fish Mobility on the Upper Columbia: 20th Century Food Culture, Publicity, and Calamity Comment: Peter A. Kopp, University of Colorado Comment: Sarah M. Gregg, University of Kansas Denver

#WHA2020 23 WHA 2020 – ALBUQUERQUE AND ONLINE

Presidential Panel: Preserving Many Pasts: History of Native Rock N' Roll A Century of Documenting California, the Pacific Rim, and the North American West at Co-Chairs: Philip J. Deloria (Dakota descent), Harvard The Huntington Library University Jean O'Brien (White Earth Ojibwe), Chair: Theresa Salazar, The Bancroft Library, University of Minnesota University of California, Berkeley Kent Blansett (Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Shawnee, Clay Stalls, The Huntington Library, Art Collections and and Potawatomi descendant), University of Kansas Botanical Gardens Expressions of Red Power: A History of Native Creating the Californiana Collections at The Rock N' Roll Huntington Library: Henry Edwards Huntington, Douglas Miller, Oklahoma State University His Librarians, and Their Early History of Washita Love Child: The Life and Times of Jesse Collecting Ed Davis Peter J. Blodgett, The Huntington Library, Art Viki Eagle (Sicangu Lakota), University of California, Collections and Botanical Gardens Los Angeles Capturing the West: The Huntington Library, the Miye Tom (Walker River Paiute), University of Rockefeller Foundation and Regional History in Michigan National Institute for Institutional Diversity the American Century Roots of Resistance and Contemporary Voices: Li Wei Yang, The Huntington Library, Art Collections Manifestations of Heavy Metal and Hip Hop and Botanical Gardens among Native Youth Collecting Asian American History at the John Little (Standing Rock Sioux), Indian University of Huntington Library North America Sonic Sovereignty: Creating an Indigenous Comment: William Deverell, University of Southern Powwow Archive California Comment: Audience Lessons from the Calgary Stampede Sponsored by the WHA Committee on Teaching Applying History to Public Land and and Public Education Water Management in the West Chair: Patricia Loughlin, University of Central Chair: Leighton M. Quarles, USDA Forest Service Oklahoma Joan M. Zenzen, Independent Public Historian Larissa V. Nez (Diné), Brown University and University National Park Administrative Histories of Washington Rachel D. Kline, USDA Forest Service History as a Management Tool in the Forest Beth Marie Vander Hoek, University of Notre Dame Service Jerry Frank, University of Missouri Comment: Shannon Murray, Calgary Stampede Public Land and Waters: Making Place, Power Dynamics and the Questions Driving History and New Mexico as a Locus of Migration Management Mark L. Howe, International Boundary and Water Chair: Kelly Lytle Hernández, University of California, Commission, U.S. State Department Los Angeles Forest Lands and Border Waters: Applying History in the Forest Service and the International Mireya Loza, New York University Steinhardt Boundary Waters Commission Erika Pérez, University of Arizona Matthew Fockler, Augustana College Two Mississippi: Applying History to Guide Mary E. Mendoza, Pennsylvania State University Social-Ecological Systems Management on the Alex Hernandez, National Park Service, National Mississippi River Heritage Areas Program Comment: Michael W. Childers, Colorado State Comment: Audience University

#WHA2020 24 WHA 2020 – ALBUQUERQUE AND ONLINE

Whiteness and White Homelands Western Meeting Grounds in the Classroom

Chair: Beth Bailey, University of Kansas Chair: Brian S Collier, University of Notre Dame

Jonna Perrillo, University of Texas at El Paso Marsha Weisiger, University of Oregon A Very Odd Set of Circumstances: The Celebration StoryMaps of Nazi Scientists in Postwar El Paso Marcus Macktima (San Carlos Apache Tribe), Jeff Roche, The College of Wooster University of Oklahoma Whiteman’s Country: Texas, the Farmers’ Apache Survivance in Western History: Teaching Alliance, and the Creation of a Southern White Apache History at the San Carlos Apache College Homeland Monica Rico, Lawrence University Alicia E. Rodríquez, California State University, Teaching Badger Clark’s “The Lost Pardner” Bakersfield Kathleen Brosnan, University of Oklahoma Jesse Dorsey and Stanley Abel: Representatives of Cartographic Silences Reform and Conflict in Kern County, California Michael J. Lansing, Augsburg University Empires, Borderlands, and Student Demographics Comment: Jason Pierce, Angelo State University Comment: Audience

The Global and the Local: Chinese Communities in the American West

Chair: Liping Zhu, Eastern Washington University

Stephanie Narrow, University of California, Irvine Systems of Subordination: Chinese Labor, Law, and Popular Culture in California and the British Empire, 1855-1860 Mark Johnson, University of Notre Dame “They shall be diminished to extinction:” Responses of Montana’s Chinese Communities to Local and Federal Discrimination Sarita Belen Garcia, University of Texas at El Paso Cultural Pathways: Understanding Multicultural El Paso-Juarez in The Chinese Exclusion Era and Beyond, 1880-1960

Comment: Judy Tzu-Chun Wu, University of California, Irvine

Latinx Labor and Agriculture

Chair: Alina Ramir ez Méndez, University of Washington

Dustin Cohan, University of Wisconsin Madison Remaking America's Dairyland: Mexican Workers, American Farmers, and the Tenuous Alliance of Modern Dairy, 1966-2018 Taylor B. Cozzens, University of Oklahoma Governor Ronald Reagan v. CRLA: Politics, Power, and the Poor

Comment: Audience

#WHA2020 25 WHA 2020 – ALBUQUERQUE AND ONLINE

Richard William Stoffle, University of Arizona Multiracial Migrations, Citizenship, and Governance in the Late 19th and Early 20th- Mark David Spence, HistoryCraft, Oregon State Century U.S. West University

Jackie Gonzales, Historical Research Associates, Inc. Chair: Julian Lim, Arizona State University Comment: Ari Kelman, University of California, Davis Janna Elizabeth Haider, University of California, Santa Jared Orsi, Colorado State University Barbara “Illegally Obtained” Citizenship: Legal Constructs of Race and Denaturalization following United States vs Bhagat Singh Thind Economic Exclusion, Disenfranchisement Sandra Siomara Sánchez, Yale University Deliberations, and Environmental Exodus: Citizenship as (Un)Belonging: Alien Nationhood in A Reexamination of Unheralded Incidents of the 1924 Immigration Act and the Indian Migration in the American West, 1849-1941 Citizenship Act Monique Flores Ulysses, Yale University Chair: Molly P. Rozum, University of South Dakota Citizenship, Immigration, and Racial Categories of Governance in the Case of Frank Tiem and Jesus Bryan Carter, City University of Seattle Francisco Vargas The Curious Case of Jacob Vanderpool Rachel Michelle Gunter, Collin College Comment: Danielle Battisti, University of Nebraska at Suffragists & the Fight for Texas Servicemen’s Omaha Voting Rights Drew D. Folk, Oklahoma State University “Western” Sports, Gender, and Identity To Lien In or Leave: The Challenges Wrought by Environment, Foreclosure, and Migration on Chair: Matthew Sakiestewa Gilbert (Hopi), University Nebraska Sandhillers During the Great of Arizona Depression

Mariel Aquino, University of California, Santa Barbara Comment: Thomas Deane Tucker, Chadron State A Kind of Pyreneean Olympics: Constructing College Basque-American Masculinity through Traditional Sport Elyssa Ford, Northwest Missouri State University In Whose Interest?: Indigenous Trading, No "Limp Wrists" Here: Masculinity & Femininity Treaty-Making, and Monetary Policy in the Gay Rodeo Renée M. Laegreid, University of Wyoming Chair: Caitlin Keliiaa (Yerington Paiute and Washoe), A "League" of their own: Bringing the Women’s University of California, Santa Cruz Professional Rodeo Association to Italy

Comment: Joel Stephen Franks, San Jose State Collin Michael Rohrbaugh, Texas A&M University University and De Anza College "They Asked for Traders Amongst Them": Bison Robes and Cultural Change on the South Plains 1821-1853 Native Peoples and National Parks: Kelly Bokosky Silva, University of California, San Challenging Dispossession, Contesting Diego Memory, Building Common Ground Disease, Native Labor, and Treaty Making in the Pacific Northwest, 1854-1855 Misty Kay Peñuelas, University of Oklahoma Chair: Brooke Neely, University of Colorado Boulder The Role and Significance of the Cherokee Strip th Christina Gish Hill, Iowa State University Live Stock Association in the Evolution of the 19 - Century Cherokee Fiscal-Monetary State Matthew J. Hill, University of Massachusetts Amherst

Rani-Henrik Andersson, University of Helsinki Comment: Amy Kohout, Colorado College

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Meeting Grounds of Rural Western Sport, WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 14 Culture, and Memory 2:00 P.M. – 3:30 P.M. (CDT) Chair: Nathan Jones, National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum Western Women's Political Activism, Past and Present: A Conversation on the 100th Frank Whitehead, University of Arizona “The Hazards are too Great and the Women too Anniversary of Women's Suffrage Temperamental”: Fighting the Gendered Arena Sponsored by the Coalition for Western Women’s Walls of Rodeo History (CWWH) Susan Nance, University of Guelph Babies of Rodeo: The Rise and Fall of Calf Roping Chair: Elise Boxer (Dakota), University of South Dakota in a Canadian Suburb Debra Haaland (Laguna Pueblo), U.S. House of Rebecca Scofield, University of Idaho Representatives (NM-1) Cowhide Charity: Winning an Education at the Houston Junior Market Steer Auction Cathleen D. Cahill, Penn State University Comment: Joshua Specht, Monash University Jennifer Denetdale (Diné), University of New Mexico Molly P. Rozum, University of South Dakota Native Healthcare and Settler Governments Oriana Sandoval, Center for Civic Policy th in the Long 20 Century Melanie Yazzie (Navajo), University of New Mexico

Chair: Jean Keller, San Diego Mesa College Lorena Chambers, Chambers Lopez Strategies Comment: Tiffany Jasmin González, Tulane University Rebecca S. Wingo, University of Cincinnati Healthy Housing: Adult Education and Health Reform on the Crow Reservation Juliet Larkin-Gilmore, University of Illinois at Urbana- WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 14 Champaign 3:30 P.M. – 5:00 P.M. (CDT) Native Healthcare Networks on the Lower Colorado River WHA Spark Session: Saying “No” Clifford E. Trafzer, University of California, Riverside Sponsored by the WHA Committee on Assault Fighting the Scourge: Southern California Indians, Response and Educational Resources (WHA-CARES) Nurses, and the TB Truck Juliet McMullin, University of California, Riverside The WHA continues its annual “Spark Session” in 2020. Chihuum Piiuywmk Inach: A Gathering of Good This is a session featuring a contemporary issue that sparks Minds and Community-Based Curriculum to immediate discussion. In the 2020 Spark Session, panelists Address Historical Trauma will respond to a Q&A on topics relating to “saying no” in Comment: Audience their various careers. How do you say “no,” establishing boundaries at work while keeping your career moving forward? What are your criteria for saying "yes,” especially when saying “yes” means that you will have to work WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 14 overtime? 2:00 P.M. – 5:00 P.M. (CDT) Co-Chairs: Rebecca S. Wingo, University of Cincinnati National Park Service Workshop (Closed) S. Deborah Kang, University of Texas at National Park Service Affiliated Workshop Dallas Cassie Clark, University of Utah This affiliated workshop is open only to National Park Service staff who will be introduced to current, scholarly Jenni Tifft-Ochoa, University of California, Davis research on the western United States, particularly the Katrina Phillips (Red Cliff Ojibwe), Macalester College Southwest. Contributing historians will take part in a scholars’ roundtable discussion, and attendees will create Tara Elisabeth Travis, Mesa Verde National Park an Action Plan to incorporate workshop learning into park Virg inia Scharff, University of New Mexico and regional-level program activities. For details contact the WHA office ([email protected]) Comment: Audience

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THURSDAY, OCTOBER 15 9:30 A.M. – 11:00 A.M. (CDT)

Diverse Archives

Chair: Claytee White, University of Nevada, Las Vegas Cassandra Flores-Montano, University of Southern California Community, Identity, (Self)Representation: Brown BeretLeadership and the Making of the East Los Angeles Archive J. Wendel Cox, Dartmouth College Unexpected Archives: Indigenous Voice, Tribal Sovereignty, and Modern U.S. Congressional Manuscript Collections Ximena López Carrillo, Stony Brook University Mexican American Psychology: Transnational Exchange and Identity Formation in Zavala County, Texas Eric Boutin-Bloomberg, University of Houston Lord Selkirk and the Embrace of White North Americans: The Failure of a White Space in the Canadian-American Borderlands Comment: Angel Diaz, Pennsylvania State University

Migrating Equality: Women’s Activism in a Mobile West

Chair: Lori Ann Lahlum, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Kelly Kirk, Black Hills State University Migrant Suffragist: Ida Crouch-Hazlett's Mining Camp Campaigns Kristin Mapel Bloomberg, Hamline University Migrating Women’s Equality West: From Minnesota’s First University to Colorado’s Second Star on the Suffrage Flag Tonia M. Compton, Missouri Valley College From Suffrage to the Senate: Nebraska Women and the Migration to Political Activism in the 1920s Rebekah Crowe, Wayland Baptist University Every One a Migrant: Using Community Research to Trace Suffrage in the Texas Panhandle

Comment: Audience

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New Mexico as a Meeting Ground of Cultures

Chair: Samuel Truett, University of New Mexico

James F. Brooks, University of Georgia

Ernesto Chávez, University of Texas at El Paso

Lisbeth M. Haas, University of California, Santa Cruz

Josie Lopez, Albuquerque Museum

Theodore S. Jojola, University of New Mexico

Pablo Mitchell, Oberlin College

Comment: Audience

Muralizing Western American History

Chair: Amy Scott, Autry Museum of the American West

Kendall Lovely (Navajo Nation), University of California, Santa Barbara Classical Conquest: Confronting the Classical Legacy in Southwest Art and Public Displays Douglas Sackman, University of Puget Sound The Great Wall Demurral: How Ana Teresa Fernández’s Borrando La Frontera Confronts the Walls of History Dylan J. McDonald, New Mexico State University Problematic Public Art: Tom Lea’s Conquistadores and New Mexico History Brooke Joelle Hadley (Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma), University of Oklahoma The Hovey Murals at Dartmouth College: Historical Memory and Nostalgia

Comment: Taylor Spence, University of New Mexico

The Memory of Native Americans and Settler Violence in the American West

Chair: Michael Leroy Oberg, SUNY-Geneseo

Jennifer Andrella, Michigan State University Press, Perception, and Memory of the Piegan Massacre, 1870 Marc James Carpenter, University of Oregon Hidden in Plain Sight: Workaday Violence and Aspirations of Genocide in Northwest Pioneer Reminiscences John R. Legg, George Mason University Here Were Hung 38 Freedom Fighters: Counter Memories of the U.S.-Dakota War, 1912-1976

Comment: Boyd Cothran, York University

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New Looks at Western Settlement: A Roundtable on Surviving with a History Lightning Round Presentations Degree outside of Academia Sponsored by the WHA Graduate Student Caucus Chair: Brian Q. Cannon, Brigham Young University Chair: Leah Cargin, University of Oklahoma Evan Habkirk, University of Western Ontario For the Good of the Mission: Missionaries and Darren A. Raspa, U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory Indigenous Political Engagement Jacobo D. Baca, University of New Mexico Matthew Joseph Hill, University of Oklahoma “Half-Breeds,” Squatters, and the Government: B. Erin Cole, Minnesota Historical Society The Spider Web of Settler Colonialism Maggie Moss Jones, Minnesota Department of J.T. Jamieson, University of California, Berkeley Transportation (MnDOT) First to the Emigrants: Organizing Migration in Antebellum America Comment: Audience Jonathan Robert Fairchild, National Park Service - Homestead National Monument of America Planted in the Soil: The Homestead Act, Women Homesteaders, and the 19th Amendment Micaela Tasha Cruce, University of Colorado Boulder "Composite Character": Ethnicity, Race, and Community in the San Luis Valley's LDS Colonies, 1878-1900 Gabrielle Lyle, Texas A&M University Are You Meshuga? Jews in the Borderlands? An Analysis of Jewish Migration to the Rio Grande Valley Julianna Christine Loera Wiggins, University of Michigan Settler Colonizers which Come in Peace: How the Hippies Transformed New Mexico's Landscape(s)

Comment: Audience

Mickey Mouse, Memory, and Mixed Races: Family Saga as Palimpsest of Western History

Chair: Melinda Marie Jetté, Franklin Pierce University

Darnella Davis (Muscogee Creek (enrolled)/Cherokee Freedman), National Coalition of Independent Scholars (NCIS) A Mixed-Race Family’s Definitions, Documents, Denial, and Discovery: Reviving Stories and Redressing Erasure Laura J. Arata, Oklahoma State University Mickey Mouse Cowboys Peter Boag, Washington State University-Vancouver Tales Grandmother Spun: Settler-Colonialism and Domestic Violence as the Warp and Woof of a Westering Family’s (non)Memory

Comment: Audience

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Partnering with Buffalo Bill: Weathering the West: Collaboration and Popular Memory Exploring Climate, Weather, and Human Experience in Western History Chair: Douglas Seefeldt, Clemson University Chair: Marsha Weisiger, University of Oregon Charles Bradshaw, Brigham Young University-Hawaii “…the players’ hearts were in it”: Buffalo Bill Kathryn B. Carpenter, Princeton University and the Sentimental Wild West in Mark Twain’s “A “The United States Weather Bureau is requesting Horse’s Tale” your cooperation”: Government and Citizen Joe Dobrow, University of Colorado Boulder Weather Researchers in the Midwest Aesop’s Cables: How Major John M. Burke Lawrence Culver, Utah State University Partnered with the Press to Build the Mythology of Surveying Weather and the West: Climate and the Buffalo Bill Federal Surveys Jeremy M. Johnston, Buffalo Bill Center of the West Alyssa Kreikemeier, Boston University The Promoter and the Entrepreneur: George Beck Beneath Big Skies: Air in the Making of the Rocky and Buffalo Bill Establish a Community Mountain West Matthew Ross Kerns, Author Andrew Needham, New York University Buffalo Bill Was Not a Cowboy From ‘Climate in Western History’ to ‘Western Monica Rico, Lawrence University History in Climate’ The Afterlife of Annie Oakley Jesse Ritner, University of Texas at Austin Allison Robbins, University of Central Missouri Making Snow: The Ski Industry's Solution to Scoring Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Drought in the Mountain West Louis Warren, University of California, Davis Devin Short, University of Washington Sixteen Years in Hell with Buffalo Bill: The Ordeal Leaving the Realm of Little Science: Climate of Nate Salsbury and the Emergence of Modern Change and Computer Modeling in the United Show Business States Alyce Webb, Northern Oklahoma College Robert Suits, University of Chicago Gordon Lillie, Buffalo Bill’s Bankroller Fuel, Work, and Capricious Climates, 1865-1945 Daniel Zizzamia, Ivan Doig Center for the Study of the Comment: Frank Christianson, Brigham Young Lands & Peoples of the North American West, Montana University State University Railroading the Subterranean Frontier and Revising the Western Climate Sourcing the North American West for Analogs during the “Age of Empire” Comment: Audience

Chair: James Oliver Gump, University of San Diego What Lies Ahead: (emeritus) Native Activism and the Ongoing Struggle Robert L. Nelson, University of Windsor Against Settler-Colonial Whitewashing From the Great Plains to the Russian Steppe: Homesteading as Inspiration for the German East, Chair: Michael Magliari, California State University, 1886 to 1945 Chico John L. Hennessey, Uppsala University Replicating the American West in Northeast Asia: Laura Barraclough, Yale University Trans-Imperial Links between the United States Mobilizing Indigenous History and Futurity on the and Japanese Settler Colonialism in Hokkaido, Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail 1868-1900 Brianna Theobald, University of Rochester Jeannette Eileen Jones, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Indigenizing the Battered Women’s Movement How the Südwest Was Won: American Irrigation, Sarah Keyes, University of Nevada, Reno “Native” Removal, and Colonial Economies in The Fight for Repatriation of Native Remains and German Southwest Africa the Potential to Reshape Pioneer Memory Comment: Janne Lahti, University of Helsinki Comment: William Bauer (Round Valley Indian Tribes), University of Nevada, Las Vegas

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Introduction to National Park Service Nación Genízara: Ethnogenesis, Place, and Sponsored Research Identity in the Southwest Borderlands

Chair: Enrique R. Lamadrid, University of New Mexico Chair: Turkiya Lowe, National Park Service Susan Gandert, Educator Eleanor Mahoney, National Park Service Trails of Blood, Love, and Tears: Rescuing My

Angela Sirna, National Park Service Captives William S. Kiser, Texas A&M University-San Antonio Sarah Payne, Colorado State University Genízaros and Cultural Systems of Slavery in the Hispanic Southwest David Louter, National Park Service Virginia Sanchez, Independent Scholar Survival of Captivity: Hybrid Identities, Gender, and Culture in Territorial Colorado Indigenizing Classrooms: A Roundtable on Research and Practice Comment: Moises R. Gonzales (Genízaro, nonenrolled member of a tribe), University of New Mexico Sponsored by the WHA Committee on Teaching and Public Education Meeting Anywhere but the Middle: Chair: Sheila McManus, University of Lethbridge Political Movements to Define Immigration th Lindsay Stallones Marshall, University of Illinois at Policy in the Late 20 -Century West Urbana-Champaign Chair: Adam Goodman, University of Illinois at Chicago Dismantling False Frameworks in the Classroom Megan Red Shirt-Shaw (Oglala Lakota), University of Eladio Benjamin Bobadilla, University of Kentucky Minnesota “A Change in Perspective”: Pete Wilson and the College Spaces as Occupied Land Modern Paradox of Immigration Leola Tsinnajinnie Paquin (Diné), University of New Sarah Ross Coleman, Texas State University Mexico From the Border to the Heartland: Local Indigenous Education, Decolonization, and Immigration Enforcement and Immigrants’ Rights Community-Centered Nation Building Sergio M. González, Marquette University Kelsey Dayle John (Navajo), University of Arizona “Encouraging parishes to break the law”: Practical Tools to Begin Decolonizing Classrooms Sanctuary Movements, Progressive Prelates, and Issac Akande, University of Illinois at Urbana- Conservative Backlashes in the Late 20th Century Champaign Comment: Audience Acknowledging Agency when Teaching and Indigenizing Education

Comment: Audience Seeking Indigenous Nationalism: Is There Such a Thing?

Chair: Steven Sexton (Pawnee and Choctaw), The Perils and Promise of the Second Book: University of Nevada, Las Vegas An Editors’ Roundtable Norman B. Potter, Memorial University of Newfoundland Chair: Susan Ferber, Oxford University Press The Indian Village and The Settler Imagination: Adina Popescu Berk, Yale University Press Fir st Nations Representations in the Calgary Stampede, 1912-1950 Niels Hooper, University of California Press Steven Sabol, University of North Carolina at Charlotte Protecting the Nation: Comparing Sámi and Dawn Durante, University of Texas Press Nation American Socio-Political Nationalism, Benjamin H. Johnson, Loyola University Chicago 1905-1925

Comment: Carol Lee Higham, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

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THURSDAY, OCTOBER 15 Afro-Frontier & Borderlands: 100 Years Later, Intersections at Blackdom, 11:30 A.M. – 1:00 P.M. (CDT) New Mexico

New Examinations of the California Gold Chair: Alyssa Kreikemeier, Boston University Rush Timothy E. Nelson, Independent Historian Blackdom, Barratry and Bawdy Houses in the Chair: Susan Lee Johnson, University of Nevada, Las Borderlands, 1900–1930 Vegas Austin J. Miller, Southern Methodist University Blackdom: Interpreting the Hidden History of New Peter Hacunda, Providence College Mexico’s Black Town Prospecting for Opportunity: Labor and Janice Dunnahoo, Historical Society for Southeastern Transnational as New England Joins the New Mexico California Gold Rush George Malone- First Black Attorney in New Andrew Shaler, California State University, San Mexico Bernardino Gregory Allen Waits, Waits Studio Works (WSW) "No god more than gold": Yaqui Migrants in Gold The Pursuit of Utopia Beyond the Color Line at Rush California, 1849-1857 Blackdom Carrie Alexander, University of California, Davis Darold Cuba, Harvard University "Do Not Suffer Me to Murmur": Patience, Power, Blackdom: From Freedom (Colony) to and Naming the California Gold Rush Sovereignty: How this Resistance Community Disrupted and Dismantled Colonizer Narratives, Comment: Andrew Isenberg, University of Kansas Spaces, and Intentions to Create the Original “Safe Space” Joint Exploitation: Comment: Herbert G. Ruffin II, Syracuse University The U.S., Mexico, and the Use of Migrant Labor on Both Sides of the Border Sponsored by the Labor and Working-Class History Roundtable Discussion on Disability and Association Equity within History Professions

Chair: Kurt Gutjahr: Center of the American West Chair: Geraldo Cadava, Northwestern University Alida Boorn, Historian Irvin Ibargüen, New York University The Complicated World of Disability History and A Pool for the North: Northern Mexican How Historians Navigate it Agriculture, “International’ Laborers,” and Gracen M. Brilmyer, University of California, Los Economic Policy as Migratory Regulation, 1954- Angeles 62 “I feel like that history is disintegrating, that care Alina Ramirez Méndez, University of Washington is disintegrating”: Expanding archival “Merchants of Labor:” The End of the Bracero accessibility through affect Program and the Start of Mexico’s Border Jay Price, Wichita State University Industrialization Program Accessibility in Museum Design Michael D. Aguirre, Harvard University Frehiwot Wuhib, Wichita State University From the Border Industrialization Program to Universal Design for Learning NAFTA: A Comparative Study of Neoliberalism Micaela Tasha Cruce, University of Colorado Boulder and the Politics of Migration on the U.S.-Mexico Neurodiversity in the Academy Borderlands Ellie Kaplan, University of California Davis Comment: Audience Integrating Disability History and Scholars into Academia Comment: Patricia N. Limerick, University of Colorado Boulder

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Knowing the West's National Parks Lessons from A Journey to Freedom: Richard Oakes, Alcatraz, and the Red Power Movement Chair: Jackie Gonzales, Historical Research Associates, Sponsored by the WHA Committee on Teaching and Inc. Public Education Jerry Frank, University of Missouri Rewriting Wrongs: Stories, Place, and Power in Chair: Mark Johnson, University of Notre Dame the American West Michael Rhae Begay (Diné), Teacher Jennifer Olson, Tacoma Community College, Pierce Middle School Lessons from A Journey to Freedom College Marilyn Rose Travis, Stanford University, East Palo James Everett Stuart’s Paintings of Yellowstone Alto Academy National Park High School Lessons from A Journey to Freedom Douglas W. Dodd, California State University, John Henry Buzzard, University of Notre Dame Bakersfield High School Lesson Plans from A Journey to “I Hope it isn’t Going to be this Hard Always”: Freedom The CCC Enrollee Experience in California’s National Parks Comment: Alicia M. Dewey, Biola University Thomas A. Patin, Northern Arizona University How to Get Lost in a National Park Comment: Eleanor Mahoney, National Park Service

Contesting Immigration Policy and Citizenship in California

Chair: David Torres-Rouff, University of California, Merced Camille Suárez, Valparaiso University Contesting California: Race, Law, and Resistance in California, 1850-1858 Tyler T. Hallatt, Florida Gulf Coast University Redefining the Chinese Immigrant and Deconstructing the “Yellow Peril” of 1850-1860 in San Francisco Matthew Scott Bernstein, Los Angeles City College The Fix Is In - The Boss of San Francisco's Chinatown Played His Own Rules Comment: Beth Lew-Williams, Princeton University

Presidential Panel: Stepping Beyond Steinbeck: Race, Ethnicity, Environment, and Labor in California Migrations

Chair: Lori Flores, Stony Brook University James Swensen, Brigham Young University Carol McKibben, Stanford University Susan Shillinglaw, San Jose State University Connie Chiang, Bowdoin College Comment: Audience

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Masculinity and Criminality in the West: Concentration Camps, Natives, Nazis and Power, Gender, and the State Performance: Rethinking State Violence and Interethnic Relations in the West During Chair: Carolina Monsiváis, South Texas College World War II

Adrian De Leon, University of Southern California Koboy-Koboy: The Emergence of a Frontier Chair: Khalil Anthony Johnson, Wesleyan University

Grammar for Filipino Sexual Violence Kat Whiteley (Wiyot), University of Michigan Madison Heslop, University of Washington “Lost” Treaties, Native Nazis and the Political An American Vagrant in Vancouver Battle over Stolen California Indian Lands, 1934- Megan Stanton, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1945 Unlawful Cohabiters: The Criminalization of Caitlin Keliiaa (Yerington Paiute and Washoe), Latter-day Saint Masculinity University of California, Santa Cruz

Comment: Matthew Basso, University of Utah Imprisoned on Native Land: Japanese Internment and Native Women’s Labor at Manzanar William Gow, Stanford University Playing the Japanese Enemy: The Politics of Disease, Indigeneity, and Settler Colonialism Chinese American Performance in Hollywood War Films Chair: Brian Hosmer, Oklahoma State University Megan Asaka, University of California, Riverside Intertwined Histories of Displacement: A Native- Keith Thor Carlson, University of the Fraser Valley Japanese Family during World War II Smallpox and its Overlooked Consequences: The 1782 and 1854 Epidemics in the Salish World Comment: Audience John Lutz, University of Victoria Smallpox, Bioterrorism and Colonialism in Northwest North America Chicanas’ Discourse, Dialogues, and Paul Hackett, University of Saskatchewan Western Canadian Residential Schools as a Factor Memories: Realizing the Chicana Historical in the Transmission of Tuberculosis (TB) during Imaginary through Women’s Words the Early 20th Century Chair: Antonia Castañeda, Independent Scholar Comment: Sarah Nickel (Tk’emlupsemc), University of Alberta Yvette J. Saavedra, University of Oregon Speaking for Themselves: Californianas’ Testimonios and Countering Women’s Discursive Protest, Rebellion, and Memory in the Black Erasure in 19th-Century Californio History West Erika Pérez, University of Arizona Reputation, Race, and Class in Early California Legal History: How Chicanas’ Claims for Justice Chair: Casey D. Nichols, Texas State University were Shaped by Respectability Politics

Kimberly Thomas McNair, Stanford University Annette M. Rodríguez, University of North Carolina at Myth, Memory, and Black Radicalism Chapel Hill V.N. Trinh, Yale University Las Antígonas: Mexican and Mexican American Wit It: Reimagining the Rodney King Riots Women’s Persistent Opposition to Lynching Jeanelle K. Hope, Texas Christian University Linda Heidenreich, Washington State University "South Sac Iraq" Meet s "Little Saigon": South The Virgin Would Not Eat Grapes: Faith, Sacramento and the Radical Potential of Afro- Activism, and the United Farm Worker’s Asian Solidarity in the Era of Black Lives Matter Movement, 1965-1970

Comment: Max Felker-Kantor, Ball State University Comment: Gabriela F. Arredondo, University of California, Santa Cruz

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California Indian Resistance to Colonialism Something in the Water: Histories of Sponsored by the Historical Society of Southern Disturbance, Injustice, and Resilience California

Chair: Natale Zappia, California State University, Chair: Megan A. Black, Dartmouth College Northridge Sarah Alisabeth Fox, University of British Columbia Benjamin Madley, University of California, Los Angeles 98108 as Meeting Ground: Historicizing The 1781 Colorado River Uprising: Rethinking Environmental Inequity and Resilience Indigenous Resistance in Early North America Elizabeth Grennan Browning, Indiana University Edward Melillo, Amherst College Bloomington Rebellion on the Frontiers of Memory: Indigenous Riparian Privilege of Pollution: Coal Energy and Peoples, Disease, and Environment in Mexican Industrial Wastes Along Indiana’s Ohio River California Basin Yve Chavez (Tongva), University of California, Santa Traci Brynne Voyles, University of Oklahoma Cruz Save the Salton Sea: A How-To Guide Tongva Resistance to Colonial Erasure in Late Stephen Hausmann, University of St. Thomas, 19th- and Early 20th-Century Los Angeles Minnesota

Comment: Audience Rebuilding Rapid City: Urban Inequality and the Aftermath of the 1972 Rapid City Flood

Pushing the Boundaries of Indigenous Comment: BJ Cummings, University of Washington Borderlands, Part I

Chair: Rani-Henrik Andersson, University of Helsinki Transpacific Entanglements of Love, Militarism, and Solidarity in the Post-World Janine Ledford (Makah), Makah Cultural and Research Center War II Era Makah Borderlands and Traditional Territory and Resources in the Olympic National Park Chair: Mark Padoongpatt, University of Nevada, Las , Live Oak Vegas Deana D. Dartt (Coastal Band Chumash) Museum Consulting Stephanie Teodocio Fajardo, University of Michigan Mapping the Camino Indigenous: Reclaiming the Sacrificial Love: Filipina Military Brides after Road on Our Terms World War Two , University of New Mexico Jennifer Denetdale (Diné) Alfred Peredo Flores (Chamoru), Harvey Mudd College Reflections on the Death of Loreal by a Winslow Tiyan & the Making of Naval Air Station, Hagåtña Cop: Border Towns, Settler Colonialism, and Michael Schulze-Oechtering, University of Washington History “If Two Are Dead, Many Will Take Their Place:” Boyd Cothran, York University The Committee for Justice for Domingo and Reclaiming the Klamath River: Indigenous Viernes (CJDV) and Anti-Imperialist Solidarity Sovereignty, the Rights of Nature, and the during the Radical 1980s Borderlands of Personhood in the Global American West Comment: Audience Comment: Audience

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THURSDAY, OCTOBER 15 2:00 P.M. (CDT) 60TH ANNUAL WHA CONFERENCE PRESIDENTIAL PLENARY

OUR WHA: WHO WE ARE AND WHERE WE ARE HEADED What do we hope for our WHA going forward? What advice would we give our younger Western historian selves today? How can we grow together to sustain a more vibrant and enriched WHA? In the early (pre-Covid-19) planning stages of the 2020 WHA Conference, the Program Committee and President laid the groundwork for a plenary session that celebrates the WHA’s 60th gathering. By looking to the past and future, we seek to capture the plurality of voices that comprise the organization and put multiple generations in conversation with each other. The 2020 WHA Presidential Plenary is a compilation of video recordings that begins with voices from the organization’s past, current, and future Presidents as they remind us of the organization’s mission and how we engage to fulfill that mission. The video then highlights members and leaders who hold established careers as they reflect upon the WHA and the field of Western history. Finally, the video showcases our future, the next, fresh generation of Western historians who voice their projections of the organization and field as they grow into established scholars.

It has been 60 years since the Western History Association first met in Santa Fe, New Mexico. The generation that birthed the organization is largely gone and successive new generations of Western historians have taken up the historical conversation, continuing to bring life and vitality to the WHA. As much as the region itself, the WHA is a meeting ground where new historical interpretations intersect with the ones that have comprised its canon, and where young voices engage with established professionals. The halls of each WHA annual conference are filled with familiar faces. But every year, we welcome new faces. The 60th WHA Conference is a moment to celebrate all the individuals who make dynamic and energetic contributions to the study of the west. There is no better moment to have this conversation than now, in the face of our collective responsibility as conveyors and guardians of the West’s diverse cultural heritage to convey the full richness of the region’s histories of migrations, meeting grounds, and memories to a larger national and global public.

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FRIDAY, OCTOBER 16 Creativity in History 9:30 A.M. – 11:00 A.M. (CDT) Sponsored by the Center of the American West Moderator: Patricia N. Limerick, University of Colorado Boulder Forced Cooperation? Connecting Built Environment in the Sunbelt Discussant: Matthew Frye Jacobson, Yale University and American South This session, which will be 100% conversational, focuses on the discussion of a project that itself is on creativity Chair: Moises R. Gonzales (Genízaro, nonenrolled and scholarship, broadly speaking (creativity in posing member of tribe), University of New Mexico questions, in the archive, in problem solving, in interpretation and analysis, and in narrative strategy and Amado Reyes Guzmán, University of Arizona story-telling). The basic premise is just that we tend not to Flooding and Urbanization in Albuquerque, New talk to students about creativity and the scholarly process Mexico, and Tucson, Arizona 1940-1950 in our teaching, and yet creativity is the thing we respond David Robles, Kansas State University to more than anything else in each other’s work. From the Other Side of the Tracks: Establishing So this is just an invitation for people like you to reflect the Physical Color Line and Racialization of on your own processes, on the work/mentors you admire Ethnic Mexicanos in Pharr, Texas (1910-1971) most, and serves as an effort to get some of this on paper Gene Morales, University of Texas at El Paso in a little “scholarship as art” volume for students. A World Renewed: Slum Clearance at the 1968 San Antonio HemisFair Victoria Hensley, Middle Tennessee State University Resistance and Community Building Before and After the Civil War Comment: Audience

Video Games: Re-remembering Nonwhite Stereotypes from Western Myth

Chair: Maurice Crandall (Yavapai-Apache Nation), Dartmouth College Gianna M. May Sanchez, University of Michigan Weird West Joseph Alan Ukockis, University of New Mexico Fall Out New Vegas Neil Dodge (Navajo Nation), University of Nevada, Las Vegas Native Imagery over the History of Video Games Comment: Audience

Reporting the Border: How Historians Inform Journalism

Chair: Raúl A. Ramos, University of Houston Simon Romero, New York Times Michelle Garcia, Journalist Comment: Audience

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Central to the Periphery: Historical Experiences of Mormon Women of Color

Chair: Farina King (Diné), Northeastern State University

Amanda Hendrix-Komoto, Montana State University Constructing Mexican American Mormonism Vinna Chintaram, University of North Carolina Mormonism: An American Religion in Mauritius Brittany Romanello, Arizona State University Multiculturalist Mothers: Latina Migrants Organize, Resist, and Parent in U.S. Mormon Spaces

Comment: Laurie Maffly-Kipp, Washington University Locating Indigenous Political Activity and in St. Louis Activism in the Postwar North American West Insider/Outsider: Giving Voice and Opening Spaces to Ethnic Chair: Kent Blansett (Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Communities in the Heartland Shawnee, and Potawatomi descendant), University of Kansas

Chair: Maria E. Tucker, Santa Fe Public Library Patrick Lozar (Confederated Salish and Kootenai , University of Victoria Fawn-Amber Montoya, James Madison University Tribes) “They can take us to court a thousand times”: Jay Price, Wichita State University Northwest Indigenous Nationhood and Activism Dawn DiPrince, History Colorado across the Canada-United States Border Sarah Nickel (Tk’emlupsemc), University of Alberta José Antonio Ortega, History Colorado “United we stand, divided we perish”: Indigenous Sandra Reddish, History Nebraska Politics in 20th-Century British Columbia

José Enrique Navarro, Wichita State University Paul McKenzie-Jones, University of Lethbridge “You are on Indian Land:” Indigenous Resistance Comment: Audience to the US/Canadian Border Mary Klann, University of California, San Diego and San Diego Miramar College Unpredictable Spaces?: Teaching The Native Congressional Record: Gender and Borderlands and Immigration History in the Resistance in Native Postwar Public Testimony Trump Era – A Roundtable Session Sponsored by the WHA Committee on Teaching and Comment: Audience Public Education New Mexico as a Place of Memory Chair: S. Deborah Kang, University of Texas at Dallas Chair: Katherine Sarah Massoth, University of New Eladio Benjamin Bobadilla, University of Kentucky Mexico Katherine Benton-Cohen, Georgetown University Anne F. Hyde, University of Oklahoma David-James Gonzales, Brigham Young University Andrés Reséndez, University of California, Davis Sarah A. Leavitt, National Building Museum Cynthia Chavez Lamar (San Felipe Pueblo), National Julian Lim, Arizona State University Museum of the American Indian

Lindsey Wieck, St. Mary's University Matthew Martinez (Ohkay Owingeh), Museum of Indian Arts and Culture Joel Zapata, Southern Methodist University

Jeff Pappas, New Mexico State Preservation Office Comment: Audience Comment: Audience

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Telling Un(der)-Told Stories: Enhancing the Mobilizing Indigeneity, Race, and Settler Study of Public Lands through Projects, Colonialism in the North American West Partnerships, and Programming Sponsored by the Public Lands History Center at Chair: Laura Barraclough, Yale University Colorado State University Jonathan Cortez, Brown University Chair: Jared Orsi, Colorado State University Towards the Power of Spatial Scripts Sean Fraga, University of Southern California Ariel Marie Schnee, Colorado State University Settler Steamboats: Mobility, Settler Colonialism, Overview of the Luce Foundation Project Telling and Steam Power in the Terraqueous Pacific the Untold Stories of Public Lands: A Community- Northwest, 1846-1872 Engaged Public History Program Justin Gage, University of Helsinki Andy Olson, Colorado State University "We Do Not Want the Gates Closed Between Us": The Long Exposures Book Project Native American Networks Across the Colonized Sarah Payne, Colorado State University West, 1870-1895 The Confinement in the Land of Enchantment Michelle Vasquez Ruiz, University of Southern Project California Adam Thomas, Colorado State University Digital Border Crossing and the Undocumented Colorado Parks and Wildlife Resource Zapotec Archive Stewardship Management Partnership Kayla Steele, Berthoud High School Comment: Genevieve Carpio, University of California, High School Partnerships- History Day Los Angeles Comment: Audience

Lessons from Native but Foreign: Indigenous Queerness in the West Immigrants and Refugees in the North Chair: Jordan Biro Walters, The College of Wooster American Borderlands Sponsored by the WHA Committee on Teaching and Aaron Bachhofer, Rose State College Public Education Cold Warrior: James (Barr) Fugate and Heartland Homophile Activism in 1950s Political and Chair: Jeff Johnson, Providence College Literary Circles Sandra Edith Garcia, Glendale Unified School District A.J. Earl (Comanche Nation), Portland State University Meeting in Exile: Indigenous and Queer Katherine Frances Wiedenhoft, University of Notre Convergence in 1950s Los Angeles Dame Elizabeth Rei Ternes, Phillips Theological Seminary Dash Holland, University of Notre Dame Fire, Brimstone, and Drag Queens

Comment: Sherilyn Farnes, Texas Christian University Comment: Don Romesburg, Sonoma State University

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Perceiving Water in the Intermountain West Constructed and Contested: Religious Memories and Sacred Space in the Chair: Sarah Keyes, University of Nevada, Reno American West Christopher M. MacMahon, University of California, Chair: Brett Hendrickson, Lafayette College Santa Barbara T. Ashton Reynolds, Southern Methodist University Tapping Tahoe: Water Policy and 19th-Century Refuge in a Time of Need: Evangelicalism and Pipe Dreams Confederate Sympathy in Post-Civil War Texas Maribel Estrada Calderón, University of Nevada, Las Brennan Keegan, Randolph College Vegas The Memory of Place: Contested Claims at Bears Agriculture at Fort Mojave Industrial School, Ears National Monument 1890-1893 Brandi Denison, University of North Florida Austin Wilhelm Schoenkopf, University of Oklahoma Indian Curses, White Lies, and New Meeting “To Plough My Strip”: Black Community and Grounds: Chief Niwot and Settler-Colonial Environmental Challenges in the Mojave Desert Memories of Dispossession Jenni Tifft-Ochoa, University of California, Davis Sasha Coles, University of California, Santa Barbara “Imperative! Indians Need Fish to Live”: The Monuments and Mulberry Trees: Mementos of the Pyramid Lake Reservation in the 1930s Mormon Silk Industry and the Legacies of Latter- Comment: Eric Philippe Perramond, Colorado College day Saint Colonialism Comment: Cynthia Prescott, University of North Dakota

Under Native American Skies: Beyond the Americas: Latinx Studies in Native People and the West’s Public Lands Global Context

Chair: Gregory E. Smoak, American West Center, Chair: John Chávez, Southern Methodist University University of Utah Julie M. Weise, University of Oregon Lindsey Schneider (Turtle Mountain Chippewa Latinx History and Global Migration Studies descendant), Colorado State University Paula M. L. Moya, Stanford University Latinx Identity and the 2015 Law of Spanish Yvette Tuell (Shoshone-Bannock), University of Utah Return Natasha Myhal (Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Enrique Sepúlveda III, University of Colorado Boulder Indians), University of Colorado Boulder Seeing the Whole: The Global Latinx Diaspora Catherine Sue Ramírez, University of California, Santa Anna Kramer, University of Colorado Boulder Cruz Michael W. Childers, Colorado State University The Economic Migrant and the Borders of the Global North Comment: Audience Comment: David Gutiérrez, University of California, San Diego

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FRIDAY, OCTOBER 16 Lightning Talks: Condensed Graduate Research Presentations I 11:30 A.M. – 1:00 P.M. (CDT) Sponsored by the WHA Graduate Student Caucus

Chair: Jenni Tifft-Ochoa, University of California, Davis Presidential Panel: The West as Meeting Grounds in African American History Ben Wright, University of Texas at Austin Sam Houston and the concept of the tragic in Chair: Dwayne Mack, Berea College Texas and Western history Christopher M. MacMahon, University of California, Brian Behnken, Iowa State University Santa Barbara The Long History of How African Americans and Riparian Revolt: Contested Water in Early Mexican Americans Confronted Police Abuse Nevada, 1840-1890 Holly Roose, University of California, Santa Barbara Sherilyn Farnes, Texas Christian University Fighting Back: Anti-Imperial Multiracial Native Americans, Traders, Latter-day Saints, and Garveyism in the American West Other Settlers: Networks in the Missouri Khalil Anthony Johnson, Wesleyan University Borderlands during the Jacksonian Era Fields in Flux: Fieldnotes at the Intersection of Amado Reyes Guzmán, University of Arizona Western History and African American Studies Flooding in the Urban Southwest: The Middle Rio Diane Fujino, University of California, Santa Barbara Grande and Pima County, 1940-1990 The Black Radical Tradition and Asian American Kerry Tanner, University of Maryland Radicalism in the West “Protecting the women of the country by ridding it Shirley Ann Wilson Moore, California State University, of red-skins:” Sand Creek and the Construction of Sacramento the Authentic Westerner Black Women and the Racial Frontier Sheena Lee Cox, University of Texas at Austin Borderlands Diplomacy and the Enlightenment: Comment: Audience Indians, Tejanos, and Anglos in Early 19th-Century Texas Joanna R. Zattiero, University of Texas at Austin Diplomacy on the Border: “Whoopee Ti Yi Yo” and Thorp’s “Chopo”: The U.S. Intervention in Revolutionary Mexico Influence of Motion and Place on Early Cowboy Songs of the American West

Chair & Comment: Joseph U. Lenti, Eastern Washington Comment: David D. Vail, University of Nebraska at University Kearney María Raquél Casas, University of Nevada, Edrea Maria Mendoza Quintero, University of New Las Vegas Mexico Megan Kate Nelson, Writer Illicit Repertoires: Women’s Border Movements during the Mexican Revolution Brandon B. Morgan, Central New Mexico Community The Industrial Workers of the World's Facets College in the American West Diplomacy in the Aftermath of Pancho Villa’s Raid: Consul Antonio Landin in Columbus, 1917- Chair: Sasha Coles, University of California, Santa 1920 Barbara Manuel Alejandro Hernández, Universidad de Guadalajara Kevin Kipers, Washington State University Yankee Intervention in Revolutionary Mexico: Striking Switchmen: Railroad Worker Unrest and Perspectives from the U.S. and Mexican Press Radicalism in the American West and Canada, along the Border 1893-1910 Katie McIntyre, University of Rhode Island Nathan Tye, University of Nebraska at Kearney “The Exodus from Mexico”: U.S. Missionary Boxcar Spies: State Surveillance of Hobo Workers Women and Repatriation to the Southwest in the Upper Midwest, 1910s-1920s

Comment: Audience Comment: Erik Loomis, University of Rhode Island

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Damage, Resistance, and Resiliency: Nation to Academy and Back Again: A Conversation on the 75th Anniversary of The Formation and Movement of Indigenous the Invention of Atomic Weaponry Theory and Praxis

Chair: Sujey Vega, Arizona State University Chair: Sarah Alisabeth Fox, University of British Columbia Jerome Clark (Diné), Arizona State University

Ed Singer (Navajo), Artist Randilynn Boucher-Giago (Diné/Dakota), Anpo Wicahpi Pine Ridge Girls School Ian Zabarte (Western Bands of the Shoshone Nation of Indians), Native Community Action Council Erin Griffin (Dakota), Sisseton Wahpeton College

Yuki Miyamoto, DePaul University Elise Boxer (Dakota), University of South Dakota

Trisha Pritikin, Consequences of Radiation Exposure Comment: Audience Museum and Archives

Sonja Horoshko, Four Corners Free Press Automobility: Boosterim, Tourism, and Comment: Audience Roads in the American West

Chair: Phoebe Young, University of Colorado Boulder Envisioning the Indian: Andrew Offenburger, Miami University Representation and Resistance The Western Origins of the American Road Trip Genre: A Critique and New Canon Chair: Samantha Williams, University of California, Lindsey Wieck, St. Mary's University Santa Cruz Exploring the Old Spanish Trail: Romanticizing the old Spanish Missions John R. Gram, Missouri State University Shannon Murray, Calgary Stampede Unlikely Allies: Catholic and Indigenous Cars and Recreation: Automobiles and Recreation Resistance to the Federal Indian Boarding Schools in Minneapolis, 1910-1930 Adam Fulton Johnson, University of Michigan Katrina Phillips (Red Cliff Ojibwe), Macalester College Peyotism, Education, and Ethnographic Politics in th Cars and Roads and Indians, Oh My: Travel and Early 20 -Century Taos Tourism in northern Wisconsin Robert E. Walls, University of Notre Dame Elaine Marie Nelson, University of Kansas Indigenous Global Imaginings of the West Before Indigenous Resistance and the Mobility of Black 1945: Lessons of Paschal Sherman and Archie Hills Tourism, 1893-1924 Phinney’s Mother Comment: Peter J. Blodgett, Huntington Library, Art Comment: Erin Millions, University of Winnipeg Collections and Botanical Gardens

Indigenous Labor, Migration, and New Histories of Political Conservatism: Sovereignty in the Settler West Race, Religion, and Sexuality in the U.S. West

Chair: Geraldo Cadava, Northwestern University Chair: William Bauer (Round Valley Indian Tribes), University of Nevada, Las Vegas Jane Hong, Occidental College Asian American Evangelicals in California’s Antonina Griecci Woodsum, Columbia University Same-Sex Marriage Debates The Native Fiesta Economy in Southern California Vivian Yan-Gonzalez, Stanford University Bernadette J. Pérez, University of California, Berkeley Left or Right, Loyal or Disloyal: Connstructi g Working the U.S. Sugar Empire Japanese American Politics, 1930-1950 Chantal Norrgard, University of Wisconsin-Superior Eric Gonzaba, California State University, Fullerton Indigenous Workers and Cannery Monopolies in Born Again Boogie Nights: The Rise of the the Pacific Northwest Christian Nightclub in Southern California

Comment: Eric V. Meeks, Northern Arizona University Comment: Audience

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Monuments, Memory, and Memorialization Digital Mapping and Community Visibility in in the Many Wests the American West Chair: Alessandra Link, Indiana University-Southeast Chair: Steven W. Hackel, University of California, Riverside Colton John Brandau, University of California, Davis Rejecting Cook, Remembering ‘Cheda’: Settler- Julia Lewandoski, University of Southern California Colonial Memorials and Dena’ina Sovereign Visualizing California Indigenous Communities on Histories 19th-Century Property Maps Angelica Garcia, University of California, Merced Shine Trabucco, University of Houston Conflict and Labor Activism: Interethnic Returning to Roots: History of Adobe Structures in Collaboration in 20th-Century Colorado San Antonio Anthony Wood, University of Michigan Bryan Winston, Dartmouth College "Keep off the Fourth": Black Westerners and Using Mexican Consulate Records to Visualize Regimes of Settler Memory Regional and Transnational Networks in the Early th Alison Fields, University of Oklahoma 20 -Century Lower Midwest Maritime Encounters in the American Midwest Comment: Jeannette Eileen Jones, University of Comment: R. Isabela Morales, 9/11 Memorial & Nebraska-Lincoln Museum Military and Urban Relations in the Making a Place for Stories: American West Teaching Historical Memory of the West Chair: Lance R. Blyth, NORAD and U.S. NORTHCOM Chair: Yvette J. Saavedra, University of Oregon Megan Churchwell, Puget Sound Navy Museum Growing Pains: Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and Monica L. Butler, Motlow State Community College Bremerton, WA 1891-1945 The West, the South, and the Rest: Teaching Curtis Foxley, University of Oklahoma Western History in the South The Cold War’s Metropolis: Aerospace, the Air Kara Carroll, Central New Mexico Community College Force, and the Transformation of Los Angeles Developing Long Term Historical Memory: Taking Christopher McCune, Special Warfare Training Wing the Lessons of the Classroom into the Community Denver’s Courtship of the US Military, 1859-1946 Rose Soza War Soldier (Mountain Maidu, Cahuilla, Andrew Sanchez Garcia, University of California, Merced Luiseño), Northern Arizona University Military Migration: The Former Castle Air Force “reading Settler Colonial’s twitter feed”: Story, Base in Atwater, California Culturing, and Social Media Memories Comment: Audience Comment: Beth Rose Middleton Manning, University of California, Davis New Directions in the History of the Pacific West Pushing the Boundaries of Indigenous Borderlands II Chair: Lissa Wadewitz, Linfield University Adrian De Leon, University of Southern California Co-Chairs: Josh Reid (Snohomish), Unive rsity of Pacific West(ern)s Washington Mary L. Dudziak, Emory University Samuel Truett, University of New Mexico The West as a Warscape Elizabeth Ellis (citizen of the Peoria Tribe of Indians Sean Fraga, University of Southern California of Oklahoma), New York University Dissolving the Pacific Coast Hi’ilei Julia Hobart (Kānaka Maoli), University of Alan Corbiere (Anishinaabe), York University Texas at Austin Bathsheba Demuth, Brown University Feeding Kalaupapa: Landings, Landedess, and Circuits of Care Holly Guise (Iñupiaq), University of New Mexico Meredith Oda, University of Nevada, Reno Dylan A.T. Miner (Métis), Michigan State University Mobility and the Pacific West Comment: Audience Comment: David Igler, University of California, Irvine

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Accessing, Contesting, and Transgressing SATURDAY, OCTOBER 17 Space: Gender and Race in the Early 20th- Century American Empire 9:30 A.M. – 11:00 A.M. (CDT) Chair: Brianna Theobald, University of Rochester Unfree Labor Regimes in Texas Gianna M. May Sanchez, University of Michigan Chair: Linda English, University of Texas Rio Grande Las Parteras and the State: Negotiation, Intimacy, Valley and Space in the Mid-20th-Century New Mexico Birthing Room Max Flomen, West Virginia University Jacqueline Diane Antonovich, Muhlenberg College Alternative Emancipations in the Texas The Lotus Buds of Lomaland: Women Physicians Borderlands, 1820-1850 and Medical Imperialism in the American West James David Nichols, CUNY Queensborough Christine Noelle Peralta, Indiana University A Fate Worse than Debt: Peonage and Indenture Bloomington in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands Accessing the Filipina Body: The Incorporation of Paul Barba, Bucknell University Native Midwives into the U.S. Colonial Medical Slaving Confluences in the Age of Anglo-Texan System, 1908-1920 Supremacy Comment: Beth Bailey, University of Kansas Comment: Katherine Walters, Texas State Historical Association Cinematic Settlers: Settler Colonial North American West in Film Yazzie/Martinez and the Past, Present, and Chair: Janne Lahti, University of Helsinki Future of Education in the West Dominique Brégent-Heald, Memorial University of Chair: Flannery Burke, Saint Louis University Newfoundland Regis Pecos (Cochiti Pueblo), The Leadership Institute The “Beaver Films” and “Grey Owl”: Settler at the Santa Fe Indian School Colonial Imaginaries in Canada’s National Parks Branch Films of the 1930s Brian S Collier, University of Notre Dame Sheila McManus, University of Lethbridge Patricia Latham, Transform Education NM Coalition “Gunless” as a Settler-Colonial Borderlands Fantasy Glenabah Martinez, University of New Mexico Natale Zappia, California State University, Northridge Rebecca Blum Martinez, University of New Mexico In the Land of the Head Hunters: Kwakwaka’wakw Traditions and the Settler Colonial Lens Comment: Audience Lawrence Kessler, Consortium for History of Science, Technology & Medicine Migration and Community Building in the Environments of Settler Colonialism in Statehood- Era U.S. Cinematic Depictions of the Hawaiian American West Islands Chair: Kurt Kinbacher, Chadron State College Comment: Audience Lynn Hudson, University of Illinois at Chicago The History and Memory of The Robinsons: A FRIDAY, OCTOBER 16 Great Migration Story Pearl Alice Marsh, Political scientist (retired) 2:00 – 4:00 P.M. (CDT) The Great Migration and Race in a Railroad Logging Town in Oregon (1923-1945) “Steinbeck and America’s West” Trina Arnold, Mid-America Christian University By David M. Wrobel, University of Oklahoma Memories of Second Street - Deep Deuce Area of Oklahoma City. A Visual Journey from the Past David Wrobel is the WHA’s 2020 President. He is the Kalyn McCall, Harvard University David L. Boren Professor of History, Merrick Chair of South in the West: Reconstruction and the Western American History, and the Dean of the College Founding of Orange County, California of Arts and Sciences at the University of Oklahoma. Comment: Audience

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Multiculturalism, Museums, and Academic Memory and Civil Rights Among African Centers in the 21st-Century West American and Latinx Activists Sponsored by Westerners International Chair: Herbert G. Ruffin II, Syracuse University Chair: Patricia LaBounty, Union Pacific Railroad Museum Katherine Bynum, Arizona State University Memory, Police Violence, and the Struggle for Michael R. Grauer, National Cowboy & Western Civil Rights in Dallas Heritage Museum Monica Martinez, Brown University Caballeros y Vaqueros: Origins of Western Horse Tracing the Long Legacies of Anti-Mexican Cultures Violence Jeremy M. Johnston, Buffalo Bill Center of the West Omar Valerio-Jiménez, University of Texas at San Reintroducing William F. "Buffalo Bill" Cody to Antonio the Current Public Hispanos Recall the U.S.-Mexican War in Civil Alex Hunt, West Texas A&M University Rights Struggles A New Center on the High Plains: Doing it in Public Comment: Susan Lee Johnson, University of Nevada, Brenden Rensink, Redd Center for Western Studies, Las Vegas Brigham Young University Multiculturalism and Diversity in the Intermountain West

Comment: Audience

New Insights on Settler Conflicts with Indigenous Peoples

Chair: Martin Rizzo, University of California, Riverside

Katherine Scott Sturdevant, Pikes Peak Community College Daughters and Fathers: A Secret Family Tradition Informs Sand Creek Gregory E. Smoak, American West Center, University of Utah Stories of War and Diplomacy: Oral History and New Understandings of the Navajo-Mormon Conflict of the 1860s Rodger Craige Henderson, Pennsylvania State University Historiography of the Baker Massacre of Piegans (Piikunis) on the Marias (Bear) River, Montana Territory, January 23, 1870 Dmitri Brown (Santa Clara Pueblo), University of California, Davis The Railroad in Tewa Country: Pueblo Visions of Colonial Infrastructures

Comment: Jennifer O’Neal (Chinook, Cree, and Cow Creek), University of Oregon

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Conversations on Construction of Western New Directions in Land Grant History Identity: Public Engagement through Fashion Chair: Karen R. Roybal, Colorado College

Chair: Amy Renee Haines, University of Colorado Bryan W. Turo, NextWave Safety Solutions Colorado Springs Networks of Speculation in the Spanish and Mexican Land Grants of the Hispano Borderlands Rebecca Scofield, University of Idaho Jacob Swisher, Colorado State University Cowboy Drag: Teaching on the Construction of (Re)bordering the Sangre de Cristo Grant: Hypermasculinity and Fashion Migrations, Border Contests, and the Making of an Carolyn E. Brucken, Autry Museum of the American American Landscape, 1848 to 1878 West L.M. García y Griego, University of New Mexico Dress Codes: An Exhibition at the Autry “As Mexico would have done”: Trials and Tracey Ellen Panek (Nga Puhi Tribe (Aotearoa)), Levi tribulations of Surveyor General-led Land Grant Strauss & Co. Adjudication in New Mexico, 1854-1891 Documenting Denim: Outfitting the West in Jacobo D. Baca, University of New Mexico Levi’s® Recovering a Shared History: Pueblos, Heather Bergh, University of Colorado Colorado Nuevomexicanos and Land Speculation in New Springs Mexico, 1876-1920 Prostitutes and Photography in the American West: Autonomy and Class in Fashion Comment: Audience

Comment: Virginia Scharff, University of New Mexico Surveys and Maps: Crash: Collisions and Contestations in the Imagining the North American West's th Landscapes, Conflicts, and Peoples 19 -Century Southwest

Chair: Anthony P. Mora, University of Michigan Chair: Jay H. Buckley, Brigham Young University

Ian Anson Lee, University of Texas at El Paso Joan Boudreau, Smithsonian Institution Conquest and Racial Uncertainty: Civilian Traditions, Goals, Results of Mid-19th-Century Warfare in New Mexico, 1848-1852 Exploring Surveys: The United States Exploring M. Grace Hunt Watkinson, Arizona State University Expedition, and United States and Mexican "Worthy of Imitation": Violence, Power, and Boundary and Pacific Railroad Surveys Identity in the 19th-Century U.S.-Mexico Joshua Christopher Mika, University of Oklahoma Borderlands Narrating Removal, Mapping Civilization: the New María Guadalupe Vallejo, University of Texas at El Paso Mexico Territorial Press and the Navajo, 1858- Transition in the Borderlands: Conflict, 1868 Compromise, and the Strategies Enacted in the Gary C. Stein, Independent Historian (retired) Incorporation of South Texas Land Grants with the ‘Anything You Know Regarding the Natives’: Dr. State of Texas, 1848-1900 James Taylor White’s 1901 Yukon River Ethnographic Questionnaire Comment: William S. Kiser, Texas A&M University- San Antonio Comment: Audience

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Empire, Expansion, and Imagination in the Diversifying Environmental Histories of the Early American West U.S.–Mexico Borderlands - “Los de la Tierra y los que llegaron”: Non-Human Chair: Stephen Aron, University of California, Los Environmental Histories Across Borders Angeles

Chair: Rachel St. John, University of California, Davis Lawrence Celani, University of Missouri State Formation, Expansion, and the Politics of Ligia A. Arguilez, University of Texas at El Paso Slavery in Territorial Missouri Rooted Outside of Time: The Biography of a Heesoo Cho, Washington University in St. Louis 10,000-Year-Old Mojave Desert Creosote Bush The Many Pacific Worlds and How to Get There: Kimberly Sumano Ortega, University of Texas at El Thomas Jefferson and the Pacific in Early America Paso Nicholas Gianfranco DiPucchio, Saint Louis University Animales que llegaron y Animales de la tierra: The Spanish American Independence and the Role of Animals in the Making of El Camino Real Discourse of U.S. Pacific Expansion, 1815-1825 de Tierra Adentro Will Wright, Montana State University Comment: Samuel Truett, University of New Mexico Migrating Monarchs: Catalina Aguado, Butterflies, and the Politics of Scientific Discovery

The Consequences of Conquest: Comment: Mary E. Mendoza, Pennsylvania State From the American Great Plains to the University Georgian Caucuses and the Philippines

Chair: Mark Celinscak, University of Nebraska at Omaha

Christopher Rein, Air University Press The Second Colorado Cavalry and the Conquest of the Central Plains Mikheil Barnovi, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University The Raids of Dagestani Mountaineers and American Indians: The Life on the borderlands in the Eastern Georgian Kingdom and Kansas- Nebraska Carole Butcher, North Dakota State University The Night General: Henry Ware Lawton

Comment: Audience

The Quest for the West: Gender, Race, and Military Service in American Civil War Remembrances

Chair: Stephen Kantrowitz, University of Wisconsin - Madison

Lindsey R. Peterson, University of Southern Mississippi Soldier and Settler: Race and Gender in Western Civil War Commemorations Shae Cox, University of Nevada, Las Vegas “So Far Away From ‘Dixie Land’”: Place and Confederate Identity Construction Cecily Zander, Pennsylvania State University Never Invited to Join in the Parade: Indian Wars Veterans and Civil War Veterans

Comment: Gary W. Gallagher, University of Virginia

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Yuman Crossings: SATURDAY, OCTOBER 17 Mobility, Identity, and Persistence in the First Half of the 20th Century 11:30 A.M. – 1:00 P.M. (CDT)

Chair: Jeffrey P. Shepherd, University of Texas at El The New Sensation Sweeping the Nation: Paso The Rise of Contingent Faculty and the Naomi Sussman, Yale University Future of Western History Writing a Common History: Cahuillas, Quecháns, Sponsored by the WHA Committee on Contingent and and Kumeyaays in the Mission Indian Federation Adjunct Faculty Kevin Whalen, University of Minnesota, Morris Archive and Community: Perspectives on Quechan Chair: Carol Lee Higham, University of North Carolina and Mojave Migration in Southern California, at Charlotte 1900-1940 Maurice Crandall (Yavapai-Apache Nation), John R. Gram, Missouri State University Dartmouth College Matthew Luckett, Sierra College and California State Sovereign Mobility: Yavapai Motion as University, Dominguez Hills Foundational Narrative Catharine Rohini Franklin, Texas Tech University Comment: Christian McMillen, University of Virginia Comment: Audience Negotiating Racial Boundaries in the 19th- Century American West Water in the West Chair: Darren Parry (Northwestern Band of the Shoshone Nation), Tribal Chairman, Northwestern Band Chair: Matthew Fockler, Augustana College of the Shoshone Nation Kevan Malone, University of California, San Diego Paul Reeve, University of Utah Emergency Connections: Environmental “I felt that he had negro blood in him”: Nelson Diplomacy and Urban Sustainability in the Holder Ritchie, DNA, and Latter-day Saint Racial Tijuana-San Diego Borderlands, 1965-1980 Passages Daniel Milowski, Arizona State University R. Isabela Morales, 9/11 Memorial & Museum Where Water Must be Hauled and Sold: Seligman, "I Never Expect to Come South Again": An African Arizona and the Engineered West American Migrant in 19th-Century Colorado Jon England, Arizona State University Jenny Hale Pulsipher, Brigham Young University Changing the Climate: Climate in Mormon Negotiating Belonging: A Mixed-Race Woman in Collective Memory 19th-Century Utah Territory Comment: Erika M. Bsumek, University of Texas at Comment: Martha A. Sandweiss, Princeton University Austin

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Lightning Talks: Condensed Graduate Restoring American Chinese Subjectivity and Research Presentations II Reviving Pacific Coast Chinatowns: Sponsored by the WHA Graduate Student Caucus New Approaches from Merced, California

Chair: Maribel Estrada Calderón, University of Chair: David Igler, University of California, Irvine Nevada, Las Vegas Madelyn Lara, University of California, Merced Emiliano Aguilar, Northwestern University Chinatown Declared a Nuisance: Creating a “The kind of unity we need is like la hormiga”: Public Health Crisis in Merced, California, 1883- Navigating Machine Politics and Corruption in 1908 Pursuit of Community in East Chicago, Indiana. Sarah Jordan Lee, University of California, Berkeley 1919-1980 Clean Sweeps and Chain Gangs: Racialized Alexander Benjamin Craghead, University of Policing and Imagined Place in Merced, California, Berkeley California, 1880-1892 Urban history as Western history: Urban renewal David Torres-Rouff, University of California, Merced as frontier expansion Chinese Inclusion: Taxpayer Citizenship in Nathan Ellstrand, Loyola University Chicago Merced, CA, 1870-1900 Reclaiming the Patria: Sinarquismo in the United Verenize Arceo, University of Wisconsin, Madison States, 1937-1946 Communal Gardens, Defensive Design, and Urban Nicole R. Batten, University of Nevada, Las Vegas Apartheid in Chinatown: Merced, California, Modern Memory and the American West: 1870-1910 Monuments, Memorials, and Commemoration in Remembering a Western Identity Comment: William Gow, Stanford University Dustin Cohan, University of Wisconsin-Madison From Veracruz to the Upper Midwest: How Mexican Immigrants Saved America’s Dairyland West by Southwest: Learning from the and Financed Change in Rural Mexico, 1994-2004 Frontera and Native Homelands Alyssa Kreikemeier, Boston University Beneath Big Skies: Air in the Making of the Modern West Chair: Anne F. Hyde, University of Oklahoma

Comment: Benjamin H. Johnson, Loyola University Karen R. Roybal, Colorado College Chicago “Let’s Talk about Sex, Baby”: A Humanities- Lindsey Wieck. St. Mary’s University Based Approach to Studying Gender & Sexuality in the SW Borderlands Santiago Ivan Guerra, Hubert Center for Southwest Studies, Colorado College Latinx Leisure Culture in the American West Bridging Past and Present of Southwest Borderlands Studies: A Dialogue Between History Chair: Romeo Guzmán, California State University, and Anthropology Fresno Charlotte Philippe Wall, Colorado College Kitsch as Object and Method: Popular Culture Alex Nuñez, University of Arizona Stereotypes of Indigenous Peoples along Route 66 A Catcher's Mask: Relational Race Formation, Zunneh-bah A. Martin (Diné and Modoc), University Mexican Americans, and Baseball's Color Line of New Mexico Cary Cordova, University of Texas at Austin Hózhó̹ Náhasdlíí: Diné Way of Life and Healing Fiery Dances, Beguiling Spanish Songs, and from Socionatural Trauma in Diné Bikéyah Stimulating Latin Drinks: Women’s Work in San Eric Philippe Perramond, Colorado College Francisco’s Latin Nightclubs, 1930s-1940s Decolonizing Cultural Landscapes in the

Southwest over Time Comment: José M. Alamillo, California State University Channel Islands Comment: James F. Brooks, University of Georgia

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In Search of the Racial Frontier: Women’s Activism in the West: Fore- The State of African American History in the grounding Race, Indigeneity, and Sexuality

American West Chair: Rebecca Jo Plant, University of California, San Sponsored by the WHA Committee on Race and the Diego American West (CRAW) Haleigh Marcello, University of California, Irvine Chair: Ronald Coleman, University of Utah “For All Women”: The National Organization for

Quintard Taylor, University of Washington Women, the Equal Rights Amendment, and California NOW Chapters’ Lesbian Feminist Shirley Ann Wilson Moore, California State University, Activism Sacramento Samantha Q de Vera, University of California, San Albert S. Broussard, Texas A&M University Diego Black Women, Public Aid, and the National Stage Comment: Audience Mary Klann, University of California, San Diego and San Diego Miramar College Power Dynamics and Collaborations Between How Do You Teach Termination Policy to Undergraduates? and Among the Ute and Comanche, Cherokee, and Yokuts Comment: Annelise Heinz, University of Oregon

Chair: Liza Black (Cherokee Nation), Indiana University

Sondra G. Jones, Brigham Young University The West as a Testing-Ground of Ideas: The Ute-Comanche Connection: Conflicted Free Soilism, Secessionism, and Cousins in the Comanche Migration onto the Republicanism in the Civil War Era Southern Plains Chair: Daniel Brendan Lynch, Marlborough School Austin Stewart, Lehigh University The Origins of the Old Settlers: Mobility, Warfare, Aren Lerner, University of Aberdeen and Settlement Patterns Among Cherokee The West as Sacred Soil: Transcendentalist Nature Emigrants in the Late 18th-Century Trans- Philosophy’s Impact on Free-Soilism Mississippian West Hannah Marie Christensen, University of Oklahoma Martin Rizzo, University of California, Riverside Confederacy, Republic (Again), Both, or Neither? Captain Coleto and the Yokuts: Social and A Group of Texas Counties and The Moment of Political Stratification within California Mission Decision, 1860-1861 Communities Louisa R. Brandt, University of California, Davis Preserving the Union at the Golden Gate: San Comment: Audience Francisco and the Civil War

Writing for the Masses: Comment: Audience How Historians and Journalists in the West are Bringing the Past to Bear on the Present Policing and the Penitentiary in the Borderlands Chair: Leisl Carr Childers, Colorado State University Chair: Elizabeth Jameson, University of Calgary Alessandra Link, Indiana University-Southeast Working with Made by History Carolina Monsiváis, South Texas College Adam M. Sowards, University of Idaho Policing Gender during Prohibition in South Working with High Country News on Reckoning Texas: 1900-1934 with History Benny J. Andrés, Jr., University of North Carolina at Emily Benson, High Country News Charlotte Editing Reckoning with History in the High Border Jumpers: Prosecuting Citizens for Illegally Country News Entering the U.S. from Mexico, 1924-1932 Genevieve Carpio, University of California, Lo s Angeles George T. Díaz, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley Working with Zócalo Public Square Juan Crow Incarceration: Making the ‘Mexican’ Lisa Margonelli, Zócalo Public Square Prison in Texas

Working with Historians at Zócalo Public Square Comment: S. Deborah Kang, University of Texas at Comment: Audience Dallas

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Western Service: Imperial Zion: Varied Perspectives on the Army in the West Mormon Involvement in American Colonial Projects in the Pacific, 1890-1901 Chair: Geoffrey Hunt, Historian Chair: Konden Smith, University of Arizona John H. Monnett, Metropolitan State University of Charlotte Hansen Terry, University of California, Davis Denver Becoming American in the Pacific: Mormons and A Hundred in the Hand: Dispelling the Fetterman Religious Imperialism in Samoa Myth Dylan Michael Beatty, University of Hawaii at Manoa William A. Dobak, U.S. Army Center of Military The Devil in our Pews: Latter-day Saints on History (retired) Imperial Frontlines in Colonial Samoa “There Should Be a Law”: Army Officers View the Reilly Ben Hatch, University of New Mexico Buffalo, 1847-1873 “The Voice of God, Through American Policy”: Ryan W. Booth (Upper Skagit), Washington State Mormon Reactions to American Empire in the University Philippines “Army Sports”: Soldiers' Leisure as documented CarrieAnne Simonini DeLoach, Rice University in the papers of J.S. Brisbin “Surrendering Wives, Joyless Maids, and Comment: Robert Wooster, Texas A&M University- Delicately Reared City Girls”: Depictions of the Corpus Christi Homefront by Mormon Soldiers in the Philippine- Sherry L. Smith, Southern Methodist American War. University Comment: Amanda Hendrix-Komoto, Montana State University Interethnic Relations in the Southwest Borderlands: New Sources and Approaches

Chair: Ignacio Martínez, University of Texas at El Paso Damian Bacich, San José State University The Secret Journey of Alonso Shimitihua to Taos on the Heels of the Pueblo Revolt Jay T. Harrison, Hood College Negotiators for Cross and Crown: Missionary Negotiations with Indigenous Peoples in 18th- Century Texas Joaquín Rivaya-Martínez, Texas State University Comanche, Apache, and Spaniard: A New Source on Interethnic Relations in the Late 18th-Century Borderlands Comment: Audience

Using the Humanities in Class Digital Library to Teach Western History

Chair: Andy Mink, National Humanities Center Cherry Whipple, Austin High School Carly Hill, Boise School District Josh Reid (Snohomish), University of Washington Comment: Mike Williams, National Humanities Center

#WHA2020 52 WHA 2020 – ALBUQUERQUE AND ONLINE

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 17 2:00 P.M. – 3:30 P.M. (CDT)

Remarkable Women in the West: The Stories of Susan La Flesche Picotte, Sarah Rector, and the Women of Omaha’s Third Ward

Chair: Jacqueline D. Antonovich, Muhlenberg College

Tamara Levi, Jacksonville State University A Lantern on the Porch: Susan La Flesche Picotte, Omaha Doctor Daniel Wallace, University of Southern California Omaha Affairs: Prostitutes, Railroads, and Divorce in Progressive Era Omaha Mark Boxell, University of Oklahoma The Racial Boundaries of “Black Gold:” Oil, Land, and Race in Indian Territory and Oklahoma

Comment: Lindsey Stallones Marshall, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

New Approaches to Professional Development in Graduate School: Cultivating Inclusion, Respect, and Responsiveness in History Graduate Programs Sponsored by the WHA Committee on Assault Response and Educational Resources (WHA-CARES)

Chair: José M. Alamillo, California State University Channel Islands

Katrina Jagodinsky, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment in the Academy: Policy Ambiguities, Contradictions, and the Need for Collaborative Campus Partnerships Andrew Needham, New York University One DGS’s Perspective on Cultivating Positive Scholarly and Work Environments Katherine Benton-Cohen, Georgetown University Drafting a Departmental Statement of Values: Georgetown History’s Inclusive Climate Committee and its Work on Gender and Race Discrimination Brooke Joelle Hadley (Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma), University of Oklahoma An Equitable and Inclusive Learning Environment Cassie Clark, University of Utah Observations of Unprofessional Behavior from a Historian and a Former Hospital Administrator

Comment: Sandra I. Enríquez, University of Missouri- Kansas City

#WHA2020 53 WHA 2020 – ALBUQUERQUE AND ONLINE

Violence in the American West

Chair: Modupe Labode, National Museum of American History

Michael J. Alarid, University of Nevada, Las Vegas A Fractured Community: Inequality, Institutional Failures, and Homicide in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, 1856-57 Jessica Barbata Jackson, Colorado State University “Death to the Dago”: What the Lynchings of Italians in 1890s Colorado Reveal about the Construction of Race, Identity, and Citizenship in the West Matthew Luckett, Sierra College and California State University, Dominguez Hills Learning How to Explode: Anti-Horse Thief Societies, Stockgrowers Associations, and Vigilantism along the Middle Border Liza Black (Cherokee Nation), Indiana University Urban Native Women and the Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women’s Crisis: A Case Study of Fargo, North Dakota

Comment: Audience

Not Your Mother's World Book: Online Encyclopedias and Public History in the Digital Age Sponsored by the WHA Public History Committee

Chair: Nick Johnson, Colorado Encyclopedia

Rebecca A. Hunt, University of Colorado Denver

Scott Spillman, Colorado Encyclopedia

Cynthia K. Stout, Colorado Encyclopedia

Dillon Maxwell, Colorado State University

Comment: Audience

Histories of Sanctuary and Radical Hospitality

Chair: Aimee Marianna Villarreal, Our Lady of the Lake University

Felipe Hinojosa, Texas A&M University

Aden Brenae Herrera, Texas A&M University

Manuel Criollo, University of New Mexico

Comment: Jennifer Owens-Jofré, Seminary of the Southwest

#WHA2020 54 WHA 2020 – ALBUQUERQUE AND ONLINE

High Country News 50th Anniversary Immigration and Identity in Spanish and Roundtable: Looking Back and Looking Mexican California Forward Chair: Joaquín Rivaya-Martínez, Texas State Chair: Josh Garrett-Davis, Autry Museum of the University American West John Macias, Cerritos College Betsy Marston, High Country News Searching for Gentiles: Layering Spanish Brian Calvert, High Country News Identities by Evangelizing Natives in a California Mission, 1769-1785 Sara Porterfield, Independent Scholar Miriam Villazón Valbuena, University of California, Matthew Klingle, Bowdoin College Riverside Nautical Boundaries in 19th-Century California Jared Farmer, University of Pennsylvania Politics: How Californios Built a Society in California Comment: Audience Álvaro González Alba, University of California, Riverside Time of Changes in Alta California: Migration in Modernity and Modernism: Writing the the Era of the Californias History of Indigenous Artists and Art at the Intersection of History and Art History Comment: Damian Bacich, San José State University

Chair: Amy Lonetree (Ho-Chunk), University of California, Santa Cruz Transnational Biography in the North Sascha Scott, Syracuse University American Borderlands “Waiting for Payment”: Velino Shije Herrera’s Chair: Peter Boag, Washington State University- Department of the Interior Murals Vancouver Nicolas G. Rosenthal, Loyola Marymount University Prying the Art World Open: Oscar Howe, Pablita Sandra Mathews, Nebraska Wesleyan University and Velarde, and the Philbrook Indian Annual in the Dancing Loon Historical Consulting, LLC 1950s A Dangerous Wind: Manuel Armijo, Donaciano Claire Thomson, University of Alberta Vigil and the Intersection of Land Rights and Wood Mountain, Saskatchewan Lakota History in Power in Mid-19th-Century New Mexico Photographs, 1890-1930 Marlene Medrano, Mt. San Antonio College Surviving the Border Vice Economy: Soledad Comment: Bill Anthes, Pitzer College Saenz in the Juárez Zone of Tolerance, 1912-1935 Lori Ann Lahlum, Minnesota State University, Mankato The “Idealist Norseman”: Richard Olsen The Birth of the Atomic Age: Richards, South Dakota Progressive Republican Commemoration and Consequences Sigrídur Matthíasdóttir, Reykjavík Academy The Transnational Saga of Pálína and Pálína: Chair: Joe Shonka, Shonka Research Associates, Inc. East Icelandic Emigrants in Times of Social Rebecca Ullrich, Sandia National Laboratories Upheaval 1 Thorgerdur J. Einarsdóttir, University of Iceland Trisha Pritikin, Consequences of Radiation Exposure The Transnational Saga of Pálína and Pálína: Museum and Archives East Icelandic Emigrants in Times of Social Alan Carr, Los Alamos National Laboratory Upheaval 2 Comment: Audience Comment: Audience

#WHA2020 55 WHA 2020 – ALBUQUERQUE AND ONLINE

Placemaking, Identity, and Narrative Teaching the History of the American West Memory in New Mexico with Graphic Novels and Comics Chair: Melina Vizcaíno-Alemán, University of New Chair: Ari Kelman, University of California, Davis Mexico Joshua Paddison, Texas State University Vanessa Fonseca Chávez, Arizona State University Using Comics to Teach Racial Contestation in the Manito/a Migration and Placemaking in Western American West New Mexico Taylor Spence, University of New Mexico Katherine Sarah Massoth, University of New Mexico Drawing Women into the American Revolution Pero No: Remembering the Nuevomexicana Geneva M. Gano, Texas State University Home/Land The Graphic Memoir: History, Memory, and Joseph Alan Ukockis, University of New Mexico Visual Language in the U.S. West Coming Home: Nuevomexicanos and Mexican Noël Elizabeth Ingram, Boston College Repatriation, 1848-1853 Picture This: Comics as a Pedagogical Tool to Support Multimodal Literacy and Historical Comment: Flannery Burke, Saint Louis University Empathy Comment: Andy Kirk, University of Nevada, Las Vegas The Historian’s Digital Toolset: A Workshop on Productivity Apps, Technology, and Digital Humanities in the Classroom Wheat, Weeds, and Wings: Agriculture on the Move in the American West Chair: Eric Nystrom, Arizona State University Chair: Suzzanne Kelley, North Dakota State University Brad Cartwright, University of Texas at El Paso Press Slack: An Email Alternative Shine Trabucco, University of Houston Thomas D. Isern, North Dakota State University Knight Lab Storytelling: Tools for Public A History Coincident with that of the Human Race: Historians Wheat as a Colonizer, a Commodity, and a Micaela Valadez, University of Texas at Austin Catastrophe in Agricultural History Visualizing Connections with ClioVis: A Digital David Moon, University of York Timeline Mapping Tool for Students and Weeds Around the World: Tumbleweed (Perekati- Historians Pole) as an Unexpected Guest from the Eurasian Miguel Giron, University of Texas at El Paso Steppes in the American West Creating a Digital Workspace: Using the Notion David D. Vail, University of Nebraska at Kearney App to Organize Historical Work Chemical Migrations: The Grasslands Chemical James Patrick Gregory, University of Oklahoma Exchange and the International Conference of Teaching the American West with Video Games Agricultural Aviation Comment: Audience Comment: Bonnie Lynn-Sherow, Kansas State University

#WHA2020 56

ÁǝƺáƺɀɎƺȸȇRǣɀɎȒȸɵɀɀȒƬǣƏɎǣȒȇȅƺȅƫƺȸɀǝǣȵƺǼƺƬɎɀɎǝƺȵȸǣȅƏȸɵǕȒɮƺȸȇǣȇǕƫȒƳɵȒǔɎǝƺȒȸǕƏȇǣɿƏɎǣȒȇ٦ɯǝǣƬǝƬȒȇɀǣɀɎɀ 0ǼƺƬɎ٦0ɴƺƬɖɎǣɮƺ(ǣȸƺƬɎȒȸ٦ƏȇƳɀƺɮƺȇȸƺǕɖǼƏȸǼɵƺǼƺƬɎƺƳȅƺȅƫƺȸɀɎȒɀƺȸɮƺȒȇɎǝƺ!ȒɖȇƬǣǼ٫ډȸƺɀǣƳƺȇɎ¨ȒǔɎǝƺ¨ȸƺɀǣƳƺȇɎ٦ Ɏǝƺɀƺ ƺǼƺƬɎƺƳ ȒǔǔǣƬǣƏǼɀ ƏȇƳ ɯǣɎǝ Ɏǝƺ ƏɀɀǣɀɎƏȇƬƺ Ȓǔ Ɏǝƺ zȒȅǣȇƏɎǣȇǕ !ȒȅȅǣɎɎƺƺ ƏȇƳ ȒɎǝƺȸ ƬȒȅȅǣɎɎƺƺɀ٦ ÁȒǕƺɎǝƺȸ٦ ȒɮƺȸɀƺƺɎǝƺƫȸȒƏƳǣȇɎƺȸƺɀɎɀȒǔɎǝƺƏɀɀȒƬǣƏɎǣȒȇƫɵȅƏȇƏǕǣȇǕƫɖɀǣȇƺɀɀƏȇƳƬȸƺƏɎǣȇǕȵȒǼǣƬǣƺɀɎǝƏɎȵȸȒȅȒɎƺƏƬȒȇǕƺȇǣƏǼ ǝȒȅƺǔȒȸƏǼǼɎǝȒɀƺǣȇɎƺȸƺɀɎƺƳǣȇɎǝƺɀɎɖƳɵȒǔɎǝƺzȒȸɎǝȅƺȸǣƬƏȇáƺɀɎ٫

׎٣א׎אǸǼƏǝȒȅƏ ³ǝƺǣǼƏxƬxƏȇɖɀًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔnƺɎǝƫȸǣƳǕƺ٢ ƏɮǣƳáȸȒƫƺǼًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ) ׎٣א׎אȸƺǕȒȇ٢ ɀɎǼƺȸًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ áR¨ȸƺɀǣƳƺȇɎ hƺǔǔȸƺɵ ׏٣א׎א³ǝƏȇǕǝƏǣ nƏɖȸǣƺȸȇȒǼƳًJȒȇɿƏǕƏÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٢ٮxƏȸǣƏxȒȇɎȒɵƏًzçÈƏȇƳzçÈ ׏٣א׎א0ǼƺƬɎ 0ȸǣǸƏxِ¨ƻȸƺɿًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔȸǣɿȒȇƏ٢ډáR¨ȸƺɀǣƳƺȇɎ ٣אא׎א0ȸǣǸƏ ɀɖȅƺǸًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔÁƺɴƏɀًɖɀɎǣȇ٢ 0ǼƏǣȇƺxƏȸǣƺzƺǼɀȒȇًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔkƏȇɀƏɀ ٣אא׎א0ȸǣȇ!ȒǼƺًxǣȇȇƺɀȒɎƏRǣɀɎȒȸǣƬƏǼ³ȒƬǣƺɎɵ٢ِ áR0ɴƺƬɖɎǣɮƺ(ǣȸƺƬɎȒȸ ٣אא׎אȸǣkƺǼȅƏȇًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ!ƏǼǣǔȒȸȇǣƏً(Əɮǣɀ٢ ׎٣א׎אȒȇƏǼƳnِIǣɴǣƬȒًȸǣɿȒȇƏ³ɎƏɎƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٢) ׏٣א׎אxƏȸɎǝƏِ³ƏȇƳɯƺǣɀɀً¨ȸǣȇƬƺɎȒȇ ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٢ ٣אא׎אǸǼƏǝȒȅƏ٢ ƏɮǣƳáȸȒƫƺǼًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ) ׏٣א׎אȇƳɵkǣȸǸًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔzƺɮƏƳƏًnƏɀàƺǕƏɀ٢ ٣בא׎א³ǝƏȇǕǝƏǣ٢ٮxƏȸǣƏxȒȇɎȒɵƏًzçÈƏȇƳzçÈ ׏٣א׎אhɖǼǣƏȇnǣȅًȸǣɿȒȇƏ³ɎƏɎƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٢ ٣אא׎אً!ƬǝȒƏًÈȇǣɮِȒǔ!ƏǼǣǔȒȸȇǣƏً(Əɮǣɀ٢J³ ٮhƺȇȇǣÁǣǔɎ ׎٣א׎אȸǣƏȇ(ƺnƏɵًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ!ƏǼǣǔȒȸȇǣƏً ƺȸǸƺǼƺɵ٢ ȒǔǔǣƬǣȒ٣ٮȇȇƺxِRɵƳƺًáƺɀɎƺȸȇRǣɀɎȒȸǣƬƏǼªɖƏȸɎƺȸǼɵ٢ƺɴ ׎٣א׎אxƏȸɵ0ِxƺȇƳȒɿƏً¨ƺȇȇ³ɎƏɎƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٢ 0ǼƏǣȇƺxƏȸǣƺzƺǼɀȒȇًáRƏȇƳÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔkƏȇɀƏɀ ׎٣א׎אɖɎȸɵxɖɀƺɖȅȒǔɎǝƺȅِáƺɀɎ٢ژƏȸȒǼɵȇ ȸɖƬǸƺȇً!

ǝƏǣȸ٣!ٮȒ!RɖȇɎًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ!ȒǼȒȸƏƳȒ(ƺȇɮƺȸ٢ِژƺƫƺƬƬƏ» ǝƏǣȸ٣!ٮȒ!hƺȸƺȅɵhȒǝȇɀɎȒȇً ɖǔǔƏǼȒ ǣǼǼ!ƺȇɎƺȸȒǔɎǝƺáƺɀɎ٢ ǝƏǣȸ٣!ÁƏȅɀƺȇRƺȸɎًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔáɵȒȅǣȇǕ ³ِ(ƺƫȒȸƏǝkƏȇǕًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔÁƺɴƏɀƏɎ(ƏǼǼƏɀ٢ ǸǼƏǝȒȅƏ³ɎƏɎƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ 0ȸǣǸƏxِ¨ƻȸƺɿًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔȸǣɿȒȇƏ ǣǼǼ ȸɵƏȇɀً kƏɎǝȸɵȇxƬkƺƺًçƺǼǼȒɯɀɎȒȇƺRǣɀɎȒȸǣƬ!ƺȇɎƺȸ hƺȇȇǣǔƺȸxƬ¨ǝƺȸɀȒȇً¨ɖȸƳɖƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ hƺȇȇǣǔƺȸ³Ɏƺɮƺȇɀً³ɎƺɮƺȇɀRǣɀɎȒȸǣƬƏǼ«ƺɀƺƏȸƬǝɀɀȒƬǣƏɎƺɀ hȒɀƻǼƏȅǣǼǼȒً!ƏǼǣǔȒȸȇǣƏ³ɎƏɎƺÈȇǣɮِ!ǝƏȇȇƺǼXɀǼƏȇƳɀ ǸǼƏǝȒȅƏ 0ȸǣȇ!ȒǼƺًxǣȇȇƺɀȒɎƏRǣɀɎȒȸǣƬƏǼ³ȒƬǣƺɎɵ «ƏȵǝƏƺǼIȒǼɀȒȅًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔِ 0ȸǣƬzɵɀɎȸȒȅًȸǣɿȒȇƏ³ɎƏɎƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ 0ɮƺǼɵȇ³ƬǝǼƏɎɎƺȸً³ȒɖɎǝƺȸȇ¨ȒɮƺȸɎɵnƏɯ!ƺȇɎƺȸ kƏȇɀƏɀ!ǣɎɵٮJȸƺǕ³ȅȒƏǸًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔÈɎƏǝ ³ƏȇƳȸƏXِ0ȇȸǥȷɖƺɿًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔxǣɀɀȒɖȸǣ zƏɎǝƏȇhȒȇƺɀًzƏɎٔǼ!ȒɯƫȒɵۭáƺɀɎƺȸȇRƺȸǣɎƏǕƺxɖɀƺɖȅ ƺɎƺȸkȒȵȵًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ!ȒǼȒȸƏƳȒً(ƺȇɮƺȸ¨ ǝƏǣȸ٣!ƺȇɀǣȇǸً ȸǣǕǝƏȅçȒɖȇǕÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٢»ژȸƺȇƳƺȇ ژnƏɖȸǣƺȸȇȒǼƳًJȒȇɿƏǕƏÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ ǸǼƏǝȒȅƏ ƏɎȸǣƬǣƏnȒɖǕǝǼǣȇًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ!ƺȇɎȸƏǼ¨ xƺǼȒƳɵxǣɵƏȅȒɎȒáƏǼɎƺȸɀً!ȒǼǼǣȇ!ȒǼǼƺǕƺ ƺȇƻƺnƏƺǕȸƺǣƳًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔáɵȒȅǣȇǕ» ǝƏǣȸ٣!ٮȒ!ȅɵ0ɀɀǣȇǕɎȒȇً!ƏǼǣǔȒȸȇǣƏ³ɎƏɎƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵًIɖǼǼƺȸɎȒȇ٢ kƏɎáǝǣɎƺǼɵًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔxǣƬǝǣǕƏȇ ǝƏǣȸ٣!ٮȒ!ƏȸȒǼnِRǣǕǝƏȅًÈȇǣɮِȒǔzȒȸɎǝ!ƏȸȒǼǣȇƏƏɎ!ǝƏȸǼȒɎɎƺ٢! JȸƺǕÁǝȒȅȵɀȒȇًhِáǣǼǼƏȸƳxƏȸȸǣȒɎɎnǣƫȸƏȸɵ xƏȸǸhȒǝȇɀȒȇًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔzȒɎȸƺ(Əȅƺ kƏȇɀƏɀ!ǣɎɵٮRƺƏɎǝƺȸ¨ȒȇƬǝƺɎɎǣ(ƏǼɵًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ!ƏǼǣǔȒȸȇǣƏًnȒɀȇǕƺǼƺɀ ³ƏȇƳȸƏ0ȇȸǥȷɖƺɿًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔxǣɀɀȒɖȸǣ ȇƳȸƺɯÁǝȒȅƏɀ(ǣƺɎɿƺǼً!ƺȇɎȸƏǼxǣƬǝǣǕƏȇÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ ³ɎƺɮƺIȒɖȇɎƏǣȇًáƏɀǝǣȇǕɎȒȇ³ɎƏɎƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵàƏȇƬȒɖɮƺȸ ǝƏǣȸ٣!ȅƏǝƏ٢ ƏɎǝƏȸǣȇƺ«ȒǝǣȇǣIȸƏȇǸǼǣȇًÁƺɴƏɀÁƺƬǝÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ hƏɀȒȇRƺȵȵǼƺȸًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔzƺƫȸƏɀǸƏƏɎ! hȒǝȇ«ِJȸƏȅًxǣɀɀȒɖȸǣ³ɎƏɎƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ (ȒɖǕǼƏɀ³ƺƺǔƺǼƳɎً ƏǼǼ³ɎƏɎƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ ȅɵRƏǣȇƺɀًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ!ȒǼȒȸƏƳȒً!ȒǼȒȸƏƳȒ³ȵȸǣȇǕɀ «ƺƫƺƬƬƏáǣȇǕȒًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ!ǣȇƬǣȇȇƏɎǣ hȒȇnƏɖƬǸًxǣƳɯƺɀɎƺȸȇRǣɀɎȒȸɵɀɀȒƬǣƏɎǣȒȇ hِáƺȇƳƺǼ!Ȓɴً(ƏȸɎȅȒɖɎǝ!ȒǼǼƺǕƺnǣƫȸƏȸɵ nǣȇƬȒǼȇٮhƏȅƺɀnƺǣǸƺȸًhȒǝȇɀȒȇ!ȒɖȇɎɵ!ȒȅȅɖȇǣɎɵ!ȒǼǼƺǕƺ xǣǸƏǼ0ƬǸɀɎȸȒȅًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔzƺƫȸƏɀǸƏ xƏɎɎǝƺɯnɖƬǸƺɎɎً!ƏǼǣǔȒȸȇǣƏ³ɎƏɎƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵً(ȒȅǣȇǕɖƺɿRǣǼǼɀ ³ƺƏȇIȸƏǕƏً¨ȸǣȇƬƺɎȒȇÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ ȒȇȇƏ³ƬǝɖƺǼƺً!ƏǼǣǔȒȸȇǣƏ³ɎƏɎƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵًnȒɀȇǕƺǼƺɀ ȸǣƏȇnɖȇƏnɖƬƺȸȒً!ȒǼɖȅƫǣƏÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ) ǝƏǣȸ٣!ƺȇȇ³ɎƏɎƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٢¨ژxƏȸɵ0ِxƺȇƳȒɿƏً ǝƏǣȸ٣!xƏȸǸhȒǝȇɀȒȇًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔzȒɎȸƺ(Əȅƺ٢ ǼǣƳƏ ȒȒȸȇًXȇƳƺȵƺȇƳƺȇɎRǣɀɎȒȸǣƏȇ kƏȸƺȇnƺȒȇǕًȸǣɿȒȇƏ³ɎƏɎƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ ȒǝƺȇًJƺȒȸǕƺɎȒɯȇÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ!ٮ³ǝƺȸǣǼɵȇIƏȸȇƺɀًÁƺɴƏɀ!ǝȸǣɀɎǣƏȇÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ kƏɎǝƺȸǣȇƺ ƺȇɎȒȇ hƺǔǔȸƺɵhȒǝȇɀȒȇً¨ȸȒɮǣƳƺȇƬƺ!ȒǼǼƺǕƺ xǣƬǝƺǼǼƺnȒȸǣȅƺȸً!ƏǼǣǔȒȸȇǣƏ³ɎƏɎƺÈȇǣɮًِ³Əȇ ƺȸȇƏȸƳǣȇȒ ƳɮǣɀȒȸɀɎȒ!«á٥ ǝƏȅȵƏǣǕȇ kƺɮǣȇnƺȒȇƏȸƳًxǣƳƳǼƺÁƺȇȇƺɀɀƺƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ!ٮnǣȇƳɀƏɵxƏȸɀǝƏǼǼًÈȇǣɮِȒǔXǼǼǣȇȒǣɀƏɎÈȸƫƏȇƏ ³ǝƺǼǣƏxƬxƏȇɖɀًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔnƺɎǝƫȸǣƳǕƺ 0ȸȇƺɀɎȒ!ǝƐɮƺɿًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔÁƺɴƏɀً0Ǽ¨ƏɀȒ ƺɎƺȸ ǼȒƳǕƺɎɎًÁǝƺRɖȇɎǣȇǕɎȒȇnǣƫȸƏȸɵ¨ 0ȸǣǸƏ¨ƻȸƺɿًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔȸǣɿȒȇƏ ³ɎƺɮƺȇxِIȒɖȇɎƏǣȇًáƏɀǝǣȇǕɎȒȇ³ɎƏɎƺÈȇǣɮِàƏȇƬȒɖɮƺȸ ǸǼƏǝȒȅƏ xƏȸǣƏ0ِxȒȇɎȒɵƏًzƺɯçȒȸǸÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵۭzçȳǝƏȇǕǝƏǣ ƏɎȸǣƬǣƏnȒɖǕǝǼǣȇًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ!ƺȇɎȸƏǼ¨ ǸǼƏǝȒȅƏ ǼǣƬǣƏ(ƺɯƺɵً ǣȒǼƏÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ ÁȸƏƬǣ ȸɵȇȇƺàȒɵǼƺɀًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ XƳƏǝȒ kƺǼǼɵnɵɎǼƺRƺȸȇƐȇƳƺɿًÈȇǣɮِȒǔ!ƏǼǣǔȒȸȇǣƏًnȒɀȇǕƺǼƺɀٮxȒɀɀً ȸǣǕǝƏȅçȒɖȇǕÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵٮȇƳȸƺƏ«ƏƳǸƺ nǣȇƳɀƺɵáǣƺƬǸً³ɎِxƏȸɵٔɀÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵً³ƏȇȇɎȒȇǣȒ hƺȇȇǣǔƺȸçِxƏƬǣƏɀًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔÈɎƏǝ ƫƺȸǼǣȇ!ȒǼǼƺǕƺ áǣǼǼǣƏȅ(ƺ³ɎƺǔƏȇȒًÁɖƬɀȒȇًȸǣɿȒȇƏ ¨ƏƫǼȒxǣɎƬǝƺǼǼً xƏȸǣƏxɖȸǣǼǼȒًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔÁƺɴƏɀً0Ǽ¨ƏɀȒٮnǣȇƳƏ³ƏȸǕƺȇɎáȒȒƳًzȒȸɎǝƺȸȇȸǣɿȒȇƏÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ nǣȇƏ ǼƳƺȇًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔÈɎƏǝ XƳƏǝȒ (ƏȇǣƺǼǼƺٮxȒɀɀً çÈٮȇƳȸƺƏ«ƏƳǸƺ ƏɎǝǼƺƺȇ!ƏǝǣǼǼً¨ƺȇȇ³ɎƏɎƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ! kƺȇɎ ǼƏȇɀƺɎɎًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔkƏȇɀƏɀ

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ǝƏǣȸًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ!ƺɀɎƺɀɀƏɵȒǔɎǝƺɵƺƏȸȒȇzƏɎǣɮƺȅƺȸǣƬƏȇǝǣɀɎȒȸɵٕÁƏȅȸƏǼƏ³ɯƏǔǔȒȸƳ٢ ٮ׎׎٣דڟȸȸƺǼǼxِJǣƫɀȒȇɯƏȸƳ٢ nǣȇƬȒǼȇ٣ًnǣɿƏ ǼƏƬǸ٢XȇƳǣƏȇƏÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ ǼȒȒȅǣȇǕɎȒȇ٣ٮxƏȸɵǼƏȇƳ٣ًxƏȸǕƏȸƺɎhƏƬȒƫɀ٢ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔzƺƫȸƏɀǸƏ ژ ǝƏǣȸًzȒȸɎǝ(ƏǸȒɎƏ³ɎƏɎƺ!ƺɀɎƏȸɎǣƬǼƺȒȇɎǝƺǝǣɀɎȒȸɵȒǔȸƺǼǣǕǣȒȇǣȇɎǝƺáƺɀɎٕxƏȸǸRƏȸɮƺɵ٢ ٮ׎׎٣דڟȸɖƬǝƏ¨ȸǣɿƺ٢¨ٮȸȸǣȇǕɎȒȇ ȸǣǕǝƏȅçȒɖȇǕÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٣ً³ɎƺɮƺȇɮƺǼǼƏ٢xƏȸȷɖƺɎɎƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٣ ȸǣƏȇªِ!ƏȇȇȒȇ٢ ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٣ً ژ ƺɀɎɀɎɖƳƺȇɎƺɀɀƏɵȵɖƫǼǣɀǝƺƳǣȇɎǝƺáƺɀɎƺȸȇRǣɀɎȒȸǣƬƏǼªɖƏȸɎƺȸǼɵٕÁǝƺ ٮ׏ً׎׎׎٣ڟƺȸɎxِIǣȸƺȅƏȇۭhƏȇƺɎIǣȸƺȅƏȇɯƏȸƳ٢ áRª ȒƏȸƳȒǔ0ƳǣɎȒȸɀɀƺǼƺƬɎɀɎǝƺƏɯƏȸƳȸƺƬǣȵǣƺȇɎ ژ ǝƏǣȸًȸǣɿȒȇƏ³ɎƏɎƺ!ƺɀɎǴȒɖȸȇƏǼƏȸɎǣƬǼƺȒȇ³ȵƏȇǣɀǝ ȒȸƳƺȸǼƏȇƳɀǝǣɀɎȒȸɵٕhɖǼǣƏȇnǣȅ٢ ٮ׎׎٣דڟɖɎɎƺȸɯƏȸƳ٢!ٮȒǼɎȒȇ ȸǣȇƬƺɎȒȇÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٣ًhƏȇƺɎIǣȸƺȅƏȇ٢XȇƳƺȵƺȇƳƺȇɎRǣɀɎȒȸǣƏȇ٣¨ȒɀǣȇƏnȒɿƏȇȒ٢»ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٣ً ژ ǝƏǣȸً!ƺɀɎƏȸɎǣƬǼƺȒȇɯȒȅƺȇƏȇƳǕƺȇƳƺȸǣȇɎǝƺzȒȸɎǝȅƺȸǣƬƏȇáƺɀɎٕ!ǝƺǼɀƺƏxƺƏƳ٢ ٮ׎׎٣דڟxǣǼǼƺȸɯƏȸƳ٢ٮhƺȇɀƺȇ nǣȇƬȒǼȇ٣ًhƺȇȇǣǔƺȸRȒǼǼƏȇƳ٢ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔٮxǣȇȇƺɀȒɎƏ³ɎƏɎƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵًxƏȇǸƏɎȒ٣ًkƏɎȸǣȇƏhƏǕȒƳǣȇɀǸɵ٢ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔzƺƫȸƏɀǸƏ ǸǼƏǝȒȅƏ٣ ژ ƺɀɎƏȸɎǣƬǼƺȒȇɀɎƏɎƺًȵȸȒɮǣȇƬǣƏǼًȒȸɎƺȸȸǣɎȒȸǣƏǼǝǣɀɎȒȸɵǣȇzȒȸɎǝȅƺȸǣƬƏٕhȒǝȇxȒȇȇƺɎɎ ٮ׎׎٣דڟxǣƬǝƏƺǼ¨ِxƏǼȒȇƺɯƏȸƳ٢ ȒǼȒȸƏƳȒ³ɎƏɎƺ!ȸɀǣ٢ ȒȇȇȒȸ٢ǼƫɖȷɖƺȸȷɖƺًzƺɯxƺɴǣƬȒ٣ًhƏȸƺƳ!ټ ƏȸȒǼɵȇ!ǝƏǣȸًxƺɎȸȒȵȒǼǣɎƏȇ³ɎƏɎƺÈȇǣɮِȒǔ(ƺȇɮƺȸ٣ً!٢ ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٣ ژ ƺɀɎƏȸɎǣƬǼƺȵɖƫǼǣɀǝƺƳǣȇɎǝƺáƺɀɎƺȸȇRǣɀɎȒȸǣƬƏǼªɖƏȸɎƺȸǼɵٕÁǝƺáRª ȒƏȸƳȒǔ0ƳǣɎȒȸɀ ׎׎٣٫דڟِáǣȇɎǝƺȸɯƏȸƳ٢ ɀƬƏȸ ɀƺǼƺƬɎɀɎǝƺƏɯƏȸƳȸƺƬǣȵǣƺȇɎ ژ ƺɀɎǴȒɖȸȇƏǼƏȸɎǣƬǼƺǣȇáƺɀɎƺȸȇǝǣɀɎȒȸɵًȇȒɎȵɖƫǼǣɀǝƺƳǣȇɎǝƺáƺɀɎƺȸȇRǣɀɎȒȸǣƬƏǼ ׎׎٣٫דڟƏɵǼǼƺȇ ǣǼǼǣȇǕɎȒȇɯƏȸƳ٢» ȸǣȇƬƺɎȒȇÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٣ًIǼƏȇȇƺȸɵ¨áǣǼǼǣƏȅɀ٢ٮƺɎǝnƺɯ ǝƏǣȸًxƺɎȸȒȵȒǼǣɎƏȇ³ɎƏɎƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ(ƺȇɮƺȸ٣ً!ªɖƏȸɎƺȸǼɵٕxƺǕIȸǣɀƫƺƺ٢ ɖȸǸƺ٢³ɎِnȒɖǣɀÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٣ ژ ǝƏǣȸًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ!ƺɀɎƏȸɎǣƬǼƺȒȇȸƏƬƺǣȇɎǝƺzȒȸɎǝȅƺȸǣƬƏȇáƺɀɎٕxƏȸǣƏ«ƏȷɖƺǼ!ƏɀƏɀ٢ ٮ׎׎٣דڟàǣƬǸǣnِ«ɖǣɿɯƏȸƳ٢ zƺɮƏƳƏًnƏɀàƺǕƏɀ٣ًIƏȸǣȇƏkǣȇǕ٢zȒȸɎǝƺƏɀɎƺȸȇ³ɎƏɎƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٣ًkǝƏǼǣǼȇɎǝȒȇɵhȒǝȇɀȒȇ٢áƺɀǼƺɵƏȇÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٣ ȅȒȇɎǝȸƺɀƺƏȸƬǝǔƺǼǼȒɯɀǝǣȵƏɎÁǝƺٮƺɀɎȵȸȒȵȒɀƏǼǔȒȸƏȒȇƺ ׎׎٣٫דًבڟáRxƏȸɎǣȇ«ǣƳǕƺIƺǼǼȒɯɀǝǣȵ٢ٮRɖȇɎǣȇǕɎȒȇ ǼƏȸƺȅȒȇɎ!³ǝƺǼɎȒȇ٢ٮǝƏǣȸًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔȸǣɿȒȇƏ٣ًÁƏȅƏȸƏàƺȇǣɎ!RɖȇɎǣȇǕɎȒȇnǣƫȸƏȸɵǣȇ³ƏȇxƏȸǣȇȒً!ƏǼǣǔȒȸȇǣƏٕ0ȸǣǸƏً¨ƻȸƺɿ٢ xƬkƺȇȇƏ!ȒǼǼƺǕƺ٣ًáǣǼǼǣƏȅ(ƺɮƺȸƺǼǼ٢ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ³ȒɖɎǝƺȸȇ!ƏǼǣǔȒȸȇǣƏ٣ ژ ƺɀɎƬȒȇɎȸǣƫɖɎǣȒȇɎȒƏƫȸȒƏƳƺȸȵɖƫǼǣƬȸƺǔǼƺƬɎǣȒȇƏȇƳƏȵȵȸƺƬǣƏɎǣȒȇȒǔɎǝƺȵƏɀɎȒȸɀƺȸɮƺɀ ׏ً׎׎׎٣٫ڟɖɎȸɵ¨ɖƫǼǣƬRǣɀɎȒȸɵ¨ȸǣɿƺ٢ ƺȇhȒǝȇɀȒȇ٢nȒɵȒǼƏ ǝƏǣȸًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔȸǣɿȒȇƏ٣ً!ƏɀƏȅȒƳƺǼȒǔȵȸȒǔƺɀɀǣȒȇƏǼȵɖƫǼǣƬǝǣɀɎȒȸɵȵȸƏƬɎǣƬƺٕ«ȒǕƺȸzǣƬǝȒǼɀ٢ ǝƏȵƺǼRǣǼǼ٣!ٮÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٣ًkƏɎǝȸɵȇxƬkƺƺً٢kƺȇƏȇXȇɀɎǣɎɖɎƺًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔzȒȸɎǝ!ƏȸȒǼǣȇƏ ژ ǝƏǣȸًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔzƺɯ!³ɿƏɀɿ٢ٮƺɀɎƫȒȒǸȒǔɎǝƺɵƺƏȸǣȇáƺɀɎƺȸȇRǣɀɎȒȸɵٕxƏȸǕƏȸƺɎ!ȒȇȇƺǼǼ ׎׎٣٫דًאڟƏɖǕǝƺɵáR¨ȸǣɿƺ٢! xƺɴǣƬȒ٣ًȇƳȸƻɀ«ƺɀƻȇƳƺɿ٢ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ!ƏǼǣǔȒȸȇǣƏً(Əɮǣɀ٣ًnȒɖǣɀáƏȸȸƺȇ٢ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ!ƏǼǣǔȒȸȇǣƏً(Əɮǣɀ٣ ژ ǝƏǣȸً!ƺɀɎȇȒȇǔǣƬɎǣȒȇƫȒȒǸȒȇ³ȒɖɎǝɯƺɀɎƺȸȇȅƺȸǣƬƏٕJƏȸɵ!ǼƏɵɎȒȇȇƳƺȸɀȒȇ٢ ׎׎٣٫דًאڟǼƺȅƺȇɎɀ¨ȸǣɿƺ٢!ٮƏɮǣƳhِáƺƫƺȸ) ǸǼƏǝȒȅƏ٣ً0ȅǣǼɵnɖɎƺȇɀǸǣ٢³ɎِnȒɖǣɀÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٣ً³ɎƺɮƺȇRƏƬǸƺǼ٢ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ!ƏǼǣǔȒȸȇǣƏً«ǣɮƺȸɀǣƳƺ٣ ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ ژ ǝƏǣȸً!ƺɀɎƫȒȒǸƬƺȇɎƺȸǣȇǕXȇƳǣǕƺȇȒɖɀƺȵǣɀɎƺȅȒǼȒǕǣƺɀƏȇƳȵƺȸɀȵƺƬɎǣɮƺɀٕáǣǼǼǣƏȅ Əɖƺȸ٢ ׏ً׎׎׎٣٫ڟȒȇƏǼƳnِIǣɴǣƬȒɯƏȸƳ٢) ƺɎǝ¨ǣƏɎȒɎƺ٢ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ!ƏǼǣǔȒȸȇǣƏً ƺȸǸƺǼƺɵ٣ًxƏɎɎǝƺɯ³ƏǸǣƺɀƺɯƏJǣǼƫƺȸɎ٢ÈȇǣɮِȒǔȸǣɿȒȇƏ٣ ÈȇǣɮِȒǔzƺɮƏƳƏًnƏɀàƺǕƏɀ٣ً ژ ɵƺƏȸáRȅƺȅƫƺȸɀǝǣȵƏȇƳƬȒȅȵǼǣȅƺȇɎƏȸɵƬȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺٮȸǣɿƺȸƺƬǣȵǣƺȇɎɀȸƺƬƺǣɮƺƏȒȇƺ¨áRJȸƏƳɖƏɎƺ³ɎɖƳƺȇɎ¨ȸǣɿƺ٫ ǝƏȅȵƏǣǕȇ٣ً!ٮǝƏǣȸًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔXǼǼǣȇȒǣɀƏɎÈȸƫƏȇƏ!ٮȒ!ǣɎƺȅɀɀɖƬǝƏɀȸƺǕǣɀɎȸƏɎǣȒȇƏȇƳǼȒƳǕǣȇǕٕnǣȇƳɀƏɵ0ȸǣȇxƏȸɀǝƏǼǼ٢ ǝƏǣȸًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔȸǣɿȒȇƏ٣³ِ(ƺƫȒȸƏǝkƏȇǕ٢ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔÁƺɴƏɀƏɎ(ƏǼǼƏɀ٣ًIƏɯȇȅƫƺȸxȒȇɎȒɵƏ!ٮȒ!kƏɎǝƺȸǣȇƺxȒȸȸǣɀɀƺɵ٢ ٢hƏȅƺɀxƏƳǣɀȒȇÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٣ًkƺɮǣȇِnƺȒȇƏȸƳ٢xǣƳƳǼƺÁƺȇȇƺɀɀƺƺ³ɎƏɎƺÈȇǣɮِ٣ًnǣȵǣȇǕñǝɖ٢0ƏɀɎƺȸȇáƏɀǝǣȇǕɎȒȇÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٣ ƺɀɎɀǣǕȇǣǔǣƬƏȇɎƫǣƫǼǣȒǕȸƏȵǝɵȒȸȸƺɀƺƏȸƬǝɎȒȒǼȒȇƏȇɵƏɀȵƺƬɎȒǔɎǝƺȅƺȸǣƬƏȇ ׎׎٣٫דڟ٣ɯƏȸƳ٢ nX!ٮ! ɯǣǕǝɎnِ³ȅǣɎǝ٢) ƺɎƺȸ ǼȒƳǕƺɎɎ¨ǝƏǣȸً ȸǣǕǝƏȅçȒɖȇǕÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٣ً0ȸǣǸƏ ɀɖȅƺǸ٢ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔÁƺɴƏɀƏɎɖɀɎǣȇ٣ً!áƺɀɎٕ ȸƺȇƳƺȇ«ƺȇɀǣȇǸ٢ ٢ÁǝƺRɖȇɎǣȇǕɎȒȇnǣƫȸƏȸɵ٣ ǝƏǣȸًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔɎǝƺ!áǣǼǼǣƏȅ³ɯƏǕƺȸɎɵ٢ژƺɀɎƫȒȒǸȒȇáƺɀɎƺȸȇ0ȇɮǣȸȒȇȅƺȇɎƏǼRǣɀɎȒȸɵٕ ׎׎٣٫דڟRƏǼkِ«ȒɎǝȅƏȇɯƏȸƳ٢ ³ƏȸƏǝ(ƏȇɎ٢áƺƫƺȸ³ɎƏɎƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٣ًȇȇǣƺJǣǼƫƺȸɎ!ȒǼƺȅƏȇ٢ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔzȒɎȸƺ(Əȅƺ٣ژƏƬǣǔǣƬ٣ً¨ ǝƏǣȸًáƏǼƳƺȇÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٣ً!ƺɀɎǣǼǼɖɀɎȸƏɎƺƳƫȒȒǸȒȇɎǝƺȅƺȸǣƬƏȇáƺɀɎٕ³Ɏƺɮƺȇ(Əȇɮƺȸ٢ ׎׎٣٫דڟhȒƏȇ¨ƏɎƺȸɀȒȇkƺȸȸɯƏȸƳ٢ ǸǼƏǝȒȅƏ٣ ƏȸȒǼ!ǼƏȸǸ٢ȅǝƺȸɀɎ!ȒǼǼƺǕƺ٣ًǼǣɀȒȇIǣƺǼƳɀ٢ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ! ژ ǝƏǣȸً³ɎȒȇɵ!ƺɀɎƫȒȒǸȒȇɎǝƺɎȒȵǣƬȒǔzȒȸɎǝȅƺȸǣƬƏȇXȇƳǣƏȇ0ɎǝȇȒǝǣɀɎȒȸɵٕ¨ƏɖǼkƺǼɎȒȇ٢ ׎׎٣٫דڟhȒǝȇ!ِ0ɯƺȸɀɯƏȸƳ٢ ƏɮǣƳ«ِxِ ƺƬǸ٢ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔxȒȇɎƏȇƏ٣ًkƺȇɎ ǼƏȇɀƺɎɎ٢ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔkƏȇɀƏɀ٣)ȸȒȒǸÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٣ً ژ ǝƏǣȸًÈȇǣɮِȒǔ!ƏǼǣǔȒȸȇǣƏً³Əȇ(ǣƺǕȒ٣ً!ƺȇɎɖȸɵáƺɀɎٕ«ȒɀɀIȸƏȇǸ٢!ٮ׎ɎǝאƺɀɎƫȒȒǸȒȇɎǝƺ ׏ً׎׎׎٣٫ڟȒƫƺȸɎJِɎǝƺƏȸȇɯƏȸƳ٢» ȒɖǕǼƏɀ³ƏƬǸȅƏȇ٢ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ¨ɖǕƺɎ³ȒɖȇƳ٣ً³ǝƺȸȸɵ³ȅǣɎǝ٢³ȒɖɎǝƺȸȇxƺɎǝȒƳǣɀɎÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٣) ژ ƺɀɎƫȒȒǸȒȇȅǣǼǣɎƏȸɵǝǣɀɎȒȸɵȒǔɎǝƺǔȸȒȇɎǣƺȸƏȇƳɯƺɀɎƺȸȇzȒȸɎǝȅƺȸǣƬƏٕáǣǼǼǣƏȅkǣɀƺȸ ׎׎٣٫דڟȒƫƺȸɎxِÈɎǼƺɵɯƏȸƳ٢» ³ƏȇȇɎȒȇǣȒ٣ًȸǣkƺǼȅƏȇ٢ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ!ƏǼǣǔȒȸȇǣƏً(Əɮǣɀ٣ً³ǝƏȇȇȒȇ³ȅǣɎǝ٢ɎǝǣȇǸáçáɵȒȅǣȇǕٮǝƏǣȸًÁƺɴƏɀۭxÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ!٢ RɖȅƏȇǣɎǣƺɀ!ȒɖȇƬǣǼ٣ ژ ǝƏǣȸًxƺɎȸȒȵȒǼǣɎƏȇ!ƺɀɎƫȒȒǸȒȇɎǝƺǝǣɀɎȒȸɵȒǔɎǝƺ¨ƏƬǣǔǣƬáƺɀɎٕhȒɵ³ƬǝɖǼɿ٢ ׎׎٣٫דڟɯƺȇɀɯƏȸƳ٢ kƺȇȇƺɎǝzِۭ³ƏǼǼɵ ȒǼǼÁǝȸɖɀǝ٢ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ ȸǣɎǣɀǝ!ǼǣǔǔȒȸƳÁȸƏǔɿƺȸ٢ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ!ƏǼǣǔȒȸȇǣƏً«ǣɮƺȸɀǣƳƺ٣ً!ȒȅȅɖȇǣɎɵ!ȒǼǼƺǕƺًzƺƫȸƏɀǸƏ٣ً! ȒǼɖȅƫǣƏ٣! ژ ǝƏǣȸً!ƺɀɎǔǣȸɀɎȵɖƫǼǣɀǝƺƳƫȒȒǸȒȇɎǝƺȅƺȸǣƬƏȇáƺɀɎٕxƏɎɎǝƺɯJƏȸȸƺɎɎ٢ ׎׎٣٫ד׏ًڟáِÁɖȸȸƺȇɎǣȇƺhƏƬǸɀȒȇɯƏȸƳ٢ Ȓǝƺȇ٢JƺȒȸǕƺɎȒɯȇÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٣ًkƏȸƺȇxƺȸȸǣǼǼ٢áǣǼǼǣƏȅɀ!ȒǼǼƺǕƺ٣!ٮƏǸƺȸɀǔǣƺǼƳ!ȒǼǼƺǕƺ٣ًkƏɎǝƺȸǣȇƺ ƺȇɎȒȇ ژ ɖɎɀɎƏȇƳǣȇǕɀƺȸɮǣƬƺɎȒɎǝƺǔǣƺǼƳȒǔáƺɀɎƺȸȇRǣɀɎȒȸɵƏȇƳɎǝƺáRٕhƏɵRِ ɖƬǸǼƺɵ JȒȸƳȒȇxِ ƏǸǸƺȇɯƏȸƳȒǔxƺȸǣɎ٫ ƏɎȸǣƬǣƏzِnǣȅƺȸǣƬǸ٢ÈȇǣɮِȒǔ!ȒǼȒȸƏƳȒ ȒɖǼƳƺȸ٣¨ǝƏǣȸً ȸǣǕǝƏȅçȒɖȇǕÈȇǣɮِ٣ًàǣȸǕǣȇǣƏ³ƬǝƏȸǔǔ٢ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔzƺɯxƺɴǣƬȒ٣ً!٢ ژ ׎RȒȇȒȸƏȸɵnǣǔƺɎǣȅƺxƺȅƫƺȸɀǝǣȵɀɯǣǼǼא׎אRȒȇȒȸƏȸɵnǣǔƺɎǣȅƺxƺȅƫƺȸɀǝǣȵ٫ɯƏȸƳƺƳƏȇȇɖƏǼǼɵƫɵɎǝƺáR¨ȸƺɀǣƳƺȇɎِÁǝƺ ׎¨ȸƺɀǣƳƺȇɎ(ƏɮǣƳáȸȒƫƺǼא׎אƫƺɀƺǼƺƬɎƺƳƫɵ ژژ ɎƺƏƬǝƺȸɀǣȇɀɎȸɖƬɎǣȇǕɎǝƺȅƺȸǣƬƏȇáƺɀɎٕnǣȇƳɀƏɵא׏ٮ׎׎٣٫ɯƏȸƳɀȸƺƬȒǕȇǣɿǣȇǕkדڟǝƏȸǼƺɀ«ƺƳƳ!ƺȇɎƺȸÁƺƏƬǝǣȇǕɯƏȸƳ٢! ƺɎƺȸ ǼȒƳǕƺɎɎ٢Áǝƺ¨ǝƏȅȵƏǣǕȇ٣ًáǣǼǼǣƏȅ(ƺ³ɎƺǔƏȇȒ٢ÁɖƬɀȒȇًȸǣɿȒȇƏ٣ً!ٮǝƏǣȸًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔXǼǼǣȇȒǣɀƏɎÈȸƫƏȇƏ!0ȸǣȇxƏȸɀǝƏǼǼ٢ ǣȒǼƏÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٣ ǸǼƏǝȒȅƏ٣ًǼǣƬǣƏ(ƺɯƺɵ٢ ƏɎȸǣƬǣƏnȒɖǕǝǼǣȇ٢ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ!ƺȇɎȸƏǼ¨RɖȇɎǣȇǕɎȒȇnǣƫȸƏȸɵ٣ً ژ ׎׎٣٫ɯƏȸƳɀɎȒɀɖȵȵȒȸɎXȇƳǣƏȇɀɎɖƳƺȇɎƬȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺƏɎɎƺȇƳƏȇƬƺٕhɖǼǣƺnِ«ƺƺƳדڟXȇƳǣƏȇ³ɎɖƳƺȇɎ!ȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺ³ƬǝȒǼƏȸɀǝǣȵ٢ ǝƏǣȸً¨ƺȇȇɀɵǼɮƏȇǣƏ³ɎƏɎƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٣ًǼƺɴƏȇƳȸƏRƏȸȅȒȇ٢ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔáƏɀǝǣȇǕɎȒȇ٣ًxƏȸǕƏȸƺɎRɖƺɎɎǼً٢ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ!٢ nǣȇƬȒǼȇ٣ٮzƺƫȸƏɀǸƏ ژ ژ׎׎٣٫ɯƏȸƳɎȒɀɖȵȵȒȸɎƏɎɎƺȇƳƏȇƬƺȒǔƏȵɖƫǼǣƬǝǣɀɎȒȸǣƏȇɎȒɎǝƺáRƬȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺٕדڟnȒɖǣɀƺ¨ɖƫȒǼɀ¨ɖƫǼǣƬRǣɀɎȒȸɵ¨ȸǣɿƺ٢ ǝƏǣȸًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔxǣȇȇƺɀȒɎƏ٣ًÁǝƺȸƺɀƏ³ƏǼƏɿƏȸ٢Áǝƺ ƏȇƬȸȒǔɎnǣƫȸƏȸɵًÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ!ƏǼǣǔȒȸȇǣƏً ƺȸǸƺǼƺɵ٣ًȅɵ!ƏɮǣƳ!ǝƏȇǕ٢) ³ƬȒɎɎً٢ɖɎȸɵxɖɀƺɖȅȒǔɎǝƺȅƺȸǣƬƏȇáƺɀɎ٣ ژ ǝƏǣȸًÈȇǣɮِȒǔxǣɀɀȒɖȸǣً!׎׎٣٫ɯƏȸƳɀɎȒɀɖȵȵȒȸɎǕȸƏƳɖƏɎƺɀɎɖƳƺȇɎȸƺɀƺƏȸƬǝٕ³ƏȇƳȸƏ0ȇȸǥȷɖƺɿ٢דڟ³ƏȸƏhƏƬǸɀȒȇɯƏȸƳ٢ ȅƏȸàƏǼƺȸǣȒhǣȅƻȇƺɿ٢ÈȇǣɮِȒǔÁƺɴƏɀƏɎ³ƏȇȇɎȒȇǣȒ٣ًkƏȸǣƏȇȇçȒǸȒɎƏ٢ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ!ȒǼȒȸƏƳȒ(ƺȇɮƺȸ٣ kƏȇɀƏɀ!ǣɎɵ٣ً ژ xȒȇǣǸƏژ׎׎٣٫ɯƏȸƳɎȒɀɖȵȵȒȸɎǕȸƏƳɖƏɎƺɀɎɖƳƺȇɎƬȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺƏɎɎƺȇƳƏȇƬƺٕדڟXɮƺȸɀȒȇ!ȒȇǔƺȸƺȇƬƺ³ƬǝȒǼƏȸɀǝǣȵ٢ٮÁȸƺȇȇƺȸɎ ɴǔȒȸƳÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٣ ƺǸǸƏRƟȅƟǼƟǣȇƺȇ٢¨ژxȒȇǣƬƏ«ǣƬȒ٢nƏɯȸƺȇƬƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٣ًژJǣǼƫƺȸɎ!Ȓȅȅِ!ȒǼǼƺǕƺ٣ًٮǝƏǣȸً!ǝƏȇƳǼƺȸ!ǣǼǸƏ٢ ژ ǝƏǣȸً!׎׎٣٫ɯƏȸƳɎȒɀɖȵȵȒȸɎƳǣɀɀƺȸɎƏɎǣȒȇȸƺɀƺƏȸƬǝٕJȸƺǕȒȸɵ³ȅǣɎǝƺȸɀ٢ד׏ًڟáƏǼɎƺȸ«ɖȇƳƺǼǼJȸƏƳɖƏɎƺ³ɎɖƳƺȇɎɯƏȸƳ٢ ǝȒƺƫƺçȒɖȇǕ٢ÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ!ȒǼȒȸƏƳȒ ȒɖǼƳƺȸ٣¨ǣƬƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵ٣ً»IƏɵçƏȸƫȸȒɖǕǝ٢ژàǣȸǕǣȇǣƏ!ȒȅȅȒȇɯƺƏǼɎǝÈȇǣɮِ٣ً ًו׎׏אnƺƏǝ!ƏȸǕǣȇǴȒǣȇƺƳɎǝƺȒǔǔǣƬƺɀɎƏǔǔƏɀɎǝƺáR0ɴƺƬɖɎǣɮƺɀɀǣɀɎƏȇɎǣȇɖǕɖɀɎ ȒȇƺȅȒȇɎǝƏǔɎƺȸɎǝƺȒȸǕƏȇǣɿƏɎǣȒȇȅȒɮƺƳǔȸȒȅǼƏɀǸƏɎȒzƺƫȸƏɀǸƏِnȒȒǸǣȇǕƫƏƬǸً ɯƺƏȸƺƬƺȸɎƏǣȇɀǝƺǝƏƳȇȒǣƳƺƏɯǝƏɎɀǝƺɯƏɀɯƏǼǸǣȇǕǣȇɎȒِǔɎƺȸɎǝȸƺƺɵƺƏȸɀǣȇɎǝǣɀ ȵȒɀǣɎǣȒȇًǣɎǣɀƬǼƺƏȸǝȒɯǣȇɀɎȸɖȅƺȇɎƏǼnƺƏǝƫƺƬƏȅƺɎȒɎǝƺȒȸǕƏȇǣɿƏɎǣȒȇِRƺȸǣƳƺƏɀً ȵƏɎǣƺȇƬƺًƺȇƺȸǕɵًƏȇƳǝƏȸƳɯȒȸǸǔȒȸǕƺƳȇƺɯȵƏɎǝɀǔȒȸɎǝƺáRٔɀƏƫǣǼǣɎɵɎȒǕȸȒɯ ƏȇƳ ƺɴȵƏȇƳِ áǝǣǼƺ nƺƏǝ ǣɀً ɯǣɎǝȒɖɎ Ə ƳȒɖƫɎً Ə ɀǸǣǼǼƺƳ ǼƺƏƳƺȸً ɀǝƺ ǣɀ ƏǼɀȒ Ə ɎƺƏȅ ȵǼƏɵƺȸًƏɀɖȵȵȒȸɎǣɮƺȵƺƺȸًƏȇƳɯȒȇƳƺȸǔɖǼɎȒɯȒȸǸɯǣɎǝِáƺƬƏȇȇȒɎɯƏǣɎɎȒɀƺƺɯǝƏɎ ǼǣƺɀƏǝƺƏƳǔȒȸǝƺȸǔɖɎɖȸƺǣȇɎǝƺǝǣɀɎȒȸɵȵȸȒǔƺɀɀǣȒȇƏɀɀǝƺȵɖȸɀɖƺɀƏ¨ǝِ(ِǣȇnƏɎǣȇ ǸǼƏǝȒȅƏِ ȅƺȸǣƬƏȇRǣɀɎȒȸɵƏɎɎǝƺÈȇǣɮƺȸɀǣɎɵȒǔ

áƺƏȸƺȵȒɀǣɎǣɮƺɎǝƏɎȅƏȇɵًȅƏȇɵȒɎǝƺȸɀǴȒǣȇɖɀǣȇɎǝƏȇǸǣȇǕɵȒɖǔȒȸɎǝƺɀƺɵƺƏȸɀȒǔ ɀƺȸɮǣƬƺƏȇƳƳƺƳǣƬƏɎǣȒȇɎȒɎ ǝƺáƺɀɎƺȸȇRǣɀɎȒȸɵɀɀȒƬǣƏɎǣȒȇًƏȇƳȒǔǔƺȸɵȒɖɎǝƺƫƺɀɎ ȒǔɯǣɀǝƺɀǔȒȸɵȒɖȸǔɖɎɖȸƺِÁǝƏȇǸɵȒɖًnƺƏǝًƏȇƳǕȒȒƳǼɖƬǸٍ

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Ebook editions available from your favorite ebook retailer. University Press of Kansas Phone (785) 864-4155 • Fax (785) 864-4586 • www.kansaspress.ku.edu “In honor of CWWH’s remarkable leaders past and present.” Coalition for Western Women’s History ĞůĞďƌĂƟŶŐϯϱzĞĂƌƐĂŶĚůůŽĨƚŚĞŽŶŽƌƐǁŚŽZĂŝƐĞĚΨϰϲ͕ϭϭϬ ƚŽŽŶƟŶƵĞƚŚĞĚǀŽĐĂĐLJĂŶĚWƌŽŐƌĂŵŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞtt,͊dŚĂŶŬzŽƵ͊ Benny Andrés, Jr. Elizabeth Escobedo Sarah Janda Valerie L. Mathes Monica Rico Susan Armitage John Faragher Susan Lee Johnson Sheila McManus Marc S. Rodriguez Stephen Aron Mark Fiege Ruth and William Jones Mary E. Mendoza Molly Rozum Matt Basso Lori Flores Deborah S. Kang Laurie Mercier Honor Sachs Peter J. Blodgett Winifred Gallagher Suzzanne Kelley Clyde Milner Gianna May Sanchez John Porter Bloom Dee Garceau Ari Kelman and Carol O’Connor Martha Sandweiss Kristin Mapel Bloomberg Lynne Getz Holly Arnold Kinney Maria E. Montoya Virginia Schar Peter Boag Ti any González Nancy Tystad Koupal Katherine G. Morrissey Caroline Schimmel Allyson Brantley Joanne Goodwin Susan Kwiatkowski Kathryn Morse Amy Scott Kathleen Brosnan Susan Gray Renée Laegreid James Naylor Patricia Scott Cathleen Cahill Tracey Hanshew Lori Ann Lahlum Kathi Nehls Shannon Smith Margie Brown-Coronel Amanda Hendrix-Komoto Michael J. Lansing Elaine Nelson Sherry Smith Rebekah Crowe Markku Henriksson and Nina Clark Alexandra Nickliss Christina Snyder Micaela Cruce Jennifer Holland Karen Leong R. Bruce Parham Taylor Spence Donna Culhane-Eberenz Geo Hunt Patty Limerick Paula Petrik Kathleen Underwood and Wayne Eberenz Rebecca Hunt Alessandra La Rocca Link Charlene Porsild Maria Vallejo Janine Dorsey Anne Hyde Patricia Loughlin Cynthia Prescott Melody Miyamoto Walters Kathleen DuVal Margaret Jacobs Kathryn MacKay Julie Reed Marsha Weisiger Linda English Katrina Jagodinsky Michelle M. Martin Akim Reinhardt David Wrobel Sandra I. Enríquez Elizabeth Jameson

“In honor of CWWH and its enduring contribu- A Special THANK YOU tions to the study of western American history.” to longtime Coalition member and Western historian and collector “For all of the westerners who agitated for Caroline Schimmel, who generously women’s su rage.” matched every dollar raised by October 18, 2019. “In honor of founding foremothers.”

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. . For nearly seventy years, the Yale Collection o Western Americana at the Beinecke Library has helped scholars rom around the world better understand the history o the American West. The collection consists o some orty thousand printed works, our thousand catalogued manuscript collections, thousands o vintage photographs, and hundreds o prints, watercolors, and paintings that document the history and culture o Native American communities as well as the European and American exploration and settlement o the Trans-Mississippi West rom Mexico to the Arctic Circle. Each year new purchases and gi s add depth and breadth to the collection, allowing it to respond flexibly to current trends in scholarship and to continue to serve not only Yale students and aculty but graduate students and senior scholars rom America and abroad.

The Beinecke Library o‚ers generous ellowships to support research in its collections. To learn more about ellowships or visiting graduate students and or visiting postdoctoral scholars, please visit the library’s website at beinecke.library.yale.edu.

WHA 2020 – PARTICIPANT INDEX LAS VEGAS 2019

A Booth, Ryan W. 52 Cho, Heesoo 48 Aguilar, Emiliano 50 Boucher-Giago, Randilynn 43 Christensen, Hannah Marie 51 Aguirre, Michael D. 33 Boudreau, Joan 47 Christianson, Frank 31 Akande, Issac 32 Boutin-Bloomberg, Eric 28 Churchwell, Megan 44 Alamillo, José M. 50, 53 Bowman, Tim 23 Clark, Cassie 27, 53 Alarid, Michael J. 54 Boxell, Mark 53 Clark, Jerome 43 Alexander, Carrie 33 Boxer, Elise 27, 43 Clemmer, Heather 20 Andersson, Rani-Henrik 26, 36 Bradshaw, Charles 31 Cohan, Dustin 25, 50 Andrella, Jennifer 29 Brandau, Colton John 44 Cole, B. Erin 21, 30 Andrés, Benny J., Jr. 51 Brandt, Louisa R. 51 Coleman, Ronald 51 Anthes, Bill 55 Brandzel, Amy L. 19 Coleman, Sarah Ross 32 Antonovich, Jacqueline Diane 45, 53 Brantley, Allyson P. 21 Coles, Sasha 41, 42 Aquino, Mariel 26 Brégent-Heald, Dominique 45 Collier, Brian S 25, 45 Arata, Laura J. 30 Brilmyer, Gracen M. 33 Compton, Tonia M. 28 Arceo, Verenize 50 Brooks, James F. 29, 50 Corbiere, Alan 44 Arguilez, Ligia A. 48 Brosnan, Kathleen 25 Cordova, Cary 50 Arnold, Laurie 19 Broussard, Albert S. 51 Cornell, Sarah 22 Arnold, Trina 45 Brown, Dmitri 46 Cortez, Jonathan 40 Aron, Stephen 48 Browning, Elizabeth Grennan 36 Cothran, Boyd 29, 36 Arredondo, Gabriela F. 35 Brucken, Carolyn E. 47 Cox, J. Wendel 19, 28 Asaka, Megan 35 Bryant, Jennifer 23 Cox, Shae 48 Aviña, Alexander 21 Bsumek, Erika M. 23, 49 Cozzens, Taylor B. 25 Buckley, Jay H. 47 Craghead, Alexander Benjamin 50 Burke, Flannery 45, 56 Crandall, Maurice 38, 49 B Butcher, Carole 48 Criollo, Manuel 54 Baca, Jacobo D. 30, 47 Butler, Monica L. 44 Crowe, Rebekah 28 Bachhofer, Aaron 40 Buzzard, John Henry 34 Cruce, Micaela Tasha 30, 33 Bacich, Damian 52, 55 Bynum, Katherine 46 Cruz, Theresa 19 Bailey, Beth 25, 45 Cuba, Darold 33 Ball, Chelsea 20 Culver, Lawrence 31 Barba, Paul 45 C Cummings, BJ 36 Barnovi, Mikheil 48 Cadava, Geraldo 33, 43 Barraclough, Laura 31, 40 Cahill, Cathleen D. 22, 27 Basso, Matthew 35 Calvert, Brian 55 D Batten, Nicole 50 Cannon, Brian Q. 30 Dartt, Deana D. 36 Battisti, Danielle 26 Cargin, Leah 30 Davis, Darnella 30 Bauer, William 31, 43 Carlson, Keith Thor 35 De Leon, Adrian 35, 44 Bayne, Brandon 22 Carpenter, Kathryn B. 31 DeLoach, CarrieAnne Simonini 52 Beatty, Dylan Michael 52 Carpenter, Marc James 29 Deloria, Philip J. 24 Begay, Michael Rhae 34 Carpio, Genevieve 40, 51 Demuth, Bathsheba 44 Behnken, Brian 42 Carr, Alan 55 Denetdale, Jennifer 27, 36 Belew, Kathleen 19 Carr Childers, Leisl 51 Denison, Brandi 41 Benson, Emily 51 Carroll, Kara 44 de Vera, Samantha Q 51 Benton-Cohen, Katherine 39, 53 Carter, Bryan 26 Deverell, William 24 Bergh, Heather 47 Cartwright, Brad 56 Dewey, Alicia M. 34 Berk, Adina Popescu 32 Casas, María Raquél 42 Diaz, Angel 28 Bernstein, Matthew Scott 34 Castañeda, Antonia 35 Díaz, George T. 51 Biro Walters, Jordan 40 Celani, Lawrence 48 DiPrince, Dawn 39 Bishop, Stephen 19 Celinscak, Mark 48 DiPuccio, Nicholas Gianfranco 48 Black, Liza 51, 54 Chambers, Lorena 27 Dobak, William A. 52 Black, Megan A. 36 Chappell, Ben 20 Dobrow, Joe 31 Blansett, Kent 24, 39 Chávez, Ernesto 29 Dodd, Douglas W. 34 Blodgett, Peter 19, 24, 43 Chávez, John 41 Dodge, Neil 38 Blum Martinez, Rebecca 45 Chavez, Yve 36 Dudziak, Mary L. 44 Blyth, Lance R. 44 Chavez Lamar, Cynthia 39 Duncan, Lisa E. 19 Boag, Peter 30, 55 Chiang, Connie 34 Dunnahoo, Janice 33 Bobadilla, Eladio Benjamin 32, 39 Childers, Michael W. 24, 41 Duran, Veronica Nohemi 21 Boorn, Alida 33 Chintaram, Vinna 39 Durante, Dawn 32

#WHA020 95 WHA 2020 – PARTICIPANT INDEX LAS VEGAS 2019

E Gonzales, Jackie 26, 34 Hill, Carly 52 Eagle, Viki 24 Gonzales, Moises R. 32, 38 Hill, Matthew J. 26 Earl, A.J. 40 González, Gabriela 21 Hill, Matthew Joseph 30 Eby, Beth 20 González, Sergio M. 32 Hinojosa, Felipe 54 Einarsdóttir, Thorgerdur J. 55 González, Tiffany Jasmin 22, 27 Hobart, Hi’ilei Julia 44 Ellis, Elizabeth 44 González Alba, Álvaro 55 Holland, Dash 40 Ellstrand, Nathan 21, 50 Goodkind, Jessica 19 Holland, Jennifer L. 19 England, Jon 49 Goodman, Adam 32 Holscher, Kathleen 22 English, Linda 45 Gow, William 35, 50 Hong, Jane 43 Enríquez, Sandra I. 21, 53 Gram, John R. 43, 49 Hood, Jackie 19 Esquivel, Nahomi Linda 21 Grant, Daniel Aaron 22 Hooper, Niels 32 Estes, Nick 19 Grauer, Michael R. 46 Hope, Jeanelle K. 35 Estrada Calderón, Maribel 41, 50 Gregg, Sarah M. 23 Horoshko, Sonja 43 Gregory, James Patrick 22, 56 Hosmer, Brian 35 Griffin, Erin 43 Howe, Mark L. 24 F Guerra, Santiago Ivan 50 Hudson, Lynn 45 Fairchild, Jonathan Robert 30 Guise, Holly 44 Huettl, Margaret 22 Fajardo, Stephanie Teodocio 36 Gump, James Oliver 31 Hunt, Alex 46 Farmer, Jared 55 Gunter, Rachel Michelle 26 Hunt, Geoffrey 52 Farnes, Sherilyn 40, 42 Gutiérrez, David 41 Hunt, Rebecca A. 54 Felker-Kantor, Max 35 Gutjahr, Kurt 33 Hunt Watkinson, M. Grace 47 Ferber, Susan 32 Guzmán, Amado Reyes 38, 42 Hutchison, Elizabeth 19 Fields, Alison 44 Guzmán, Romeo 50 Hyde, Anne F. 39, 50 Findlay, John M. 22 Flomen, Max 45 H I Flores, Alfred Peredo 36 Haaland, Debra 27 Ibargüen, Irvin 33 Flores, Lori 23, 34 Haas, Lisbeth M. 29 Iceton, Glenn 23 Flores-Montano, Cassandra 28 Habkirk, Evan 30 Igler, David 44, 50 Fockler, Matthew 24, 49 Hackel, Steven W. 44 Ingram, Noël Elizabeth 56 Folk, Drew D. 26 Hackett, Paul 35 Isenberg, Andrew 33 Fonseca Chávez, Vanessa 56 Hacunda, Peter 33 Isern, Thomas D. 56 Ford, Alyssa 26 Hadley, Brooke Joelle 29, 53 Fox, Sarah Alisabeth 36, 43 Haider, Janna Elizabeth 26 Foxley, Curtis 44 Haines, Amy Renee 47 J Fraga, Sean 40, 44 Hallatt, Tyler T. 34 Jackson, Jessica Barbata 54 Frank, Jerry 24, 34 Hammack, María Esther Jacobs, Margaret 21 Franklin, Catharine Rohini 49 Hansen Terry, Charlotte 52 Jacobson, Danae 22 Franks, Joel Stephen 26 Harper, Rob 20 Jacobson, Matthew Frye 38 Fujino, Diane 42 Harrison, Jay T. 52 Jagodinsky, Katrina 53 Hatch, Reilly Ben 52 Jameson, Elizabeth 51 Hausmann, Stephen 36 Jamieson, J.T. 30 G Heidenreich, Linda 35 Janda, Sarah Eppler 20 Gage, Justin 40 Heinz, Annelise 51 Jenner, Anne 19 Gallagher, Gary W. 48 Henderson, Rodger Craige 46 Jetté, Melinda Marie 30 Gandert, Susan 32 Hendrickson, Brett 41 John, Kelsey Dayle 32 Gano, Geneva M. 56 Hendrix-Komoto, Amanda 39, 52 Johnson, Adam Fulton 43 Garcia, Angelica 44 Hennessey, John L. 31 Johnson, Benjamin H. 32, 50 Garcia, Michelle Hensley, Victoria 38 Johnson, Jeff 40 Garcia, Sandra Edith 40 Heppler, Jason A. 21 Johnson, Khalil Anthony 35, 42 Garcia, Sarita Belen 25 Herley, Sam 19 Johnson, Mark 25, 34 García y Griego, L.M. 47 Hernandez, Alex 20, 24 Johnson, Nick 54 Garrett-Davis, Josh 55 Hernández, Manuel Alejandro 42 Johnson, Susan Lee 33, 46 Gauderman, Kimberly 19 Hernández, Sonia 21 Johnston, Jeremy M. 23, 31, 46 Gilbert, Matthew Sakiestewa 26 Herrán Ávila, Luis 21 Jojola, Theodore S. 29 Giron, Miguel 56 Herrera, Aden Brenae 54 Jones, Jeannette Eileen 31, 44 Gish Hill, Christina 26 Hert, Tamsen 19 Jones, Maggie Moss 30 Gonzaba, Eric 43 Heslop, Madison 35 Jones, Nathan 27 Gonzales, David-James 39 Higham, Carol Lee 32, 49 Jones, Sondra G. 51

#WHA020 96 WHA 2020 – PARTICIPANT INDEX LAS VEGAS 2019

K Little, John 24 McManus, Sheila 32, 45 Kang, S. Deborah 27, 39, 51 Logan, Tricia 21 McMillen, Christian 49 Kantrowitz, Stephen 48 Lonetree, Amy 55 McMullin, Juliet 27 Kaplan, Ellie 33 Loomis, Erik 42 McNair, Kimberly Thomas 35 Keegan, Brennan 22, 41 Lopez, Josie 29 McNamara, Sarah 21 Keliiaa, Caitlin 26, 35 López Carrillo, Ximena 28 Medrano, Marlene 55 Keller, Jean 27 Loughlin, Patricia 20, 24 Meeks, Eric V. 43 Kelley, Suzzanne 56 Louter, David 32 Melillo, Edward 36 Kelman, Ari 26, 56 Lovely, Kendall 29 Méndez, Alina Ramirez 25, 33 Kerns, Matthew Ross 31 Lowe, Turkiya 32 Mendoza, Mary E. 24, 48 Kessler, Lawrence 45 Loza, Mireya 24 Mendoza Quintero, Edrea Maria 42 Keyes, Sarah 31, 41 Lozar, Patrick 39 Middleton Manning, Beth Rose 44 Kilander, Ginny 19 Luckett, Matthew 49, 54 Mika, Joshua Christopher 47 Kim, Jessica M. 21 Lutz, John 35 Miles, George A. 19 Kinbacher, Kurt 45 Lyle, Gabrielle 30 Miller, Austin J. 33 King, Farina 20, 39 Lynch, Daniel Brendan 51 Miller, Douglas 24 Kipers, Kevin 42 Lynn-Sherow, Bonnie 56 Millions, Erin 43 Kirk, Andy 56 Lytle Hernández, Kelly 24 Milowski, Daniel 49 Kirk, Kelly 28 Miner, Dylan A.T. 44 Kiser, William S. 32, 47 Mink, Andy 52 Klann, Mary 39, 51 M Miracle, Zebulon 23 Kline, Rachel D. 24 Macias, John 55 Mitchell, Pablo 29 Klingle, Matthew 55 Mack, Dwayne 42 Miyamoto, Yuki 43 Kohout, Amy 26 Macktima, Marcus 22, 25 Molina, Marc A. 23 Kopp, Peter A. 23 MacMahon, Christopher M. 41, 42 Monnett, John H. 52 Kramer, Anna 41 Madley, Benjamin 36 Monsiváis, Carolina 35, 51 Kreikemeier, Alyssa 31, 33, 50 Maffly-Kipp, Laurie 39 Montoya, Fawn-Amber 39 Kryloff, Nicolai 23 Magliari, Michael 31 Moon, David 56 Mahoney, Eleanor 32, 34 Moore, Shirley Ann Wilson 42, 51 Malone, Kevan 49 Mora, Anthony P. 47 L Mapel Bloomberg, Kristin 28 Morales, Gene 38 Labode, Modupe 54 Marcello, Haleigh 51 Morales, R. Isabela 44, 49 LaBounty, Patricia 46 Margonelli, Lisa 51 Morgan, Brandon B. 42 Laegreid, Renée M. 20, 26 Markwyn, Abigail Margaret 20 Moya, Paula M.L. 41 Lahlum, Lori Ann 28, 55 Marsh, Pearl Alice 45 Mueller, Max Perry 22 Lahti, Janne 31, 45 Marshall, Lindsay Stallones 32, 53 Murray, Shannon 24, 43 Lamadrid, Enrique R. 32 Marston, Betsy 55 Myhal, Natasha 41 Lansing, Michael J. 25 Martin, James W 23 Lara, Madelyn 50 Martin, Zunneh-Bah A. 50 Larkin-Gilmore, Juliet 27 Martinez, Glenabah 45 N Laster, Dominika 19 Martínez, Ignacio 52 Nance, Susan 27 Latham, Patricia 45 Martinez, Matthew 39 Narrow, Stephanie 25 Laurence, Alison 23 Martinez, Monica 46 Navarro, José Enrique 39 Leavitt, Sarah A. 39 Martinez, Robert 23 Needham, Andrew 31, 53 Ledford, Janine 36 Mason, Matthew Daniel 19 Neely, Brooke 26 Lee, Ian Anson 47 Massoth, Katherine Sarah 39, 56 Neihart, Braden 23 Lee, Sarah Jordan 50 Mathews, Sandra 55 Nelson, Elaine Marie 43 Lee Cox, Sheena 42 Matthíasdóttir, Sigrídur 55 Nelson, Megan Kate 42 Legg, John R. 29 Maxwell, Dillon 54 Nelson, Robert L. 31 Lenti, Joseph U. 42 McBride, Preston 21 Nelson, Timothy E. 33 Lerner, Aren 51 McCall, Kalyn 45 Nez, Larissa V. 24 Levi, Amy 19 McCormack, Kara 20 Nichols, Casey D. 35 Levi, Tamara 53 McCune, Christopher 44 Nichols, James David 45 Lewandoski, Julia 44 McDonald, Dylan J. 29 Nickel, Sarah 35, 39 Lew-Williams, Beth 34 McIntyre, Katie 42 Norrgard, Chantal 43 Lim, Julian 22, 26, 39 McKenzie-Jones, Paul 39 Noruschat, Suzanne 19 Limerick, Patricia N. 19, 33, 38 McKibben, Carol 34 Nuñez, Alex 50 Link, Alessandra 44, 51 Mckiernan-González, John 20 Nystrom, Eric 56

#WHA020 97 WHA 2020 – PARTICIPANT INDEX LAS VEGAS 2019

O Red Shirt-Shaw, Megan 32 Shillinglaw, Susan 34 Oberg, Michael Leroy 29 Reese, Jacquelyn 19 Shonka, Joe 55 O’Brien, Jean 24 Reeve, Paul 49 Shook, Coyote 20 Oda, Meredith 44 Reid, Josh 44, 52 Short, Devin 31 Offenburger, Andrew 43 Rein, Christopher 48 Silva, Kelly Bokosky 26 Olden, Danielle R. 21 Rensink, Brenden 46 Singer, Ed 43 Olivas, Divana 23 Reséndez, Andrés 39 Sirna, Angela 32 Olson, Andy 40 Reynolds, T. Ashton 41 Smith, Alyssa 19 Olson, Jennifer 34 Rico, Monica 25, 31 Smith, Konden 52 Oñate-Madrazo, Andrea 21 Ritner, Jesse 31 Smith, Sherry L. 52 O’Neal, Jennifer 46 Rivaya-Martínez, Joaquín 52, 55 Smoak, Gregory E. 41, 46 Ono, Azusa 21 Rizzo, Martin 46, 51 Sowards, Adam M. 51 Ordaz, Jessica 19 Robbins, Allison 31 Soza War Soldier, Rose 44 Orozco, Cynthia E. 21 Robles, David 38 Specht, Joshua 27 Orsi, Jared 26, 40 Roche, Jeff 25 Spence, Mark David 26 Ortega, José Antonio 39 Rodríguez, Annette M. 35 Spence, Taylor 29, 56 Ostler, Jeffrey 20 Rodríquez, Alicia E. 25 Spillman, Scott 54 Ott, Cindy 23 Rohrbaugh, Collin Michael 26 Stalls, Clay 24 Owens-Jofré, Jennifer 54 Romanello, Brittany 39 Stanton, Megan 35 Romero, Simon 38 Steele, Kayla 40 Romero, Tom I., II 20 Stein, Gary C. 47 P Romesburg, Don 40 Stewart, Austin 51 Paddison, Joshua 56 Roose, Holly 42 St. John, Rachel 48 Padoongpatt, Mark 36 Rosenthal, Nicolas G. 55 Stoffle, Richard William 26 Panek, Tracey Ellen 47 Roybal, Karen R. 47, 50 Stone, Benjamin 19 Pappas, Jeff 23, 39 Rozum, Molly P. 26, 27 Stout, Cynthia K. 54 Parry, Darren 49 Ruffin, Herbert G., II 33, 46 Suárez, Camille 34 Patin, Thomas A. 34 Rugh, Susan Sessions 20 Suits, Robert 31 Payne, Sarah 32, 40 Sumano Ortega, Kimberly 48 Pecos, Regis 45 Sussman, Naomi 49 Peñuelas, Misty Kay 26 S Swensen, James 34 Peralta, Christine Noelle 45 Saavedra, Yvette J. 35, 44 Swisher, Jacob 47 Pérez, Bernadette J. 43 Sabol, Steven 32 Pérez, Erika 24, 35 Sackman, Douglas 29 Perramond, Eric Philippe 41, 50 Saitua, Iker 23 T Perrillo, Jonna 25 Salazar, Theresa 24 Tanner, Kerry 42 Peterson, Lindsey R. 48 Sanchez, Gianna M. May 22, 38, 45 Tate, Ryan Driskell 21 Phillips, Katrina 27, 43 Sánchez, Sandra Siomara 26 Taylor, Quintard 51 Philpott, Bill 20 Sanchez, Virginia 32 Ternes, Elizabeth Rei 40 Pierce, Jason 25 Sanchez Garcia, Andrew 44 Theobald, Brianna 31, 45 Plant, Rebecca Jo 51 Sandoval, Oriana 27 Thomas, Adam 40 Porterfield, Sara 55 Sandweiss, Martha A. 49 Thompson, Gregory C. 19 Potter, Norman B. 32 Scharff, Virginia 27, 47 Thomson, Claire 55 Prescott, Cynthia 20, 41 Schnee, Ariel Marie 40 Tifft-Ochoa, Jenni 27, 41, 42 Price, Jay 33, 39 Schneider, Lindsey 41 Tom, Miye 24 Pritikin, Trisha 43, 55 Schoenkopf, Austin Wilhelm 41 Torres-Rouff, David 34, 50 Pulsipher, Jenny Hale 49 Schulze-Oechtering, Michael 36 Trabucco, Shine 44, 56 Scofield, Rebecca 27, 47 Trafzer, Clifford E. 27 Scott, Amy 29 Travis, Marilyn Rose 34 Q Scott, Sascha 55 Travis, Tara Elisabeth 23, 27 Quarles, Leighton 24 Scott, William V. 23 Trinh, V.N. 35 Scott Sturdevant, Katherine 46 Truett, Samuel 29, 44, 48 Scrivener, Laurie 19 Tsinnajinnie Paquin, Leola 32 R Seefeldt, Douglas 23, 31 Tucker, Maria E. 39 Ramírez, Catherine Sue 41 Sepúlveda, Enrique, III 41 Tucker, Thomas Deane 26 Ramos, Raúl A. 38 Sexton, Steven 32 Tuell, Yvette 41 Raspa, Darren A. 30 Shaler, Andrew 33 Turo, Bryan W. 47 Reddish, Sandra 39 Shepherd, Jeffrey P. 23, 49 Tye, Nathan 42

#WHA020 98 WHA 2020 – PARTICIPANT INDEX LAS VEGAS 2019

U X Ukockis, Joseph Alan 38, 56 Ullrich, Rebecca 55 Y Ulysses, Monique Flores 26 Yang, Li Wei 24 Yan-Gonzalez, Vivian 43 V Yazzie, Melanie 27 Vagts, Rachel 19 Young, Phoebe 43 Vail, David D. 42, 56 Valadez, Micaela 23, 56 Z Valentin, Edward, Jr. 22 Zabarte, Ian 43 Valerio-Jiménez, Omar 46 Zander, Cecily 48 Vallejo, María Guadalupe 47 Zapata, Joel 39 Vander Hoek, Beth Marie 24 Zappia, Natale 36, 45 Vasquez Ruiz, Michelle 40 Zattiero, Joanna R. 42 Vega, Sujey 43 Zenzen, Joan M. 24 Vetter, Jeremy 20 Zhu, Liping 25 Villarreal, Aimee Marianna 54 Zizzamia, Daniel 31 Villazón Valbuena, Miriam 55 Vizcaíno-Alemán, Melina 56 Voss, Robert 22 Voyles, Traci Brynne 36

W Wadewitz, Lissa 44 Waits, Gregory Allen 33 Wall, Charlotte Philippe 50 Wallace, Daniel 53 Walls, Robert E. 43 Walters, Katherine 45 Warren, Kim Cary 22 Warren, Louis 31 Webb, Alyce 31 Weise, Julie M. 41 Weisiger, Marsha 25, 31 Whalen, Kevin 49 Whipple, Cherry 52 White, Claytee, 28 Whitehead, Frank 27 Whiteley, Kat 35 Wieck, Lindsey 39, 43, 50 Wiedenhoft, Katherine Frances 40 Wiggins, Julianna Christine Loera 30 Williams, Mike 52 Williams, Samantha 43 Wingo, Rebecca S. 23, 27 Winston, Bryan 44 Wixon, Amanda K. 21 Wood, Anthony 44 Woodsum, Antonina Griecci 43 Woolford, Andrew 21 Wooster, Robert 52 Wright, Ben 42 Wright, Will 48 Wrobel, David M. 45 Wu, Judy Tzu-Chun 22, 25 Wuhib, Frehiwot 33

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¤ȎDZÄGȓɥȪɀǥLjɯDZǫȓȶɯȎDZ&DZɛLjɞɯȳDZȶɯɀȄGȓɥɯɀɞʗLjɯɯȎDZ«ȶȓʐDZɞɥȓɯʗɀȄ\LjȶɥLjɥԬ ¤ȎDZÄGȓɥȅɞLjɯDZȄɸȪɯɀ\«԰ɥGȓɥɯɀɞʗ&DZɛLjɞɯȳDZȶɯLjȶǫɯȎDZ ɀȪȪDZȅDZɀȄ`ȓǤDZɞLjȪɞɯɥLjȶǫšǥȓDZȶǥDZɥȄɀɞɯȎDZȓɞȅDZȶDZɞɀɸɥɥɸɛɛɀɞɯԩ New Directions in the New Learning about Homesteading

Robert Ball Anderson on his farm in Box Butte County, Nebraska

GREAT PLAINS QUARTERLY

“Canaan on the Prairie”: New Evidence on the Number of African American Homesteaders in the Great Plains FORTHCOMING

African Americans and the Southern Homestead Act An exhibition of African American homesteader photographs, suitable for African American Homesteader “Colonies” in the showing in appropriate museums. Settling of the Great Plains Planning is supported in part by NEH. Staking Their Claim: DeWitty and Black Contact: Dr. Mikal Eckstrom at Homesteaders in Nebraska [email protected]

The University of Nebraska Black Homesteader Project works in partnership with:

Nicodemus Historical Society Dearfield Preservation Group Angela Bates, Executive Director George Junne, Jr., and Robert Brunswig, Principals

[email protected] go.unl.edu/homesteading