South of Market Area Historic Context Statement
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Insert image here (3.73 x 3.73 inches). Change color band below. Historic Context Statement South of Market Area FINAL San Francisco, California June 30, 2009 Prepared for City and County of San Francisco Planning Department Prepared by page & turnbull, inc. 724 Pine Street, San Francisco, California 94108 415.362.5154 / www.page-turnbull.com Historic Context Statement South of Market Area San Francisco, California TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................. 1 A. PURPOSE..................................................................................................................................................................... 2 B. DEFINITION OF GEOGRAPHICAL AREA ................................................................................................................ 2 C. IDENTIFICATION OF HISTORIC CONTEXTS AND PERIODS OF SIGNIFICANCE................................................. 5 II. METHODOLOGY ...............................................................................................................................6 III. IDENTIFICATION OF EXISTING SURVEYS, STUDIES AND REPORTS...............................6 A. HERE TODAY............................................................................................................................................................. 6 B. 1976 CITYWIDE ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY............................................................................................................ 6 C. SAN FRANCISCO ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE...................................................................................................... 7 D. ARTICLE 10 OF THE SAN FRANCISCO PLANNING CODE .................................................................................... 8 E. ARTICLE 11 OF THE SAN FRANCISCO PLANNING CODE/DOWNTOWN AREA PLAN...................................... 8 F. UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDING (UMB) SURVEY...................................................................................... 9 G. NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES ...................................................................................................... 10 H. CALIFORNIA REGISTER OF HISTORICAL RESOURCES........................................................................................ 11 I. SECTION 106 AND OTHER TECHNICAL REPORTS................................................................................................ 12 IV. HISTORIC CONTEXT .................................................................................................................... 13 A. PREHISTORIC AND EARLY CONTACT ERA: PRE-1776........................................................................................ 13 B. EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT – SPANISH AND MEXICAN PERIODS: 1776-1846 ................................................... 15 C. EARLY AMERICAN SETTLEMENT: LAND SUBDIVISION AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT: 1847-1865............... 18 D. INDUSTRIAL AND RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT: 1866-1906 .......................................................................... 30 E. RECONSTRUCTION: 1907-1929.............................................................................................................................. 47 F. DEPRESSION AND WORLD WAR II: 1930-1945 ................................................................................................... 61 G. POST-WAR ERA: 1946-2009 ................................................................................................................................... 67 H. ARCHITECTS, PROPERTY DEVELOPERS, AND BUILDERS ....................................................................... 78 V. DEFINITION OF PROPERTY TYPES ........................................................................................... 84 A. RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS ...................................................................................................................................... 84 B. INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS ....................................................................................................................... 90 C. COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS ...................................................................................................................................... 96 D. PUBLIC ASSEMBLY/INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS ............................................................................................... 98 VI. RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................................101 A. SIGNIFICANCE AND REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................................... 101 B. POTENTIAL HISTORIC DISTRICTS ....................................................................................................................... 106 C. AREAS REQUIRING FUTURE WORK.................................................................................................................... 107 VII. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................. 107 VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................... 108 June 30, 2009 Page & Turnbull, Inc. Historic Context Statement South of Market Area San Francisco, California I. INTRODUCTION The South of Market Area has been likened to San Francisco’s back porch or loading dock, the place where the unglamorous service businesses and industrial enterprises could set up shop close to railheads, the waterfront, and their downtown customer base. Here, building lots are large and transportation networks well-developed. Since being almost totally reconstructed after the 1906 Earthquake, the South of Market Area has developed as an eclectic district of commerce, industry, and increasingly, entertainment and living space. Until relatively recently, the South of Market Area, or “SoMa” as it is now popularly known, was the primary light industrial and warehousing district of San Francisco. Located just south of downtown within an area once filled by a network of tracks and piers, the South of Market Area developed into an ideal venue for manufacturing, warehousing, and wholesale businesses. The South of Market Area was once the domain of longshoremen, warehousemen, merchant mariners, day laborers, immigrant farm workers, and other manual workers who contributed immeasurably to the prosperity and economic development of the West. Many were newcomers— beginning with the Irish, Germans, and Scandinavians in the nineteenth century – and followed by waves of Greeks, Eastern European Jews, Ukrainians, and Japanese during the early twentieth century. Dustbowl refugees arrived during the Depression, and Central Americans, African- Americans, and Filipinos took up residence during the post-World War II era. According to the 2000 Census, there are around 13,500 people living within the boundaries of the South of Market Area. Although this figure pales in comparison with pre-1906 figures of around 60,000, it is two-and-a-half times greater than the approximately 5,400 recorded in 1980.1 Much of this new residential growth occurred in the 1990s when the population of the South of Market Area grew nearly 80 percent, compared with 11 percent growth at the citywide level.2 Much of this growth has been propelled by worldwide market forces, making the South of Market Area a household name in much of the world as the center of the “New” or “Digital” Economy, more familiarly known as the “Dot-com Boom.” While the transformation of the South of Market Area from a light industrial district into a center of high technology has been positive in many ways, the growth has posed many challenges to the area’s traditional industrial economy and working-class character. Many traditional sectors, such as garment manufacturing, auto repair, printing, wholesale furniture distribution, and lighting businesses, have been displaced by office uses, reflecting the demand spilling over from the Financial District and the high technology node of “Multimedia Gulch” near South Park. Furthermore, these new businesses have lured thousands of technology professionals and individuals from allied fields such as marketing and design to San Francisco. Their presence has resulted in a significant amount of pressure on the limited supply of existing housing and commercial space, leading to the conversion of light industrial space into office and residential uses. In addition, developers taking advantage of the pent-up demand for housing have replaced many existing historic buildings with sleek “live-work” lofts. The Dot-com Bust around 2001 was quickly followed by the residential Real Estate Boom of the early-to mid-2000s. Demand for housing in San Francisco drove up real estate prices higher than ever before, continuing to apply pressure on legacy industrial uses. Responding to the ongoing hemorrhaging of industrial jobs and working-class residents, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors halted the construction of new live-work lofts. At the same time, the San Francisco Planning 1 “South of Market Street: A Brief Guide to its Architecture,” Heritage Newsletter Volume XIII, No. 2 (San Francisco: The Foundation for San Francisco’s Architectural Heritage, n.d.), 7. 2 San Francisco Planning Department, Profiles of Community Planning Areas: San Francisco’s Eastern Neighborhoods (San