DOCSLIB.ORG

Architecture and Pleasure in Eighteenth-Century Istanbul

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Architecture and Pleasure in Eighteenth-Century Istanbul Shirine Hamadeh. The City's Pleasures: Istanbul in the Eighteenth Century. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2007. 368 pp. $60.00, cloth, ISBN 978-0-295-98667-8. Reviewed by Fariba Zarinefab Published on H-Urban (September, 2009) Commissioned by Alexander Vari (Marywood University) Shirine Hamadeh’s book is a timely contribu‐ calls it a process of "décloisennement," or opening tion to the architectural history of Istanbul in a lit‐ up culturally and socially. Further, she underlines tle-known yet crucial period of its history. In a the importance of the ruling elite--particularly the creative attempt and in the absence of architec‐ grand vizier Damad Ibrahim Pasha (1718-30)--Ot‐ tural plans and few surviving buildings (palaces), toman princesses, as well as the average citizens Hamadeh uses various mediums such as poetry, of Istanbul, whom she defines as the "new bour‐ chronograms, and Ottoman and European paint‐ geoisie" in this construction boom. Moreover, she ings to reconstruct the architectural and social shows that in the post-Carlowitz period and after history of imperial palaces, palatial gardens, and 1699, the sultan and his grand vizier were con‐ fountains that were built by members of the royal sciously engaged in the projection of imperial family. Many of the palaces, such as the famous power within and outside the empire, exemplified Sa’dabad built during the Tulip period (1718-30), by relentless building activity and the conquest of were destroyed either by the rebels in 1730 or at the waterfront in Istanbul. the order of Sultan Mahmud I. Hamadeh convinc‐ The book is divided into eight chapters and ingly puts to rest many myths regarding the Tulip contains three maps, numerous illustrations and period. Critiquing the paradigm of Westerniza‐ paintings by European and Ottoman artists, as tion, she draws our attention to both continuity well as photographs taken by the author herself. It and change in Ottoman architectural forms as also contains the author’s translations of Ottoman well as the rise of an "Ottoman idiom" that was a chronograms and poetry. It is a well-written and combination of Eastern/Ottoman and Western well-documented book, sumptuously illustrated, forms in architecture and decorative patterns. She that displays the author’s multiple skills and pas‐ points to receptivity and fexibility in the adop‐ sion for her subject. tion of new motifs in art and architecture and H-Net Reviews Chapters 1 and 2 focus on the relocation of brick-and-stone base in contrast to the old imperi‐ the imperial seat of power from Topkapi Palace to al palaces, following the pattern set in the rest of the suburbs on the waterfront. The royal family the city. Unlike Topkapi Palace, they were not iso‐ built and restored more than 300 imperial lated and enclosed behind walls and trees nor did palaces, numerous palatial gardens, pavilions, they follow a formal pattern. They were exposed fountains, bridges, water infrastructure, and to the public who viewed the palaces from their roads in 150 years. Sultan Ahmed III and his boats on the Bosphorus. Moreover, many of the grand vizier Ibrahim Pasha commissioned the new palaces and residences like Çirağan were building of the palaces of Sa’adabad and Hür‐ also used for diplomatic purposes and other af‐ remabad in Kağithane, Çirağan in Beşiktaş, Hü‐ fairs of government. The monarch and his family mayunabad in Bebek, etc. Beşiktaş was the strate‐ came out from the confinement of Topkapi Palace gic location for most for these palaces due to its and openly participated in festivities and ban‐ proximity to Topkapi Palace. The relocation of quets. non-Muslims and the demolition of their build‐ Chapter 4 focuses on the emergence of public ings sometimes preceded the rise of new palaces gardens built by members of the ruling class on and gardens. the waterfront in Emirgan and Kağithane. They This trend followed the relocation of the rul‐ represented an extension of the burgeoning ur‐ ing class from Topkapi Palace to the waterfront ban culture of coffeehouses, taverns, and street suburbs. The excursions of the imperial family to performances. The royal family played an impor‐ the waterfront resorts occasioned elaborate pro‐ tant role in converting some royal and palatial cessions, pageantry, and displays of state splen‐ gardens into public gardens as the court lost inter‐ dor. The waterfront had been transformed into an est or stopped using them. Fountains and coffee‐ imperial processional stage. A large convoy of im‐ houses were the focal point of public gardens and perial women and children, slaves and servants squares (meydan), which reflected a growth in the moved to the suburbs during the summer season, recreational activity of the public. The state built participating in banquets and festivities and plac‐ mosques on the waterfront that created fuidity ing Ottoman grandeur on public display. This also between sacred and recreational space, encourag‐ prompted the enclosure of suburban palaces ing more sociability. The boundary between impe‐ within walls and gardens, state control of public rial and non-imperial and private and public gar‐ space, and greater policing of the shores along the dens became fuzzy as the royal family became waterfront. more visible and displayed its wealth and ritual to Chapter 3 underlines the ceremonial, festive, public gaze. Its sense of pleasure trickled down to and practical aspects of the new palaces and pala‐ all segments of society. At the same time, the state tial gardens along the European shores of the contained public life and ritualized leisure by cre‐ Bosphorus. Following perhaps their pastoral ating sumptuary laws and converting the royal ethos, members of the ruling dynasty found nu‐ gardener’s corps (bostancı) into moral police to merous occasions to retreat, feast, and celebrate, dictate the new forms of public life, maintain or‐ such as Ramadan and the births and weddings of der, and enforce sumptuary laws. Appealing to Ottoman princesses. What was different was the sensual rather than spiritual sensibilities in order open display of festivity, which projected Ottoman to gather the congregation was the new trend. power--no longer concealed within the confines of The creation of a new poetic discourse on the Topkapi Palace--along the waterfront. The new theme of the garden was specific to the eighteenth palaces and residences were built with timer on a century, as the author demonstrates in chapter 5 2 H-Net Reviews with numerous examples of beautifully translated created an architectural idiom that was highly hy‐ divan poetry. Most of this poetry has to do with brid and reflected the religious and ethnic diversi‐ the seeking of forbidden (homosexual) love in ty of the capital. She does not agree wholehearted‐ palatial gardens and public parks, away from the ly with the dominant view that Ottoman palaces gaze of the public. The author argues that this po‐ like Sa’dabad were modeled after French palaces. etry was more in touch with popular culture and She also stresses the continuing influence of Per‐ reality than the idealized idioms of the classical sian poetry, art, and culture on Ottoman aesthet‐ cannon, which had to do with the diffusion of pa‐ ics. Ottoman novelty in art and architecture re‐ tronage and more open forms of sociability. The mained connected to what was familiar. Here, the image of the garden is that of a public hangout, a author could have used a broader comparison social and open space for ordinary men, women, with similar artistic and architectural develop‐ and children. The active presence of women in ments in late Safavid Iran, a topic that deserves a the garden was novel in both verse and painting. comparative study. Moreover, the encounter be‐ Chapter 6 and 7 focus more specifically on tween the Ottoman Empire and the West was mu‐ building chronograms in verse, particularly on tual as the Europeans became more receptive to hundreds of fountains, waterfront palaces, and Ottoman artistic expression and material culture exteriors of mosques, which became a feature of and settled in the imperial capital in growing eighteenth-century Istanbul. A genre of poetry de‐ numbers. veloped which the author describes as an "archi‐ Nevertheless, Hamadeh offers a convincing tectural discourse" that praised the founder and argument in deconstructing long-held myths his patronage, the building, and its visual aspects, about the eighteenth century and the Tulip period with a novel appreciation for architecture. The as a turning point in the Westernization of Ot‐ dramatic use of poetic idioms like light and reflec‐ toman art and architecture. She instead under‐ tion in describing the waterfront palaces and pub‐ lines continuity, receptivity, and fuidity in aes‐ lic fountains, and their sumptuous decoration thetics that resulted in a hybrid Ottoman idiom in with images of fowers, fruits, and trees, were the capital that was bound to tradition as well as drawn from nature. The author argues that mime‐ novelty. What was new was the increasing role of sis and the realistic analogy between art, poetry, non-courtly residents in this process. This book is and nature in a shared idiom that permeated ar‐ indispensable to urban historians and historians chitectural landscapes were peculiar to the eigh‐ of Ottoman art and architecture. The author as teenth century although the naturalistic foral well as the University of Washington Press must decoration and motifs had been part of the Ot‐ be congratulated for producing a fne and elegant toman visual repertoire. Moreover, she rightly book that will be read and considered for some notes in chapter 8 that the Ottoman-European cul‐ time. tural and artistic interaction was not new to the eighteenth century and had existed for over two hundred years.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ottoman Women in Public Urban Spaces
    Ottoman Women in Public Urban Spaces Master’s Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Department of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies, and Women and Gender Studies Kanan Makiya, Advisor In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Master’s Degree by Emily Baum August 2012 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I offer my sincerest gratitude to my advisor, Professor Kanan Makiya, who has supported me throughout my thesis with his patience and knowledge while still allowing me the room to work in my own way. His encouragement and effort was vital to the survival of this project and without him, this thesis would not have been completed or written. As well, Professors Sarah Lamb, ChaeRan Freeze, and Bernadette Brooten have offered much advice and insight throughout my work. I would also like to thank Shannon Hunt for dealing with my many moments of panic about this project and her ever-present support over the past year. As well, I would like to thank the departments of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies and Women and Gender Studies for providing the support and resources I have needed to produce and complete my thesis. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends for supporting me throughout all my studies. This would have been impossible without their support and love. Emily Baum ii Abstract Ottoman Women in Public Urban Spaces A thesis presented to the Near Eastern and Judaic Studies, and Women and Gender Studies Departments Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Waltham, Massachusetts By Emily Baum This paper seeks to examine women’s interactions with urban spaces in the Ottoman Empire.
    [Show full text]
  • European Fashion, Consumption Patterns, and Intercommunal Relations in the 19Th-Century Ottoman Istanbul
    Please provide footnote text CHAPTER 6 European Fashion, Consumption Patterns, and Intercommunal Relations in the 19th-Century Ottoman Istanbul Anastasia Falierou The contribution of western historiography to the study of fashion and its transformations has been particularly stimulating. Initial forays into the his- tory of clothing, which were largely limited to descriptive or aesthetic analyses, were followed by studies in which several authors have opened new perspec- tives in this area of research: by analyzing the social dimension of clothing and by emphasizing the interaction between fashion and culture, they have also problematized the shape of the body itself.1 In contrast, however, it was not until recently that researchers have become interested in the social history of Ottoman clothing and fashion.2 1 See the important works of Roland Barthes, Système de la mode (Paris: 1967); Quentin Bell, Mode et Société: essai sur la sociologie du vêtement (Paris: 1992); Fred Davis, Fashion, Culture and Identity (London: 1992); Joanne Entwistle, The Fashioned Body: Fashion, Dress and Modern Social Theory (Cambridge: 2000); Philippe Perrot, Les dessus et les dessous de la bourgeoisie: une histoire du vêtement au XIXe siècle (Paris: 1981); Philippe Perrot, Le travail des apparences ou les Transformations du corps féminin XVIIIe–XIXe siècle (Paris: 1984); Daniel Roche, La cul- ture des apparences. Une histoire du vêtement XVIIe–XVIIIe siècle (Paris: 1989). 2 On Ottoman clothing see Melek Sevüktekin Apak, Filiz Onat Gündüz, and Fatma Öztürk Eray, Osmanlı Dönemi Giyimleri (Istanbul: 1997); Anastasia Falierou, “From the Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic: Ottoman Turkish Women’s Clothing between Tradition and Modernity”, in Constanţa Vintilă-Ghiţulescu (ed.), From Traditional Attire to Modern Dress: Modes of Identification, Modes of Recognition in the Balkans (XVIth–XXth Centuries) (Newcastle: 2011), 175–193; Suraiya Faroqhi and Christoph K.
    [Show full text]
  • Debra Cave and Lauren Vorisek AP World
    Debra Cave and Lauren Vorisek AP World History Lesson Plan for Turkey Topic: The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1800 Objectives: To analyze and apply significant developments in Anatolia between 1300-1800. This lesson helps students review the history of the region through the lens of AP World History themes such as politics, society, religion and artistic achievements with focus on the Ottoman Empire. It will allow students to review the origins, rise and significant contributions of the Ottoman Empire to world culture. Students will identify and analyze changes as well as continuities during the period in the region of Anatolia. Procedure: This activity is part of Unit Four 4: 1450-1750: The Development of Gunpowder Empires. Students will work in groups of 3-5, depending on class size. Students may need to be reminded that the events/trends are not necessarily single year events. For instance the migration into Anatolia occurred over an extended period of time, not in a single year. However the Manzikert Victory over the Byzantines in 1071 was a single year event. Additionally, the establishment of the Seljuk State occurred between 1075-1318 and would be an excellent first point of reference. Students will create an annotated, illustrated timeline of major historical events and trends in the Ottoman Empire using the themes of AP World History. The number of events can be adjusted as needed. I provide a range but encourage students to decide for themselves how many to include. The work can be divided up by the students themselves. • Political: The ascension of new sultans, major military events, establishment of capital cities, contributions of various people, development of laws, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Ircica Ournal
    IRCICA. JOURNAL·. D ~ . = A Journal on Islamic History and Civilisation VOLUME I ® ISSUE ı ® SPRING 2013 Seeds of Ottomanism and Islamism: Fruits of Secularism & Dem ocracy Khurram Qadir* Abstrad. Th Ottoman Empire was, from its very inception, inclined to a brand of Ottomanism and a form of Islamism. However tre two Sf:rains remained paraUel during most of tre history of tre EmpireJor aboutfour hundredyears. Wl-en,finally, tre dynamics oftre modern WeSI: initiated tre process which resulted in tl-e formulation of constitutions on tre European model, ttese two forces, which had by now become deeply entrencted in Ottoman culture, influenced tre content of trese documents to varying degrees. Same of tre cultural forces of ethnicity and governance that had evolved over tre centuries could not be overlroked while formuZating tre new constitution. However, same culturalforces had acquired a negative and repugnant connotationfor tre Turkish people and could not be included in a Constitution being prepared even in tre second Constitutional Period. This paper identifies ·tre origin and evalutian oftrese concepts in tre Ottoman Empire during. its period ofexpansion and highlights tre socio-political relationship of tre Turks with tl-em in tre formulation of tre First Constitution. It goes on to study tre dynamics which motivated tre changes in 1909 through tre content of trese documents. In order to identify how we may assess if tre thrust of trese forces was positive or negative tre content and intent of tre documents under review is analyzed at tre end of tre study. 1hus it deals with remote dynamics leading to tre constitutional arf:icles of 1876 and 1909.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922
    The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922 Second Edition DONALD QUATAERT Binghamton University, State University of New York Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge ,UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambrig e.org /9780521839105d © Donald Quataert 2000, 2005 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2005 - ---- eBook (NetLibrary) - --- eBook (NetLibrary) - ---- hardback - --- hardback - ---- paperback - --- paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. 3 The Ottoman Empire, 1683–1798 Introduction In marked contrast to the military and political successes of the 1300– 1683 era, defeats and territorial withdrawals characterized this long eigh- teenth century, 1683–1798. The political structure continued to evolve steadily, taking new forms in a process that should be seen as transforma- tion but not decline. Central rule continued in a new and more disguised fashion as negotiation more frequently than command came to assure obedience. Important changes occurred in the Ottoman economy as well: the circulation of goods began to increase; levels of personal consumption probably rose; and the world economy came to play an ever-larger role in the everyday lives of Ottoman subjects.
    [Show full text]
  • Self and Others: the Diary of a Dervish in Seventeenth Century
    Maisonneuve & Larose Self and Others: The Diary of a Dervish in Seventeenth Century Istanbul and First-Person Narratives in Ottoman Literature Author(s): Cemal Kafadar Reviewed work(s): Source: Studia Islamica, No. 69 (1989), pp. 121-150 Published by: Maisonneuve & Larose Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1596070 . Accessed: 30/09/2012 16:26 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Maisonneuve & Larose is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Studia Islamica. http://www.jstor.org SELF AND OTHERS: THE DIARY OF A DERVISH IN SEVENTEENTH CENTURY ISTANBUL AND FIRST-PERSON NARRATIVES IN OTTOMAN LITERATURE Ottoman literary history,indeed all Ottoman cultural history, has been traditionallyviewed within the frameworkof a dualistic schema: courtly (high, learned, orthodox, cosmopolitan, polished, artificial, stiff,inaccessible to the masses) versus popular (folk, tainted with unorthodox beliefs-practicesand superstitions, but pure and simple in the sense of preserving "national" spirit, natural, honest). This schema took shape under the influenceof two major factors. On the one hand, there was the impact of the two-tiered model of cultural and religious studies in nineteenth- century Europe with its relatively sharp distinction between "high" and "low" traditions.(') On the other, there were the ideological needs of incipientTurkish nationalism to distance itself from the Ottoman elite while embracing some form of populism.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922, Second Edition
    This page intentionally left blank The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922 The Ottoman Empire was one of the most important non-Western states to survive from medieval to modern times, and played a vital role in European and global history. It continues to affect the peoples of the Middle East, the Balkans, and Central and Western Europe to the present day. This new survey examines the major trends during the latter years of the empire; it pays attention to gender issues and to hotly de- bated topics such as the treatment of minorities. In this second edition, Donald Quataert has updated his lively and authoritative text, revised the bibliographies, and included brief bibliographies of major works on the Byzantine Empire and the post–Ottoman Middle East. This ac- cessible narrative is supported by maps, illustrations, and genealogical and chronological tables, which will be of help to students and non- specialists alike. It will appeal to anyone interested in the history of the Middle East. DONALD QUATAERT is Professor of History at Binghamton University, State University of New York. He has published many books on Middle East and Ottoman history, including An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914 (1994). NEW APPROACHES TO EUROPEAN HISTORY Series editors WILLIAM BEIK Emory University T . C . W . BLANNING Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge New Approaches to European History is an important textbook series, which provides concise but authoritative surveys of major themes and problems in European history since the Renaissance. Written at a level and length accessible to advanced school students and undergraduates, each book in the series addresses topics or themes that students of Eu- ropean history encounter daily: the series will embrace both some of the more “traditional” subjects of study, and those cultural and social issues to which increasing numbers of school and college courses are devoted.
    [Show full text]
  • Teach Ottoman Empire
    CMES: Teach Ottoman Empire Grade: 10th&11th Subject: World History (AP) Prepared By: Abbey R. McNair Grade Overview & Purpose Education Standards Addressed The purpose of this unit is to Nebraska state standards: give the world history student an overview of the Ottoman 12.2.2 Students will analyze the patterns of social, economic, political change, Empire. and cultural achievement in the late medieval period. 12.2.7 Students will analyze the scientific, political, and economic changes of the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. 12.2.11 Students will demonstrate historical research and geographical skills. APWH (1450-1750): . Changes in trade, technology, and global interactions . Knowledge of major empires and other political units and social systems o Aztec, Inca, Ottoman, China, Portugal, Spain, Russia, France, Britain, Tokugawa, Mughal o Gender and empire (including the role of women in households and in politics) . Slave systems and slave trade . Demographic and environmental changes: diseases, animals, new crops, and comparative population trends . Cultural and intellectual developments Summary of the Ottoman Empire Student prior knowledge: . “Islamic civilization was the third major tradition to evolve after the collapse of the . Byzantine Empire and the Roman Empire in the fourth and fifth centuries. From the seventh through geography of the city of fifteenth centuries, it was arguably the most dynamic and expansive culture in the Constantinople world. Indeed, some scholars have described it as the world's first truly global . Islam as a religion and civilization. Islamic society borrowed much from the Greek, Roman, Persian, and governmental structure Indian traditions and spread them as it extended its reach.”* .
    [Show full text]
  • The Ottomans in the Early Enlightenment: the Case Of
    THE OTTOMANS IN THE EARLY ENLIGHTENMENT: THE CASE OF PUBLIC LIBRARIES IN THE REIGN OF MAHMUD I (1730-54). by Ahmet Bilaloğlu Submitted to Central European University History Department In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Tolga U. Esmer Second Reader: Prof. Nadia Al-Bagdadi CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2013 Statement of Copyright “Copyright in the text of this thesis rests with the Author. Copies by any process, either in full or part, may be made only in accordance with the instructions given by the Author and lodged in the Central European Library. Details may be obtained from the librarian. This page must form a part of any such copies made. Further copies made in accordance with such instructions may not be made without the written permission of the Author.” CEU eTD Collection i Abstract The thesis explores cultural politics in the Ottoman Empire from 1718 to 1754 by focusing on the patronage activities of a select group of bureaucrats/intellectuals whose careers spanned the reigns of two early eighteenth-century sultans, Ahmed III (1703-30) and Mahmud I (1730-54). It attempts to locate cultural production in the Ottoman Empire within a broader framework of early modern history and re-evaluate the ideologically-loaded concepts that have marked Ottomanist historiography on the period, such as “the Tulip Age,” “westernization” or “modernization.” In doing so, it attempts to answer some challenging questions such as whether it is purely coincidental that the Ottoman network of actors discussed in this thesis invested tremendous time and material into cultural enterprises such as the introduction of the printing press, establishment a productive paper mill in Yalova and founding of multiple vaḳıf (religious endowment) libraries not only in Istanbul but also in Anatolia and Rumelia at the very same time that their European counterparts engaged in similar types of enterprises that are celebrated in European historiography as the Enlightenment.
    [Show full text]
  • © in This Web Service Cambridge University Press
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-52085-0 - The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire Edited by Virginia H. Aksan and Daniel Goffman Index More information Index Abbasids, 256 Algiers, 94, 108 Abdulhamid¨ II, Sultan, 295–7, 298 Ali, Muhammad, 260 Abkhazia, 121 Ali, Mustafa, 149, 152, 176–7, 178, 183, Abou-El-Haj, R. A., 148, 194, 196 188, 190 Abraham, Patriarch, 94 AliCavus ¸ of Sofia, 156, 160 Abu-Lughod, Janet, 23, 32, 57 Ali Neccar, 229, 232 Abu-Manneh, Butrus, 272, 274 Ali Pasha of Jannina, 120 Actium, Battle of (31 BC), 33 Allami, Abul Fazl, 156 Adana, 130 Alusi, Abu al-Thana’ al-, 266, 271 Aden, 32, 40, 41 Anatolia administration affinities, 20 Ayn Ali, 152–66 conscription, 130 cadastral surveys, 158 designation, 18 law books, 155, 159–61 epitaphs, 235 lists, 155–7 maps, 29, 35 order and disorder, 161–4 military operations, 132 registers, 155, 157–9 post-World War I, 146 shari’a courts, 202–3 rebellions, 127, 226 timar system, 144, 153, 154, 155, Safavid rivalry, 93, 96 159–60 Suleyman’s¨ empire, 47 Adrianople (Edirne), 122 Wahhabism, 261 Adrianople, Treaty of (1829), 121 Andrews, Walter, 18 advice, see nasihatnames Andronicus II, 105 Aegean Sea, 112 animals, 216–17 Afghanistan, 270 Ankara, 222 Agoston,´ Gabor,´ 6, 8 Anushirwan, King, 139 agrarian society, 165–6 Arab Provinces, 18 ahidnames, 64–6, 67, 68–9, 72 Arabia Ahlat, 235 maps, 29 Ahmed I, Sultan, 153, 154 Wahhabist expansion, 260–1, 272 Ahmed III, Sultan, 225, 284, 286, 307 Arabian Nights, 45 Ahmed Resmˆı, 193 Arabs, 119, 130 Aintab, 213, 215, 217, 222, 229 Arborio
    [Show full text]
  • The Ottoman Empire at the Beginning of Tanzimat Reforms OPEN ACCESS
    The Ottoman Empire at the Beginning of Tanzimat Reforms OPEN ACCESS Jakub Mazanec FIRST ATTEMPTS AT CHANGE — THE TULIP PERIOD (LÂLE DEVRI) The beginning of the 18th century was a turning point in the development of the Ot- toman Empire. The era of successful invasions had come to an end, unsuccessful mil- itary campaigns had resulted in its borders reducing, rather than expanding as had happened previously due to the feared Ottoman army. The Sultan’s power in outlying provinces had begun to wane in proportion to their distance from Istanbul. Europe, which a few decades ago had looked with respect towards the Bosphorus, now began to view the Ottoman Empire a little like a giant with feet of clay. An ineffective tax col- lection system hampered the administration of the empire’s expansive territory and the formation of a budget. Despite the empire’s gradual long-term dissolution and its falling behind, conservative elements made any kind of system reform a highly com- plicated matter. Despite the obstacles and difficulties, however, there were many reformers, the first of which was Damat İbrahim Paşa Külliyesi. As Sultan Ahmed III’s Grand Vizier from 1718–1730, he introduced a number of innovations which were absolutely key for all his successors. İbrahim Paşa’s 12 years at the head of the Sublime Porte are usually termed the ‘Tulip Period’ (Lâle Devri).1 İbrahim Paşa had been in the Sultan’s close circles since 1716, holding the role of Deputy Grand Vizier for two years before being named Grand Vizier in 1718.2 One of the first things Damat İbrahim did in office was to establish embassies in major European cities before dispatching diplomats.3 Diplomats had been sent to Europe previously, but their missions were of a singular, short-term nature, such as for the signature of a specific treaty.
    [Show full text]
  • Woman Figure in Two Ottoman Miniature Painters Beste Yildirim Boletín De Arte (N.° 16), Pp
    Woman figure in two Ottoman miniature painters Beste Yildirim Boletín de Arte (N.° 16), pp. 30-42 septiembre 2016. ISSN 1853-0710 http://papelcosido.fba.unlp.edu.ar/ojs/index.php/boa Facultad de Bellas Artes. Universidad Nacional de La Plata Enfoques Woman figure in two Ottoman miniature painters La figura de la mujer en dos pintores de miniaturas otomanas Beste Yildirim [email protected] Institute of Social Sciences. Bogaziçi University.Turkey Recibido 09/02/2016 | Aceptado 17/06/2016 ABSTRACT RESUMEN This paper aims to display of woman figure in two Este artículo aborda las figuras de mujeres en 18th century Ottoman painters’ works –Abdulcelil las miniaturas de dos pintores Otomanos del Levni and Abdullah Buhari– in terms of art, gender siglo XVIII, Abdulcelil Levni y Abdullah Buhari. Se and cultural encounters. My thesis is that although analizarán estas pinturas en términos de arte, de these paintings reveal many important points about género y de encuentro cultural. Se entiende que, the period such as sexuality, gender, perception si bien en ellas es posible apreciar muchos puntos of woman, symbolic meanings of dresses, socio- importantes sobre el período –como la sexualidad, cultural hierarchies, visual and contextual changes el género, la percepción de la mujer, los significados from past to 18th century and also within the simbólicos de los vestidos–, las mismas deben ser century, it should be investigated that how we investigadas comparativamente con otros esquemas can scent out similarities of gender issue in focus de representación femenina relacionados con of female figures in the Ottoman world with the representaciones persas y griegas.
    [Show full text]