The Ottomans in the Early Enlightenment: the Case Of

CEU eTD Collection Second Reader: Prof. Al Nadia Supervisor: Prof. Asst. Tolga U.Esmer THE OTTOMANS IN THE OF PUBLIC LIBRARIES I n partial fulfillment of the requirements for of fulfillment the n partial Submitted toCentralSubmitted European University - Bagdadi IN THE REIGN OF MAHM

Budapest, Hungary History Department EARLY ENLIGHTENMENT: Ahmet Bilaloğlu Master ofArts

2013 by

the degree of

UD I(

THE CASE 1730 - 54 ).

CEU eTD Collection such instructions may bemadepermission ofthe thewritten Author.” without not made. copies such any of part a form must page Library. European Central the in lodged and Author the by given instructions the with accordance in only made be may part, or full Author. the with rests thesis this of text the in “Copyright Statement Copyright of

Details may be obtained from the librarian. the from obtained be may Details i

Further copies Further

Copies by any process, any by Copies made in accordance with accordance in made

either in either

This CEU eTD Collection period of thateven political turmoil dethronement resulted inthe of A a in constants the of one remained that network this of resources personal and production the around all libraries establishing of abo importance decrees imperial issued occasions several on who I, Mahmud and III Ahmed sultans, bibliophile two the of tastes personal the of reflections as simply developments European in celebrated Enlightenment are the as that historiography enterprises of types similar in engaged counterparts Rumelia and Anatolia in also but Istanbul mil printing the of introduction the as such enterprises actor ques challenging “modernization or “westernization” Age,” marked have that concepts fram broader a I(1730 Mahmud eighteenth early two of reigns the spanned activ patronage the on focusing by 1754 to 1718 from Empire Ottoman the in politics cultural explores thesis The l in Yalova and founding founding and Yalova in l s

icse i ti thesis this in discussed wr o ery oen itr ad re and history modern early of ework tions such as whether it is purely coincidental that the Ottoman the that coincidental purely is it whether as such tions - 54). 54). It

te o a of ities attempts to locate to attempts Ottomanist Ottomanist of multiple

netd rmnos ie n mtra it cultural into material and time tremendous invested select I as ak wehr t s osbe o ims such dismiss to possible is it whether asks also It .

Abstract historiography

ru o bracasitletas hs careers whose bureaucrats/intellectuals of group vaḳıf cultural production in the in productioncultural . ” ii

at the very same time that their European European their that time same very the at

etr slas Amd I (1703 III Ahmed sultans, century

n on s, it so, doing In (religious endowment) (religious

press, establish press, E mpire. n h period the on - vlae h ideologically the evaluate

ahr i ws h cultural the was it Rather, teps o nwr some answer to attempts ment

Ottoman within Empire hmed III. hmed , such as “the Tulip Tulip “the as such , libraries not only in only not libraries

a productive paper paper productive a

network of of network - 0 and 30) - loaded loaded t the ut

CEU eTD Collection short this but Last Iendlesshave love, couldtaken stepfurther. not one and support their Without remarks. humble these than more lot a deserve mood tempered short and negligent my with up put always who Bilaloğlu, Rüştü and Behice parents, My perio invaluable an learning. with me providing Central for the Program of History member University faculty European each for gratitude my express to wish I Furthermore, Csirkes Ferenc P thank to like would also I patience. with questions perplexed my answered and help needed I when available always was who Esmer U. Prof. Tolga my supervisor withoutthe supportof written been wouldnothave This thesis

not least, it has been a great pleasure to share each and every moment of not only only not of moment every and each share to pleasure great a been has it least, not - lived thesisprocess alsoentire but withmy my life Kasap. precious Tuğçe

o raig eea dat o ti suy n poiig aube feedbacks. valuable providing and study this of drafts several reading for A cknowledgments rof. Nadia Al Nadia rof. iii

- Bagdadi, Prof. Tijana Krsti Tijana Prof. Bagdadi,

ć d of of d

and and CEU eTD Collection Appendix Bibliography Conclusion III. II. I. Introduction Table of Figures Table of Contents Acknowledgments Abstract Statement of Copyright Theoretical and Methodological Considerations III.II of TheContents Book Collections Readership and III.I A Survey of II.II Making Knowledge Available: Translation Committee and Printing Press II.I The TheActors: Formation Ottomanof Bureaucracy aPolitical as Institution I.III Methodology andSources:Treating Ottoman Individuals? as Elites I.II Survey: Literature The AgeTulip Saga I.I Better Towards a Contextualization of Eighteenth Century Ottoman History “Enlightened Ottomans”: Eighteenth

......

...... - Century

......

...... Va ḳ ıf

......

Libraries Va ḳ ...... ıf ...... Patrons, Intellectuals and Bureaucrats andTheir Networks

...... Libraries as Institutions Disseminating New Knowledge ......

...... Table ofContents ......

...... iv

......

69 64 61 55 46 44 35 24 24 18 13

iii iv

ii 4 4 1 v

CEU eTD Collection Figure 4.The Map of the Major Libraries Es Figure 3 Figure 2.The list books of printed in the Müteferrika Press Figure 1 . The List of Major -

A Cop y Ahmed of III’s printed edict in Va ḳ ıf

Libraries Established Mahmud in I’s Reign Table ofFigures tablished the in reign of Mahmud I v Tercüme

- ...... yi Sıhahü’l

- Cevherî ......

......

54 53 43 40

CEU eTD Collection Nevşehirli Empire. establishing through agenda imperial (1711 Efendi and Efendi Mustafa (1735 Efendi Mustafa clerk) chief a through that asserts thesis This I. Mahmud and III Ahmed of reigns the spanned careers whose bureaucrats/intellectuals of group specific a of activities patronage the on focusing Empire Ottoman the in politics cultural the “modernization or “westernization” Age,” Tulip “the as such eighteenth the of historiography the marked have ideological that the concepts rethink as well as history modern early of framework cultural to attempts thesis this contrast, In centuries. nineteenth internal of period a as t century eighteenth the viewed has historiography Ottomanist the outside Ottomans the considered traditionally 1730 (r. I Mahmud early two the of reigns Europe. in movement Enlightenment early the esta the and committees translation various of organization press, printing the of introduction the as such astos f oenne n cnrl oe betwe power central and governance of ransitions hs hss ek t locate to seeks thesis This

te he rlgos fiil Pîrî official) religious chief (the All of these officials hailed from the from hailed officials these of All Dâmâd blishment of a paper mill in mill paper a of blishment - 1752)

f he II n Mhu I Mahmud and III Ahmed of

İbrahim Paşa (1718 Paşa İbrahim , it is possible possible is it , ṣ - va adâret ket adâret 54) ḳ eighteenth ıf I . pos foundation) (pious ntellectual and cultural historians of of historians cultural and ntellectual ḫ üdâsı - eighteenth century Ottoman sultans, Ahmed III Ahmed sultans, Ottoman century - o eet a detect to ?), ?), Introduction -

1730) and managed to rise to prominent ranks in the the in ranks prominent to rise to managed and 1730)

(the chief assistant of the of assistant chief (the the defter - zâde Ottoman Empire within the larger framework of framework larger the within Empire Ottoman 1 - in the first half of the the of half first the in - etr sca and social century

dâr The temporal scope of this thesis covers the covers thesis this of scope temporal The

Ṣ libraries learned circle of Ahmed III’s Grand Grand III’s Ahmed of circle learned em f olbrtr wo ptmzd the epitomized who collaborators of team

â ht ie a dseiaig knowledge disseminating at aimed that ḥ te ed f h fnne bureau) finance the of head (the b Mehm ib scope of the the of scope

n h crisis the en place

to each and every corner of the the of corner every and each to

the Ottomans within a broader a within Ottomans the ed Efendi, Efendi, ed .”

It will do so by exploring by so do will It etr Otmn Empire, Ottoman century nelcul developments intellectual Enlightenment, whereas, whereas, Enlightenment, G - ae seventeenth laden rand rand toa history Ottoman eighteenth eighteenth

reîsü’l (r.1703 V ez î r) Şerîf Halil Şerîf r) - küttâb - century 1730) and 1730) ly - loaded loaded

Vezîr

c have Âtıf (the and by

CEU eTD Collection further chapter The of involvement the if it?” questions behind dependencies cultural of network sophisticated more much a there was or needy, the towards compassion of act an realm Ottoman the in charity this men, these of activities patronage the of light In I. Mahmud of reign the in interests intellectual common theirsimilar of finally, pursuit and, (iv) 1730; in Revolt Halil Patrona the after profiles high maintaining the in question and in artistic bureaucrats the co of and cooperation their (ii) lines palace; Ottoman the career of layers administrative the (i) presents: chapter the I, (1718 murdered the of entourage the in activities literary and artistic with involved and up brought were who grandees Ottoman of network the of protagonists aforementioned with anintroduction of thesourcesand themethodologychapters. used inthe research grand the to refer to used chapter The it. of part active an were Ottomans the how and movement Enlightenment the of versions disparate of existence the show to Itaims historiography. revisionist of bulk growing the within thesis a bloody in halt a to IIIcame also o reign refut - 1730) and who cont and who 1730) f the ensuing sultan, Mahmud I.Mahmud sultan, ensuing the f h scn catr hd lgt no h itretn cre lns f the of lines career intersecting the onto light sheds chapter second The This ,

es popular popular

the mainstream the thesis ieay ewrs salse by established networks literary revolt known as the Patrona Halil rebellionknown asrevolt thePatrona Halil consists of three chapte three of consists 1730 when he was dethroned and his Grand Vezîr İbrahim was killed in killed was İbrahim Vezîr Grand his and dethroned was hewhen 1730 also deconstructs the idea of “the Tulip Age” which has long been long has which Age” Tulip “the of idea the deconstructs also vizierate inued to serve the state in the reign of the ensuing sultan Mahmud Mahmud sultan ensuing ofthe in the reign state inued toserve the assumption that the intellectual investments initiated by Ahmed Ahmed by initiated investments intellectual the that assumption

these prominent men in the same patronage activity brings brings activity patronage same the in men prominent these

of İbrahim Paşa with false attributions. The chapter ends chapter The attributions. false with Paşa İbrahim of

thesis. By reconstructing the cultural practices of a a of practices cultural the reconstructing By thesis.

Th chapter also attempts to answer the question, “Was “Was question, the answer to attempts also chapter erefore, their participation in intellectual activities intellectual in participationtheir erefore, rs. Grand Vezîr Grand 2 The first chapter first The

Dâmâd

of Ahmed III, Ahmed of İbrahim Paşa; (iii) their ways of of ways their (iii) Paşa; İbrahim .

attempts to contextualize to attempts Dâmâd - existence in the the in existence

İbrahim Paşa İbrahim

the CEU eTD Collection chapteralso addresses issue mosque a of part necessarily not were that libraries public the to extends the and th network ( I 18 the of half first the in established half ofhistoriographically theeighteenth century isladen with which new a about is 1730

chapter examines common book collections endowed in these monumental enterprises monumental these in endowed collections book common examines chapter The third chap third The -

54 identified in the second chapter second the in identified targeted ). ih reference With vantage point vantage

uine f hs enterprise this of audience ter provides an analysis of the of analysis an provides ter

s ofreadership,and orality from which to which from

h acietrl projects architectural the th

century with a specific focus on the reign of Mahmud of reign the on focus specific a centurywith

but also by the sultan and many other bureaucrats other many and sultan the by also but

re 3 -

Frhroe te cp o te th the of scope the Furthermore, .

consider the cultural background of the first the of background cultural the consider va the ḳ ıf transmission oftransmission knowledge. arnzd o only not patronized (religious endowment) (religious - loaded appellations.loaded - complex. The The complex.

y th by ss also esis libraries elite e

CEU eTD Collection 1300 1300 2 6. 2007), Studies, Academic (Tauris World Modern 2010). Early Press, the in Transformation Social and Political Empire: Ottoman (1541 Ali Mustafa Historian The Empire: see example for paradigm, decline the questioning Literature," Ottoman in Narratives 1 Women of Sultanate “the after experienceddecayadministrative the of result direct the asperiod whole what to regards with so the between period transition a being to Reduced historiography. Ottoman in era problematic polities unrelated seemingly between exchanges and transfers cultural observe to terms vista innovative own its on realities Ottoman century eighteenth study to sought archives. Ottoman the of opening the accompanied coincidentally which community, given a of life longer required approach historical new The large on emphasis strong a and modes narrative history fashioned” “old against 198 the since thesis decline overarching the discredited overwhelmingly has which Empire, Ottoman

See for example for See Cemal Kafadar, "Self and Others: The Diary of a Dervish in Seventeenth Century Istanbul and First and Istanbul Century Seventeenth in Dervish a of Diary The Others: and "Self Kafadar, Cemal I. - - 1600 1600 I Towards a I Towards Better Eighteenth of Contextualization CenturyHistory Ottoman - called pre called Hwvr te r sil ean udrtde ad rvs o be to proves and understudied remains still era the However, . the in modernity early of historiography revisionist the with engages thesis This 1

(Orion Publishing Group, Limited, 2000). Limited, Group, (OrionPublishing ,” Cmrde nvriy rs, 97; ai İnalcık, Halil 1997); Press, University (Cambridge hs dvlpet rsle i te omto o a eiins liter revisionist a of formation the in resulted developments These

. Sajdi, D.

an oft an 0s, when the influence of the Annales school created a world a created school Annales the of influence the when 0s, Halil İnalcık and Donald Quataert, Quataert, Donald and İnalcık Halil - Theoretical andMethodological Considerations modern and modern ages, the eighteenth century mostly received attention attention received mostly century eighteenth the ages, modern and modern - repeated label referring to the seventeenth century when a series of weak weak of seriesa when seventeenthcentury the referringto label repeated toa Tlp, toa Cfe: esr ad ietl i te ihenh Century Eighteenth the in Lifestyle and Leisure Coffee: Ottoman Tulips, Ottoman

happened before and after it. after and before happened

Studia Islamica Studia

- writing methods that were based on chronologically on based were that methods writing - 1600) Chapter I:

(Princeton University Press, 1986). Press, University (Princeton C.H. Flei C.H. , no. 69 (1989): 122 (1989): 69 no. , An Economic and Social History Social and Economic An

4 -

em ttsia dt o eooi ad social and economic on data statistical term - scale politico scale scher, 2

The conven The The Ottoman Empire: A the Classical Age, Age, Classical the A Empire: Ottoman The Bureaucrat and Intellectual in the Ottoman the in Intellectual and Bureaucrat - 3. -

military events and personas and events military For examples of individu of examples For tional outlook regarded the regarded outlook tional

of the Ottoman Empire: Ottoman the of (Cambridge University University (Cambridge Tezcan, B.

n cetd an created and - particularly a wide reaction wide tr that ature The S The - ordered al works al - Person Person econd econd

CEU eTD Collection example, for 6 5 the to opposition an as prerogatives 4 royal the limiting at court. ofthe aimed absolutist discourse who constitutionalists the of triumph the deceased the of brother the bringing in role crucial Efendi’s grand of office b reasons possible the (r.1617 I Mustafa of enthronement the of example specific the to reference with World see century ( 19 no. 197 2008), Press, University (2004). 1 3 enterpr active into turned careers, their in later who, and entourage (1711 Efendi Halil c küttâb the Empire. Ottoman the in of bureaucratization and modes patronage the in transformations specific by marked period a century, eighteenth the of of historiography the in infancy its earlymodernity. Ottoman in still is and Hathaway Jane by lacuna” big “the called once was which history intellectual and cultural of field emerging the and scholarship autonomous provincial power holders, European emerging long manipulated powers imperial European and declined power military and political Ottoman the and functionaries the under ruled sultans inexperienced and

Âtıf Mustafa Efendi and and Efendi Mustafa Âtıf Ibid, 38. Ibid, 31. Hathaway, Jane Hathaway, "Rewriting Eighteenth "Rewriting Hathaway, Jane For the patterns of promotion en promotion of patterns the For şeyhü’l - . tnig aiuain t incorpo to capitulations standing , in which the author author the which in ,

(the chief clerk) Mustafa Efendi (1735 Efendi Mustafa clerk) chief (the ises 99: 189 1999): t s osbe o oae hs hss n ewe te rwn bl o anti of bulk growing the between in thesis this locate to possible is It

Also see Also Tezcan, Tezcan,

- in the court of Mahmud I. Mahmud of court the in N. Itzkowitz, Itzkowitz, N. islâm

mufti

K. Barkey, Barkey, K. - 200. The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Ear the in Transformation Social and Political Empire: Ottoman Second The

– te he rlgos fiil Pîrî official) religious chief (the ehind the survival of Prince Mustafa, Tezcan emphasizes the emerging power of the the of power emerging the emphasizes Tezcan Mustafa, Prince of survival the ehind

- the ultimate authority exerting the jurists’ law law jurists’ the exerting authority ultimate the - dominated world economy, which gave rise to the emergence of quasi of emergence the to rise gave which economy, world dominated

72 wo ee ne io mmes of members minor once were who 1752) utemr, o a eet tep t re to attempt recent a for Furthermore, Eighteenth Century Ottoman Realities Ottoman Century Eighteenth c ulemâ. scrutinize - 226. 5 Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective Comparative in Ottomans The Difference: of Empire

ṣ I limit the temporal scope of my researc myof scope temporalthe I limit drt ket adâret , joyed by several bureaucrats of high caliber in the eighteenth century, see, century, eighteenth the in caliber high of bureaucrats several by joyed

Ethem Eldem, "18. Yüzyıl Ve Değişim," Değişim," Ve Yüzyıl "18. Eldem, Ethem 3

s ieie i ln cm t b kon s h pro when period the as known be to came long it Likewise,

the rising political power of the jurists over Ottoman dynastic polities polities dynastic Ottoman over jurists the of power political rising the - Century Ottoman History," History," Ottoman Century 6 ḫ

a The conventional periodization of eig of periodization conventional The üdâsı ae h so the rate c yân .

4 - ieto o ipra wvs mtes palace mothers, wives, imperial of direction 5

(the chief assistant of the of assistant chief (the

?), ?),

defter - sultan to the throne. Tezcan regards this event as as event this regards Tezcan throne. the to sultan ald ik a o te ol it the into world the of man sick called - zâde

- (Studia Islamica, 1962). Islamica, (Studia - dâr vlae h pwr yais n h 17 the in dynamics power the evaluate Mediterranean Historical Review Historical Mediterranean The main actors of this thesis are thesis this of actors main The Ṣ – (the head of the finance bureau) finance the of head (the

â by referring to the grand mufti Esad Esad mufti grand the to referring by

ḥ members of imperial of members b emd Efendi, Mehmed ib Cogito - h roughly to the first half first the to roughlyh 18/1622 Dâmâd

Osmanlılar Özel Sayısı, Sayısı, Özel Osmanlılar G - rand 23). After discussing After 23).

bai Paşa’s İbrahim hteenth V

ez (Cambridge - ly Modern ly

d - î cultural century Şerîf r) reîsü’l eclinist

19, no. no. 19, th - -

CEU eTD Collection “Renaissance Ottoman an of notions the examines that culture of flow betweencenter and the provincesandmore nature. its triangulated the of direction the consider us makes also It history. Ottoman century intellectualof central trends o andprovincial modes re to us leads which yet, attention scholarly received not has Empire the of parts different to knowledge, thus and works, influential transmitting in elites rol The enterprises. intellectual network’s this of scope to and which extent from the point observe vantage the as serve will and thesis this of core the at lie libraries of patronage was elites foundati these of undertaking common One I. Mahmud sultan, ensuing the of reign the in layers administrative the in ranks prominent to rose and learned the co awakening intellectual autochthonous an to points thesis this century, eighteenth the of half first the in capital the sphere intellectual root and III Ahmed describ bureaucrats/intellectuals of network the of activities patronage common the contrary, the On ideals. Western with flirtation and (1703 III Ahmed Sultan inval and with dispensed 1730 in revolt Halil Patrona the that grounds the on it, following immediately era the and 1730, to 1718 from lasted have to said so the between break sharp a assume to tends historiography Ottoman by 1730 by Building on some of the recent comparative works in early mod early in works comparative recent the of some on Building on)

circle of Ahmed III’s Grand III’s Ahmed of circle libraries not only in Istanbul but also in the Balkans and Anatolia. These Anatolia. and Balkans the in also but Istanbul in only not libraries and the and Mahmud I (1730 I Mahmud .

By exploring exploring By re was a continuity in terms of terms in continuity a was re - 30) who presided over this fabled age of extravagant consumption consumption extravagant of age fabled this over presided who 30) - initiated by a team of collaborators of team a by initiated - 5 the cultural politics initiated from a network of men from from men of network a from initiated politics cultural the 4 )

shows that by 1730, Ahmedian regime had taken deep deep taken had regime Ahmedian 1730, by that shows Vezîr d bv woe aer sand h rin of reigns the spanned careers whose above ed 6

Nevşehirli courtly practices and investments in the in investments and practices courtly f cultural exchange inthe eighteenthf cultural exchange Dâmâd ,”

- “the Age of Exploration” or or Exploration” of Age “the consider the contextualization the consider : idated the cultural politics of of politics cultural the idated

all of whom stemmed from stemmed whom of all

İbrahim Paşa (1718 Paşa İbrahim

ern Ottoman history Ottoman ern - ald ui Age, Tulip called va ḳ o such of e ıf

- (pious 1730) va ḳ ıf

CEU eTD Collection 2012). Diego, San California, (Universityof see Enlightenment, Englightenment Empire Ottoman Modern Early 8 the in Change 2011). Press, University Religious of Narratives Islam: to Conversions Society and Culture European and Ottoman Modern 7 and authors individual than rather controversies broad on focusing by movement(s) the Enl the on commentariescontextualist the Israelcontests Jonathan differences,these on Based settings. so the betw differences political and indeed was it and Europe. phenomenon, Western of idea very the for responsible European western a distinctly was Enlightenment contradictory of existence the Despite religion. of wars modern early the and Reformation Catholic and Protestant the Renaissance, the as such developments European Western earlier of spectrum be appropriate tolocatethe Ottomansvarying within Enlightenment. the ofthe definitions would it history, Ottoman terms of particulars the into delving before However, “enlightenment.” in represented be can period specific multiple founding and Yalova in mill paper modern printing a establishing the of introduction the in investing committees, ind translation specificestablishing by out carried enterprises intellectual the whether answering at aims also chapter This qualification. much without used often “modernization and Age” Tulip “the as such labels loaded rethinki as well as transfers cultural of modes the in shifts “Confessionalization

For example see example For e fr example, for See - called “enlightened” individual or society showed substantial differences in the two the in differences substantial showed society or individual “enlightened” called The Enlightenment The ightenment and argues that it is only possible to conceive the proper meaning of of meaning proper the conceive to possible only is it that argues and ightenment

iw aot ht co what about views (Stanford University Press, 1994). Press, University (Stanford Walter G. Andrews and M. Kalpakli, Kalpakli, M. and Andrews G. Walter au Bkr üü, Ery nihemn i Istanbul in Enlightenment "Early Küçük, Bekir Harun L. Wolff, Wolff, L. , ,”

G. Casale, G. 7

hs hpe ciial rves h tere ofrd o xli the explain to offered theories the reviews critically chapter this netn Esen uoe Te a o Civ of Map The Europe: Eastern Inventing w as

een Western and Eastern Europe, the definition and scope of scope and definition the Europe, Eastern and Western een The Ottoman Age of Exploration of Age Ottoman The

traditionally con traditionally nstituted the movement, scholars have agreed that the the that agreed have scholars movement, the nstituted

For a cogent critique on various views on the idea of the the of idea the on views various on critique cogent a For (Duke University Press, 2005). Press, University (Duke 7

The Age of Beloveds: Love and the Beloved in Early in Beloved the and Love Beloveds: of Age The sidered to be a set of responses to a large a to responses of set a be to sidered

Due to several significant social, cultural social, significant several to Due f n toa “g o Rao” or Reason” of “Age Ottoman an of ividuals and institutions such as as such institutions and ividuals

(Oxford University Press, USA, 2009). USA, Press, University (Oxford - cum g h soe f ideologically of scope the ng - ," History and Science Studies Studies Science and History ," westernization” which are which westernization” lzto o te id f the of Mind the on ilization va , Tijana Krstić, Krstić, Tijana ḳ ıf

libraries in this this in libraries

Contested Contested (Stanford (Stanford - press, press,

- - CEU eTD Collection 13 12 11 10 1750 Rights Human 1670 Man, of passim. 9 enlightenment. European the and enlightenment Ottoman the between difference important most the as be pinpointed might Bayle, and Spinoza Europe, of thinkers important two informed that domains a The Spinozism. to references explicit without radicalism of amount certain a displayed interestingly which sultan, the of court the tradi by and pioneered movement intellectual Ottoman the of case the to faith applicable is enlightenment with reason reconciling at aimed and philosophy to role limited more much a allocated which movement, enlightenment pietism. a monarchy, occasionalism, Malebranche’s “enlightened” monads, Voltaire’s Leibnizian empiricism, Lockean dualism, Cartesian as such Enlightenmentthe with belonging ideas of arraywide a excluded thus alternatives,new find merely not the of did institutions the of rejection the involve Spinozism suggests, Küçük As monarchy. and religion of foundations taken the questioning for asked it and truth of judge mere the was reason that premise the on based was “Enlightenment” radical the Spinozism, of influence heavy the Under case. Ottoman the to applicable not is which Enlightenment “radical” was movement domains. “unenlightened” against themselves identified which movements settings. social

Jonathan Israel, "Enlightenment! Which Enlightenment?," Enlightenment?," Which "Enlightenment! Israel, Jonathan

Küçük, 11. Küçük, Linda Kirk, "The Matter of Enlightenment," ofEnlightenment," Matter "The Kirk, Linda 2 Küçük, Israel Al "Enlightenment! Which Enlightenment?." Which "Enlightenment! 11 so see by the same author, same the by see so -

8. These aspects of radicalism led to a more moderate and mainstream definition of definition mainstream and moderate more a to led radicalism of aspects These

1752 9

- sal us owr htteewr las w cnurn Enlightenment concurrent two always were there that forward puts Israel 1790 (Oxford University Press, 2006). Press, University (Oxford

(OUP Oxford, 2011). Oxford, (OUP 13

In lieu o lieu In

Enlightenment f philosophers, skepticism towards established religion established towards skepticism philosophers, f The Historical Journal Historical The bsence of original skeptical impetus in the Ottoman the in impetus skeptical original of bsence

, p. 540 ,

Contested: Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation the and Modernity, Philosophy, Contested:

Democratic Enlightenment:Philosophy, Revolution, and Revolution, Enlightenment:Philosophy, Democratic 8 ancient régime ancient

Journal of the History of Ideas of History the of Journal l ye o ﬁes, uiaim and puritanism ﬁdeism, of types ll tion.

43, no. 4 4 no. (2000). 43, 12

but also required also but

n hs es, “moderate” sense, this In

67, no. 3 (2006). 3 no. 67, 10 an attempt to attempt an -

for n such One - granted granted ,

CEU eTD Collection in 1618. Osman II of enthronement the and I Mustafa of Deposition the and 1688 in 1 England in Revolution Glorious the between (2009), Modernity," Islamic Soci of and Political Empire: Roots Ottoman the and Pietism Or: Revisited, critics: his and Schulze on discussion extensive an for 16 15 Hareket XVII Kadızadeliler Bakış: Bir Teşebbüslerine (Püritanizm) Tasﬁye Dinde Islams des Seventee the in Fanaticism of Triumph the of Myth "The Rouayheb, 14 eliminat to way a provided which logic, scholastic of replaced reason exercise individual the that forward mystical put Schulze century. emancipatory eighteenth the politically of literature and rationalistic the anthropocentric, to increasingly reference the with modernity the of beginning France. and America in revolutions political and Enlightenment the as seen commonly is that period a history, Western and European in century eighteenth the of equivalent direct a was eighteenth “Islamic the Islamichistory in periods previous century”from distinguished and Enlightenment) Islamic autochthonous (an argued Schulze Reinhard instance, long a force imposing leftand superior a as necessarily not West the locate to attempt Hourani’s considered, were century eighteenth W the of impact self a of conceive to possible was it whether and decay in and stagnant really were Ottomans innovati an offered Hourani Albert Century,” XVIIIth the in Crescent Fertile the of Face Changing “The article seminal his in earlier years fifty than More Enlightenment. the in Ottomans the of place (d.1653).leadership Mehmed and as(d.1573) Ahmed Birgili of such Sirhindi scholars as such Istanbul in movements religious by spread was learning and

A. Hourani, A. Reinhard Schulze, "Was Ist Die Islamische Aufklärung?," Aufklärung?," Islamische Die Ist "Was Schulze, Reinhard For - - otie Otmn ulm oit bfr te og ieenh etr we te full the when century nineteenth long the before society Muslim Ottoman contained XXI, no. 1 no. XXI,

ute ifrain n eiiu setcs i te toa Epr se o example for see Empire Ottoman the in skepticism religious on information further In a different context, sch context, different a In

48, no. 2 (2008): 196 (2008): 2 no. 48, The Changing Face of the Fertile Crescent in the Xviiith Century Xviiith the Crescent in Fertile the of Face Changing The - 2 (1983). 2

est was much more profound. more much was est e rmwr t re to framework ve

- 221.

al Transformation in the Early Modern World Modern Early the in Transformation al , and and , olars have already asked similar questions regarding the the regarding questions similar asked already have olars for the existence of existence the for Ahmet Yaşar Ocak, "Xvii. Yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorlugu’nda İmparatorlugu’nda Osmanlı Yüzyılda "Xvii. Ocak, Yaşar Ahmet - - lasting legacy in the works of various scholars. Forscholars. various of works the legacyin lasting vlae h pro b qetoig hte the whether questioning by period the evaluate 9

Albrecht Hofheinz, "Illumination and Enlightenment Enlightenment and "Illumination Hofheinz, Albrecht 15 .

sfra tednmc o hnei the in change of dynamics the as far As By the same token, he token, same the By Die Welt de Welt Die

an nth autochtone Islamiche autochtone - Century Ottoman Empire," Empire," Ottoman Century s Islams s - 6. 16

i," i," lo see Also He based hi based He

(Larose, 1957). (Larose, e the established social established the e

ük ütr Araştırmaları Kültürü Türk 36, no. 3 (1996). 3 no. 36, . , for a critical comparison comparison critical a for , Salafism posit Tezcan, Tezcan, s argument on argument s ed

Aufklärung th

The Second Second The ne the under hld El Khaled at the erathe at , Also see Also , Die Welt Die 14

CEU eTD Collection (1999). 1 no. ibid.39, Century," in the 18th Scholarship ofIslamic Glimpses 21 (1996). 3 no. 20 19 18 passim. 17 ei the especially period, century modern early the in interest renewed the a in of instrumental formation was itself debate the scholars, different of assertions particular the ev aspects linguistic to related was critics Schulze’s adopted. he meaning the far so state the dominated had that classes those from bourgeoisie urban an of emancipation d than rather progress as self and originality autonomous an of design creative the to referring concepts: history. “ a such terms Western be to considered widely is what alone.” experience Western the of idiosyncrasies the by dominated “less framework a provided which history, universal broader a into societies Muslim of in h which triumphalism through origin of point a as century” European eighteenth “Islamic Schulze of theory, system effects world Wallerstein’s the to avoid parallel historiography, to order in Furthermore, orders. Enlightenment

Stefan Reichmuth, "Murtadā Az "Murtadā StefanReichmuth, "Suf Radtke, Bernd 4. Modernity," oftheIslamic Roots and Pietism Or: Revisited, Enlightenment and "Illumination Hofheinz, IslamischeAufklärung?," Die Ist "Was Schulze, Hofheinz, "Illumination and Enlightenment Revisited, Or: Pietism and the Roots of Islamic Modernity," Modernity," Islamic of Roots the and Pietism Or: Revisited, Enlightenment and "Illumination Hofheinz, entually reach concepts very similar in meaning to what Schulze offered. Schulze what to meaning in similar very concepts reach entually .” 19

, and also also and , Critics such as Bernd Radtke objected to Schulze’s bold claim not only in terms of terms in only not claim bold Schulze’s to objected Radtke Bernd as such Critics cuz’ dfnto o “sai Elgtnet ws ae o fu fundamental four on based was Enlightenment” “Islamic of definition Schulze’s . 18

subjectivity

Stefan Reichmuth, on the contrary, claimed that claimed contrary, the on Reichmuth, Stefan referring to the evaluation of the new and the old, thus viewing historical process historical viewing thus old, the and new the of evaluation the referringto R. S. O’Fahey and Bernd Radtke, "Neo Radtke, Bernd and O’Fahey R.S. ,” attributed to concepts but also because of the “Western” terminology that he he that terminology “Western” the of because also but concepts to attributed

ism in the 18th Century: An Attempt at a Provisional Appraisal," Appraisal," Provisional a at AnAttempt Century: 18th the in ism Schulze meant to prove that Islam was an integral part of this universal this of part integral an was Islam that prove to meant Schulze

eern t m to referring cie and ecline, - Zabīdī (D. 1791) in Biographical and Autobiographical Accounts. Accounts. Autobiographical and in Biographical 1791) (D. Zabīdī

emancipation emancipation sia eprec o oes self, one’s of experience ystical passim 10

- Sufism Reconsidered," in Reconsidered," Sufism .

eern t “h sca ad economic and social “the to referring however, ; s “ ancien régime ancien the main reason of criticism by criticism of reason main the

osiu hmn subject, human conscious those critics critics those e reintegrated the history the reintegrated e 17

Der Islam By a deliberate use of use deliberate a By ,” Die Islams Welt des

“ anthropocentrism intellectuals 21 eerd to referred

Regardless of Regardless (1993), 2 (1993), i indeed did ghteenth ghteenth - ” 8.

and

the 36, 36,

CEU eTD Collection Russell,1966). 23 examples. ( is in Egypt case, rich this In unusually capitals. provincial the perhaps in milieu intellectual the influenced have must endowed, they l Century 22 to began employees these century, eighteenth the in that concluded Itzkowitz men, these of Vezîr Grand lower were institution this of employees The institution.” “palace introduced, had Lybyer that ins religious and ruling the to addition in that showed already Realities,” Ottoman “Eighteenth administrative article famous of his cadres in Itzkowitz, the Norman way formed. were the institutions in patterns changing observe can one capital, ( posts scribal filled initially who actors, minor relatively once by initiated awakening intellectual Ottoman an of existence sim for look of introduced by Schulze. category the into fits also which intellectuals, radical and progressive con the to curiously due Hanna largely trade. being Mediterranean into came which class, middle modern or literate, emerging newly a of tendencies secular by motivated inquiry of line a of reflection the as evaluated sophist a of existence the scrutinized Hanna classes, learned and courtly on focus that lenses scholarly popular more the from focus the Shifting culture. book of type new a promoted that e Empire the of side other the on group intellectual concomitant the discusses too, she, because thesis this for block newly this ibraries maintained by a number of these officials, as well as the pious foundations (s. waqf, Turkish vakıf) Turkish waqf, (s. foundations pious the as well as officials, these of number a by maintained ibraries Hathaway, "Rewriting Eighteenth Hathaway,"Rewriting

A.H. Lyby A.H. N. Hanna, Hanna, N.

Hanna’s definition of eighteenth of definition Hanna’s book Hanna’s Nelly Srcs Uiest Pes 2003). Press, University (Syracuse - er, er, on itrs i te ihenh etr ad osiue a iprat building important an constitutes and century eighteenth the in interest found In Praise of Books: A Cultural History of Cairo's Middle Class, Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Eighteenth the to Sixteenth Class, Middle Cairo's of History Cultural A Books: of Praise In

’s chancery and the financial ministry, financial the and chancery ’s lr e i dfeet rvne o te mie s ta w cn usin the question can we that so Empire, the of provinces different in men ilar The Government of the Ottoman Empire in the Time of Suleiman the Magnificent the Suleiman of Time the in Empire Ottoman the of Government The

23 In Praise of Books of Praise In - Century Ottoman History." Ottoman Century

there was a third intermediary institution, which he called the called he which institution, intermediary third a was there (see for some thoughtful considerations on book culture in Cairo Cairo in culture book on considerations thoughtful some for (see kâtibân)

As Hannah shows, Egypt is rich in libraries Furthermore, the the Furthermore, libraries in rich is Egypt shows, Hannah As - century Ottoman intellectuals in Cairo pushes us to us pushes Cairo in intellectuals Ottoman century . Shifting Hanna’s spatial focus from Cairo to Cairo from focus spatial Hanna’s Shifting . 11 ies hs bo cletr a a ru of group a as collectors book these siders

is one of the most appropriate examples of of examples appropriate most the of one is ) defter icated book culture in Cairo, which she she which Cairo, in culture book icated

- ḫ ân e . By tracing the career lines career the tracing By . - ranking officials in the the in officials ranking mergence of a new new a of mergence emancipation

(Russell & & (Russell - titutions Century Century the -

CEU eTD Collection Society 26 250 2005), Press, 25 24 Britain’s to refers also Habermas discourses. critical but informed so not through monitored public were they and power, III’s Ahmed of representations the be to proved companions people.” the by discourse critical the before peo represented merely was power ruler’s the which in sphere public a replaced gradually bourgeoisie emergent the state, the of practices bureaucratic and arcane the with co of matters and news exchanging for need the to due being into came which sphere public bourgeois Society Bourgeois of Category his In culture. elite Ottoman within institution,” “palace calls Itzkowitz which intellectuals, of group new a of ta fundamentally betterment progress. andintellectual activity patronage common a adopted elites enlightened” “the Ottoman sociability, the and betterment of human nature at Epicureanist aimed who the writers on enlightened emphasis Robertson’s John to parallel In careers. entrepreneur cultural of circle a of members the into minor turned previously employees these that and in, participated himself I Mahmud Sultan establishing that agenda of imperial conscious a were activities intellectual enterprise other of patronage and libraries the that argue to grounds solid with us providing thus pattern, same this fit beginning the at identified thesis this of actors the of trajectories career careers their enter by rulinginstitution being appointed the

J. Robertson, Robertson, J. Itzkowitz, J. Habermas, Habermas, J. ple with a sphere in which state authority was publicly monitored through informed and informed through monitored publicly was authority state which in sphere a with ple

(Mit Press, 1991), xi 1991), Press, (Mit Habermas’ conceptualization of “public sphere” also helps to frame the participation the frame to helps also sphere” “public of conceptualization Habermas’ Eighteenth Century Ottoman Realities Ottoman Century Eighteenth a atr wih e coi he which pattern a , The Case for the for Enligh Case The The Structural Transformation o Transformation Structural The mn ocr i te ihenh etr. aems tts ht i is clash its “in that states Habermas century. eighteenth the in concern mmon - 6.

St utrl rnfrain f h Pbi Sphere Public the of Transformation ructural - xii.

, Habermas refers to the creation, flourishing and demise of a of demise and flourishing creation, the to refers Habermas , tenment: Scotland and Naples 1680 and Naples Scotland tenment: 26 25

e te “effendi the ned In that sense, sense, that In f the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgois Bourgois of Category a into Inquiry An Sphere: Public the f , passim. , 12

defter

- dâr Dâmâd - s turned

serving as as serving

- - bai Pş ad i boon his and Paşa İbrahim 1760 pasha

(Cambridge University University (Cambridge .” 24 Grand Vezîr –

n nur it a into Inquiry An lot l o the of all Almost hp ae i their in later ship gtn human rgeting defter s

later in later in - ḫ va âne ḳ ly ly ıf

CEU eTD Collection 1 1991), Press, York ofNew University (State 28 27 long two highlighted Barbir Karl century, eighteenth I.II Literature Age Tulip The Saga Survey: G late the with connections their of because harassed being avoid to order in factions different was III thi Ahmed through probably and most executed is It were dethroned. companions boon favorite his of many and Paşa patron their which in 1730, in Revolt Halil Patrona the of consequences curi quite is it him, of protégé the of retinue close the in either were elite.men these of that all that within Considering factionalism the and elite ruling the of composition the in observed work at decentralization and centralization of forces contradictory were there centuries, eighteenth and seventeenth the during that thesis samethis period. society verse and poetry, ideas, Dâmâd sphere. public preconditionsexamples criteria”were “institutional for which ofthe the France’s houses, coffee

rand Ibid, Ibid, R.A. Abou R.A. passim V -

The practices of the network network the of practices The In his well his In

bai Paşa’s İbrahim can ezîr - El . .

be considered be

- 27 Haj, Haj,

In the Ottoman case, the fact that the actors of these thesis were all part of part all were thesis these of actors the that fact the case, Ottoman the In - Formation of the Modern State: The Ottoman Empire, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries Eighteenth to Sixteenth Empire, Ottoman The State: Modern the of Formation received article about the caveats of stud of caveats the about article received

– famous

not to mention to not

salon counterpart to Habermas’ observations of Western EuropeWestern of observationsHabermas’counterpart to

ad Germany’s and s gatherings ous how they were able to get away with the fatal fatal the with away get to able were they how ous introduced - 3.

ubiquitous

( fcinls ta te wr al t straddle to able were they that factionalism s meclis 13

here also re also here ht lyd infcn rls n h shifts the in roles significant played that ) of intellectuals where they exchanged exchanged they where intellectuals of )

tischgesellschaften coffee - atn hsoigahcl problems. historiographical lasting houses ying the Ottoman realities in the in realities Ottoman the ying - confirm Rifaat Abou Rifaat confirm

for all groups of Ottoman of groups all for tbe societies) (table emergence of aemergence new of G Dâmâd rand Ve - El

İbrahim z - during î Hajj’s r or a a or r

as 28

CEU eTD Collection Turkey Modern in and Development Its Age Tulip the Age term“Tulip the whilecoining Refik Ahmed 31 30 Scholarship," 29 period vulnerable toseveral of vizierate grand the in organized Küçükçelebi Abdî Efesuch aschroniclerswere several label Age,”Tulip of“the Refik’s Ahmed informs that legacy combined this is It uncritically. twenti that society Ottoman of decay period moral the a of by marked characterization a bequeathed together genres of sets both civilized thus, and Europe; enlightened” “the versus exotic and barbarians as Ottomans the depicted travelers European rule, of system traditional the for nostalgia with laden were accounts whose chroniclers Ottoman contemporary Like stereotypes. Orientalist of confines the within writing for criticizes Barkey Karen whom and historians court observers, contemporary of accounts the on based Ottoman of image notorious This pleasures. material towards predisposition a with man lascivious a being to reduced traditionally is who Paşa III’s Ahmed by over presided debauchery and extravagance “modernization Age” “Tulip infamous the epitomize centuries. eighteenth and seventeenth the during facedit difficulties the all despiteEmpire Ottoman the of persistence the of sense s the whereas, societies, other to incomparable and abnormal incommensurable, as world Ottoman the perceiving about was one first The

Ahmed Refik Altınay, Refik Altınay, Ahmed Barkey, al abr "h Cagn Fc o te toa Epr i te ihenh etr: at n Future and Past Century: Eighteenth the in Empire Ottoman the of Face Changing "The Barbir, Karl Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective Comparative in Ottomans The Difference: of Empire Oriente Moderno Oriente - zâde İsmail Âsım Efendi who narrated the daily events and palace festivities palace and events daily the narrated who Efendi Âsım İsmail zâde - cum - Lale Devri Lale

etriain ld o h ie o a yhcl eid f pleasure, of period mythical a of idea the to led westernization” which

18 (79), 18 superficial appellations.

(Askeri Kütüphane, 1915). (Askeri Kütüphane,

no. 1 (1999): 261. 1 no. (1999):

still use still Dâmâd

n ht h d the that in 29 ,” ndi, Şemdâni ndi,

d see

İbrahim Paşa with exaggeration thus making the making thus exaggeration with Paşa İbrahim h polm ta Bri mnind indeed mentioned Barbir that problems The today.

14 (I.2008). B.Tauris, C. Erimtan, C.Erimtan, econd one was about the difficulty of making of difficulty the about was one econd

created 30

escriptions of this era as the period of of period the as era this of escriptions 31 Indeed,

For a detailed analysis of the sources used by used sources analysis detailed ofthe a For

- elites Ott zâde Fındıklılı Süleymanzâde Fındıklılı and Efendi

bina omans Looking West?: The Origins of of Origins The West?: Looking omans t cnuy itras accepted historians century eth Ahmed Refik’sAhmed reference points

y oppositions ry during the period was mainly mainly was period the during

G , 197. , rand

Vezîr

ideologically

European travelers, European

Dâmâd

n hc they which in

İbrahim - loaded loaded

CEU eTD Collection 134 1980), İnalcık H. (Meteksan, 1071 35 Turkey in Secularism of Affairs International of Institute Royal the 34 33 32 containing palaces, of construction the to pointed Göçek Müge Fatma Age,” Tulip “the the time. their of mores lascivious and morals note companions his and European Paşa of form the in progress of regards idea he sense, that In dominions. Ottoman into imported was technology the when moment a as era the considers Age Tulip “the period. the in trends secular of existence the claimed Berkes Niyazi whereas, tendencies, Western with reformer a as fame Paşa’s İbrahim popularized Lewis kno III, Selim of reforms military atransformations Western towards History Political his Turkish In consciousness. Bat historical Hayatında Turkish Siyasi in Türkiye’nin ideals Western by shaped Age” “Tulip society.” secular offer even Melikoff examples.” European the displayed also which literature and architecture poetry, of taste Ottomans’ the in change clear a emerged 1718 in Passarowitz of Treaty asserted 1986, and 1960 in respectively Melikoff, Iréne the in entries Two West. the in roots its took

he Ei, Tlp g ad eiiin o Mdriain" in Modernization," of Definitions and Age "Tulip Evin, Ahmet Bernard Lewis, Lewis, Bernard T.Z. Tunaya, in Iii," Bowen, "Ahmed Harold - 1920: Birinci Uluslararası Uluslararası Birinci 1920: The notion that the reign of Ahmed III constituted a rupture with Ottoman tradition Ottoman with rupture a constituted III Ahmed of reign the that notion The Türkiye'nin Siyasî Hayatında Batılılaşma Hareketleri Batılılaşma Hayatında Siyasî Türkiye'nin The Emergence of Modern Turkey: Reprinted with Corrections Issued under the Auspices of of Auspices the under Issued Corrections with Reprinted Turkey: Modern of Emergence The ,” 32

he Evin Ahmet a of idea the endorse to author first the probably was Tunaya Zafer Tarık

gardens, canals and other areas of entertainment on the Golden Horn), as Golden as Horn), ofentertainment areas and canals onthe other gardens,

(Hurst & Co., 1998), 71 1998), Co., (Hurst &

] h pit t te er 78 s h bgnig f partial of beginning the as 1718 year the to points he , Türkiye'nin Sosyal Ve Ekonomik Tarihi Kongresi Tebliğleri Kongresi Tarihi Ekonomik Ve Sosyal Türkiye'nin - 9. Encylopedia of of Islam Encylopedia

d above as the agents of what has been accepted as the laxed laxed the as accepted been has what of agents the as above d , with reference to the introduction of the printing press, press, printing the of introduction the to reference with , wn as wn -

model society, whichcomparedmodel society, he withthe questionably (Oxford University Press, 1965), 45; N. Berkes, N. 45; 1965), Press, University (Oxford llşa Hareketleri ılılaşma - 80. ed that the era was “a serious movement towards a towards movement serious “a was era the that ed Nizâm 35

Regarding the novel architectural fashions of fashions architectural novel the Regarding Encyclopedia of Islam of Encyclopedia (1960).

- ı Cedîd ı , G Irene Melikoff, "Lâle Devri,"ibid. (1986). Melikoff,Devri,"ibid. Irene "Lâle rand

that the twenty years following the following years twenty the that (New Order). (New

Türkiye'nin Sosyal Ve Ekonomik Tarihi, Tarihi, Ekonomik Ve Sosyal Türkiye'nin (İst [ Ve etriain oeet in Movements Westernization anbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2004), 20. 2004), Üniversitesi, Bilgi anbul z î r’s inclination to “profit by “profit to inclination r’s 34

by Harold Bowen and Bowen Harold by

Another champion of champion Another 33

Similarly, Bernard Similarly, Sa The Develo The Dâmâd , ed. O. Okyar O. and ed. , c d â b â

d İbrahim İbrahim

pment pment a site (a

CEU eTD Collection 83 2000), Press, (SUNY in 1730)," 40 History Islamic Lawsin 39 Century," Eighteenth Ekonomi the in Princess Ottoman of Power and Wealth the on Materials Introducing Katılımı," Ba Arayışına Yüzyıl "18. (1989); Technology of Institute Massachusetts 38 in Era," 37 Century Eighteenth the Empire in Ottoman the and France 36 of vizierate grand the during life public in visible more became princesses Ottoman anti an as regarded be might Revolt Halil the questioning By behaviors. and Patrona the that concluded patterns she financially, and symbolically both “tulip” the of significance consumption in shifts of terms in 1730 vizierate Paşa’sİbrahim characterized had that experimentation the I “shunned Mahmud that asserted who Age” Tulip “the of champions modern of claims the invalidating thus scale, lavish a on that sc mainstream showed to contrary Artan Furthermore, monuments. wealth architectural and of power glamour the the in with exhibited compensated was sultan” the of leadership “charismatic l the that argued Artan sultans, the of profiles changing the and governance of modes shifting the era. on argument this to attributed falsely clichés the criticized also Artan Tülay absu it makes which 1718, before common quite also was “tulip” of image the indicated also He generation. from to generation on passed and accepted uncritically been have that period this of characterization whole the dismissed she construction of Versailles agenda imitation as an and Fontainebleau. and architecture, in influence French of reflection direct the

Cemal Kafadar, "The Myth of the Golden Age: Ottoman Historical Consciousness in the Post the in Consciousness Historical Age: Ottoman the MythGolden of "The CemalKafadar, Ariel Salzman Ariel Fatma Müge Göçek, Göçek, Müge Fatma Madeleine Zilfi, " Zilfi, Madeleine üa Atn "rhtcue s Tete f ie Poie f h Eighteenth the of Profile Life: of Theatre a as "Architecture Artan, Tülay Süleymân the Second and HisTime theand Second Süleymân ea Kfdr a the was Kafadar Cemal , no. IV IV no. (1993). , . ” osmto Suis n te itr o te toa Epr, 1550 Empire, Ottoman the of History the and Studies Consumption 39

In a different context, Ariel Salzmann evaluated the period between 1550 and 1550 between period the evaluated Salzmann Ariel context, different a In n, "The Age of Tulips: Confluence and Conflict in Early Modern Consumer Culture (1550 Culture Consumer Modern Early in Conflict and Confluence Tulips: of Age "The n, Women and Society in the Tulip Era, 1718 Era, Tulip the in Society and Women Toplum ve Bilim Bilim ve Toplum , ed. Amira El Azhary Sonbol (Syracuse University Press, 1996), 291. 1996), Press, University (Syracuse Sonbol Azhary AmiraEl ed. , East Encounters West : France and the Ottoman Empire in the Eighteenth C Eighteenth the in Empire Ottoman the and France : West Encounters East -

106. c o mltr ad oiia lgtmto ad h asne f the of absence the and legitimation political and military of ack

holarship, Mahmud I’s reign also witnessed imperial celebrations imperial witnessed also reign I’s Mahmud holarship,

no. 83 (1999 83 no. d o trbt ti smo t a self a to symbol this attribute to rd , ed. H. İnalcık and C. Kafadar (Isis Press, 1993), 40. 1993), Press, (Isis İnalcık C.Kafadar H. and ed. , is hsoin h qetoe te anachronistic the questioned who historian first - - tulip rebellion. tulip 2000); "From Charismatic Leadership to Collective Rule: Rule: Collective to Leadership Charismatic "From 2000); 16

(Oxford University Press, USA, 1987), 75. 1987), USA, University (Oxford Press, şlarında Yönetici Elitin Saltanatın Meşruiyet Meşruiyet Saltanatın Elitin Yönetici şlarında - 1730," in 1730," 40

Fariba Zarinebaf observed that observed Zarinebaf Fariba Women, the Family and Divorce Divorce and Family the Women, 36 - 1922

- 38 otie period. contained - , ed. Donald Quataert Quataert Donald ed. , Century Bosphorus," Bosphorus," Century

y ulig her building By

Suleymanic Suleymanic

Toplum ve ve Toplum Dâmâd

entury: entury: 37 -

CEU eTD Collection (1718 44 43 ( III’sreign. Ahmed Istanbul of witnessedthe that artists foreign illustrationsby painted wellas as the building reconstruct to attempts Eldem’s Sa the Unfortunately, palace. the for models architectural identify to sought observers Ottoman that “East” the in migh palace the of planning the that clues any offered passim. 2008), 42 Civilization Turkish 41 İsmail of work the is interest particular of context, this In century. eighteenth the during productions intellectual and politics cultural on contributions other several were there Age,” capitali commercial of rise the with decay moral alleged the linked Karahasanoğlu craze, tulip the underlying implications financial the about claim earlier Salzmann’s Ariel Revisiting accumulation. corru moral the about the assertion that and history Ottoman in consumption and wealth of norms the in shift dramatic 1718 of period the that asserted Karahasanoğlu Selim argument, ideologically how prove to order in centuries twentieth and nineteenth eighteenth, the in perceived was the ways the in shifts the presented Erimtan argument, his of core the to Paşa Refik’s Ahmed of publication the after produced Age” Tulip “the about scholarship the of critique cogent a provided Erimtan “superiorWest a toward turning of result codes social in change significant a and order social shifting a reflected really age this marked that form urban and architectural the that claimed Hamadeh Shirine era, this about writing prede her of discourse modernization and westernization overarching the assumptions. beyond earlier Artan’s of extension an was which activities, patronage the in participation active their and attitudes social changing to due largely Paşa İbrahim Zarinebaf Fariba

Erimtan, S. Karahasanoglu, "A Tulip Age Legend: Consumer Behavior and M and Behavior Consumer Legend: Age Tulip "A Karahasanoglu, S. c S. Hamadeh, S. dâbâd Palace was totally collapsed and the only information that we have about it com it about have we that information onlythe and collapsed was totally Palace dâbâd -- 1730)" (State University of New York at Binghamton, 2009). Binghamton, at University York (State of New 1730)" which showed that that showed which Ottomans Looking West?: The Origins of the Tulip A Tulip the of Origins The West?: Looking Ottomans

Hamadeh argues that neither poets nor court historians who devoted a lot of space to Sa to space of lot a devoted who historians court nor poets neither that argues Hamadeh -

The City's Pleasures: Istanbul in the Eighteenth Century Eighteenth the in Istanbul Pleasures: City's The loaded and unconvincing th unconvincing and loaded - Shahr, "The Wealth "The Shahr, , ed. Kemal Çiçek (Ankara: Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, 2000), 696 2000), Yayınları, Türkiye Yeni KemalÇiçek (Ankara: ed. , sm.

S.H. Eldem, S.H. new architectural patronage agenda patronage architectural new pr fo shlrhp ocig n h cnet f te Tulip “the of concept the on touching scholarship from Apart

to de nt orlt wt sitn pten o wealth of patterns shifting with correlate not does ption of Ottoman Princesses During the Tulip Age," in Age," Tulip the During Princesses Ottoman of Lâle Devri Lâle Sa'dabad .” e label “the Tulip Age” is. Age” Tulip “the label e 42

t have been designed by a Western model. Rather, it was it Rather, model. Western a by designed been have t 17 Focusing on contemporary historiography, Canhistoriography,contemporary on Focusing . By brin By . (Kültür Bakanlığı, (Kültür 1977).

ge and Its Development in Modern Turkey in Modern Development Its and ge ging the Grand V Grand the ging

aterial Culture in the Ottoman Empire Empire Ottoman the in Culture aterial

might might (University of Washington Press, Press, Washington of (University -

30 is not indicative of a of indicative not is 30 43 - 701. not necessarily be the be necessarily not

Similar to Erimtan’s to Similar e z

î es from Sedad Hakkı Hakkı Sedad from es r The Great Ottoman Great The Dâmâd G 41 rand

İbrahim Moving cessors cessors c Vezî dâbâd dâbâd .

r - CEU eTD Collection 1550 Government, Provincial Ottoman of Transformation Enquiry," Prosopographic 48 Eserler," Edilen Tercüme Ve Hareketleri Yenileşme Sempozyumu Tarihi Bilim Baz Dair Heyetine Tercüme Edilen Teşkil Devri," Lale Açısından 47 2006). Yeditepe, İstanbul: (Cağaloğlu, 1726 Serüveni, Matbaa Osmanlı Ilk Da Ya Müteferrika İbrahim 46 45 study to used be can example, for data, biographical fragmental of medium the through and in used been 1960s. the since has studies Ottoman method prosopographical the networks, social and households elite I. Mahmud of reign the in interests intellectual common similar fin and, (iv) 1730; in Revolt Halil Patrona the after prestige by established co and cooperation their (ii) palace; Ottoman layers administrative the in question in bureaucrats/intellectuals the of lines career MethodologyI. III and Sources: Treating Ottoman Elites asIndividuals? paradigm about thatsays the little earlyeighteen superficial a upon built was Age” Tulip “the that conclude to possible is it survey, literature translated. were that titles book the revealed and thesis, this of actors Dâmâd by established committees translation of enterprise the studied Şeşen Ramazan and Aydüz print Ottoman the whether Er

İ.E. Erünsal, İ.E. O. Sabev, Sabev, O. See for example example for See ai Adz "ae er’d Yapıla Devri’nde "Lale Aydüz, Salim na wo xesvl suid Ottoman studied extensively who ünsal

By adopting a prosopographical method, this thesis presents (i) the intersecting intersecting the (i) presents thesis this method, prosopographical a adopting By İbrahim Paşa and shed light on the members of the committee, som committee, the of members the on light shed and Paşa İbrahim Parvoto Osmanskoto Patesestvie V Sveta Na Pečatnata Kniga Pečatnata Na Sveta V Patesestvie Osmanskoto Parvoto Osmanlı Vakıf Kütüphaneleri: Tarihî Gelişimi Ve Organizasyonu Ve Gelişimi Tarihî Kütüphaneleri: Vakıf Osmanlı Dâmâd Norman Itzkowitz and Joel Shind Joel and Itzkowitz Norman İstanbul Armağanı 4 Armağanı İstanbul

, ed. Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu (İstanbul 1987), 33 1987), (İstanbul İhsanoğlu Ekmeleddin ed. , Middle Eastern Studies Eastern Middle

İbrahim Paşa; (iii) their ways of maintaining their high positions and positions high their maintaining of ways their (iii) Paşa; İbrahim ing press was a failure or success story. success or failure a was press ing

48 n İlmi Faaliyetler," Faaliyetler," İlmi n

ı Gözlemler," in Gözlemler," ı The method can bri can method The , no. Lale Devri (2000): 159 (2000): Devri Lale no. ,

8, no. 1 (1972). 1 no. 8, Journal of Turkish Studies Turkish of Journal 18 va er, "The Office of Şeyh Ül Şeyh of Office "The er, - existence in the artistic and literary networks networks literary and artistic the in existence

ḳ - th century. th ıf 1650 Osmanlı İlmi ve Mesleki Cemiyetleri, I. Milli Türk Milli I. Cemiyetleri, Mesleki ve İlmi Osmanlı

libraries, Divan

(Columbia University Press, 1983). Press, (ColumbiaUniversity - , and and , Değerlendirme Yeniden : 1746 efly be defined as group biography group as defined be efly

:(97: 143 1:3(1997): Metin Kunt, Metin

45 - -

93. 42; Ramazan Şeşen, "Lale Devrinde Devrinde "Lale Şeşen, Ramazan 42; hra, ri Sbv asked Sabev Orlin whereas,

ally, their practice of very very of practice their ally,

Mehmet İpşirli, "Lale Devri’nde Devri’nde "Lale İpşirli, Mehmet (Avangard Prima, 2004). Prima, (Avangard Especially for the study of study the for Especially , no. 28 no. ,

46 (Türk Tarih 2008). (Türk Kurumu, - İslâm and the Tanzimat Tanzimat the and İslâm

Mehmet İpşirli, Salim İpşirli, Mehmet The Sultan's Servants: The The Servants: Sultan's The - 47 70; "Bilimsel Faaliyetler Faaliyetler "Bilimsel 70; /II(2004).

In the light of this of light the In e of whom are whom of e

, 1. baskı. ed. ed. baskı. 1. ,

f the of ; idem, -

CEU eTD Collection the and individual, the to attributed position the relationships, interdependent of organization the history, Islamic of period each for understand, to as way a such in society and individual the between relationship the Individu Sources Sources, Et Questions : and Musulman Issues : World Muslim First Mediterranean and Istanbul Century 126. Seventeenth in Literature," Dervish Ottoman a of Diary The Others: and "Self ( large.” at order social the and person the both of levels the at observation and consciousness 50 Renaissance Worldsto the the of Companion A in Individualism," Renaissance of Myth "The Martin, JohnJeffries 1980); Press, University Chicago (Chicago: Wiley UK: in gradual and certa of origin evolution earlier an forward puts separate that scholarship Renaissance recent theby refuted depicted largely is that Ages Middle thesis the from Burckhardt’s self. of consciousness man’s regarded that saw He and man. class, of and world the of discovery apar being a the as himself, of awareness man’s of awakening the and as individualism Renaissance individualism of rise the were civilization new a 105. ( in 1860. theRenaissance 49 first from individualism of concept the about evidence deduce to aim that attempts scholarly recent by challenged now so the to due absent as “individual” of notion the regarded which societies, Islamic in individuality toward outlook accepted generally context. Ottoman in nor European in neither clear been never has “individuality” Andcanreconstruct? writeOttoman grandee we right thelifean story of own inhis truly we can story life “individual’s” an of much How society? Ottoman the in exist context questio The context. own their in society the of members individual the portray to hard it makes person the on sources existing the of focus the Furthermore, com the provide would self of absence the in lies thesis this in discussed network the of those like group. circumscribed clearly a to belonging collectin of consists it Basically, group. specific a of role social the and importance power, economic and political function, the

Jakob Burckhardt is the first historian to bring the concept of individuality into the spotlight in spotlight intothe ofindividuality the concept bring to historian first isthe Burckhardt Jakob Ego documents might be regarded as a reply to Cemal Kafadar’s call for a name for “the process of self of process “the for name a for call Kafadar’s Cemal to reply a as regarded be might documents Ego William Caferro, "Individualism: Who Was the Renaissance Man?," in Man?," Renaissance the Was Who "Individualism: Caferro, William ) The two main aspects in which Jacob Bur Jacob which in aspects main two The ) h ase t tee usin ae miuu, eas te enn ad cp of scope and meaning the because ambiguous, are questions these to answer The - Bla ns to ask at this point are: Does the “individual” as understood in the European the in understood as “individual” the Does are: point this at ask to ns ckwell, 2010); Stephen Greenblatt, Greenblatt, Stephen 2010); ckwell, in characteristics of Renaissance culture. For a recent criticism of Burckhardt's construct see see construct Burckhardt's of criticism recent a For culture. Renaissance of characteristics in

J. Burckhardt, Burckhardt, J. )

See lt life/career plete - person narratives, also called “ego called also narratives, person Robert Ilbert and Randi Deguilhem, eds., eds., Deguilhem, Randi and Ilbert Robert

(Strasbourg: European Science Foundation, 1998). Foundation, Science European (Strasbourg:

The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy in Renaissance of the Civilization The , ed. G. Ruggi ed.G. , ckhardt found the fundamental character of the Renaissance as as Renaissance the of character fundamental the found ckhardt g and juxtaposing such data for each individual individual each for data such juxtaposing and g easac Self Renaissance - 19 tre witn y hs mn themselves. men these by written stories The difficulty of researching important actors actors important researching of difficulty The -

called collectivist human ideals of Islam, is Islam, of ideals human collectivist called ero (Oxford: Wiley,(Oxford: 2008). ero cemâat

Et Société Dans Le Monde Méditerranéen Méditerranéen Monde Le Dans Société Et - ahoig rm oe o Shakespeare to More from Fashioning s (social groups) rather than the than rather groups) (social s Contesting the Renaissance the Contesting - documents niiul n Scey n the in Society and Individual

(Echo Library, 2006), 88 Library, (Echo 2006), ,

which - Person Narratives in in Narratives Person - .” narratives which which narratives t from a group or a or group a from t 50

As the name the As seeks to define define to seeks

the context of of thecontext ?

Kafadar, Kafadar, (Oxford,

The - -

CEU eTD Collection WesternThought in France," Century Sixteenth in Self First and 51 century 18th of natures autobiographic (1638 Efendi Ego Eastern Middle Century) Self: the About Speaking of society. rule which values the of hierarchy a of creation as such individuals, the ratherthan groups social or posts official of types various on specialized generally context cultural Ottoman the in appeared powerlessness…” but embeddedness, t groups the to relation conscious in made was […] self of exploration “the that grounds the on individual Ottoman the on stance my to applicable is “self” the fashioning in conditions ego an of display a isgroup this with accordance in deeds pious patronizing and narratives producingand group self the context, Ottoman the in that think “in of use my that aware fully am I be. might individual Ottoman an what of understanding my to conforms one latter the whereas, of scheme “ being between distinguish to attempt shall I context, European the in ascertained as “individual” Ottoman an of existence the about earlier raised question first the to Returning others. the self of sense a as well asscope accountsofentire life theofthisgenre. storieswithin of types different include author possess to that documents us incites which audience, its to information referential an include documents these implies, wih epe eogd n ta te raet btce o self to obstacle greatest the that and belonged people which o

After Cemal Kafadar, “ Kafadar, Cemal After apart apart In light of the purview of ego of purview the of light In

- (Harrassowitz Verla (Harrassowitz Person Narratives in Ottoman Literature," 135. Literature," Ottoman in Narratives Person Jakob Jakob – from a group” and being “ being and group” a from

, ed. T.C. HellerC.Brooke T.C. and ed. , - 1703) and Denise Klein presents her findings about the intertextual references to the the to references intertextual the about findings her presents Klein Denise and 1703) awareness, the possession of an of possession the awareness, - uchrts ocpin f mns icvr o hs self his of discovery man’s a of conception Burckhardt’s oriented action/will. Natalie Zemon Davis’ explanation of the important the of explanation Davis’ Zemon Natalie action/will. oriented

Kafadar, "Self and Others: The Diary of a Dervish in Seventeenth Century Istanbul Istanbul Century Seventeenth in Dervish a of Diary The Others: and "Self Kafadar, g,2010). - references such as travelogues, auto travelogues, as such references , Reconstructing Individualism: Autonomy, Individuality, and the Self in Self the and Individuality, Autonomy, Individualism: Reconstructing sefâret in which Michael Nizri studies the memoirs of of memoirs the studies Nizri whichinMichael - documents, “individuality” can therefore be defined as defined be therefore can “individuality” documents, - 51 nâme ego a part a -

Rose (Stanford University Press, 1986), 55 1986), University Press, (Stanford Rose iiult” lue t gop dniy hwvr I however, identity; group to alludes dividuality” that compilations biographical the why is That - awareness of being a member of a specific social social specific a of member a being of awareness

- s. ouet i Aai, esa, n Trih (14th Turkish and Persian, Arabic, in Documents rtn aot isl/esl ad iig self giving and himself/herself about writing 20

, Also see Also ego,

Natalie Zemon Davis, "Boundaries and the Sense the and "Boundaries Davis, Zemon Natalie a group.” The former category fits into the into fits category former The group.” a

and the ability t ability the and R. Elger and Yavuz Köse, eds., eds., Köse, Yavuz and Elger R. Dev ḥ

at - ül - biographical anecdotes, biographical meşâyi o locate oneself among among oneself locate o

- eiiin a not was definition şey h ḫ ü -

’ 63. on the on l - i slâm slâm

- awareness, Many Ways Many

Feyzullah Feyzullah şey h - 20th 20th ü ’ of l - -

CEU eTD Collection Biyografi," 52 (1744 Efendi Süleyman İzzî as such chroniclers several of histories from excerpts some include shall I chronicles, books stored it). within the andlibrary the of significance the of indicative is librariansthe to moneypaid of amount th of functionaries other to compared salary his in reflected as prestige social his and librarian the of position the concern might w interest of questions Further witnesses). as other each engaged often question of in bureaucrats list the tracing by interests erudite common shared ( public; the on also but bureaucrats) 17 in press printing the im of introduction the observing (ii) audience?); their been have might Who others? than pre a to related was them endowing and books collecting of business the if determine to categories speci under them classifying as well as libraries public the to endowed/donated the using of benefit The argue, the of reading close a propose clerks) and eunuchs), i slâm

For a survey of Ottoman biographical chronicle biographical Ottoman of survey a For s

enables the students of Ottoman history to hear the own voice of the patrons directly. directly. patrons the of voice own the hear to history Ottoman of students the enables In order to address the persistent problem of the absence of first of absence the of problem persistent the address to order In So as to juxtapose their self their juxtapose to as So cif eiiu officials), religious (chief - determined curriculum (why were specific books published and/or endowed more endowed and/or published books specific were (why curriculum determined

İslâm Araştırmaları Dergisi Araştırmaları İslâm Ḥ Te adî ẕ kiret ḳ at - ül - üş

- vüzerâ -

şuarâ - 72, emd uh Eed (1730 Efendi Subhî Mehmed 1752), va ʿ ḳ s onthe

ıf n the on - va nâme , no. 3 (1999): 83 (1999): 3 no. , ḳ - ıf representation with the way they were represented in t in represented were they waythe with representation - Ḥ nâme dîvân iii wl b i trs f i otiig h ls o books of list the obtaining (i) of terms in be will s e pious endowment (working on the premise that the that premise the on (working endowment pious e âmîlet vezîr ) identifying a broader network of intellectuals who intellectuals of network broader a identifying ) 2 9 had not only on book collectors (in our case the case our (in collectors book on only not had 9 s see for example example for see s

s, (the charter) of the actors of this thesis, which I which thesis, this of actors the of charter) (the poets. - 21 ül Sefînet -

- küberâ 90. 52

- ül ʿ -

rüseâ on the the on Feridun Emecen, "Osmanlı Kronikleri Ve Ve Kronikleri "Osmanlı Emecen, Feridun ʿ itnesses on the charters (the (the charters the on itnesses

- n the on 3, nnmu Chronicle Anonymous 43), dâr - üs reîsü’l - - person narratives, I narratives, person ad ağa saâde - küttâb pact that the the that pact s (chief (chief s i sub fic (chief s he he - CEU eTD Collection Paşa’yaSunula Paşa, İbrahim Library). Manuscript ʿ Yayınlar Büro Bizim (Ankara: calligraphers); about dictionary 55 Cevdet 54 1785). Efendi, İzzî Süleyman 1964); University (Istanbul 2000). Basımevi, Tarihi Osmanlı Anonim 53 libraries:and bureaucrats his commissioning for I Mahmud of interests vibrant the of aware was public the that suggest to seems watchmen, riddle a from below quoted lines the instance, For subject. this on literature the from benefit to intend c European its with compared when society Ottoman the in exchanged was information ways span.time l also not is it and to belonged they that groups social the to according individuals the categorize not does which Süreyya’s by patronized and Süreyya Mehmed by Müsta are protagonists my about information VGMA). (hereafter Foundations of Directorate General of Archives the and NBKM), (hereafter Metodi” i “Kiril Library National Sofia BOA), (hereafter Archives Minister’s Prime the in located materials archival (1688 osmânî utrat. h pealn ifune f h oa taiin ut e cnwegd ad I and acknowledged, be must tradition oral the of influence prevailing The ounterparts. Subhî, Müsta BOA

- ḳ –

74 ad uâf Mhme Eed (1736 Efendi Mehemmed Musâffâ and 1704)

ḳ 1/40 Cevdet 810/34403 At this point, it should be noted that I am fully aware of the differences between the the between differences the of aware fully am I that noted be should it point, this At

îm uh Trh: âî e âi Trhei l Brit (1730 Birlikte Ile Tarihleri Şâkir Ve Sâmî Tarihi: Subhî Belediye, 12077 Evkaf Defterleri, 66/3285 Cevdet 66/3285 Evkaf Defterleri, 12077 Belediye, îm Akr: ütr aalğ ad ai Vkı 1996). Vakfı, Tarih and Bakanlığı Kültür (Ankara: -

- Sicill zâde Süleyman Sa Süleyman zâde zâde Süleyman Saʿâdeddîn, Saʿâdeddîn, Süleyman zâde

n Kasîdeler" (Selçuk University, 2007). (Selçuk University, nKasîdeler" a as stud also was - like folk song, which supposedly circulated among the lay peo lay the among circulated supposedly which song, folk like Dâmâd ,

"Musâffâ Mehemmed Efendi’nin I. Mahmud Devri Va Devri Mahmud I. Efendi’nin Mehemmed "Musâffâ - i ʿO i

The , ed. A. Özcan (Atatürk Kültür, Dil, ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu: Türk Tarih Kurumu Kurumu Tarih Türk Kurumu: Yüksek Tarih ve Dil, Kültür, (Atatürk Özcan A. ed. , s

imited to the biographies of a group of people who lived in a specific a in lived who people of group a of biographies the to imited

mânî mecmûʿa İbrahim Paşa) İbrahim –

e by ied Aske , 2001). ı, Mehmed Nâil Tuman, Nâil Mehmed differs from earlier examples in that it has an inclusive approach inclusive an has it that in examples earlier from differs âi v Şâkir ve Fâʿiz , which comprises of the poetical works dedicated to the grand the to worksdedicated poetical the of which , comprises ʿ ie 51222 Cevdet 541/22232 riye;

âdeddîn, Metin Hakverdioğlu, "Edebiyatımızda Lâle Devri Ve Damad İbrahim İbrahim Damad Ve Devri Lâle "Edebiyatımızda Hakverdioğlu, Metin

54 (a biographical dictionary about poets); poets); about dictionary biographical (a Tu .

55 ḥ te piay ore ta icue biographic include that sources primary Other

fe Am Tu - I Ha I Tu ḥ ong these biographical reference books, Mehmed books, reference biographical these ong ḥ fe Târih

ṭṭ fe 22 -

Tu âtin i Mecmûʿası Mecmûʿası -

Ha i

Naîlî (A Treatise on Poets), Poets), on Treatise (A Naîlî ḥ

- fe İzzî I – (İstanbul Devlet Matbaası, 1928). Matbaası, Devlet (İstanbul - – I Naîlî: Dîvân Şairlerinin Mu Şairlerinin Dîvân Naîlî: I

Belediye, 336/13767 Cevdet 336/13767 Belediye, ṭṭ , aie 68295 Cevdet 658/26925 Maliye;

âtin âtin "Fâʿiz Ve Şâkir Mecmûʿası," (Süleymaniye (Süleymaniye Mecmûʿası," Şâkir Ve "Fâʿiz - 44). (Mehmed Râşid ve Ahmed Vâsıf Matbaası, Matbaası, Vâsıf Ahmed ve Râşid (Mehmed - 1744) A raie n Calligraphers) on Treatise (A a olcin f otcl works poetical of collection (a 53

diinly I il s som use will I Additionally, e. . yıe (iaei 2007). (Kitabevi, Aydıner M. ed. , ḳ âʿi - Nâmesi," ed. Ahmed Kızılgök Kızılgök Ahmed ed. Nâmesi," emd Süreyya, Mehmed ḫ – Sicill – ta

Maliye. Maliye, 97/4805 97/4805 Maliye, ṣ ple like night night like ple

ar Biyografileri ar (a biographical (a - vezîr i ʿO i

Dâmâd s Sicill mânî by al - e I ,

CEU eTD Collection kesb tensîkile ve tertîb fünûn intifâ’larıçün ve mütâla’a nisâbın erbâb geçen eslâfdan nâsi olmakdan mevkûf resâyile ve kesb ve olup ile intâcı ve revâc ulûmun ve ma’ârif nizâmı, ve kıvâm dünyanın 57 kütüpedip inşallah/Seyr makbûl olur Allâh/Hayr eyledi eser/Muvaffak âli bir Eyledi Câmiinde/ serteser/Ayasofya sezâdır fer/Vasfa saldı dehre Original: 56 secularand philosophicalontherenewed world outlook existingbut with institutions. social new a reconcile to sought which Enlightenment,” moderate a” as termed Israel Jonathan religious or military re the and tolerance religious of exercise deliberate the Islam, of practices and interpretations rational more recognition, as such century eighteenth early the in observed developments peculiar for name a have not did themselves Ottomans The I tothe tobesubmitted mor enterprise whole the making thus libraries, founding of practices ongoing the encourage and inspect to Istanbul in penned sources archival by paralleled also are voices public Such Dağlı, M.Y. After İsmail E. Erünsal, Erünsal, E. İsmail After e comprehensible. One such example is an imperial decree directly written by Mahmud by written directly decree imperial an is example such One comprehensible. e

…h pla o te ol ad h rlgo sad o te au gvn o utr ad sciences. the and town every culture for books in to treatises, and given books value the with the provided owners on is stands virtues and religion skills the of earning and Because world the of pillar “…The be it! preserve God sayshallMay him helped God Whi work/ benefaction/ sublime bring shall a building this commissioned Hopefully He successful/ Sophia/ Hagia of mosque the in world the the corner every in state/Praised equal no is there valu which To Osman/ of House the of majesty The ḥ Âl âfı - Omnı şveiYku nazîr şevketi/Yoktur Osman’ın i able ornamentation of the library/ Worthy of explaining in detail, its ornamentation shed light on on light shed ornamentation its detail, in explaining of Worthy library/ the of ornamentation able ẓ - - İstanbul Mahalle Bekçilerinin Destan Ve Mâni Katarları Mâni Ve Destan Bekçilerinin Mahalle İstanbul ı kütübler vaz’ ve ta’yin eylediklerine binâen talebe binâen eylediklerine ta’yin ve vaz’ kütübler ı i melekei i

of skillful students to read and benefit...” and read to skillful students va ḳ ıf tedkîk ve tahkik ide..” ve tahkik tedkîk –

s , according to the need, m need, the to according ,

lines. Osmanlı Vakıf Kütüphaneleri Vakıf Osmanlı ka ż ḫ î

âne of Kastamonu. I suggest that all these developments these all that suggest I -

alignment of court practices along more civil more along practices court of alignment yi/Her gören dedi maşaallah. dedi yi/Her gören

56 - the sultan’s symboli sultan’s the

stâa iektba af etsî v aı kütüp bazı ve tesbîl ve vakf kitâblar nice settâdan ı

- dveiDr kşd md olunur/K medh köşede devleti/Dört i

ust build and organize some libraries as well as consecrate consecrate as well as libraries some organize and build ust

- 57 , ı hayrât her beldede iktizâsına göre tullâb göre iktizâsına beldede her hayrât ı

p. 136; BOA, 152 152 BOA, 136; p. c and material efforts to seek public public seek to efforts material and c

- i ûlum fukarâsı hîn fukarâsı ûlum i

(Türk Neşriyat Yurdu, 1948), 59 1948), Yurdu, Neşriyat (Türk le looking at the library/ Everybody Everybody library/ the at looking le – -

i hüner ve fezâ’il, cem’i kütüb cem’i fezâ’il, ve hüner i fit into the scope of what what of scope the into fit Mühimme: Original: “Din ve “Din Original: Mühimme: ütüp - ḫ i hâcetde mütâla’a ve ve mütâla’a hâcetde i âne –

i zîneti/Zîyneti nin as opposed to opposed as ḫ âne e iâ ve binâ ler - ı dirâyet - 60. -

CEU eTD Collection (1541 Ali Mustafa Historian centuri the earlier different from The Empire: Ottoman the in Intellectual and in State," Ottoman the in Making 58 from coming Despite Paşa. İbrahim patron their of policies cultural and bureaucratic the of embodiment their about is one direct most the answers, indirect other of Among century? half first the in formation line career of patterns similar experienced 1730. murder of in their patrons İbra by established networks co and cooperation their (iv) palace; Ottoman the of layers administrative the in question in bureaucrats the of rise the (iii) century; eighteenth a bureaucratic in formation line career of patterns the institution; political separate a as bureaucracy Ottoman new a create to attempts Paşa’s İbrahim (i) presenting ( at aims chapter the Iformation, line career their tracing Mahmud By capacities. sultan ensuing the of reign the during state the serve Ve (1711 Efendi Halil c küttâb the II.I The Âtıf Mustafa Efendi and and Efendi Mustafa Âtıf

For an evaluation of bureaucratic rise and its earlier patterns, see for example example for see patterns, earlier its and rise bureaucratic of evaluation an For z

“Enlightened Ottomans”: î şeyhü’l o Amd I (. 1703 (r. III Ahmed of r

(the chief clerk) Mustafa Efendi (1735 Efendi Mustafa clerk) chief (the This chapter attempts to reconstruct a network of Ottoman bureaucrats comprised of comprised bureaucrats Ottoman of network a reconstruct to attempts chapter This What makes these men different from other bureaucrats and religious officers who who officers religious and bureaucrats other from different men these makes What

Actors: - islâm The Formation of Ottoman of Formation The Bureaucracy asaPolitical Institution

te he rlgos fiil Pîrî official) religious chief (the - 1752) 1752)

es is the deliberate encouragement for social mobility. social for encouragement deliberate es isthe ṣ h cm it big n h etuae f h murdered the of entourage the in being into came who drt ket adâret Essays in Ottoman History Ottoman in Essays him Paşa; (v) and, finally, their patronage activities after the after activities patronage their finally, and, (v) Paşa; him -

1730),

Patrons, Intellectuals andBureaucrats and Their NetworksTheir Chapter Chapter I Dâmâd ḫ üdâsı

- (the chief assistant of the of assistant chief (the bai Pş (1718 Paşa İbrahim ?),

defter

I: I: (Eren Yayıncılık, 1998). Yayıncılık, (Eren - - nd ecclesiastical hierarchy in the early the in hierarchy ecclesiastical nd zâde xsec i te ritc n literary and artistic the in existence

dâr Ṣ (the head of the finance bureau) finance the of head (the â ḥ b emd Efendi, Mehmed ib - 1600) - 70, n cniud to continued and 1730), .

1730 What makes this period period this makes What Halil İnalcık, "Decision "Decision İnalcık, Halil

; G Fleischer, rand - 54 h eighteenth the

) V n various in ez Bureaucrat Bureaucrat î r) Şerîf Şerîf r) reîsü’l G

58 rand

(ii) -

CEU eTD Collection 6. 60 131 Museum, ŞumnuHistorical (737); 4 Haremeyn: Paşa. İbrahim patron 59 d’être t position. defensive a taking Ottomans’ power Ottoman “invincible of notion the demolished Vienna Ott the and Habsburgs 1520 (r. I Süleyman of emph strong a with time his of changes political the reconcile to attempted who and century seventeenth the in experienced crisis economic and political the to response a be to proved reign whose 1703, theseexplicitly fourdisplayed meninanintellectual participation clique. their foundations, pious their of charters the in witnesses as other each showing By empire. the kn advancing at aiming patronage as such enterprises intellectual in invest to on went they 1730, in İbrahim of murder the after even Moreover, tr and multilingual were men four these the by organized committees the in also but gatherings courtly in only not creativity their display to opportunity the found also who and İbrahim by established skil intellectual and administrative their sharpened who elite” Ottoman new “a of notion the epitomized men four these Furthermore, İstanbul. in already an of part not were they thus, households; above he ancient he

Cemal Kafadar, "The Question of Ottoman Decline," Decline," Ottoman of Question "The Kafadar, Cemal See Chapter 3 for a broader discussion on these men’s patronage activities as a tribute to their murdered murdered their to tribute a as activities patronage men’s these on discussion broader a for 3 Chapter See mn ybl o te nie heartland infidel the for symbol oman - vrg bcgons nn o tee ueurt wr traine were bureaucrats these of none backgrounds, average h tmoa soe f th of scope temporal The f h Otmn state Ottoman the of

discourse of holy war with Europe with war holy of discourse

For For ir asis on intellectual and bureaucratic renewal and reform. Since the reign the Since reform. and renewal bureaucratic and intellectual on asis

eventual eventual

va va ḳ ḳ - ıf 6, h Otmn’ ia o te ah f ol rl hd en the been had rule world of path the on rival Ottomans’ the 66), ıf - nâme libraries, which gives hints about the continuity of cultural cultural of continuity the about hints gives which libraries,

goal was to conquer to was goal

s shifted into a a into shifted

see, is thesis begins with the enthronement of Ahmed III in in III Ahmed of enthronement the with begins thesis is owledge and transmitting it to each and every corner of of corner every and each to it transmitting and owledge

Âtıf Efendi Kütüphanesi 2858, p. 1b p. 2858, Kütüphanesi Efendi Âtıf 60

Twenty years after Vienna, Vienna, after years Twenty .”

ied their hand at calligraphy and/or poetry. poetry. and/or calligraphy at hand their ied 25 The Harvard Middle Middle Harvard

e mnaiy f eeaig functional a generating of mentality new what , the so the , toa debacle Ottoman - established faction before their first post post first their before faction established

was conventionally deemed deemed conventionally was - s ihn h bracai circles bureaucratic the within ls called Red Apple ( Apple Red called East and Islamic Review Islamic and East ,”

- in 1683 at the gates of of gates the at 1683 in 26b; VGMA. 73 VGMA. 26b; hc rsle i the in resulted which in G rand rand Ahmed III’s Ahmed d in major vezîr vezîr major in d kızıl elma) kızıl Vezî 59

the the

r. Each of Each r. (1999): 45 (1999): 6; VGMA, 6;

raison raison reign, , “an “an , -

CEU eTD Collection 1453 BalkanSociety, Ottoman Identity in 63 Century," LateSeventeenth 62 61 during which nov reign Ahmed’s in meaning positive a up took upon frowned Muhammad Prophet of path the true Ot the of populations pious of entirety the perspective, legal and administrative an From lineage. Abrahamic proper to claim traditional its emphasized that Islam universal of idea the propagated Abdullah 1730 to 1718 from (served Larissa of the of that was policy this assisting of capable office only The support. religious and legislative further needed leade confessions spiritual Christian powerful with different of consolidation The organizations. church their centralize to attempts their in Orthodox the and Armenians non commitments. radical through community own their of survival the ensuring of need in also were Ottomans the cooperation, and unity Christian 1676 (r. XI Innocent Pope by initiated the to Similar mobility. social for opportunities unprecedented introduced non and Muslim the between alliance an created III Ahmed others, att while charisma sultanic around revolving faction political single a maintain to attempted and control state of tools leading the as punishment and discipline 1648 (r. IV Mehmed father order. social maintaining for tool influential more a as administration

Rhoads Murphey, "Co Murphey, Rhoads 42. in Istanbul," "Early Enlightenment Küçük, Victor Roudometof, "From Rum Millet to Greek Nation: Enlightenment, Secularization, and National National and Secularization, Enlightenment, Nation: Greek to Millet Rum "From Roudometof, Victor - ulm ws n h cr o Otmn religious Ottoman of core the on was Muslims millet s of Abraham. of s elty in medicine,was literature, architecture celebratedandelty inand philosophy ntinuity and Discontinuity in Ottoman Administrative Theory and Practice During the Practice and Theory Administrative Ottoman in Discontinuity and ntinuity

Poetics Today Poetics 63

millet Innovations ( Innovations - toman Empire, be it Christian, Jewish, Shiite or Sunni were the were Sunni or Shiite Jewish, Christian, it be Empire, toman 1687) and his brother Mustafa II (r. 1695 (r. IIMustafa brother his and 1687)

s of the Empire enabled the sultan to establish closer links closer establish to sultan the enabled Empire the of s -

1821," 1821," 14, no. 2 (1993): (1993): 427. 2 no. 14, şeyhü’l a a aporae a t cry u tee reforms. these out carry to man appropriate an as ) -

bid 69 i 18, whi 1684, in 1689) Journal of Modern Greek Studies Greek of Modern Journal c - at sis A oiy mhszn non emphasizing policy A rships. 26 islâm ) which had been regarded as deviations from deviations as regarded been had which )

. Thus, İbrahim Paşa appointed Abdullah appointed Paşa İbrahim Thus, . 62

he IIs oiis eadn the regarding policies III’s Ahmed pluralism. Ahmed supported the the supported Ahmed pluralism. h eue a eun sii of spirit genuine a secured ch - Muslim populations and populations Muslim empting to suppress all suppress to empting -

16, no. no. (1998). 1 16, 1703) who invested in invested who 1703) 61

otay to Contrary ar ligua sacra

- Muslim

his

CEU eTD Collection ocağı 1993). Vakfı, Diyanet 65 1600 Beyond Istanbul and Historians of Question "Inevitable" the and Modernity Early 64 would time, the at Belgrade controlling were who Habsburgs, the with wars continuing that to Europe Central Ottom the of and part was İbrahim Balkans Austria, the in territory of amount substantial a lost Ottomans İbrahim in1715. by alliance their strengthened further sultan The networks. power established already the weaken to opportunity unique a with III Ahmed provided which background, modest rather a from came İbrahim households, vezîr other of protégés former the of majority the Unlike 1718. before advisor an as III Ahmed of service the in already ci was he and household, imperial the inner the in experience of crisis His financial the about information invaluable with him provided surveyor. layers administrative land a as campaign Venetian the during army the with travelled he and Medina, and Mecca of cities holy the of books the of keeper the as appointed was he Later accountant. young a as palace the in career his begun already had İbrahim 1718, in vizierate grand the of post prestigious the up taking Before enterprises.intellectual and innovation bureaucratic of framework whole the of embodiment bureaucratic of level higher efficiency. significantly a and administration improved an forming of necessitythe addressed sultan the discipline, restrictive imposing and legitimacydynastic elites. Ottoman by patronized heavily

Münir Aktepe, "Damad İbrahim Paşa, Nevşehirli," in Nevşehirli," Paşa, İbrahim "Damad Aktepe, Münir About innovations in architecture, poetry architecture, in innovations About

(a part of the imperial kitchen) in 1689. thekitchen)in of imperial (a part Dâmâd uig h pae eoitos t asrwt i 11, y h trs f hc the which of terms the by 1718, in Passarowitz at negotiations peace the During

63, no. 1 (2004). 1 no. 63,

bai Pş (1660 Paşa İbrahim 65

İbrahim was the son of the of son the was İbrahim

- 1800," in 1800,"

For innovations in religion see see religion in innovations For

The Ottoman World Ottoman The - 70, h pto o te cos f hs hss ws the was thesis, this of actors the of patron the 1730),

and arts see for example for see arts and

an delegation as the plenipotentiary. He was aware aware was He plenipotentiary. the as delegation an 64

voivoda rn Vezîr Grand

n lc o epaiig h acet ae of bases ancient the emphasizing of place In Westernization," Westernization," 27 , ed. C. Woodhead (Routledge, 2012). (Routledge, C.Woodhead ed. ,

Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi İslâm Vakfı Diyanet Türkiye

of İzdin, Sipahi Ali Ağa. He entered He Ağa. Ali Sipahi İzdin, of Tülay Artan, "Forms and Forums of Ex of Forums and "Forms Artan, Tülay wo a b had who s Journal of the Society of Architectural Architectural of Society the of Journal S. Hamadeh, "Ottoman Expressions of of Expressions "Ottoman Hamadeh, S. marrying his daughter Fatma to Fatma daughter his marrying een either graduates or or graduates either een

the

helvacılar helvacılar ce of rcles (İstanbul: pression: pression:

CEU eTD Collection “… kâbil değildir, vasfı appreciation. mümkün olunamaz, beyân ile tavsîf and admiration surprise, of ta olunamaz, phrases following the uses he Sefaretnamesi well is lifestyle French the and Paris of appreciation Fransa Efendi'nin Mehmet Çelebi 68 67 2011). University Press, (Purdue in Century," Eighteenth 66 Europe. of parts different in leadership charismatic their portrayed a manners the about also but grounds training and schools military gardens, shops, streets, the about only not insight an İbrahim gave Poland about Efendi Mehmed and Vienna about Efendi Mustafa Moscow, Yirmis by compiled reports The world. Ottoman the outside developments the about learn to as so capitals European The world. Ottoman the and European the between to the centralre to administration respite a gave he that rather but debt of accumulation the stopped successfully had Ibrahim th when occasion first the marked 1720 year the and coins, new minting by currency Ottoman of value the stabilizing in succeeded He foundations. pious and commerce agriculture, on central the strengthen to means peaceful a administration for looked he task, first a As them. than expand rather borders Western the preserve to sought that policy foreign Ottoman in shift was İbrahim Passarowitz, İstanbul. of west the to lands Ottoman the of safety the jeopardize Uzunçarşılı, İ.H. Otmn rauy hwd srls ahr hn deficit. a than rather surplus a showed treasury Ottoman e Rhoads Murphey, "Twists and Turns in Diplomatic Dialogue: The Politics of of Politics The Dialogue: Diplomatic in Turns and "Twists Murphey, Rhoads o te otn o “h Sefâret “The of content the For bai’ tnr also tenure İbrahim’s c dâd ı mümkün olunamaz, ta olunamaz, mümkün ı Osmanlı Tarihi: Xviii. Yüzyıl Xviii. Tarihi: Osmanlı nd increase the short the increase nd

Te Pae f asrwt, 1718 Passarowitz, of Peace “The”

d oa crmne i wih h kn ad te hg officials high other and king the which in ceremonies royal nd promoted as the grand vezîr, and his tenure marked the onset of a of onset the marked tenure his and vezîr, grand the as promoted

kz emd eei bu Prs Nşi emd ğ about Ağa Mehmed Nişli Paris, about Çelebi Mehmed ekiz

- âe Evy eot) f imskz emd Çelebi Mehmed Yirmisekiz of Reports) (Envoy nâme inse a eieae ceeain f utrl exchange cultural of acceleration deliberate a witnessed - establish its power.establish its c dâdı mümkün değildir, nâziri görülmemiştir, görülmedikçe tâbir ve tâbir görülmedikçe görülmemiştir, nâziri değildir, mümkün dâdı - term cash needs of the palace by regulating tax rates tax regulating by palace the of needs cash term , vol. 4/2 (Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1995). Basımevi, (TürkKurumu Tarih 4/2 vol. , e. . ça (ecmn 197 (Tercüman, Uçman A. ed. , - evidenced in his use of language. In many different cases, cases, different many In language. of use hisin evidenced 28 - i tahrir değildir, ifâde ve beyân mümkün değildir beyân ve ifâde i tahrirdeğildir,

, ed. C.W. Ingrao, N. Samardžić, and J. Peaalj Peaalj J. and Samardžić, N. Ingrao, C.W. ed. , G

rand V ezîr sent envoys and agents to agents and envoys sent ezîr 67

kabil hs i nt en that mean not did This 66 68

Peacemaking in the Early Early the in Peacemaking After his return from return his After

- ta i hs rprs were reports These 6). c

â dğli, tâbir değildir, dâd Mehmed Çelebi’s Çelebi’s Mehmed ,”

see Yirmisekiz Yirmisekiz ...”

CEU eTD Collection Orient the of History and Social theEconomic of Journal 71 1984). İstanbul, te Instituut Archaeologisch 70 2008). Yayınevi, Tulum Mertol (Kabalcı ed. see event, whole the of depiction the For celebrations. courtly 69 patronage( kinship, was recruitment forcriteria essentialThe recruitment. of modes and training backgrounds, personal their on depending ranks and layers various through office in during acquired skills various of transferability and specialization on hinged lines career These system. bureaucratic Ottoman in professionalization) with o office comments of Shinder Joel hierarchy holding, and order particular a of presence the and offices of clustering the bureaucrats. enthusiastic the for steps critical became section chancery bureau of post ( the in successful being token, same the By ambitious. politically the for opportunity unprecedented an became administration central the of section finance as emerged chancery the at offices linked and vizierate grand the of office the system, new this In records. for offices exclusive established and Porte) to offices his moved İbrahim treasury, palace the from Empire the within or palace the players. political in major of trained households be not should cadre new this of members the that realized he pol and bureaucracy, separate Ottoman previous a the from form different completely would institution who personnel trained of number large a of creation bureaucracy re about leadershipAh of policies later İbrahim’s of genesis the in influential hâcegân)

Joel Shinder, "Career Line Formation in the Ottoman Bureaucracy, 1648 Bureaucracy, Ottoman Line the Formationin Shinder,"Career Joel See Appendix, for miniatures depicting the circumcision circumcision the depicting miniatures for Appendix, See .. Abou R.A. - holders wer holders neeysneo h od İrhmws h iueworaie e “Ottoman new a realized who figure the was İbrahim word, the of sense every In , in which capacity inwhich , - .” El

- Haj, Haj, h frt n frms peeust fr aeilzn hs oiis a the was policies his materializing for prerequisite foremost and first The med III.med e linked with a full a with linked e h 10 Rblin n te tutr o Otmn Politics Ottoman of Structure the and Rebellion 1703 The

İbrahim also serv had

n the issue of career line formation (not to be confused be to (not formation line career of issue the n

- time service area, achieved tenure and were promoted promoted were and tenure achieved area, service time 70

In order to separate the operationa the separate to order In 29

16, no. 2/3 (1973): 221 2/3 (1973): no. 16, festival organized by Ahmed III and his pompous pompous his and III Ahmed by organized festival ed in1714 Vehbî, Vehbî, Sûrnâme: Sultan Ahme Sultan Sûrnâme: - - 5, and being transferredand tothe being 5, 1750: A New Perspective," New A Perspective," 1750:

the locus of power, and the the and power, of locus the - omn te charismatic the forming - Bâb 2.

- service training. The The training. service - 71 Ndrad Histo (Nederlands ı

c With reference to reference With Âli l budget of the of budget l t'in Düğün Kitabı Düğün t'in te Sublime (the intisâp - chief chief itical risch ), - - , CEU eTD Collection Empire Ottoman the Terms in and Titles of Dictionary Historical A the of scribes the all to dîvân senior was He correspondence. international and decrees, edicts, the of all preparing 74 73 72 of protégé a was He bureau. finance the in inspector chief the careersimilar was experienced line by Mustafa pattern as several up taken previously had who Efendi, Mustafa 1730. farm tax supervising officer chief the became he duties, scribal various in serving through chancery the entered marri Turkey), northern (in Kastamonu in family prominent section. finance the from came originally holders office twenty the of eighteen 1750, and 1700 between whereas, thirty of eighteen 1700, and 1648 the for chancery.As from nine 1750 and küttâb 1648 period the during that shows Shinder study, prosopographic his freque Chancery) the in ranks uppermost bureaucraticand ecclesiastical the for promotion of patterns shifting the observe to us allows and Efendi Efendi, Mustafa chancery) the in figure islâm ( favoritism and merit

Ibid 223. Ibid, Beylikçi beylikçi

, , 222 and worked under the direct supervision of the of supervision direct the under worked and g b bcmn te son the becoming by age

s te he Jrsosl) Pîrî Jurisconsult) chief (the

The bureaucrats in the the in bureaucrats The came from the finance section and five from the chancery section. Between 1702 Between section. chancery the from five and section finance the from came

is the chief of the the of chief the is - , only one of eleven men who held this office came from the finance bureau and bureau finance the from came office this held who men eleven of one only , 6.

and

ṣ drt ket adâret defter emîni defter ntly remained in their respective spheres of administrative competency. In competency. administrative of spheres respective their in remained ntly

iltimâs ḫ dî üdâsı vân vân 73

took up the pre the up took n o tee men, these of One ). b

ureau, the central bureau of the Imperial Council maintaining records and and records maintaining Council Imperial the of bureau central the ureau, 72 juridical hierarchy. defter te he assat f h gad eî) Ş vezîr) grand the of assistant chief (the defter -

in n hs ih, ihihig h cre lns of lines career the highlighting light, this In - - a o the of law zâde - - three dârs - ḫ âne Ṣ

defter (the chief finance officer), for the period betweenperiod the forfinance officer), chief (the â defter stigious office of the of office stigious ḥ fnne fie and office) (finance 30 reîs b emd Efendi, Mehmed ib

reîsü’l - - ül - dâr dârs utf Efendi, Mustafa

- kü

ttâb cif iac officer) finance (chief -

c küttâb

Âtıf Efendi who started his career as hiscareeras Âtıf Efendiwhostarted ae rm fnne background finance a from came . (Isis Press, 1997), 20. 1997), Press, (Isis

( G. Bayerle, G.

dîvân c Tavukçubaşı Ali Ağa. After After Ağa. Ali Tavukçubaşı İzzet reîsü’l dîvân

reîsü’l - who ḫ Pashas, Begs, and Effendis: and Begs, Pashas, c âne âne Âli Paşa, who was the the was who Paşa, Âli - -

küttâb ḫ - a te o o a of son the was - 72 six 1702, âne related posts such posts related küttâb

rf ai Efendi Halil erîf

Mustafa Mustafa te Imperial (the

in 1744. in the

(the chief chief (the

profits in profits şeyhü’l reîsü’l c 74 Âtıf

A - - , CEU eTD Collection an as prominence later city’s the in influential is was Šumen fortifyhe to attempts 1749, Muhsinzâde’s old. in years 90 died over been he When Tırhala. and Lepanto Selanik, Adana, Bosnia, Rumelia, Vidin, as such posts various in service of career long a after vezîr, grand pr have might which network stronger even an established ket than faster much prestigio was rankings official in rise His Efendi. defter 78 12. 1995), University, İstanbul Dissertation, the of chancery the of head 77 ket the as appointed was he 1742, in result, a As battlefronts. the and vâli for model role a be to proved architecture of Hisbiblophil with library. a Davudpaşa, in mosque a commission to managed he vezîr, grand a (H. 1732 in vizierate grand first his Aleppo, and as such capacities various in the to up rose and I Mahmud 1732 (intimes three and for vizierate grand of office III Ahmed of reigns the during position strong very a himself established 76 TCT 75 ṣ grand Paşa. Ali Hekimoğlu vezîr grand the of retinue immediate H.1151). 1738/9, (d. the of deputy tezkîre entra his since the Bulgaria), i officialdom Ottoman of top the dâr defter adâret

Being the son of a prominent merchant named Muhsin Çelebi, Muhsinzâde A Muhsinzâde Çelebi, Muhsin named merchant prominent a of son the Being the of one the to even superior hierarchically was post this 1725, in established Newly eiol Ai aa was Paşa Ali Hekimoğlu Sub ḫ ḫ

, especially after üdâsı üdâ of Kandiye, Bosnia and Egypt during which periods he showed many achievements both in bureaucracy bureaucracy in both achievements many showed he periods which during Egypt and Bosnia Kandiye, of : “ dîvân ordugâh - hî, ḫ - Tezkîre âne

dâr - vizierate for less than a year.lessfor than a us positions such as as such positions us Another actor of this thesis who started out as a novice in the in novice a as out started who thesis this of actor Another i sâni sâni i

ket ibid; in a short period of four years. Having married the daughter of Çorlulu Ali Paşa , Abdullah Paşa Abdullah , Paşa Ali Çorlulu of daughter the married Having years. four of period short a in -

one year earlier than than year earlier one ḫ serasker of of serasker in 1727/ in Şerîf Halil Şerîf ḫ âne

- üdâsı

town. town. i Sani i Sani zi üemn Efendi, Süleyman İzzi tezkîre or

c t the to nce

s a as f Muhsin of küçük tezkîreci küçük Şerîf , Şerîf 77 8. His proximity to proximity His 8.

c Tabriz, governor of Diyarbekir and Tabriz respectively. These posts were followed by by followed were posts These respectively. Tabriz and Diyarbekir of governor Tabriz, “the steward” administrative the of -

hâce hâce İzzet 75

i evvel i

Halil’s official cooperation with Muhsinzâde Abdullah Paşa, as a as Paşa, Abdullah Muhsinzâde with cooperation official Halil’s was able to join the the join to able was Halil Efendilere tevcih kılındığına dair sadır olan buyuruldu…” buyuruldu…” olan sadır dair kılındığına tevcih Efendilere Halil

( n bu a er h bcm the became he year, a about In kapıcıbaşı, Türkmen ağası, Zile voyvodası, Rumeli beylerbeyi, beylerbeyi, Rumeli voyvodası, Zile ağası, Türkmen kapıcıbaşı, a very influential figure in the palace. palace. the in figure influential very a Sicill dîvân c (bureau defter defter Âli was appointed as a - Şerîf âe bulh aa 13) h ws sind o h pos the to assigned was he (1737), Paşa Abdullah zâde - or i Osmanî, i Osmanî, 1144), from which he was sacked in 1735 (H.1148). In three years’ time as time years’ three In (H.1148). 1735 in sacked was he which from 1144), -

hümâyûn ı tezkîreci büyük - Halil in 1710 as a as a 1710 in Halil dâr - ibid; ibid; (the minor secretary) minor (the ḫ s Şerîf Halil. A native of Şumnu (presently in north in (presently Şumnu of native A Halil. Şerîf s - âne chief). Having established a strong position for himself for position strong a established Having chief). - şıkk ı

Mehmed Süreyya, Süreyya, Mehmed p. p. the actors of this thesis this of actors the

c .” .” İzzet n 71 Şrf ai ws pone t te ot of post the to appointed was Halil Şerîf 1711, in 1924 - 1735, 1742 and 1755 respectively). Until 1732, he had served served had he 1732, Until respectively). 1755 and 1742 1735, - evvel ı PhD (Unpublished Kethüdalığı" "Sadaret Özcan, Muzaffer defter )

31 c Âli helped his promotion to the post of post the to promotion his helped Âli

darb ( , the senior secretary) Şeyh secretary) senior the - abae emini darbhane obably been helpful in his rise into the position of of position the into rise his in helpful been obably ḫ vezîr - Şerîf âne hane hane Sicill .

nişancı in 1730/1 (H. 1143) to serve as the the as serve to 1143) (H. 1730/1 in in 1711, before being transferred to transferred being before 1711, in G Halil, which included promotions to very very to promotions included which Halil, G

defter rand aig en on n 69(.10, he (H.1110), 1699 in born been Having rand rand . . - tezkîre i Osmanî, Osmanî, i 76 His service to the state went on as the the as on went state the to service His

- , janissary janissary , dâr V In 1736 (H.1149), during the during (H.1149), 1736 In V , ezîr again and and again ezîr ez ı üü ruznamçeci küçük -

evvel i in place of his brother Mehmed Mehmed brother his of place in î r’s office. bdullah Paşa had entered the entered had Paşa bdullah . 1586 p. defter ağa

, n sre i the in served and - muhassıl ; zâde Nûh Efend Nûh zâde - ḫ reîs Şerîf BOA governor of Adana Adana of governor ṣ 78 âne adâret ket adâret

y written to have have to written -

ül

and patronage patronage and

Halil was his his was Halil but rose to rose but - and and 515 İE. 15/1653 , and and , küttâb defter ṣ ḫ vâli adâret adâret üdâsı - , “the “the , t of of t east east

of - i , CEU eTD Collection 81 80 79 for an advantage been have might palace theOttoman ye one about lasted whowrote thepoets was of alsoand one ofKastamonu, Mustafa s cou who sciences and 1859. in Paşa part final the translated Cevdet Ahmed before form manuscript in circulated translation his and book, the Ibn of translator the as Efendi and chronicle Subhî’s time. the of circles scientific is share they feature common important more şey a as out starting hold, possibly could professor mosque a that the became of post the holding After respectively. (H.1156) 1743 and (H.1151) 1739 in Rumelia and (H.1146) 1733 in Anatolia müderris zâde Rumelia professor, mosque of posts Judge judge, provincial respective the in experience previous required which one elâ

Subhî, p. 34; 34; Subhî,p. "Pîrî C.Bosworth, Sicill h s ü e Ṣ ’l : Arabic, Persian, and Turkish). and Persian, Arabic, : - i â - Aside from their common career trajector career common their from Aside of office the for formation line career The ʿ i ḥ Osmânî slâm b emd Efendi Mehmed ib (Rumeli msu poesr i 10/ (. 1113). (H. 1701/2 in professor) (mosque şey Tu .

, p. 1435. p. , h ḥ ar. However, it would not be far not be would it However, ar. fe ü - ’ - Zâde Sahib Mehmed," in Mehmed," Sahib Zâde ḳ i Na l - adîasker) i slâm slâm

î l

d rt per i te he Otmn meil agae ( languages imperial Ottoman three the in poetry write ld î - , v.2, p.532. v.2, , Advocate for Anatolia ( Anatolia for Advocate in 1745 (H.1158). In other words, he climbed up the highest ranks highest the up climbed he words, Inother (H.1158). 1745 in the imâm the . Fitting to the scenario above, the first the above, scenario the to Fitting .

s eodd o ae en nae wt ws i ser his was with engaged been have to recorded is

Khaldun’s Khaldun’s Mehmed Süreyya notes that he was an able man of letters of man able an was he that notes Süreyya Mehmed

- ı evvel ı 81 Encyclopaedia of Islam of Encyclopaedia Indeed, M

fetched to deduce that the long existence of Muhsinzâde in in ofMuhsinzâde existence long the that deduce to fetched uqaddimah (the chief religious consultan religious chief (the 32 Şerîf

their Ṣ Anadolu Anadolu ies under the patronage of İbrahim, another İbrahim, of patronage the under ies

â Halil. ( Halil. ḥ şeyhü’l ib Mehmed Efendi, similar to Şerîf Halil Şerîf to similar Efendi, Mehmed ib

79 robust presence within the literary and literary the within presence robust Tu

. He later served as the the as served later He 80 Sicill ḥ ḳ

fe Indeed, he translated Indeed,he adîasker) -

- islâm (Leid - i Nailî Nailî i i Osmanî, i Osmanî,

en:1960). Brill,

ḳ każî was a relatively consistent relatively a was asîde refers to to refers

and p. 82) p.

official duty official n edn u a the as up ending and s for for s

Judge t) of the sultan, he sultan, the of t)

Dâmâd Ṣ

â -

Advocate for Advocate two ḥ ḳ ib Mehmed Mehmed ib adîasker

ie s a as vice - that that

elsine thirds of thirds İbrahim Pîrî - of yi yi -

CEU eTD Collection 86 85 84 83 153 Kasîdeler," Sunulan İbrahimPaşa’ya Damad Hakverdioglu’s of supportive is (1722/23) H.1135 mission. poems official these an that for considered Salonika is it when intervention authorial an of implicative clearly 82 grounds the on administration financial Ottoman in calendar solar of adoption the offered and supported c a include also which wrote anthology) he and time, the of poets leading the the of under one Nâbî, developed of were influence skills poetic His languages. these in poetry compose could quite a highnumber inthosedays. library, was whichhis for books 1,237 of total a consecratedEfendiMustafa that shown is it this In time. life his during built not was building this deeds, pious his of behalf secondthe to according İstanbul;however, in library third a patronize Na of courtyard the in medrese Kastamonu. many organized committee translation the in place a find to him enabled also which asset, strong his was the in creativity literary his and languages, three in poetry compose could (anthology). Paşa. l. e atrd h clirpi wiig tls of styles writing calligraphic the mastered He Âli.

Sicill Erünsal Erünsal, Dev ei Hkedol sget ta te otn o to f h five the of two of content the that suggests Hakverdioglu Metin 82 ḥ - at mescid i

nte atr f hs thesi this of actor Another who letters of man able an alsowas Kastamonu of Mustafa fashion, similar very a In He ʿ - , 222. ,

Osmânî ül in 219 -

meşâyi y İbrahim. by

collected all the poetry that he wrote in Persian, Arabic and Turkish in a in Turkish and Arabic Persian, in wrote he that poetry the all collected his hometown Kastamonu in 1741. Furthermore, he constructed another library another constructed he Furthermore, 1741. in Kastamonu hometown his 85

83 -

222; Resmî Ahmed Efendi, Efendi, Resmî Ahmed 222; ht h smlaeu ue f h lnr aedr n te oa clna had calendar solar the and calendar lunar the of use simultaneous the that s,

Like the other members his network, he patronized a library attached to the to attached library a patronized he network, his members other the Like , 1179 medrese ḫ ,

93; 93; .

Esmâ ṣ 84 rullah rullah s,

y h sm tkn Msaa omsind h cntuto of construction the commissioned Mustafa token, same the By mekteb - 82 ül

The fact that that fact The d elaborate letters ( letters elaborate d müellifîn Ḳ adî Mosque in his hometown in 1746. He also planned to planned also He 1746. in hometown his in Mosque adî 86 hometown his and Belgrade İstanbul, in libraries and s , Mustafa s,

Halifetü’r

, v. 2, , - 7. Ṣ

suggestion 327

â ḥ - 33 ib Rüesâ, Rüesâ,

tf ws let n rbc n Prin and Persian and Arabic in fluent was Âtıf, emd fni evd s the as served Efendi Mehmed münşe İstanbul 1269, 69. İstanbul 1269, . Hakverdioğlu, "Edebiyatımızda Lâle Devri Ve Ve Devri Lâle "Edebiyatımızda Hakverdioğlu, c d ât î v ḳ patron first his to written ) â asîde î rik nî, s titled titled s

c a

va and and Kasîde ḳ ıf molla molla

mention journeys to to journeys mention - Arabic language Arabic siyaqat nâme - dîvân i Ṣ of Salonika in in Salonika of â va ḥ

written on written ib ḳ and , (poetical

ıf Efendi Efendi - nâme c dîvân İzzet

he is ,

CEU eTD Collection 90 veŞakir Fâ’iz from Apart heaven.” be shall abode whose Han Ahmed “The Sultan of Paşa Translation: tevârihtir…” decea the of ve period the during wrote who poets the by presented kasâid histories and eulogies arzettikleri şuâranın olan asırlarında firdevs mekân 89 88 Dergisi Edebiyatı T2857; Collection, Manuscripts Rare in printed reform calendar the on Memorandum a paid be to were Belgrade of conquest 87 that books the with students the providing and week per days four for night until morning ḥ and mosque large the of dependency a as library a built He books. endowing and collecting of fashion the of agent active an also was Halil Şerîf him, around trends and developments new to these. of any find to able not for chronograms some Şakir prais a as mainly Halil, byŞerîf written Osman and Neylî, Chronicler the Ahmed Raşid Nedîm, Nahifî, Vehbî, Seyyid as such figures literary prominent supported and of patron enthusiastic an İbrahim, distinction. and interests intellectual his to due Paşa İbrahim of entourage the within place a himself by himself,tothe library. trans some including manuscripts, rare of sum large a donated and İstanbul in library crises. financial severe caused

âfı

üemny Lbay Hlt fni n 73 The 763. n. Efendi, Halet Library, Süleymaniye İzz Erünsal, Erünsal, For instance, For ẓ î -

Süleyman Efendi, SüleymanEfendi, ı kütüb ı Mecm The fourth actor of the thesis, Şerîf Halil, was another bureaucrat who secured secured who bureaucrat another was Halil, Şerîf thesis, the of actor fourth The Osmanlı Vakıf Kütüphaneleri: Tarihî Gelişimi Ve Organizasyonu Gelişimi Ve Tarihî Kütüphaneleri: Vakıf Osmanlı

includes includes - û s (library officers) with specific duties like keeping the library open from the from open library the keeping like duties specific with officers) (library s âşiyan Sultan Ahmed Ahmed Sultan âşiyan medrese i c n one of one n ası

6(1954). . 89 ḳ

asîdes written for Ahmed III and some other vezîrs. someother and III writtenAhmed for asîdes ibid. ibid. utemr, codn t te hoilr zî Şrf ai composed Halil Şerîf İzzî, chronicler the to according Furthermore,

that he built in Şumnu (in modern (in Şumnu in built he that Â Dâmâd tıf’s memoranda, it is stated that the local army that had been levied for the re the for levied been had that army local the that stated is it memoranda, tıf’s

Being a vigilant and ambitious figure who kept an eye open open eye an kept who figure ambitious and vigilant a Being

İbrahim Paşa; however, despite exhaustive research, I was was I research, exhaustive despite however, Paşa; İbrahim Prior to his death in 1740, in death his to Prior ccording to the solar calendar solar the to ccording a hzelrnn vezîr hazretlerinin Han F. Sezgin, "Âtıf Efendi Kütüphanesinin Vakfiyesi," Vakfiyesi," Kütüphanesinin Efendi "Âtıf Sezgin, F. e for the patron, which were collected in the in collected were which patron, the fore T - â zâde Tâib. Tâib. zâde rih mecm 34 - i Cevdet i

arts, enjoyed attending gatherings of poetry of gatherings attending enjoyed arts, û c a

eis ih h floig xrsin “Cennet expression: following the with begins -

i (Istanbul, 1891); Istanbul University Library, Library, University Istanbul 1891); (Istanbul, İbrahim âzamı merhum İbrahim Paşa hazretlerinin hazretlerinin Paşa İbrahim merhum âzamı . MS Âtıf Efendi Kütüphanesi No. 2087; 2087; No. Kütüphanesi Efendi Âtıf MS . - day Bulgaria) and entrusted two two entrusted and Bulgaria) day c Â Dâmâd tıf Efendi established a public a established Efendi tıf

lo prcae the appreciated also , 217. ,

Ibrahim Paşa the the Paşa Ibrahim

mecm sed grand vezîr İbrahim İbrahim vezîr grand sed û c a osss f the of consists Türk Dili ve ve Dili Türk mecm Fâ’iz veFâ’iz ḳ asîdes cribed û c a of of -

CEU eTD Collection 2b. 93 prosperity. and felicityof You Translation: 268. p. Hakverdioğlu, Metin 92 2001). Bakanlığı, Merkezi Kültür Atatürk Kurumu ve in Orienta," I Zapada Meždu Dialoga Sledi Ot Şumnu: V Džamiya) (Tombul Âbideleri," Ve Vakıfları Türk Kolarovgrad," Ot Nadpisi Des Medrese 91 “ as other each praised committee the of Aris like Felâtun fitnât, “Aristo as such expressions exalting with works translated the of most in described was qu intellectual their express spheres. literary various in them exhibited and skills intellectual their sharpened which İbrahim’s contextualizing (iii) patron, their of entrepreneurship cultural the epitomized works and whose authorities religious bureaucrats intellectual of circle broader a within thesis this of actors the locating t of extension an as press printing the introducing and committees translation establishing as such initiated Paşa İbrahim and III Ahmed that Knowledge Making CommitteeII. II Press Available:Translation Printing and that had been prepared. they

A couplet from couplet A Mehmed Neb Mehmed Şumnu Historical Muse Historical Şumnu

ük iaii lsaaaı epzuu Bildirileri Sempozyumu Uluslararası Mimarisi Türk

wanted, as well as keeping them within the library in accordance with the catalogue the with accordance in library the within them keeping as well as wanted, One such sphere in which some of the actors of my work found the opportunity to opportunity the found work my of actors the of some which in sphere such One investments intellectual of sorts the portraying (i) at aims chapter the of part This totle, wisdom like Plato and auspicious precautions like Avicenna). like precautions auspicious and Plato like wisdom totle, Şerîf Halīl Pasha in Şumnu," Şumnu," in Pasha Halīl Şerîf î - h, akl, İbn Sîna İbn akl, Şerîf Tercüme

Halil’s

um, 131. For the earlier studies on studies earlier the For 131. um, İzvectiya na Narodniya Muzej Narodniya na İzvectiya 91 - i Tarih i

Va ḳ asî alities was the translation committee organized by İbrahim, who İbrahim, by organized committee translation the was alities ḳ - ıflar Dergisi ıflar yı hikmet yı de

- i Alem’aray i

for İbrahim Paşa. “Kasîde Paşa. İbrahim for project of creating a new bureaucracy, the members of of members the bureaucracy, new a creating of project Balkantürkische Studien Balkantürkische - , , no. VII (1968); Orlin Sabev, "Džamiyata Na Şerîf Halil Pasha Pasha Halil Şerîf Na "Džamiyata Sabev, Orlin (1968); VII no. , tedbîr ü ihsan” (the possessor of natural intelligence natural of possessor (the ihsan” ü tedbîr

the bestower of blessings and favors favors and blessings of bestower the - erbâb i ‘Abbasi i

, ed. A Yasa and Z Zafer (Şumnu: Atatürk Yüksek Yüksek Atatürk (Şumnu: Zafer Z and Yasa A ed. , - ı dâniş ü irfân ü dâniş ı

(1963). , Atatürk Ktp., M. Cevdet, nr. 57. Mukaddime vr. vr. Mukaddime 57. nr. Cevdet, M. Ktp., Atatürk , heir reforms in bureaucratic layers, (ii) (ii) layers, bureaucratic in reforms heir va - Sensin ol zât ol Sensin Cümle dil Cümle i Şerîf: Bi’t Şerîf: i ḳ , ıf sa ekol,"ugrsa’ai Bazı "Bulgaristan’daki Keskioğlu, Osman

- (1949). nâme , see , - ” and “ and ” şâd oldu şâd , - - Milen Penkov, "Turski Kamenni Kamenni "Turski Penkov, Milen Tarîk ı Balkanlarda Kültürel Etkileşim Etkileşim Kültürel Balkanlarda

c Herbert Duda, "Moschee Und "Moschee Duda, Herbert amîmü’l - i ‘Arz i ashâb

rûzında refâh rûzında - lutf - m ı Hâl ı 93 - ade everyone full everyone ade ı istihkak ı -

ı ve’l ı The membersThe ,”

quoted fro quoted - - ı hâl ile ile hâl ı ihsan kim ihsan

” (the (the ”

92 m

CEU eTD Collection ex ex the theEfendi, Esad Yanyalı Efendi, Ahmed Neylî 8. Efendi, Said ex ex Mirza 1. follows: 98 97 (824) 680 n. Library Paşa n.414. Library, BeşirAğa Ragıp 874; n. Library Hamidiye 1939; and 1936 n. Ef. Esad Library, Manuscript 96 Edil Teşkil Devri’nde 95 94 praised. was performance Efend Mustafa and Halil 800 was of which the as known generally is which Każî presenta rathermere criticalvolume the bookasthana translation. praised and Al of commentaries the criticized also He Aristotle. about wrote all who d’Aquinas Thomas St. and Magnus Albertus as such thinkers medieval of ( preface the in remarks title Aristetalis. the with translated were which of Aristotle’s volumes was title second The committee. translation the of tothe members assigned firstwas title the 1673, until Adam Prophet events thetime of from history a was which 1702), (d. Lütfullah b. Dede Ahmed Derviş Turkish. into works Greek and Latin merits). deserved of possessors c the and virtue and science of men ommittee proved to be a prolific union and translated many renowned Arabic, Persian, Persian, Arabic, renowned many translated and union prolific a be to proved ommittee

After Aydüz, İstanbul Üniversitesi Library, n. 534, pp. 1b pp. n.Library, 534, Üniversitesi İstanbul AfterAydüz, Çelebi Copies of this book can be found in İstanbul Üniversitesi Library, AY, nr. 534 (author’s copy); Süleymaniye Süleymaniye copy);(author’s 534 nr. AY, Library, Üniversitesi foundİstanbul in be can book thisof Copies - - Çelebi For the content of of content the For każî każî

amd . he b Mu b. Ahmed b. Mahmud

of Yenişehir, 6. Ahmed İlmî Hâlis Cinân Efendi, the ex the Efendi, Cinân Hâlis İlmî Ahmed 6. Yenişehir, of of Damascus, 4. Mestçizâde Abdullah Efendi, the ex the Efendi, Abdullah Mestçizâde 4. Damascus, of - The first massive project of the translation committee was the world history of İmâm of history world the was committee translation the of project massive firstThe - zâde zâde zâde, pp. 358 pp. zâde, 96 Â

h cmetr o Aere, hc mgt e osdrd s i atmt to attempt his as considered be might which Averroes, of commentary the The lion’s share for this project was Esad Efendi of Ioannina’s who explicitly who Ioannina’s of Efendi Esad was project this for share lion’s The sım, sım, - zâde Mehmed Sâlim Efendi, 2. İshak 2. Efendi, Sâlim Mehmed zâde - T en Tercüme Heyetine Dair Bazı Gözlemler." Dair Heyetine enTercüme pages long. Among the thirty men tasked with this project, two were Şerîf Şerîf were two project, withthis tasked long. Amongthemen thirty pages â l te ok, see books, the all - rih 360. The full list of the members of the translation committee for this project is as as is project this for committee translation the of members the of list full The 360.

, pp. 358 pp. , - mu każî i of Kastamonu who actively contributed to the project and whose whose and project the to contributed actively who Kastamonu of i 98 ḳ

of Galata, 11. Ömer Efendi, the Efendi, Ömer 11. Galata, of addime The fulfilment of this translation project was expressed by one by expressed was project translation this of fulfilment The -

c a . üei b Ysf . amd erdi el Bedrüddin Mahmud b. Yusuf b. Hüseyin b. sa Aynî Tarihi. Tarihi. Aynî ) that before translating the text, he referred to the works the to referred he text, the translating before that ) Aydüz, "Lale Devri’nde Yapılan Yapılan Devri’nde "Lale Aydüz,

95 -

aı f zi, . utf Eed, h ex the Efendi, Mustafa 9. İzmir, of kadı Câmiü’d 36 The work was comprised of 24 volumes, each volumes, 24 of comprised was work The

Efendi, the ex the Efendi, - düvel - 2a. - każî

- Tercümet fetva emini fetva każî

(World History) (World of Salonika, 5. Râzî Abdüllatif Efendi, the Efendi, Abdüllatif Râzî 5. Salonika, of -

Farabi and Avicenna on Aristotle on Avicenna and Farabi of Aleppo, 7. Kara Halil Kara 7. Aleppo, of - każî

- , 12. Arab 12. , of İstanbul, 3. Medhî Efendi, the Efendi, Medhî 3. İstanbul, of Mücelledi’s ü li Faaliyetler." İlmi

book 97 Physics

depicting a range of range a depicting -

zâde Hasan Efendi, the the Efendi, Hasan zâde 94 by Müneccim by

- te is three first the , każî h translation The -

- Sem ; of Galata, 10. 10. Galata, of zâde Mehmed Mehmed zâde pil, "Lale İpşirli, â - niye li li niye c Aynî - başı , ;

CEU eTD Collection gibi rağbet irfânaEfendim 101 100 99 Hüseyin ofKastamonu 28. Efendi, Mustafa 25. Şeyhî 27. Münib, mülâzım, mevkûfatçı Bey, Abdurrahman Mehmed Avfi Çelebi, Paşazâde Hacı Efendizâde 26. Râzî Efendi, 24. Âsım İsmâil Efendi, Çelebizâde Mehmed Küçük Darendeli 23. Beyefendi, Hüseyin Şâkir 20. Efendi, Sâlih Arabzâde 19. Efendi, Ahmed Nedîm 18. Efendi, Vehbi Seyyid 17. müderris, Efendi, Turşucuzâde 16. müderris, Efendi, Receb b. Ahmet 15. müderris, 1 Mosque, Süleymaniye of şeyh who bureaucrats other several of translated efforts individual the encouraged and admired III done intere an shown “ follows, as patron his to gratefulness his addresses Vehbi, Seyyid time, the of poet prominent The committee. translation the projects translation to referred the or poets the either among chosen were works Persian or professors mosque old generally were works Arabic of translators the that considering patron, the of enterprises intellectual the for supportprovided İbrahimheavily also whichbureaucraticinvested cadresthe in factthat the grand İbrahim’s of years last the in Empires Safavid and Ottoman the between of clashes onset several the with coincidence its is project this of date the about observation important Habîbü’s of translation the of completion hizmet” Mirza translators, other the of

Aydüz, "Lale Devri’nde Yapılan İlmi Faaliyetler," 145. Faaliyetler," İlmi Yapılan Devri’nde "Lale Aydüz, Ali Canîb, "Seyyid Vehbi "Seyyid Canîb, Ali Ibid, 140 Ibid, .” vizierate 101 Apart from the titles that the translation committee worked on, İbrahim and Ahmed and İbrahim on, worked committee translation the that titles the from Apart

meaning “a sublime service and feast for the connoisseurs of the state.” the of connoisseurs the for feast and service sublime “a meaning -

- siyer

8. 8. a large spectrum of works such as as such works of spectrum large a as the bestower of generous gifts to the poets and men of letters in each of these these of each in letters of men and poets the to gifts generous of bestower the as .

. Furthermore, the choice of personnel for the transla the for personnel of choice the Furthermore, . which covers the Safavid history until the death of Shah Ismail in Ismail Shah of death the until history Safavid the covers which

t n h mn f etr ad ite s uh s y atr ( master my as much as virtue and letters of men the in st , we c we ,

.”

," ," an deduce that deduce an Hayat 3. Ali Efendi, the şeyh of Şehzâde Mosque, 14. Yekçeşm İsmâil Efendi, Efendi, İsmâil Yekçeşm 14. Mosque, Şehzâde of şeyh the Efendi, Ali 3. -

zâde Sâlim Efendi as “erbâb as Efendi Sâlim zâde 16(1927). , 29. İzzet Ali Bey (Paşa), defter (Paşa), Bey Ali İzzet 29. , c yî Tarihi Aynî

Original: İbrahim himself paid the salaries of the members of members the of salaries the paid himself İbrahim For as long as I have known myself, nobody has has nobody myself, known have I as long as For

ka 37 żî s (local judges), whereas, the translators for for translators the whereas, judges), (local s

te omte ws ntutd o translate to instructed was committee the ,

“ Ben kendimi bildim bileli etmedi kimse / Ehl / kimse etmedi bileli bildim kendimi Ben eç Tarihi Nemçe Şerîf

ai Eed, 1 Ş 21. Efendi, Halil hâcegan - ı devlete bir ziyâfet bir devlete ı - dâr mektupçusu, 30. Mustafa Efendi Mustafa 30. mektupçusu, dâr

(the History of Austria) Austria) of History (the . 100 tion committee reveals committee tion

Because âmî Ahmed Efendi, 22. 22. Efendi, Ahmed âmî

İbrahim effendi - 99 i cemîle ve ve cemîle i 1523. One1523.

After the After

- ) has has ) i dil ü ü dil i

was

CEU eTD Collection 103 Hatıraları 1986). Fakültesi, Esirlik Ve Hayatı Sipahisinin Türk poverty. Osmanlı and illness his to İstanbul due in settling finally before Temeşvar of governor the of Vie translator the as and served He 1718. Graz in Temeşvar in lived He 1687. in Habsburgs 102 Tu and Muslim first the of founder the became and 1729 in press printing the introduce toplan his realized Ahmed society. Ottoman of echelons elite the to access providing meant opport foremost the was education that Considering discourse. public of sphere the broaden to and mobility social enhance to desire strong his was sultan the of motivation fundamental The press. became knowledge to access facilitate to attempt sultan’s The Arabic. or Persian Greek, Latin, in read to able not were Latin) Müteferrika.İbrâhim translated by Safevîyân Beyân der Seyyâh Każî tedbîr Tercümet i as known Khaldun’s wo (the Çelebi Küçük by translated Persian) Ahmed; b. Osman by translated nto Arabic by Yuhannâ bin Bıtrîk) translated by Muhammed Hamîdî; Muhammed by translated Bıtrîk) bin Yuhannâ by Arabic nto

Aydüz, "Lale Devri’nde Yapılan İlmi Faaliyetler." İlmi Yapılan Devri’nde "Lale Aydüz, Osman b. Ahmed was originally from Temeşvar (modern Temeşvar from originally was Ahmed b. Osman me ve’l me - i bedeni’l i These translations were a means to make knowledge accessible to an audience who who audience an to accessible knowledge make to means a were translations These k f sedr üş Trmn n esa) rnltd y emd ei; Ibn Nebih; Mehmed by translated Persian) in Türkmen Münşî İskender of rk - Gâyeti’l i Kitâbü’s ( The History of Late Revolutions of Persia of Revolutions Late of History The Muqaddimah Muqaddimah - cedîde cedîde

unity of the poor for social mobility, providing access to books, in a sense, a in books, to access providing mobility, social for poor the of unity - insan - - siyâse fi tedbîri’r fi siyâse - (originally known as known (originally Zuhûr ı

itkân ) translated by Ebu’l by translated ) translated by Pîrî by translated

(written by Sâlih b. Nasrullah, also known as as known also Nasrullah, b. Sâlih by (written

Temeşvarlı Osman Ağa, Ağa, Osman Temeşvarlı -

Avnyn e Sebeb ve Ağvaniyân i

more evident in 1726 when he decided to establish a printing a establish to decided he when 1726 in evident more 102

Acâibü’l - zâde İsmâil Âsım Efendi; Âsım İsmâil zâde - riyâse nna for twelve years before fleeing back to his hometown hometown his to back fleeing before years twelve for nna 103 Atlas Coelestis Atlas - zâde zâde

- , originally attributed to Aristotle and translated and Aristotle to attributed originally , , Feyz Mustafa b. Ahmed; b. Mustafa Feyz - 38 passim letâif letâif

e. . oaa Slu Üiests Fen Üniversitesi (Selçuk Tolasa H. ed. , Ṣ Kendi Kalemiyle Temeşvarlı Osman Ağa: : Bir Bir : Ağa: Osman Temeşvarlı Kalemiyle Kendi â . ḥ (also known as Hitay Sefâret Hitay as known (also

- day Timişoara in Romania) and fell captive to to captive fell and Romania) in Timişoara day ib - written by Judasz Tadeusz Judasz by written İnhidâm i

Mehmed Efendi; Mehmed by Andreas Cellarius) and Cellarius) Andreas by Târih - Binâ ı - i Mecmû c Âlem’aray -

ı Nüzhetü’l Sırrü’l

Devlet Gâyeti’l c a - -

Esrâr Krusinki in Krusinki i Hey’ i - - Şâhân i - in nâmesi - i ebdân fi ebdân - - c itkân fî fî itkân Edebiyat Edebiyat Târih Abbâsî rkish eti’l (also - - - ı i CEU eTD Collection anti thatphilosophical a Virtuti anti Wissowatius’s Andreas of rendition Greek Cantemir’s that fact The Islam. Mü inducting for responsible that considering was who prince, Moldavian a enlightenment a as Cantemir, ‘radical up Israel’s grown not Jonathan had of he that thinkers likely quite it makes was which but monk, Socinian a as Müteferrika identify also sources Transylvania and Poland in popularity gained 106 footnotes. furtheradditional without unpaginated iswhich Hüm ve 105 Ekonomik (Türkiye Kiel Muslimaudience. a not address did Turkishand M. and Burçoğlu, N.K. 2004). Vakfı, Babinger, Tarih Toplumsal F. ed. Matbaası, Osmanlı Ve Müteferrika 104 penned he 1710, Socinian a originally Müteferrika, İbrahim was project whole philosophy bookswouldbe an auspicioustheMuslims. for deed With scholarship. secular to came it when insufficient were they that found he but sciences, religious preserving as the of efforts the praised o types new creating for also but classics Islamic preserving for only not printing the supported sultan the students, for inspiration” of “source as books reliable of printing the to Referring inevitable. enterprise the made fires,” thought Ahmed which manuscripts, Turkish and Arabic of scarcity the and prints Arabic with experiments European earlier of unreliability The knowledge. his by initiated bureaucra and social economic, the to parallel In ring.” signet a with paper the imprinting or money “minting as important equally as was knowledge disseminating house. publishing

Küçük, 160 Küçük, Ahmed III’s edict is printed in the first title printed in the press, press, the in printed title first thein printed is edict III’s Ahmed Sabev, Sabev, â y

û was later rendered into Arabic by Athanasios III Dabbas, the Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch suggests suggests Antioch of Patriarch Orthodox the Dabbas, III Athanasios by Arabic into rendered later was (. [3 (p. n In this enterprise, Ahmed III and İbrâhim was not alone. The primary agent of the the of agent primary The alone. not was İbrâhim and III Ahmed enterprise, this In İbrahim Müt İbrahim - 7: “Fausto Sozzi “Fausto 7: - Cantemir had sympathies towards unitarianism and was generally quite sympathetic towards towards sympathetic quite generally was and unitarianism towards sympathies had Cantemir 4])

n ex an rn Vezî Grand

Risâle rnltd by translated 104 - eferrika Ya Da Ilk Osmanlı Matbaa Serüveni, 1726 Serüveni, Matbaa Osmanlı Ilk Da Ya eferrika -

trinitarianism was perhaps a fairly popular view. popular fairly wasa perhaps trinitarianism

Catholic. He belonged to a demographic that was similar to many other European European other many to similar was that demographic a to belonged He Catholic. The sultan’s edict issued on July 5, 1727 indicated that printing and printing that indicated 1727 5, July on issued edict sultan’s The 106 -

i c rm h Hnain on f lj i modern (in Cluj of town Hungarian the from out giving additional justification, he briefly asserted that printing printing that asserted briefly he justification, additional giving out ulemâ İslâmiyye

ni was the founder of Socinianism, a fifteenth a Socinianism, of founder the was ni There were other presses in Istanbul at the time, but they did not publish in publish not did they but time, the at Istanbul in presses other were There , h sla nw und o ot u lw ult ad shallow and quality low out sort to turned now sultan the r,

emt i Msaa el Mustafa bin Mehmet

who were tasked with the propagation of the Koran as well as Koran the of propagation the with tasked were who

in which he attempted to show that proper Christianity proper that show to attempted he which in

and

lann ad coasi. n h eit Ahmed edict, the In scholarship. and learning f rejected the rejected a 39 . ’” Küçük’s suggestion that it was probably Dimitri Dimitri probably was it that suggestion Küçük’s ’” Transylvanian

- Vanî concept of the of concept . I refer to various expressions expressions various to refer I . Tercüme

eerk it te aae is palace the into teferrika ovr, d 14) h was who 1747) (d. convert, - yi Sıhahu'l yi 105 - - 1746 : Yeniden Değerlendirme Yeniden : 1746 ce

- Holy Trinity. A few narrative narrative few A Trinity. Holy ntury religious movement that that movement nturyreligious trinitarian ethical tract tract ethical trinitarian to be due to “wars and “wars to due be to - - Cevherî Cevherî a Rmna. In Romania). day tic policies co policies tic ( S in the edict edict the in û ret - tenable i Hatt i Stimuli Stimuli - . - ı ,

CEU eTD Collection 108 107 well a included which İbrahim, and III Ahmed to submitted be to Printing) of (Virtues ahim uniqueman. made culture Ottoman on perspective Müteferrika’s manuscripts, Ottoman and Europe in Hungary. Habsburg in uprising an initiate to as so Ottomans the from asylum sought who prince a Hungarian II, Rakoczy Ferenc to envoy personal the as him appointed sultan the and III, Ahmed Trini to was it than Islam to closer was

Ibid, 121. Ibid, 78 Sabev, n 76 Mtfria rprd n xlntr bolt titled booklet explanatory an prepared Müteferrika 1726, In -

100. 100. Figure Figure

- 108

A Copy of Ahmed III’s edict printed in in printed Ahmed III’s Copy of edict A

As a convert a convert a As

nd men of letters who knew about the printing culture printing the about knew who letters of men nd tarianism. 40

107

Müteferrika became a loyal courtier of courtier loyal a became Müteferrika Tercüme - yi Sıhah ü’l - eîe üt Vesîlet Cevherî

- Ṭ ibâʻat - CEU eTD Collection Dergisi Fakültesi 112 2001). IRCICA, (Istanbul: Ali Çaksu in Printing," for Arguments His 111 110 109 knowledgeevery corner toeachEmpire: andof the the from expect p should printing the sultan of introduction the that consequences positive distinct ten to referred works. important other and lexica biographies, histories, al Müteferrika order. religious and social preserving in role books’ the about suggestion Müteferrika’s echoed later, year one issued edict the in expressions Ahmed’s that considering books Islamic of state the about ideas of Day the until sciences and arts the preserving and protecting by Empire the glorify and perfection to thecommunity bring nation, the order state, the exalt would which tables emerald to books likened to according well become governments, states help would books and Müteferrika, monarchies of service the in deployed When them. to are important which toorganize communities societiesmatters and asusedby to books tools books. publishing of benefits the of summary written iii. vi. iv.

ii. v. Ibid., also see Küçük, p. 167, for a close reading of the booklet. booklet. readingofthe close 167, a for Küçük,p. see also Ibid., Ves Serpil Altuntek, "İlk Türk Matbaasının Kuruluşu Ve İbrahim Müteferrika," Müteferrika," İbrahim Ve Kuruluşu Matbaasının Türk "İlk Altuntek, Serpil i. Stefan Reichmuth, "Islamic Reformist Discourse in the Tulip Period (1718 Period Tulip the in Discourse Reformist "Islamic Reichmuth, Stefan

î let üt let Printing would help the betterment of religious education by producing lexica; books on history, history, on books lexica; producing by education religious of betterment the help would Printing Everyone could buy books, thus the printing press would provide a universal access to them. them. to universalaccess a wouldprovide printingpress the thus buy books, Everyonecould with came they that facts the to due knowledge, to access of levels new offer could materials Edited otherwise time the save also would It books. to access poor the and rich the give would Printing beautifu more be would volumes The refr would Printing summaries, indices and appendix. appendix. and indices summaries, occupation frequent manuscripts,a comparing and timecopying in wasted spelling. moreaccurate written. been recently had as ifthey the by taught and written were which logic. and geography astronomy, - Ṭ ibâʻat

10, no. 1 (1993). 1 no. 10,

p p . 1

8 - esh and propagate the process of learning. In contrast to manuscript commentaries commentaries manuscript to contrast In learning. of process the propagate and esh 19, 19, Judgment v International Congress on Learning and Education in the Ottoman World Ottoman the in Education and Learning on Congress International

ress, which epitomized Ahmed’s emphasis on disseminating disseminating on emphasis Ahmed’s epitomized which ress, 8

Tercüme

. 110

l, accurate and durable, which meant easier classification and and classification easier meant which durable, and accurate l, ulemâ Müteferrika see Müteferrika - I Sıhahü'l I o one t te ulm’ alr i preserving in failure Muslims’ the to pointed so , printed books would restore the splendor of the original original the of splendor the restore would books printed , 41

- Cevherî 112 - ordered, ration ordered,

109

ms to have influenced Ahmed III’s Ahmed influenced have to ms

. 111

In his report, Müt report, his In

Müteferrika’s report succinctly report Müteferrika’s Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Edebiyat Üniversitesi Hacettepe - al and judicious. He also He judicious. and al 30): Ibrahim Müteferriqa and and Müteferriqa Ibrahim 30):

at medrese eferrika referred eferrika s.

, ed. ed. , CEU eTD Collection Journal History Medieval 113 a significant steptodisseminate knowledgeuse ofa audience. tothe muchbroader paşa court: Ottoman the with associated were who people very the indeed were These books. collecting for spend to money had who and learning secular in interest an had who crowd learning. higher and army the state, the reforming of terms in also but heritage intellectual and cultural Islamic safeguarding only press the interesting Müteferrika’s with juxtaposed is sultan the of edict the When viii. vii. ix.

x. Nadia Al Nadia

s, bureaucrats and other city dwellers. In this sense, the patronage of of patronage the sense, this In dwellers. city other and bureaucrats s, Books would also accelerate Islamic learning among the non the among learning Islamic accelerate also would Books which Europeans, the with books trade to opportunity with Muslims the provide would press The the thus awakening Muslims, the invigorate would Books wou Empire The Persians trade. book withinternational makeinvolved them would and students educated better were which townships. moreorderly of consequences natural books, of full be would libraries . I . -

Bagdadi, "From Heaven to Dust: Metamorphosis of the Book in Pre in Book the of Metamorphosis Dust: to Heaven "From Bagdadi, to note that neither of them addressed the contents of contents the addressed them of neither that note to nstead, they emphasized the instrumental aspects of the book the of aspects instrumental the emphasized they nstead, , Yemenis, Greeks, Kurds, Tartars, Ethiopians and Maghribis. Maghribis. Ethiopians and Tartars, Kurds, Greeks, Yemenis, ,

8, no. 1 (2005): 88(2005): 1 no. 8, ld become stronger since it was easy to disseminate books to towns. Therefore, Therefore, towns. to books disseminate to easy was it since stronger become ld

- 90.

113

The 42

ok pitd n h pes agtd lay a targeted press the in printed books ir feelings of gratitude to the sultan. the sultan. to gratitude offeelings ir

- Arab n Arab

ations su ations the books to be printed in printed be to books the

eîe üt Vesîlet - Modern Arab Culture," Culture," Arab Modern ch as Uzbeks, Hindis, Hindis, Uzbeks, as ch va s

ḳ in terms of not of terms in ıf - Ṭ libraries was libraries ibâʻat,

t is it The CEU eTD Collection

October 1, 1, 1741 October March 17, 1741 17, March February 1732 February 1732 February January 1729 January August 1730 August 1729 August March 1730 March June 1733 June 1730 June June 1734 June May 1730 May 1729 May July 1732 July 1730 Figure Figure

2 . The list of books printed in the Müteferrika Press Müteferrika in the books printed The listof . Grammaire Turque, ou méthode courte et facile facile et courte méthode ou Turque, Grammaire Tercemetü’s Târi Usûlü’l (A Gift to the Lords about the Naval Campaigns of the ofthe NavalCampaigns the about Lords Giftthe (A to Safeviyân (On the Recent Revoulutions in the Safavid State) Safavid the in Revoulutions Recent (Onthe Gülşen Tuhfetü’l h Târih Füyûzât (History of Ancient and Contemporary Egypt) Contemporary and ofAncient (History - langue Turque langue Târih i seyyâh der beyân der i seyyâh (Methods of Rule in Various Social Orders) Social Various in of Rule (Methods - (The Translation of Truths of Cevheri) Truths of of Translation (The hikem fî nizâmü’l hikem - - Takvimü’t Ahvâl Târih - i Tîmûr İnhidâm i Hulefâ i Hulefâ - Târih

Ṣ (Turkish Grammar for Learners) for (TurkishGrammar i Mısrü’l by Judasz Tadeusz Krusinski (1675 Krusinski byTadeusz Judasz - (The Benefits of the Compass) ofthe Benefits (The ı - ı Mıknatısiyye (Rose Garden of the Caliphs) ofthe Garden (Rose ḥ (The Histor (The kibâr fi Esfâri’l kibâr Cihânnümâ (History of the West Indies) West ofthe (History â (Onthe (Chronology ofHistories) (Chronology 43 - ḥ - - i Hind i Gazavât der i Gazavât ü’l i Nâimâ i Nâimâ

(History ofNaima) (History by Nazmi by - Ferheng byNazmi

i Binâ - - - byJean (Cosmorama) Cevherî Tevârîh Cedîd ve’l ve’l Cedîd Ottomans) ghaza - i Garbî - Vâ - yofTamerlane). i zuhûr

by Mustafa Nâimâ by Mustafa ümem by Kâtip Çelebi by Kâtip - la i De

by İbrahim Müte byİbrahim - nî. - - i Şu’ûri

s in Bosnia) sin

Baptiste Holdermann Baptiste zâde Hüseyin Mustafa Mustafa Hüseyin zâde

- - by Kâtip Çelebi Çelebi by Kâtip by Mehmed b. Mustafa el Mustafa b. Mehmed by bihâr zâde Hüseyin Mustafa zâde Diyâr , Anonymous. , vlet

- Każî by İbrahim Müteferrika by İbrahim

i Agvâniyân ve Sebeb ve i Agvâniyân

i Sâhân by Katip Çelebi byKatip

- m

i Bosna

by Süheyli by

- ı

pour apprendre apprendre pour

ferrika

1756) 1756)

- CEU eTD Collection Terekesi," Ve Ahmed Efendi İspirîzâde Vâizi Ayasofya Organizatörlerinden 114 patronage practiced30 cities that deeds were inmore than libraries in books libraries the endowedin lists book the upon reflect to (iii) knowledge; simila a disseminate to acontinue to demonstrate sought to that idiom order imperial in an I, in continuity Mahmud sultan, next the of reign the in patronized they main four the of rise continued the trace to (i) seeks: therefore chapter This reign. III’s Ahmet beyond well thesis this of actors the by pursued were that agenda reformist sultan’s the of arg chapter This century. eighteenth the of remainder the define to come would endeavors intellectual his and point, this by root deep taken already had reformism Ahmedian that that show to aims thus and history, Ottoman in rupture distinct of a onset the as pinpointed been long yearhas 1730 İbrahimthe Paşa, Vezîr Grand the including intellectuals court and bureaucrats many of execution the as well as factions. different of conflict a and nature elitist an of was revolt the that suggests evidence new whereas, riff of mischief the to revolt the reduced has historiography Conventional former a was who Albanian an Halil, Patrona Safavid the on

Eighteenth . aaaaol, Omnı maaolğ’d 13 İynn Di Yn Bulgular Yeni Dair İsyanına 1730 İmparatorluğu’nda "Osmanlı Karahasanoglu, S. actors of this thesis after the Patrona Revolt; (ii) to compile a survey of survey a compile to (ii) Revolt; Patrona the after thesis this of actors 1730 was a was 1730 re‘âyâ ry Ti rsle i te ubek f the of outbreak the in resulted This army.

n atsn atr sre o dssru dfas gis Sa Thab II’s Tahmasb Shah against defeats disastrous of series a after artisans and - ues that the that ues Century ; (iv) and lastly to reach conclusions about the targeted audience of such of audience targeted the about conclusions reach to lastly and (iv) ; 114 very long year for the Ottomans the for year long very

Mainly because the uprising the because Mainly Va vaḳıf ,

the end of the so the of end the ḳ ıf

libraries patronized by the sultan’s government were part part were government sultan’s the by patronized libraries

Libraries as Institutions Disseminating New Chapter III: Knowledge 44

- aisr ad offi and janissary -

called Tulip Age. In contrast, this chapter this contrast, In Age. Tulip called resulted in the dethronement of Ahmed IIIAhmed of dethronement the in resulted .

bloody Ahmet III imposed a n a imposed III Ahmet

throughout Mahmud’s reign. Patrona Patrona OTAM e i te toa navy. Ottoman the in cer Rebellion

24: 97 24: to detect the common the detect to - - 128. raff in Istanbul, in raff ew set of taxes of set ew vaḳıf

ae after named r type of of type r

: İsyanın İsyanın : libraries

CEU eTD Collection keyfiyet ve irâêt mükaleme vebizzat ihsanaltunolunup ceb bir kendüye olmakla efendimize şevketlü ve ityan envâından kağıd 41 1965), University, 115 t of leadership the Under throne. the from Ahmed ousting for responsible that demonstrate elitewasthe eliminatethat faction to ableMahmudwas promotions 1730, in bloodythe uprising despite These Physician. Chief the became entourage İbrahim’s trans active and alchemist an was who Bursa of Munşî Ali whereas, 1730s, late the instance, For promotions. similar enjoyed in Vezîr Grand the becamePhysician, Court the Efendi Nûh of son the Paşa, Ali Hekimoğlu court Ahmed’s of setting philosophical reîsü’l became Efendi dâr years: few a within court Mahmud’s in positions eminent most the to up moved Ahmed of court the in minors once were who thesis, this of re the of years first the in fruition to came intellectual/bureaucrat Ottoman new a creating of ideal and reforms administrative his vizierate, grand İbrahim’s of end abrupt and unexpected the of Mahm Ultimately, kinds paper. different of production the discuss to court his to Müteferrika İbrahim invited and mill paper the in interested closely indeed was he that shows reign Mahmud’s during a in record A rebellion. the after years several for inactive been had which press, printing the of re the supported and Yalova in mill paper a established He priorities. top his of one I Ahmed by initiated investments intellectual the continuing Russians, and Safavids Habsburgs, the of armies combined the against war waging whilst

Özcan Özcan, "Kadı Ömer Efendi: Mahmud Efendi: Ömer "Kadı Özcan, Özcan in 1737; Pîrî 1737; in Rûznâme ign of ign - küttâb lhuhMhu a oeiiaetermat fteursn o n ul year full one for uprising the of remnants the eliminate to had Mahmud Although Ahmed’s

(a register depicting the depicting register (a n 74 Lkws, eea ohr rmnn bracas otrd by fostered bureaucrats prominent other several Likewise, 1744. in ṣ - adâret zâde - 2.

.”

cousin Mahmud I. A large number of bureaucrats, including the actorsthe including bureaucrats, of number large I.A Mahmud cousin .. ve Basmacı İbrahim Efendi, Yalova’da ihdas eylediği kağıd eylediği ihdas Yalova’da Efendi, İbrahim Basmacı ve .. Ṣ

â ket ḥ ud commissioned Müteferrika to carry out this project. this out carry to Müteferrika commissioned ud ib ḫ

üdâsı üdâsı Mehmed Efendi became the became Efendi Mehmed

n 77 n Msaa fni f atmn bcm the became Kastamonu of Efendi Mustafa and 1737 in

events in a specific period on a daily basis) written written basis) daily a on period specific a in events I. Hakkında 1157/1744 1157/1744 Hakkında I. 45

c Âtıf - i şahanaleriyle mahsud i şahanaleriyle -

âeii ehm e pes ve tefhim âmelini i Mustafa Efendi became the became Efendi Mustafa şeyhü’l -

1160/1747 Arası Ruznâme" (Istanbul (Istanbul Ruznâme" Arası 1160/1747 I n İrhmPş a also was Paşa İbrahim and II - islâm

in 1736; in - ı akran kılındı.” kılındı.” akran ı - he new sultan, the the sultan, new he ḫ âne endide de âmel eylediği eylediği âmel de 115 Şerîf - i hümayun hümayun i -

opening opening Despite lator in in lator deft

Halil

the the er - CEU eTD Collection 121 2001), Oxford, 116 responsible for the fragrance nice oflibraries). well (book several of formation as such the opportunities in resulted libraries Ottoman hours opening regular keep to assistants salaried well a of bibliothèque definition Israel’s Jonathan with parallel In hometowns. their in relations reputations own their bolstering and inhabitants of minds and lives V practices cultural cultivating on predicated idiom imperial an continuing the to addition In Empire. of parts distant the to knowledge disseminating of policy Mahmud’s actively to 1710s contributed early the in Istanbul in appointments initial their since traced has thesis ketḫüdâsı reign. Mahmud’s ASurveyIII.I of veryaudience. broad a of benefit the for knowledge disseminate to aimed that enterprises in invest to continued administration previous the from palace Ottoman the of echelons highest the of members ezîr’s administration, the patronage of these officials was also catered to improving the improving to catered also was officials these of patronage the administration, ezîr’s

Jonathan Israel, Israel, Jonathan - lne ad osiniul mitie ctlge a catalogue maintained conscientiously and planned - binders), One such imperial investment was investment imperial such One n Msaa fni the Efendi Mustafa and

which should be accessible to readers via some crucial facilities such as “a “a as such facilities crucial some via readers to accessible be should which - 2. müstâ aia ElgtnetPiooh ad h Mkn o Mdriy 1650 Modernity of Making the and Enlightenment:Philosophy Radical

Vaḳıf throughout c tf utf Eed the Efendi Mustafa Âtıf

ḥâfıẓ ḥ

fı Libraries ẓ

- kütüb ı lbay guards), (library

h ram otne fo te rvos utn and sultan previous the from continued realm the

(the librarians tasked with protecting books), protecting with tasked librarians (the reîsü’l vaḳıf vaḳıf - küttâb 46

defter dersiâm libraries, which reached its its reached which libraries, ,”

whose joint career line formations this this formations line career joint whose 116 - dâr

the whole enterprise of investing in investing of enterprise whole the

tahr) and (teachers) , Şerîf d ufcet uevso by supervision sufficient nd

ai Eed the Efendi Halil

- amongst their kin and kin their amongst eie employment defined buhûrî “golden age” “golden new types of of types new - 1750 (officers s mücellid ṣadâret grande G (OUP (OUP rand

in in

CEU eTD Collection alâ dahî müddet bir idemeyüb intifâ’ talebe olduğundan mefkûd kütübleri ı el ile ıstırab mürûr nâşi olmamakdan kütüb öyle iken idegelmişler intifâ’ kütüb nice 120 119 kitâb ittisafları sa’âdet 118 117 characteristics. existing the about data including report a compile to him wanted and place single one in area the in available the commanded he Kastamonu, to sent he letters the of one one “impertinent the chide to used he expressions the in confirmed be can which sultan, the for priority high a also were books Crimea. the in library II’s Han Giray Selâmet the as such established been previously had which libraries the to collections book sent also He Cairo. and Vidin Belgrade, Galatasaray, Fâtih, not. could libraries)” grandiose establishing (of task sublime the realized who sultan “the as Mahmud to referred example, for Subhî, chroniclers. court his of attention the caught also Empire the around all libraries establishing for encouragement Mahmud’s benefits thegreater thestudents Ottoman to and public: their and libraries books, about view his articulated explicitly Mahmud wrote, he edicts

Erünsal, Erünsal, BOA BOA. Mühimme no Mühimme BOA. Subh ḫ âne î , need, they can through read in libraries organized well to facilitate their improvemen their well facilitate to organized libraries in read through they need, can books. of keepers assign whic from books endow of men ancestors, oblivious their surpass inhabitants Thus, the to sent letter a In

cultiv and value the on stands religion and world the of pillar “…The , 617: “zamân 617: , Mühimme no. 152, p.136. 152, no. Mühimme - - binâsıyla...” i sâmiye i mu’teberân cem’ ve medreselerde ders medreselerde ve cem’ mu’teberân i - Osma 118 yevm kütüb yevm

because skills and virtues can be earned from books and treatises in every town and help their help and town every in treatises and books from earned be can virtues and skills because The sultan spearheaded his library policy by establishing libraries in Ayasofya,in libraries establishing by policylibrary spearheaded his sultan The nlı Vakıf Kütüphaneleri: Tarihî Gelişimi Ve Organizasyonu Gelişimi Ve Tarihî Kütüphaneleri: Vakıf nlı 120 –

nr’lh t’l brhnhm aeaıı pîrâye hazeratının berahinehüm ta’âlâ enâra’llahu

- . 152, p. 137: p. 152, . ı yesîrde niçe yesîrde ı vaḳıf vaḳıf - - i mevk i ı eyyâm ile medreseler harâb ve kitâblar dahî kendüyi bilmez kimesneler ahz ve ve ahz kimesneler bilmez kendüyi dahî kitâblar ve harâb medreseler ile eyyâm ı libraries,

ûfe müteferrik ve eyâdi ve müteferrik ûfe każî

silu suet cn td ad eei, n tee od e mus men good these and benefit, and study can students skillful h Therefore, when the poor souls seeking learning and the sciences are in in are sciences the and learning seeking souls poor the when Therefore,

- “…Kastamonu kazâsında dahî siyâk dahî kazâsında “…Kastamonu hayr mvûe çn üeayn kitâb müte’ayyen içün mevkûfe i

of Kastamonu that re that Kastamonu of s” ( s” - medrese ı kesîre mazhar u muvaffak olduklarından gayrı bu âna dek eslâf dek âna bu gayrı olduklarından muvaffak u mazhar kesîre ı kendüyi bilmez kimesneler bilmez kendüyi ḫ âne , s el s h nme o bos n their and books of number the as well as s, 47 - lerine vaz’ ve vakf idüp tüllâb idüp vakf ve vaz’ lerine i nâsda müteşettit kalduğuna ve nicelerinin dahi dahi nicelerinin ve kalduğuna müteşettit nâsda i

Gülnûş Vâlide Sultan’s library in Chios and and Chios in library Sultan’s Vâlide Gülnûş 119 ite ut ul ad organize and build must virtue flects the content of other decrees and other of content the flects

h mitnne n poeto of protection and maintenance The - sahâyif i ḫ - ı meşrûh üzere ba’zı ashâb ba’zı üzere meşrûh ı - âne hâlihî kalsa mecmû’ kalsa hâlihî mufti mufti , 231. ,

) who damaged books. In books. damaged who ) e uazf hafiz muvazzaf ve ation o ation -

which his predecessors his which aml ââlr olmayan âsârları ü a’mâl i o rsre h books the preserve to - ı zev ı f the arts and sciences. sciences. and arts the f ’l t...” - elbâb istifâde ve istifâde elbâb - 117 i kütüb arza kütüb i libraries and and libraries

ı kütübler kütübler ı - ı hayrât hayrât ı ḥ also t âfı ẓ - - - i ı CEU eTD Collection 125 menba ve 124 kütüp edip inşallah/Seyr makbûl olur Allâh/Hayr eyledi eser/Muvaffak âli bir Eyledi Câmiinde/ serteser/Ayasofya sezâdır nazîr şevketi/Yoktur 123 174b.) (Subhî, sonra…” olunduktan tanzim mahall ve döşenüp “ detail. 184 VIII: 122 olunmağla... ibkâ cânib bi’l ve hazerâtı 121 kütüb olunan mevsukun olacağın telef city.” the in body student the rejuvenated and “invigorated library this that notes library the of ceremony opening the in present was who Efendi Süleyman o spring the and scholars prominent would it that grounds the on Mosque) (Fâtih complex religious at the time: riddle the in echoed which charisma, sultanic his up build al was it books: in interest strong his of representative only not was mother with coated casings Koran of number a as such items luxury with ornamented is interior the and tiles, Kütahya and 18 with decorated is rooms two these combining corridor The room. storage a and room reading a of consisted library the building, the of south the on buttresses two books, 4000 than (more collection rich its of terms in only not novelty of symbol a was İstanbul,

İzzî, 219b. İzzî, Azâde Akar, "Ayasfoya’da Bulunan Türk Eserleri Eserleri Türk Bulunan "Ayasfoya’da Akar, Azâde Subhî, 174b Subhî, Süleymaniye Library, Süleymaniye Dağlı, - hmynaıaâzv admoualrie mecm ile olunanlar takdîm ve ârz hümâyunlarına i

B h scn lbay amd omsind a ajnt o emd Is socio II’s Mehmed to adjunct was commissioned Mahmud library second The a looking While benefaction/ much bring building be it! preserve MayGod say shall Everybody him this helped that God will work/ sublime God a May commissioned He glorious/ Sophia/ Hagia of mosque the in world the ornamentatio valuable the everycorner in /Praised equal no is whichthere To Osman/ of House and State the majestyof The in complex Ayasofya the in established Mahmud, of library monumental most The according to Subhî to according ir gün mukaddem kitap mukaddem gün ir - - ı ulûm 6. ḫ sabl aal Bkieii Dsa V Mn Katarları Mâni Ve Destan Bekçilerinin Mahalle İstanbul âne

- Subhî narrates the preparations made one day before the inauguration of the library in minute minute in library the of inauguration the before day one made preparations the narrates Subhî

i mevkûfe cem’ itdirilüp…” itdirilüp…” cem’ mevkûfe i

yi/Her gören dedi maşaall yi/Hergörendedi : - ül kibâr cümle - “Hazine .” ı garrâ olmağla...” ı garrâ -

i merkumdan kapıya varıncaya etrâf varıncaya kapıya merkumdan i - dveiDr kşd md olunur/Kütüp medh köşede devleti/Dört i -

- i âmirede mevcud olandan başka sa’âdetlü Sadrazam semâhatlü Şeyhülislâm Efendi Efendi Şeyhülislâm semâhatlü Sadrazam sa’âdetlü başka olandan mevcud âmirede i Yazma Bağışlar Yazma i kmsee hbr imlrye abtn l hasbeten virmeleriyle haber kimesneler bih - ‘ulemâ ı n of the library/ Worthy of explaining in detail, its ornamentation shed light on on light shed ornamentation its detail, in explaining of Worthy library/ the of n 121 - ḫ âne ) but also due to its architectural design. Located between the between Located design. architectural its to due also but )

- - i merkûme ve bi’l ve merkûme i ı iâ v s’r ricâl sâ’ir ve bihâm yı ah. - of , 242., p. 1b: “Mehmed Han Câmi Han “Mehmed 1b: p. 242., ,

- pearl and tusk. and pearl elgtnd sciences.” enlightened f

123

48 Ve Süslemelerine Dair Bir Araştırma," Araştırma," Bir Dair Süslemelerine Ve

- ı râha perdeler çekilüp her hususu gereği gibi tertib ve ve tertib gibi gereği hususu her çekilüp perdeler râha ı

- cümle etrâfı som ve sırma yasdıklar ve yasdıklar sırma ve som etrâfı cümle û c

dört bin cild kütüb cild bin dört - 122 erkân i ḫ

âne Mahmud’s investment in this library this in investment Mahmud’s nin zîneti/Zîyneti dehre saldı fer/Vasfa fer/Vasfa saldı dehre zîneti/Zîyneti nin - - like folk songs of the Istanbulite the of songs folk like de ı lâi e aee li taleben ve illâhi 59 , 124

lt aalrna âa tarîki’l âla taraflarından vlet - i Şerîfi mecma’ Şerîfi i

- h cut hoilr İzzî chronicler court The b 60. 125 - e a “gathering place for for place “gathering a e so a tool for Mahmud to Mahmud for tool a so i nefîse i

The book list attached list book The Original: Original: - i bî i th - - eztlai zikr merzâtillahi -

hemtâ... vaz’ ve vaz’ hemtâ... Va ı fuhûl ı centu Âl

ḳ t the library/ library/ the t mak’adler ile mak’adler - ıflar Dergisi ıflar Osman’ i

ry İznik ry - i ‘ulemâ ‘ulemâ i - ithâf ithâf ın ın -

CEU eTD Collection 130 129 için…” u vaz’ hıfzolunmak mülâhazasiyle istifadesi 128 127 126 a of repertoire standard by made collection reason. any for books out rule possib not was it and merit, and aptitude their was personnel these choosing for criteria the that library. the within sessions educational of practice the signals which a to reference a also is fu easily more and establishment the on eye close a keep to order in library the nearby built units residential the in live to obliged were officers these that stipulated also He jobs. other with income their supplement to have not would they as many. of number the books were not andofthe theprotection related maintenance personnel withduties to tasked Nevertheless, texts. calligraphic and manuscripts invaluable numerous ( body student the was (Istanbul) Vefâ in library of actors main the of one Efendi, socio contributi a as library this conceived (teacher) library. Ayasofya the as rich as not was the to 72b p. 2858, Kütüphanesi Efendi Âtıf Erünsal, Erünsal, Library, Süleymaniye Ibid, 104a Ibid, see Also Ibid. c - Âtıf Mustafa insisted upon, however, was that the patrons were prohibited from taking from prohibited were patrons the that was however, upon, insisted Mustafa Âtıf religious complex. le to hand over the posts to the under the to posts the over hand to le vaḳıf Likewise, the Likewise, 129 for this library since the the since library this for Osmanlı Vakıf Kütüp Vakıf Osmanlı - - 109b c nâme Âtıf Efendi made three sure thatthe Sezgin, "Âtıf Efendi Kütüphanesinin Vakfiyesi." Kütüphanesinin Sezgin,Efendi "Âtıf

of the Fâtih library shows that shows library Fâtih the of c

Yazma Bağışlar Yazma Âtıf’s sons Ahmed, Mehmed Emin and Ömer Vâhid. Apart from the from Apart Vâhid. Ömer and Emin Mehmed Ahmed, sons Âtıf’s vaḳıf 127 şeyḫ - 130 medrese nâme written in connection with the pious deeds of deeds pious the connectionwith in written nâme

haneleri: Tarihî Gelişimi Ve Organizasyonu Gelişimi Ve Tarihî haneleri:

The - ü l - ḳ t “…ş

his thesis, clearly states that the intended audience for his for audience intended the that states clearly thesis, his urra vaḳıf 242

town urclm te irr psesd aucit which manuscripts possessed library the curriculum,

ürû’ eylediğim kütüp eylediğim ürû’ on to the existing educational practices in the Fâtih Fâtih the in practices educational existing the to on - tahr o raig u Krn i the in Koran) out reading for (teacher nâme nâme already had a number of of number a had already

126 - 49 aged who had not reached maturity. One strict strict One maturity. reached not had who aged

refers to further additions to the in the to additions further to refers h sla dd o as apit a appoint also not did sultan The

ḥâfıẓ in its initial phase, the library’s collection collection library’s the phase, initial its in ṭ alebe - ı kütüb

ḫ - âne yi ‘ulûm) yi lfill the needs of its patrons. There patrons. its of needs the lfill - i mevkufeme talebe mevkufeme i s earned enough , 227. , . 128 medrese

He The library containe library The

lso highlighted it highlighted lso s, and Mahmud Mahmud and s, - i ulûmun ifade ve ifade ulûmun i money sothat c ÂtıfMustafa vaḳıf itial book itial dersiâm - nâme nâme d

CEU eTD Collection 1789 (r. III Selim of reign the 136 135 134 musannif 133 132 İslâhal 131 realize hisfather’sambitions. the and son his Efendi, Mustafa co the to added later were which library, the for books 1237 of service educational “an as library the of functions the complement to as sh so school also nearby a document establishing of This ideal Mustafa’s act. charitable his of fruition the see to survive second his in indicated as however, library; a into transformed be to d a with library each in appointed be to were librarians that specifying further Kastamonu, in library his for other and Belgrade in library his for books the of some allocated He deeds. h that and Fortress Rumelia the nearby prepared he that depot a in kept be to were books these destinations, final their reaching before that indicates He stored. be should Kastamonu in library his for document1741, Must dated August reîsü’l included corrections bytheauthor’s writing. ownhand c H.), 502 (d. Tibrîzî were manuscripts displayed bükrm . al b. Abdülkerîm aily salary of 8 of salary aily

Âtıf Efendi Lib, ÂtıfEfendi Ibid. 205 pp. 736, VGMA, VGMA 738, p. 142. p. 738, VGMA Âtıf Efendi Lib., nr. 2712, p. 89b: “Cild 89b: p. 2712, nr. Lib., Efendi Âtıf tf fni Lib., Efendi Âtıf -

- Mantık” küttâb hr r lo cul of couple a also are There - i merhûmun kalemiyle musahhah Mukaddimat musahhah kalemiyle merhûmun i c tf utf’ bbipie n proa tse Sm eape o the of examples Some taste. personal and bibliophile Mustafa’s Âtıf

who commissioned libraries in Belgrade, Kastamonu and Istanbul. In a a In Istanbul. and Kastamonu Belgrade, in libraries commissioned who Nr. 2446, p. p. 78a 2446, Nr. akçe r 13, . 1: Dfa vhde 5 itrı 0 erka ei hta uarr ve muharrer hatla nesih evrakta 302 mistarlı 25 vahidde ı “Def’a 91a: p. 1936, Nr. - is foremost audience was his descendants who would continue his pious pious his continue would who descendants his was audience foremost is azb sâ al İslâh Tahzîb şr d 66 H.), 606 (d. Aşîr

131 - In the the In

6. s.

134 iâ al Kitâb - va 1807), it is also stated that he died before erecting the library building: “lâkin building: library the erecting before died he that stated also is it 1807), Mustafa adds that the depot used for storing the books were later were books the storing for used depot the that adds Mustafa ḳ ıf 136

- nâme nâme

B şeyhü’l .” â - afawaybooks he explainsendowed meticulously the 135 Mantık vaḳıf of his son, Mustafa Âşir Efendi who served as the the as served who Efendi Âşir Mustafa son, his of di fi fi di - 132 i vahidde 21 mistarlı 207 evrak 207 mistarlı 21 vahidde i

Before his death, Mustafa managed to endow a total a endow to managed Mustafa death, his Before

- - Muqaddimah nâme c islâm l al ilm y b Zkry Yha b. Yahya Zekeriyâ Abî by 50

frtepos ed o utf fni the Efendi Mustafa of deeds pious the for s

ı İbn Haldûn.” ı İbn 1789 (r. III Selim of c A rabiya

133 y b Kadn d 88 . whic H.) 808 (d. Khaldun Ibn by

y al by

llection of the library of Âşir of library the of llection - Mubâra ta fuhul hattı ile muhaşşa Tahzîb Tahzîb muhaşşa ile hattı fuhul ta - vaḳıf 1807), who aspired to aspired who 1807), ḳ c l b al b. Alî

. Mu b. - name d lgt onto light eds şey , he did not did he , ḥ ḫ me b. ammed - - aî at Hatîb ü l ’ se rare rare se islam in in islam h -

CEU eTD Collection Armağanı Yaş 65 Derman Uğur (1983). 185 no. XLVII, 138 li vetaleben ve’r isti’dâd 137 473) Efendi, Âşir Library, (Süleymaniye hitâmolub…” 70 contained and kütüp 1556 in Cairo from Ali b. Muhammed by copied been had which Al Muhammad geographer famous the was that books the Among style. calligraphic circles. palace the interest, and from mastery personal his also Reflecting but cities neighboring from only not demand great in to came which Şumnu, of masters the by written 19 the in centers production Koran prolific most the of one becoming Şumnu’s for foundation became which library, the in teach to master calligraphy his of audience primary the as trainings” literary and companions, the of curriculum the with accordance in volu 222 of total a and titles different 198 were there Accordingly, that books the of characteristics and languages subjects, the as such categories of spectrum a to access allows which one original the is 1744/5 dated list The A in Foundations of Directorate General the in copy the of end the to appended are books of list the However, attached. not is catalogue book the museum, Historical Şumnu libra provid and week per days four night until morning from open library the keeping like duties specific com religious

For the calligraphy school in in school calligraphy the For VGMA 737, p. 135 p. 737, VGMA - rikâb ile cem’i ve i’dâd kılınûb medine kılınûb i’dâd ve cem’i ile rikâb ry with a catalogue. In one of the copies of the of copies the of one In catalogue. a with ry hane ve dershanenin henüz bina ve inşasına destres olmaksızın evrâk olmaksızın destres inşasına ve bina henüz dershanenin ve hane - i kütüb i The third actor of my work, work, my of actor third The - merdâtihi bi e

- the students with the books that they needed and order the books within the within books the order and needed they that books the with students the Şerîf i tehiyye i lx n un i 14 ad nrse two entrusted and 1744 in Şumnu in plex

Halil referred to “the ones in need of books for their religious, scientific religious, their for books of need in ones “the to referred Halil ; - - Tim Stanley, "Shumen as a Centre of Qur’an Production in the 19th Century," in Century," 19th the in Production Qur’an of Centre a as "Shumen Stanley, Tim - i esbâb ifâde ve istifâdesi içûn mukarenet içûn istifâdesi ve ifâde esbâb i ta 6: “ 6: rîkü’l Tahsîl , ed. İrvin Cemil Schick (İstanbul: Sabancı Üniversitesi, 2000). Üniversitesi, Sabancı İrvin(İstanbul: Schick ed. , Cemil Ş - vakıf vaz’ olunân kütübün defterîdir.” kütübün olunân vaz’ vakıf um - i ‘ulûm i nu , see , Şerîf - i Şumnî’de binâsına muvaffak oldığım kitâb oldığım muvaffak binâsına Şumnî’de i - Süheyl Ünver, "Şumnu’da Türk Hattatları Ve Eserleri," Eserleri," Ve Hattatları Türk "Şumnu’da Ünver, Süheyl i dîniye ve tekmîl ve dîniye i

Halil, built a library as a dependency of his socio his of dependency a as library a built Halil,

he endowed, the most original and valuable one valuable and original most the endowed, he 51

- medrese Şerîf Idrisi’s

be known Şumnu Şumnu known be

Halil’s - i fünûn i vaḳıf Nüzhetü’l tahd o h msu. ie his Like mosque. the to attached - i ‘inâyet ve tevfik ve ‘inâyet i

- library.

nâme which is preserved in the in preserved is which nâme vaḳıf - ḥâfıẓ i edebiyeye tâlib ve sâ’î olân erbâb olân sâ’î ve tâlib edebiyeye i th

- century. Calligraphic books Calligraphic century. ı ‘ömr ı - - - nâme was written in written was nâme ütk i İhtirâki’l fi Müştak kütüb ı 137 mes that were classified classified were that mes işi

- e lo pone a appointed also He i nâzenlerin şirâze nâzenlerin i Şerîf

- (Şumnu style), were style), (Şumnu i cenâb i s ḫ

âne (librarians)

Halil endowed. Halil ye hisbeten lillah lillah hisbeten ye -

ı mâlikü’l ı

Belleten nkara. - -

bend Âfak, - taliq with mülk 138 M. - - - ı i

CEU eTD Collection rea 800 about has 1 Ivanova, p. and (Kenderova books. old printed collection 1500 and manuscripts Culture the that estimated is of It Sofia. in Ministry Library National the in the keeping safe for 1993, transferred In public. general the 4 141 brought library, the of in 1922. Şumnu migratedfrom he Libraryas keeper the probably and Şumnu of local Kesim that indicates BOA the in record a hand, other the On (1671). Efendi Edhem a from taken 140 Printed Books Old and Manuscripts Braïla 18th the During de Bulgaria in Libraries (Musée Ottoman of Collections Popescu Anca and Cândea, Ionel Bilici, Faruk in (Xive Noire Listesi," Mer Kitapların En Militaires Vakfettiği Et Économiques Paşa'nın Halil Şerif Banisi Ve Külliyesi Cami Tombul 139 personal his librarywith the and onlyendowed bookscompatible thus as collection this conceive not did he that possibility the to due was it that Ferheng endow not did Halil concerned Nâzım Gülistân extra where maps. illustrated on studies earlier for See The total number of books in in books of number total The NBKM, OR 3198. According to Kenderova and Ivanova, some of the books of books the of some Ivanova, and Kenderova to According 3198. OR NBKM,

and -

Şu i Te oe Garden) Rose (The . 140

previously established established previously - Mant urclr ils uh as such titles curricular c

It is both curious and unexpected that despite being one of its translators, its of one being despiteunexpected andthat curious Itboth is ûri 139

were two of the re the of two were ık

- h bo cleto as exp also collection book The ü

Aynî Tarihi Aynî ṭ - Ṭayr Şerîf Şerîf

Halil (

, ed. Stoyanka Kenderova and Z. Ivanova (Sofia: National Library, 1998). Library, (Sofia:National Z. Ivanova and Stoyanka ed. Kenderova , h Cneec o th of Conference The y Sa by

medrese Halil’s library is still entirely unknown to either the scientific circles or or circles scientific the either to unknown entirely still is library Halil’s

’s to the library, whereas, library, the to va c ḳ eec ok ta eedwd n ih speculate might One endowed. he that books ference di ıf

- Ḳ Pend , nâme attached to Solak Sinan Mosque commissioned by a certain certain a by commissioned Mosque Sinan Solak to attached - Xxie Siècles), Études À La Mémoire De Mihail Guboglu Guboglu Mihail De Mémoire La À Études Siècles), Xxie asîde

Orlin Sabev, "Bir Hayrat Ve Nostalji Eseri: Şumnu'daki Şumnu'daki Eseri: Nostalji Ve Hayrat "Bir Sabev, Orlin 52 - - i ‘Attâr i

Bürde ched a decision to have the Šumen collection collection Šumen the have to decision a ched ressed - 19th Centuri 19th Birds e

Te die y Attâr) by Advice (The by Şerâfeddîn Muhammed Bûsirî, Bûsirî, Muhammed Şerâfeddîn by - dtos srs Bal, 2007). Braïla, Istros: Editions 0 oue o te olcin o Beyazıt to collection the of volumes 80 Tercemetü’s medrese 7) Şerîf

)

es: Catalogue of the Exhibition of of Exhibition the of Catalogue es: by

ai’ on ieay tastes literary own Halil’s

curriculum. Far - Ṣ î Şerîf - al d ı zâde Mehmed Efendi, a Efendi, Mehmed zâde ḥ â

ḥ Halil’s library were library Halil’s - ü’l nex Poli Enjeux D 141 î - ʻAṭṭ n

Cevher y Edirneli by

, rm the From â tiques, r î Şerîf

and and are are ed.

CEU eTD Collection Muhammad bin Muhammed el Şey Ahmed Efendi Ahmed Taha Mutfak Emini Halil Efendi Yeğen Ali Paşa Derviş Mustafa Efendi Unknown Ahmed Bey Esseyid Mustaf Efndi Dâmâd Abdülcabbar Filibeli Osman Ağa Yazıcı Ahmed Paşa Emir İmam Abdüllatif Efendi Mustafa Efendi b. Babüssade ağası Ahmed Ağa Halil Efendi Dâmâd Hacı Mustafa Efendi ve Şeyh Habib Cihan Çavu Müftü Abdullah Efendi Hıfzı Zehri Ahmed b. Şaban Süleyman Paşa El Şerîf Reîsü’l Defter Black Eunuch) Dar The Grand Vezîr Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa Mahmud I

hülislam - üs saade Ağası Hacı AğaBeşir (the chief

- ş Mustafa Ağa Halil Efendi zâde Osman Faik Efendi - - - z z - dâr

küttâb Mehmed Efendi Süleyman Ağa â â de El de İbrahim Paşa b.Mustafa

Âtıf Mustafa Efendi

Dâmâd - - zâde zâde -

Hac Mehmed Ağa Mustafa Efendi of Kastamonu

Figure Figure

El Azm Ahmed Paşa

Patron

- zâde Ebu'l AhmedHayr -

Hac Hüseyin 3

. The List of Major Major The List. of

Halili

Va ḳ ıf

53 Libraries Established in Mahmud I’sReign Mahmud in Libraries Established

Belgrad Kütahya Amasya Selanik Şam Şumnu Kastamonu Belgrade Vefa Ziştovi (Svishtov) Medina Eyüb Cağaloğlu İstanbul Cairo Belgrade Vidin Galatasaray Fatih Ayasofy Jerusalem Istanbul Manastır Aleppo Kayseri Güzelhisar Girit Yalova Yenice Tokat Yenişehi Yozgat Filibe Erzurum Urfa Amasya İzmir Bugoyna Mostar Urfa İskilip Aydın Güzelhisar

–

Istanbul

- -

Place Fenar i

- Kesriye

Istanbul

Istanbul -

Istanbul

1736 1737 1734 1741 1737 1744 1744 1741 174 1734 1746 1749 1745 1754 1742 1740 1727 1740 1744 1754 1754 1752 1733 1733 1754 1754 175 1754 1751 1748 1746 1746 1739 1738 1738 1737 1737 1736 ? 1751 1735 1745

1 4

- - - -

– 5 34 8 8 Date

April

CEU eTD Collection Figure Figure 4 . The . Map

of the Major Libraries Established in the reign of of reign the in Libraries Established the Major of 54

Mahmud I Mahmud

CEU eTD Collection 1726 Serüveni, Matbaa Osmanlı Ilk Da Ya Müteferrika Ottoman the in Arabic of Practice and Analysis Language Being: 143 142 common the of juxtaposition a sense, this In used. were depth in issues evaluating at aimed and schedule varied more a level, intermediate the for whereas, issues, religious and scientific advanced= an fields educational various for used books de Marquis ambassador French the 1741. of in Villeneuve request the with prepared was which Stars) contemporary a from benefits chapter this in used generally titles the with fit Ottoman traditional the check to us pushes student the audience: common a to refer thesis this in studied the established, were they which in region the of Regardless ḥ ( rhetoric), ( jurisprudence), canonical Koran), on collections in patronized libraries of number the than ContentsReadership The of CollectionsIII. II and Book logic), rea esab

Erünsal, Erünsal, See for an analysis of analysis an for See ding the the ding a set of longer tex longer of set ( The number of of number The arithmetic ḥ

ikmet ikmet Osmanlı Vak Osmanlı na istiks of these of h ḥ Koran â v di (syntax) ( â a branch of Islamic philosophy), philosophy), Islamic of branch a s ). The curriculum for beginners was comprised of short texts on important on texts short of comprised was beginners for curriculum The ).

), (

h suy f Prophet of study the libraries aloud), ṭ ıf Kütüphaneleri: Tarihî Gelişimi Ve Organizasyonu Gelişimi Ve Tarihî ıf Kütüphaneleri: 143

ıbb Kevâkib ts were assigned. On the advanced level, rare and long texts which texts long and rare level, advanced the On assigned. were ts the , h tets icue dtie ifrain bu te ils f the of titles the about information detailed includes treatise The ṣ ( fetvâ arf medicine),

c - were classified in the following categories: categories: following the in classified were ak i Seb’a i

ḳ ( ıf ıf morphology), â ( id rules in accordance with the Islamic religious law); religious Islamic the with accordance in rules libraries established in Mahmud I’s reign was far far was reign I’s Mahmud in established libraries , ( medrese tenets of religion), religion), of tenets İhsan Fazlıoğlu and Şükran Fazloğlu, "Language as a Road to the to Road a as "Language Fazloğlu, Şükran and Fazlıoğlu İhsan

and

oamds aig ad deeds), and sayings Mohammad’s coğrafya medrese

d levels (beginner= levels d training. In doing so, the remaining part of the of part remaining the so, doing In training. 55 h rin of reigns the raie entitled treatise âdâb âdâb - 1746 : Yeniden Değerlendirme Yeniden 1746:

heyet (

spritual courtesy and manners), and courtesy spritual curriculum to see if the endowed books endowed the if see to curriculum ( geography) mesaih Period " in " Period ( astronomy), n o his of any va Kevâkib iktis ḳ ( .

, 206 , p. advice), ıf

oy ( body MESA - n vros dictionaries. various and nâme â r , intermediate= ,

predecessors. hendese hendese Seb i (2002). . ṭ s of all the libraries the all of s

alebe

tefs me â î c r

- n a , ‘ulûm i fı ( î

Sabev, Sabev,

commentary ḳ Te Seven (The ( ( h geometry), geometry), eloquence, ( Muslim 142 iktis greater man ) İbrahim İbrahim This . ḳ

ır The âa â ṭ d ı ḳ t ,

CEU eTD Collection 237 144 of curriculum prescribed education wou the with libraries identified the in endowed books

Sabev, Sabev, - 41. Preparation

Educational Educational Rational Sciences İbrahim Müteferrika Ya Da Ilk Osmanlı Matbaa Serüveni, 1726 Serüveni, Matbaa Osmanlı Ilk Da Ya Müteferrika İbrahim Level

ld be helpful in deciding in about the natureld behelpful functionlibraries. of and the

Tenets of Religion Tenets of Koran with rules Koran Arabic alphabet Arabic Grammar ( Grammar Reading Koran Reading Field/Subject Syntax ( Syntax Persian word Persian Memorizing Memorizing Reading out Reading Arabic and and Arabic ( ( c Koran ḳ akâid ırâat

na )

ṣ )

ḥ

arf v )

)

Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Advanced Advanced Beginner Beginner Beginner İstıksa According to to According Level

Emsile Kevâkib Birgili Mehmed Birgili ‘Akâid Risâlesi ‘Akâid Mugnî’l Şâfiye Binâu’l Author/Work İbn Şerhi Molla Şerhi Kâfiye’nin Efendi’nin Muttarida İbn Mâlik İbn Mufassal Elfiyye ‘Avamil Maksûd Misbâh Tecvid Merâh Kâfiye Şahidi K Şâfiye - Câmî - ‘İzzî i Firişte i Muhtelife itabı

- şerhleri -

- i Seb

- - 1746 : Yeniden Değerlendirme Yeniden : 1746

Lebîb Ef‘âl

Libraries Lâmiyetü’l Müfredât Muhammediyye Hâşiye Şumunnî ‘ale’l Şumunnî Kitâbü’l ‘ale’l Rûhü’ş Lügat Şumunnî ‘ala ‘ala Şumunnî Books in the in the Books Author/Work Evzâh ‘ale’l Evzâh ‘ale’ş Elfiyye Actors This Actors İbn Râzî ‘ale’ş Râzî ‘Abdullah ‘Abdullah Common Common Tarikat Misbâh Thesis Mugnî Kâfiye Seyyid Şâfiye Şâfiye Şerh Mâlik - Câmî i Firişte - - - Maksûd - - i Merâh i Farsi

- Şâfiye

- - Şurûh Şurûh - i İbn i İbn -

ı Nâfi‘ Kenz of the the of i -

Ef‘âl

medrese - 144 -

, CEU eTD Collection

Religious Sciences

Practice ofIslamic Practice Spiritiual Virtues SpiritiualVirtues Calculus ( Calculus Manners ( Manners (nazâri (nazâri Advice ( Advice Logic( Jurisprudence Jurisprudence Courtesy and and Courtesy Theological Theological Philosophy Astronomy Geometry ( Sp hendese ( Islamic ( kelâm heyet iritiual Ḥ manṭı meânî ikmet ḥ âdâb ) ) esab

)

ḳ

)

) ) )

)

Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Beginner Beginner Beginner Beginner Beginner Beginner

Hüseyin Efendî kitabı Efendî Hüseyin Muhyiddîn Risalesi Muhyiddîn Kutbuddîn Şerh Kü Ramazan Efendi Ramazan Şerh Şerh Elfiyye Şerh Mes‘ûd ‘Akâid ‘Akâid Taşköprî Şerhi Taşköprî Şerh Hikmetü’l Şerh Şerh Ömer Eşkâl İzah Hüssâm Kâtî Hüssâm İsbât Kara Dâvûd Kara Bahâyî yye Bahâyî Şerhleriyle Kâdî Adud Kâdî tüb Sa’deddin Fenârî ve Fenârî Mutavvel Hâşiyesi Bircendi Kâdîmîr Şemsiye Mevâkıf Talik ve Talik - Öklides İsâgôcî - Hidâye Tenkîh Hayâlî - Tezhîb Tavzîh Seyyid - Telhîs i Hanefiyye - i Muhtasar - - i Çağmûnî - Çullî i Makâsıd - Lârî i Mevâkıf Mîr i Matâli‘ i ı Me’âni - - i - - ı Vâcib i Nesefî i Te’sîs - i Halebi - Şey - ‘Akâid i Celâl ı Rûmî -

i Şirazî

ḫ Ayn

ayn

Tuhfetü’l Hâşiye Şerh Hüseyin Efendî Hüseyin Efendî Hüseyin ‘ala Kutbuddîn ‘ala Hâşiye Şerhü’l Şerh Kâdîzâde ‘ala ‘ala Kâdîzâde li Eşkâl Tavzîh ‘ale’t Tavzîh Hüssâm Kâtî Hüssâm ‘ale’l ve Sultânşâh Sultânşâh ve - Muhyiddîn Muhtasar Seyyid Şerîf Seyyid Mutavvel Çağmûnî Hâşiye Hâşiye Kâdîmîr Risâlesî İsâgôcî Bahâyî Fenârî - Telhî Lebîb - i Mugnî’l Lârî i Mevâkıf i Mevâkıf - - - - i Te’sîs ‘Akâid i Hayâlî -

i ‘İmâd i ‘İmâd ‘Akâid - Garîb Garîb s

- -

i i

CEU eTD Collection

Extra Unclassified / Unclassified - curricular

Science of Hadith ScienceofHadith Practicing Hadith Hadith Practicing Jurisprudence Jurisprudence ( Commentary Commentary Poetry ( Poetry ( hâdis ( hâdis fı Islamic ḳ ( ( tefsîr h fı

us ḳ

usulü

h ilmi û şiir ) )

lü

) ) )

)

Inter Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Beginner Beginner Beginner Beginner Inter mediate

58 -

More comprehensive comprehensive More Muhtasar Nuhbetü’l Fusûl Bazı müsnedler Bazı Vâhidî Vâhidî Kâdî Beyzâvî Kâdî Şerh ‘Alî el ‘Alî Daha fazla fazla Daha Bezzâziyye müsnedler Kâdîhân Müslim Hidâye Kudûrî Buhârî El Halebî Seyyid Telvîh works - - i Bedâyi‘ fiyye - i Adud ’ ’

ı Münteha s - s Kârî

Vecîz - Vasît Vasît Fiker

Dustûrü’l Sahîhü’l Pend Mantıkü’t Mesnevî Şerh Kasîde Şerh Şerh Kelâm Tefsîrü’l li Halebî ‘ale’l Halebî Telvîh ‘ale’t Telvîh Lâmî, Şerh Lâmî, Gazeliyyât ‘Ukudü’l - Multeka’l Tercü Riyâzî ve … ve Riyâzî Tercüme İntihâb Kâdîhân Gülistân Gülistân Mesnevî Mülteka Şerhü’l Beyzâvî Hidâye Bôstân Tenkîh T Ebhur Bürde - - - - S‘adî i Kasîde i Mesnevî i ‘Attâr ve ve i ‘Attâr i … S‘adî i … avzîh Yâd - -

ı Cihâr ı Cihâr i Bürde - - me Buhârî - - i Şerîf

- ‘Amel ‘Amel Kâdî

- Tayr -

- i …

- i - - i i - -

- i

CEU eTD Collection deum est.” profundere bona “Communiter Franklin’s institution, cultural oldest America’s of motto the body, Ottoman of motivation fundamental 145 tastes the the to broadly culture people.” and knowledge “spreading century: eighteenth the of half first the in America and Europe in counterparts their to similar quite were libraries these of role the of each in indicated explicitly also was which students, that proves above mobility. sociability, cosmopolitanism, regime: III’s imperial expressed rested inmore idiom features thanthirtycities, onthe defining ofAhmed establishing thesis this of actors the of three does What

W. Bivens W. The patronage of of patronage The 145

T and wealth and

he compliance of the book categories with the well the with categories book the of compliance he this table teach us in terms of terms in us teach table this - t categories, extracurricular for As Tatum, Tatum, va ḳ ıf

libraries in general? libraries ingeneral? va Li braries and the Enlightenment the and braries ḳ Anthology( ıf of the patron the of Prosody ( Prosody History( libraries established in Mahmud’s reign primarily targeted primarily reign Mahmud’s in established libraries va ḳ

ıf t ‘ar â d va , rih) irre i Mhu’ rin wih ok h fr o an of form the took which reign, Mahmud’s in libraries î

v uz the profi the ḳ â ıf ) n

meaning

s ) . For example, Şerîf Halil preferred to endow various endow to preferred Halil Şerîf example, For .

libraries, which targeted human betterment, specifically student student specifically betterment, human targeted which libraries,

the characteristics of characteristics the le of books in their libraries their in books of le ”To pour forth benefits for forth benefits pour ”To and

he profile of the boo the of profile he

(Litwin Books, LLC, 2012), 133. 2012), LLC, Books, (Litwin the valorization of philosophy and social social and philosophy of valorization the

Library Company (est. 173) was as follows follows wasas 173) (est. Company Library va

ḳ - va ıf defined curriculum outlined outlined curriculum defined - the common good is divine.” good thecommon ḳ nâmes. In this resp this In nâmes. ıf ks libraries established by established libraries and the and varied depending on depending varied Dîvân ‘Ömer al ‘Ömer … ‘ala Dîvân ‘ala … Şerh Manzume fî’l Manzume Dîvân Târîh Hazret Vechiyye (?) Vechiyye Sâdi, Şerh Sâdi, Keremullah ‘Aruz ve’l ‘Aruz ‘Avâmmî

Cihân Ḥ - In parallel to the the to parallel In - i Dîvân (?) i Sâib (?) i Sâib - âfı - enterprise i Hoca i Hoca i - i ‘Alî i ‘Alî - Ḥ ẓ Karzî

âfı -

- medrese i - ẓ - ect, the ect, -

CEU eTD Collection Efendi contemporary

collected

manuscripts written in calligraphic style, calligraphic in written manuscripts ancient andancient rare manuscripts. 60

whereas ,

c Âtıf Efendi Âtıf

and Mustafa Mustafa and CEU eTD Collection b of patterns Their above. were thesis activitiesthis of theactorsof tendency. anthis indication of group” larger in was individuality of expression their that showed deeds) foundation (pious contex European the in understood as individual” (1711 Efendi Halil Şerîf bureau) reîs thesis, the of state. Safavid neighboring the with also but states in participatedactively Ottomans the that proved Age İbrahi Istanbul in lifecultural the about much inform not does ideologically an is Age” Tulip “the that showed chapter the Furthermore, eightee the of half first the in Empire Ottoman the in developments intellectual the contextualized chapter first the Israel, Jonathan as such scholars by approaches revisionist to reference With Europe. to conv is which movement Enlightenment century. eighteenth the first the in Empire Ottoman the of history intellectual and cultural the for framework Conclusion

a ü’ ” group identity. In this sense, the Ottoman individual identified himself as “a part of a of part “a as himself identified individual Ottoman the sense, this In identity. group

l m Paşa (1718 Paşa m s el s h bgnig o “etriain i te toa Empire, Ottoman the in “westernization” of beginnings the as well as - küttâb opie of Comprised h scn catr rcd h cre ln frain f h mi atr identified actors main the of formation line career the traced chapter second The

c Âtıf Mustafa Efendi and Efendi Mustafa Âtıf

the

rather than “ than rather (the chief clerk) Mustafa Efendi (1735 Efendi Mustafa clerk) chief (the şeyhü’l nth century as an extension of “a moderate Enlightenment” movement. Enlightenment” moderate “a of extension an as century nth - 1730).

he catr, t chapters, three - islâm h frt hpe amd t oaig h Otmn wti the within Ottomans the locating at aimed chapter first The ureaucratic rise epitomized the administrative reforms administrative the epitomized rise ureaucratic be -

1752)

In contrast to the taken the to contrast In ing

(the chief religious official) Pîrî official) religious chief (the apart from that group that from apart ,

ṣ adâret ket adâret hs chapter this entionally considered to be a phenomenon peculiar phenomenon a be to considered entionally his 61 ḫ thesis üdâsı

explored cultural

Likewise t.

merely - (the chief assistant of the of assistant chief (the -

for ?), ?), .” their of reading close A during

- The granted implications of “the Tulip Tulip “the of implications granted def exchanges not only with Eu with only not exchanges

h eitne f a Ottoman “an of existence the , by introducing the main actors main the introducing by , ter

attempted to propose a new new a propose to attempted similar interests and interests similar

- the grand vizierate of vizierate grand the - zâde zâde dâr (the head of the finance finance the of head (the Ṣ â ḥ ib Mehmed Efendi, Mehmed ib

- loaded term and and term loaded rather G va rand h chapter the carried out carried

expressed patronage ḳ ıf Dâmâd - ropean half of half V nâmes ez î r) r)

CEU eTD Collection idiom. imperial an as investments intellectual of scope the stress of patronage spread on went Istanbul in elite the by initiated enterprises root deep taken had setting patronage not did sultan, ensuing the I, Mahmud of thesis, this of actors main the of lines career the following alo popular knowledgeevery corner toeachEmpire. andof the mi the adopted also but tasks administrative only chapter the short, public general the and youngscholars benefitting whilst esteemmuch them brought that Turkish into works Latin and Greek Persian, Arabic, translating realized who ones very the were İbrahim of vizierate grand the in ranks prominent to up rose who elites previously from come not did who cadre elite to order bureaucracy efficient an establishing of necessity the propounded III Ahmed ideology, previous was chapter the of aim Another bureaucrats of group large a patronizing as well as enterprises intellectual heavilyin invested who entrepreneur cultural a asdepicted regime.Ahmedian the in g ih ay f h lte’ p latter’s the of many with ng h tid hpe beg chapter third The

uprising maintain socia maintain ones in terms of of terms in ones . Rather, that dethroned

hwd ht bai cetd n fiin bureaucracy efficient an created İbrahim that showed h catr ugse that suggested chapter the nelcul nepie sc a etbihn te rnig rs and press printing the establishing as such enterprises intellectual va ḳ l order. l ıf ıf The chapter also introduced introduced also chapter The how it legitimated its reign its legitimated it how libraries was the main point of departure of this chapter so as to to as so chapter this of departure of point main the was libraries

especially in response to the to response in especially he III Ahmed a This mentality supported the formation of a new intellectual intellectual new a of formation the supported mentality This wt rvstn te er 70 when 1730 year the revisiting with n o hw how show to rotégés.

claimed the lives of his grand vizier grand his of lives the claimed and artists and 62 n contrast In om rupture a form

the the - salse srn factions. strong established the

for their artistic and literaryproductions. and artistic their for hein eie n is philosophical its and regime Ahmedian

in the re the in . Dâmâd so o pouig n transmitting and producing of ssion hein eie ifrd rm the from differed regime Ahmedian In contrast to contrast In

Patrona Revolt Patrona o antem historiography, mainstream to

the chapter assert chapter the

İbrahim Paşa, whom the thesisthe whom Paşa,İbrahim ign of Mahmud I Mahmud of ign n oe o govern of modes in

were worthy enterprises enterprises worthy were h catr et n to on went chapter The the the ,

conventional h atrah of aftermath the and the intellectual the and that ed

Indeed, these these Indeed, İbrahim that . fulfilled

The wide The

ance and and ance the reign reign the ghaz Paşa Paşa

not

by In in â a -

CEU eTD Collection ofmyminds readers through the in questions new raised have to hope also I thus questions, without conclusion a have not agoodsignto However, gathered itis convincing. been have arguments information and h to author the to left only is it and here, made be to conclusions the anticipated already introduction the in mentioned I that limitations and problems questions, the of Most medrese the on information further give will That books. sold the of number the checking by press printing the of success the measure to possible records inheritance and correspondence private manuscripts, additional incorporating by analysis and scope my broaden to hope I future, concrete understudied period. Enlightenment and bureaucratic of spectrum a intell underwent Ottomans the that conclude to possible is curriculum. classification the in themselves patrons the of expression the in was libraries the of audience main the that conclusion of three endowedby books of profile the study cul reforms ectual When all the reference points of these three chapters are taken into consideration, it it consideration, into taken are chapters three these of points reference the all When I hope tha Ihope

students), owners and buyersstudents), owners of books these conclusions about the intellectual investments initiated in the capital. the in initiated investments intellectual the about conclusions

for the books the for n te hein eie ed frhr eerh o s o oe p with up come to as so research further needs regime Ahmedian the and t my research will be a contribution for further investigation into this topic. this into further investigation for contribution a be will myresearch t hc dslyd iiaiis ih uoen tts n the in states European with similarities displayed which

oee, h tu lgc o te toa ery oent i still is modernity early Ottoman the of legacy true the However,

which displayed total compatibility with the traditional traditional the with compatibility total displayed which out

the text.

the main actors of this thesis and reached the reachedthe and thesis this of actors main the (tereke)

rfl o the of profile . va

medrese . In this way, it will it way, this In . ḳ ıf - nâmes and in the categories of of categories the in and nâmes students. This was reflected was This students.

edr (pr fo the from (apart readers , fo , r example, r ope that the the that ope In the near near the In medrese

e arly

be be CEU eTD Collection Barbir, Karl. Changing "The Ottoman the of Face Empire in Eighteenth the Century: andFuture Past ——— Fa "Bilimsel Salim. Aydüz, ——— ——— Katılımı." ——— Arayışına Meşruiyet Saltanatın Elitin Yönetici Başlarında Yüzyıl "18. Tülay. Artan, Tarihi Osmanlı Anonim Kalpakli. M. and G., Walter Andrews, Müteferrika." İbrahim Ve Kuruluşu Matbaasının Türk "İlk Serpil. Altuntek, Altınay, Ahmed Refik. Al In Nevşehirli." Paşa, İbrahim "Damad Münir. Aktepe, Ve Eserleri Türk Bulunan "Ayasfoya’da Azâde. Akar, ——— Abou b. VGMA: Şumnu Historical Museum: Süleymaniye Library NBKM 336/13767 Ce Cevdet 97/4805 Maliye, BOA Library: Efendi Âtıf a. - A Printed Materials add, ai. Fo Hae t Ds: eaopoi o te Boo the of Metamorphosis Dust: to Heaven "From Nadia. Bagdadi, rchival Sources - : El

. "Lale Devri’nde Yapılan İlmi Faaliyetler." Collecti to Leadership"From Charismatic . 1600 Beyond and Istanbul Expression: of Forums and "Forms . . "Architecture as a . : 1/40 Cevdet 810/34403 Scholarship." (2000): 159 53 Century." Eighteenth the in PrincessOttoman of Power World Toplum ve Bilim Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2000. Ottoman and European Culture and Society Ed Culture." İstanbul: Diyanet Vakfı, 1993. Dergisi State University New of York 1991. Press, Historisch

- Formation of the Modern State: The Ottoman Empire, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries Eighteenth to Sixteenth Empire, Ottoman The State: Modern the of Formation OR 3198 a, R.A. Haj, 736 - ebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 94. , , edited by C. Woodhead, 378

vdet 737, VIII (284 The Medieval History Journal

- Archaeologisch Instituut İstanbul,te 1984. - 93. – 738. h 10 Rblin n te tutr o Otmn Poli Ottoman of Structure the and Rebellion 1703 The

Oriente Moderno

: Maliye, 152. Mühimme and Manuscripts and

Lale Devri

242, . edite . 1936 no. 83(1999 -

Theatre of Life: Profile of the Eighteenth –

lyte Aııdn ae Devri." Lale Açısından aliyetler Âşir Efendi,Âşir 473

– , 131 eeie 27 va etrei 638 Cevdet 66/3285 Defterleri, Evkaf 12077 Belediye, d by A. Özcan Atatürk Kültür, Dil, ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu: Türk Kurumu: Yüksek Tarih ve Dil, Kültür, Atatürk Özcan A. by d

2446, 2712, Aske

. Askeri Kütüphane, 1915. 10, no.1 (July 19931993): 191 ie 51222 Cevdet 541/22232 riye, -

2000): 292 2000): The Age of Beloveds: Love and the Beloved in Early in Beloved the and Love Beloveds: of Age The

18 (79), no. 1 (1999): 253 Bibliography

- 2858 405: Routledge,405: 2012. ;

8, no.1 (April 1,20052005): 83 64 -

322.

ve Rule: Introducing Materials on the Wealth andWealth the Introducingon Materials Rule: ve

Divan . Duke University Press, 2005.

Süslemelerine Dair Bir Araştırma." Bir Dair Süslemelerine Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi İslâm Vakfı Diyanet Türkiye

1:3 (1997): 143

sabl raaı 4 Armağanı İstanbul Toplum ve Ekonomi ve Toplum – - 67.

- 204. Maliye, - Century Bosphorus." 1989.

- 70. - 80" In 1800."

i Pre in k 5/62 Cevdet 658/26925 Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hacettepe

- 107.

tics n. ae Devri Lale no. , , no. IV (1993): IV no. , -

oen Arab Modern h Ottoman The Nederlands . –

Beled - Va Modern ḳ

ıflar iye, – . .

CEU eTD Collection ——— S. Hamadeh, De Lâle "Edebiyatımızda Metin. Hakverdioğlu, J. Habermas, Stephen. Greenblatt, Müge. Fatma Göçek, 18th the During Bulgaria in Libraries Ottoman of Collections the From C.H. Fleischer, and Analysis Language Being: the to Road a as "Language Fazloğlu. Şükran and İhsan, Fazlıoğlu, "Fâʿiz Ve Şâkir Mecmûʿası." Süleymaniye an Age "Tulip Ahmet. Evin, İ.E. Erünsal, C. Erimtan, Emecen, Feridun. "Osmanlı Kronikleri Ve Biyografi." an R., Elger, Eldem, S.H. Eldem, Ethem. Yüzyıl "18. Ve Değişim." El Şumnu." In in Pasha Halīl Şerîf Des France." Medrese Und "Moschee Herbert. Century Duda, Sixteenth in Self of Sense the and "Boundaries Zemon. Natalie Davis, Dağlı, M.Y. Casale, G. Ali.Canîb, "Seyyid Vehbi." Caferro, William.Renaissance"Individualism:theWas Man? Who Burckhardt, J. Bowen, Harold. "AhmedIii." In Bosworth, C. "Pîrî Bivens Berkes, N. G. Bayerle, K. Barkey, - oahb Kae. Te yh f h Timh f Fa of Triumph the of Myth "The Khaled. Rouayheb, - "toa Epesos f al Mdriy n te Ieial" Question "Inevitable" the and Modernity Early of Expressions "Ottoman . Tatum, W. Oxford, UK:Oxford, Wiley Empire Press, 2008. Westernization." Press, 2008. Selçuk University, 2007. Bourgois Society University Press, 1980. Century Eighteenth Press, USA, 1987. the in Empire Ottoman the and France Century: Z.Ivanova So BooksPrinted Old andManuscripts of Exhibitionthe of (1541 Practice of Arabic in Ottomanthe In Period " Tebliğleri 1071 Tarihi, 2008. Turkey (14th Turkish 2010. and Persian, Arabic, in Documents Ottoman Empire." 1949):(1949 72 W edited by T.C. Heller andC. Brooke in Self the and Individuality, Autonomy, Individualism: Reconstructing The Ottoman Age Exploration of The Development of Secularism Turkeyin Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative PerspectiveComparative in Ottomans The Difference: of Empire Pashas, Begs, and Effendis: A Historical Dictionary of Titles and Terms in Terms and Titles of HistoricalDictionary A Effendis: Begs,and Pashas, Ottomans Looking West?: The Origins of the Tulip Age and Its Development in ModernDevelopmentin Its and Age Tulip the of Origins The West?: Looking Ottomans İstanbul Mahalle Bekçilerinin Destan Ve Mâni Katarları Sa'dabad Osmanlı Vakıf Kütüphaneleri: Tarihî Gelişimi Ve Organizasyonu Ve GelişimiTarihî Kütüphaneleri: Vakıf Osmanlı d Yavuz Köse, eds. eds. Köse, Yavuz d

- The City's Pleasures: Istanbul in the Eighteenth Century Eighteenth the in Istanbul Pleasures: City's The The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Category a into Inquiry An Sphere: Public the of Transformation Structural The The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy 1600) . I. 2008. B. Tauris, . Isis Press, 1997. ueurt n Itleta i te toa Epr: h Hsoin M Historian The Empire: Ottoman the in Intellectual and Bureaucrat , edited by O. Okyar andH.İnalcık: Meteksan, 1980. - Libraries and Enlightenmentthe Zâde Mehmed." Sahib In

. Princeton University Press, 1986. - 90 Brni lsaaaı üky'i oyl e knmk aii Kongresi Tarihi Ekonomik Ve Sosyal Türkiye'nin Uluslararası Birinci 1920: easac Se Renaissance . Kültür Bakanlığı, 1977. fia: Nationalfia: Library, 1998. at nones et Fac ad h Otmn mie n h Eighteenth the in Empire Ottoman the and France : West Encounters East - 73. . Mit Press, 1991. Journal of Society the Architectural of Historians

Die Welt Islams des -

Blackwell, 2010.Blackwell, Hayat Dfntos fMdriain" In Modernization." of Definitions d

Encylopedia of Islam

16 (1927): 307. ay as f paig bu te ef Mdl Esen Ego Eastern Middle Self: the About Speaking of Ways Many lf - ahoig rm oe o Shakespeare to More from Fashioning Cogito

Manuscript Library. . Oxford University Press, USA, 2009. - Encyclopaedia of Islam Rose: Stanford UniversityRose: Press, 1986.

48, no. 2(// 2008): 196 vri Ve Damad İbrahim Paşa’ya Sunulan Kasîdeler." Sunulan Paşa’ya İbrahim Damad Ve vri 65 Osmanlılar Özel Sayısı, no.19 (1999): 189

. Litwin Books, LLC, 2012.

. &Hurst Co., 1998. , 269, 1960. MESA İslâm Araştırmaları Dergisi

. Echo Library, 2006. , 2002. - aiim n h Seventeenth the in naticism 0h Century) 20th

. edited by Stoyanka Kenderova andKenderovaStoyanka by edited .

üky'i Ssa V Ekonomik Ve Sosyal Türkiye'nin .” . Leide

. Türk Neşriyat Yurdu, 1948. In -

221. Contesting the Renaissance Contestingthe . University of Washington of University . -

19th Centuries: Catalogue Centuries: 19th n: Brill, 1960. 63, no. 1(2004): 32

Balkantürkische Studien Balkantürkische Hraswt Verlag, Harrassowitz : . CambridgeUniversity . . Türk Tarih Kurumu,Tarih Türk .

Ciao Chicago Chicago: . Ofr University Oxford .

, no.3(19

sen Thought estern

the Ottoman the

saa Ali ustafa - - Century 99). 200. - 51.

- , .

CEU eTD Collection A.H. Lybyer, Bernard. Lewis, Küçük, Harun Bekir. "Early Enlightenment Istanbul." in University California, of San Diego, 2012. Metin. Kunt, Krstić, Tijana. Kirk, Linda. "The Matter of Enlightenment." Âbideleri." Ve Vakıfları Türk Bazı "Bulgaristan’daki Osman. Keskioğlu, İsyanın ——— Bulgular: Yeni Dair İsyanına 1730 İmparatorluğu’nda "Osmanlı S. Karahasanoglu, ——— ——— Post the in Consciousness Historical Ottoman Age: Golden the Ül of Myth Şeyh "The Cemal. of Kafadar, Office "The Shinder. Joel and Norman, Itzkowitz, Itzkowitz, N. ——— ——— ——— Jonathan. Israel, İsmail Âsım İpşirli, Mehmet. "Lale Devri’nde Teşkil Edilen Tercüme Heyetine Dair Bazı Gözlemler." In Quataert.Donald and Halil, İnalcık, ——— InState." Ottoman the Making "Decisionin Halil. İnalcık, eds. Deguilhem, Randi and Robert, Ilbert, of Roots the Hourani, A. and Pietism Or: Revisited, Enlightenment and "Illumination Albrecht. Hofheinz, Jane. Hathaway, N. Hanna, . ATlpAe eed osmrBhvo n Mtra utr nte toa Empire Ottoman the in Culture Material and Behavior Consumer Legend: Age Tulip "A . Cent Seventeenth in Dervish a of Diary The Others: and "Self . . Question"The of Ottoman Decline." . Enlightenment? Which "Enlightenment! . . 2000. Yayıncılık, 1998. Quest MéditerranéenMonde:Musulman DansSociété Le Et Sources, Individuand Issues : World Islamic Modernity." 2009. Review Eighteenth Century Russell & Russell, 1966. Auspices of Royalthe Institute of International Affairs 1650 Ottoman Empire 1968):(1968 136 (1718 128. Te Ve Efendi Ahmedİspirîzâde Vâizi AyasofyaOrganizatörlerinden Narratives Ottomanin Literature." Kafadar: Isis Press, 1993. Suleym Prosopographic Enquiry." 2001. 523 1752 OUP Oxford,2011. İhsanoğlu, 33 Sempozyumu Tarihi Bilim Türk Milli I. Cemiyetleri, Mesleki ve İlmi 1600 Radical Enlightenment:Philosophy and the the and Enlightenment:PhilosophyRadical The Ottoman Empire: A the Classical Age, 1300 Age, Classical the A Empire: Ottoman The Enlightenme - n rie f ok: Clua Hsoy f ar' Mdl Cas Sxenh o the to Sixteenth Class, Middle Cairo's of History Cultural A Books: of Praise In

The Chang

45. Efendi. Efendi. . Columbia University Press, 1983. . Oxford University Press, 2006. . Cambridge University 1997. Press, Eighteenth Century Ottoman Realities The Sultan's Servants: The Transformation of Ottoman Provincial Government, 1550 Government, Provincial Ottoman of Transformation The Servants: Sultan's The

ions Etions Sources -- h Gvrmn o te toa Epr i te ie f uemn t Suleiman of Time the in Empire Ottoman the of Government The Contested Conversions Islam: to Narratives of Religious Change in Early the Modern 1730)." State1730)." University New of York Binghamton, at 2009. nc r. In Era." anic

19, no. 1 (2004/06/01 2004): 29 Democratic Enlightenment:Philosophy, Revolution, and Human Rights 1750 Rights Human and Revolution,Enlightenment:Philosophy, Democratic h Eegne fMdr Tre:Rpitd ih orcin Ise udr the under Issued Corrections with Reprinted Turkey: Modern of Emergence The

Rwiig Eighteenth "Rewriting Küçük Çelebi - t otse: hlspy Mdriy ad h Eacpto o Mn 1670 Man, of Emancipation the and Modernity, Philosophy, Contested: nt 42. İstanbul,42. 1987. ing Face of the Fertile Crescent in Xviiiththe Century . Stanford -

7. . Syracuse University Press, 2003.

. Strasbourg: European Science Foundation, 1998. üemn h Scn ad i Time His and Second the Süleymân

Middle Eastern Studies Zâde Efendi Tarihi University Press, 2011. An Eco An

- Studia Islamica etr Otmn History." Ottoman Century nomic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire: 1300 OttomanEmpire: the of History Social and nomic The Historical Journal niiul n Scey n h Mdtraen Muslim Mediterranean the in Society and Individual

Harvard Middle East and Islamic Review -

53. 66 .”

Journal of the History of Ideas of History the of Journal . Studia Islamica, 1962. Making of Modernity 1650 Modernity of Making . Matbaa

8, no. 1(1972): 93 , no. 69 (1989): 121 - Essays in Ottoman History Ottoman in Essays 1600

. University Oxford Press, 1965. - ı Âmire.ı . Orion Publishing Group, Limited, Group, Publishing Orion . 43, no. 4 (2000): 1129 - eie b H İack n C. and İnalcık H. by edited , sâ ad h Tanzimat the and İslâm ury Istanbul and First and Istanbul ury

eierna Historical Mediterranean

- , edited by Ekmeleddin by edited , . Larose, 1957. rekesi." 101. ḳ - ıfla 50.

- 1750

r Dergisi r 67, no. 3 (2006): 3 no. 67, e Magnificent he OTAM Oxford, OUP . , 115 ,

(1999). - - 43. , no. VII no. , 25: Eren Eren 25: Osmanlı

- 24 (97 24 Person -

1790

a - - - - - . . CEU eTD Collection Sezgin, F."Âtıf Efendi Kütüphanesinin Vakfiyesi." Aufklärung? Islamische Die Ist "Was Reinhard. Schulze, Culture Consumer Modern Early in Conflict and Confluence Tulips: of Age "The Ariel. Salzmann, D. Sajdi, ——— ——— Külliyesi Cami Tombul Şumnu'daki Eseri: Nostalji Ve Hayrat "Bir Orlin. Sabev, Sabev, O. Saʿâdeddîn, Müsta to Millet Rum "From Victor. Roudometof, J. Robertson, (1718 Period ——— Tulip the in Discourse Reformist "Islamic Stefan. Reichmuth, Appraisal." Provisional a at Attempt An Century: 18th the in "Sufism Bernd. Radtke, Kolarovgrad. Ot Nadpisi Kamenni "Turski Milen. Penkov, 1157/1744 Hakkında I. Mahmud Efendi: Ömer "Kadı Özcan. Özcan, Özcan, Muzaf (Püritanizm) Tasﬁye Dinde İmparatorlugu’nda Osmanlı Yüzyılda "Xvii. Yaşar. Ahmet Ocak, O’Fahey, R. S.,andBernd Radtke. "Neo Nebih, Mehmed. "Tercüme Matbaası Osmanlı Ve Müteferrika Va Devri Mahmud I. Efendi’nin Mehemmed "Musâffâ ——— Practice and Theory Administrative Ottoman in Discontinuity and "Continuity Rhoads. Murphey, Melikoff, Irene. "Lâle Devri." In In Individualism." Renaissance of Myth "The Jeffries. John Martin, "wss n Trs n ilmtc ilge Te oiis f ecmkn i Peacemaking of Politics The Dialogue: Diplomatic in Turns and "Twists . . Meždu Dialoga Sledi Ot Şumnu: V Džamiya) (Tombul Pasha Halil Şerîf Na "Džamiyata . Az "Murtadā . Ekonomikve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı, 2004. Istanbul Universi Samardžić Peaalj: and J. Purdue University Press, 2011. In Century." Eighteenth During Late the Seventeenth Century." Renaissancethe 276 edited by Donald Quataert, 83 (1550 Academic Studies, 2007. Değerlendirme Kurumu Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Bakanlığı, 2001. Bildirileri Sempozyumu In Orienta." I Zapada Istros: Braïla, 2007. 557 Popescu, Anca and Cândea Ionel Bilici, Faruk by edited In (Xive Listesi." Noire Mer En Kitapların Militaires Vakfettiği Paşa'nın Halil 16, no.1 (1998 1998): 11 IdentityOttomanNational Society,Balkan1453 in University Press, 2005. Islamicof Scholarship in the Century." 18th Education in Ottomanthe World In Printing." for Arguments His and Müteferriqa Islams 75 Istanbul University, 1965. no. 1 Hareketi." Kadızadeliler Bakış: Bir Teşebbüslerine Ottoman Tulips, Ott Tulips, Ottoman bai Mtfria a a l Omnı aba eüei 1726 Serüveni, Matbaa Osmanlı Ilk Da Ya Müteferrika İbrahim Parvoto Osmanskoto Patesestvie VSveta Na Pečatnata Kniga - 90. - 325. - 2 (1983):208 - fer. "Sadaret Kethüdalığı." Unpublished PhD Dissertation, İstanbul University, 1995.

1730)." In 1730)." 36, no. 3(1996): 326 h Cs fr h Elgtnet Soln ad als 1680 Naples and Scotland Enlightenment: the for Case The

ḳ îm - - Zabīdī (D. 1791) in Biographical and Autobiographical Accou Autobiographical and Biographical in 1791) (D. Zabīdī . 1. baskı. ed. Cağaloğlu, İstanbul: Yeditepe, 2006. zâde Süleyman.zâde , edited by G. Ruggiero. Oxford: Wiley, 2008. ty 1964. Consumption Studies and the History of the Ottoman E Ottoman the of History the and Studies Consumption - -

I Tarih 23. oman Coffee: Leisure and Lifestyle in the Eighteenth Century Eighteenth the in Lifestyle and Leisure Coffee: oman

eie b A aa n Z Zaf Z and Yasa A by edited ,

Encylopedia of Islam aknad Klüe Eklşm e ük iaii Uluslararası Mimarisi Türk ve Etkileşim Kültürel Balkanlarda

- Te Pae f asrwt, 1718 Passarowitz, of Peace “The”

48. - eie b F Bbne, .. uçğu n M Ke: Türkiye Kiel: M. and Burçoğlu N.K. Babinger, F. by edited . IAlem’aray - 64.

- 106. : SUNY106. : 2000. Press, Tu -

- , edited by Çaksu, Ali 149 xe ice) Éue À a éor D Mhi Guboglu Mihail De Mémoire La À Études Siècles), Xxie S ḥ ufism Reconsidered." In fe - I HaI Poetics Today re Nto: nihemn, euaiain and Secularization, Enlightenment, Nation: Greek - I Atatürk ‘Abbasi." Kitaplığı. 67 ṭṭ

Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Dergisi âtin Die Welt des Islams , 64 . İstanbul Devlet Matbaası, 1928. ḳ

1, 1986. âʿi .” - and Learning on Congress International " 1821." 1821."

Türk Kültürü Araştırmaları Kültürü Türk - İzvectiya na Narodniya Muzej Narodniya na İzvectiya Die Welt des Islams des Welt Die âei" dtd y he Kızılgök: Ahmed by edited Nâmesi." nex oiius Éooius Et Économiques Politiques, Enjeux 14, no.2 (1993): 419

r 615 er,

- Journal of Modern GreekStudiesJournal Modernof Der Islam 61. Istanbul:61. IRCICA, 2001. A Companion to the Worlds of Worlds the to Companion A -

- 83. Musée de B de Musée 83. eie b CW Iga, N. Ingrao, C.W. by edited ,

- 1160/1747 Arası Ruznâme." Arası 1160/1747 . Avangard Prima, 2004. . un: ttr Yüksek Atatürk Şumnu: 6. 39, no. 1 (1999): 64

, 52, 1993.

- mpire, 1550 mpire, - 1760 6 (1954): 132 36, no. 3 (1996): 3 no. 36, 76 Yeniden : 1746 - 43. Ve Banisi Şerif Banisi Ve - nts. Glimpses nts. 30): raïla

Cambridge . Die Welt des Welt Die

te Early the n XVII

- Editions

Ibrahim . Tauris . - (1963): 102. - - 1922 XXI,

44.

CEU eTD Collection 1718 Era, Tulip the in Society and "Women Madeleine. Zilfi, Zarinebaf Yirmisekiz Çelebi Mehmet Efendi'nin Fransa Sefaretnamesi L. Wolff, Vehbî. Ünver, Süheyl. "Şumnu’da Türk Hattatları Ve Eserleri." Uzunçarşılı, İ.H. T.Z. Tunaya, Tuman, B. Tezcan, Tercüme Osman Temeşvarlı De "Lale Ramazan. Şeşen, Süreyya, Mehmed. Süleymanİzzî Subhî. 1648 In Bureaucracy,Century." 19th the in Production Qur’an of Centre a as "Shumen Tim. Stanley, Ottoman the in Formation Line "Career Joel. Shinder, Sûrnâme: Sultan Ahmet'in Düğün Kitabı uh Trh: âî e âi Tarihl Şâkir Ve Sâmî Tarihi: Subhî Fakültesi, 1986. Hatıraları Esirlik Ve Hayatı Turkish Studies Kitabevi, 2007. 2000. Armağanı Yaş 65 217 Perspective." Press, 1996. History Islamic in Laws Divorce 2000. Ottoman Stanford University Press, 1994. 2004. Büro Yayınları, 2001. World - Mehmed Nâil. Nâil. Mehmed i -

Shahr, Fariba. "The Wealth of Ottoman Princess Ottoman of Wealth "The Fariba. Shahr, Inventing Ea Inventing Sıhahü'l The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern Early the in Transformation Social and Political Empire: Ottoman Second The - 37.

. Cambridge University Press, 2010. üky'i Sys Hytna aııam Hareketleri Batılılaşma Hayatında Siyasî Türkiye'nin Efendi. Efendi.

- Osmanlı Tarihi:Osmanlı Xviii. Yüzyıl uks Civilization Turkish -

Sicill Cevherî Ağa

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient the of History Social and Economic the of Journal Târih

, no. 28/II 47. (2004): stern Europe: The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Englightenment the of Mind the on Civilization of Map The Europe: stern . - Tu I ʿosmânîI Kendi Kalemiyle Temeşvarlı Osman Ağa: : Bir Osmanlı Türk Sipahisinin Türk Osmanlı Bir : Ağa: Osman Temeşvarlı Kalemiyle Kendi eie b İvn ei Shc, 483 Schick, Cemil İrvin by edited , ḥ . Translated by Mehmet bin Mustafa el rne eiem Hrktei e ecm Eie Eserler." Edilen Tercüme Ve Hareketleri Yenileşme vrinde - fe i

- İzzî Nîî Dvn areii Mu Şairlerinin Dîvân Naîlî: I . Mehmed Râşid ve Ahmed Matbaası, Vâsıf 1785. . Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı andTarih Vakfı, 1996. eie b Kml ie. naa Yn Trie Yayınları, Türkiye Yeni Ankara: Çiçek. Kemal by edited , eie b H Tls: Selçuk Tolasa: H. by edited .

, edited by Amira El Azhary Sonbol: Syracuse University Syracuse Sonbol: Azhary El Amira by edited ,

r Ie ilke (1730 Birlikte Ile eri . Vol. 4/2: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1995. . edited by Tulum: Mertol Kabalcı Yayınevi, 2008. 68

Belleten . edited by A. Uçman: Tercüman, 1976. es During the Tulip Age." In Age." Tulip the During es ḫ - ta 1. sabl Sbnı Üniversitesi, Sabancı İstanbul: 512. - 70" In 1730." XLVII, no.185(1983): 31 ṣ - r Biyografileri ar Vanî. - 1744) İtnu Bli Üniversitesi, Bilgi İstanbul .

nvriei Fen Üniversitesi eie b M Aydıner: M. by edited . oe, h Fml and Family the Women, 16 Akr: Bizim Ankara: . M. Uğur Derman Uğur M.

- , no. 2/3 (1973): 2/3 no. , 70 A New A 1750:

ora of Journal The Great The - Edebiyat - 36.

These miniatures show the way Ahmed IIIThese reign courtly way inhis and miniatures gatherings were depictedLevnî. the showthe Ahmed(from by Vehbî. Ahmet'in DüğünKitabı

CEU eTD Collection . (ed.) Mertol Yayınevi, Kabalcı left: right to 174a, Tulum: 13 2008.,from Appendix 69

1b, 123a) Sûrnâme: Sultan

5502, fol. 78 Fazıl’s Enderunlu of copy a from Sacdâbâd, at scene garden Anonymous

CEU eTD Collection 70

Hûban - nâme ve Zenân ve nâme - nâme . İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, TY Kütüphanesi, Üniversitesi İstanbul .

CEU eTD Collection

The first page of the ofthe page first The

first page ofthe page first va ḳ ıf - nâme

va 71 of ḳ

ıf Pîrî - nâme - z âde âde of Şerîf Halil ofŞerîf Ṣ â ḥ ib Mehmed Efendi Mehmed ib

CEU eTD Collection

c Âtıf Mustafa Efendi Library, modern Library, Efendi ÂtıfMustafa Patrona Halil as depicted by as depicted Halil Patrona 72

Jean Baptiste Vanmour Baptiste Jean - day appearance. day