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GRI-2019-23700.Pdf Α΢ΙΣΤΟΤΕΛΕΙΟ ΡΑΝΕΡΙΣΤΘΜΙΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΘΣ ΣΧΟΛΘ ΚΑΛΩΝ ΤΕΧΝΩΝ ΤΜΘΜΑ ΘΕΑΤ΢ΟΥ Ρ΢ΟΓ΢ΑΜΜΑ ΜΕΤΑΡΤΥΧΙΑΚΩΝ ΣΡΟΥΔΩΝ «Θ ΘΕΑΤ΢ΙΚΘ ΡΑ΢ΑΣΤΑΣΘ: ΙΣΤΟ΢ΙΑ, ΘΕΩ΢ΙΑ ΚΑΙ Ρ΢ΑΚΤΙΚΘ» Κατεφκυνςθ: Σκθνογραφία-Ενδυματολογία ΔΙΠΛΩΜΑΣΙΚΗ ΕΡΓΑ΢ΙΑ Αϋ ΜΕ΢ΟΣ (κεωρθτικι εργαςία) Ζνδυμα και cartes de visite ςτα αμερικάνικα freak shows. Μια πρώτθ προςζγγιςθ Επιβλζπουςα Κακθγιτρια: Ιουλία Ριπινιά Μεταπτυχιακι φοιτιτρια: Μαλαματι Ευκυμιάδου Θεςςαλονίκθ, Φεβρουάριοσ 2018 Υπεφκυνθ Διλωςθ Βεβαιϊνω ότι είμαι ςυγγραφζασ τθσ παροφςασ εργαςίασ και ότι ζχω αναφζρει ι παραπζμψει ςε αυτιν, ρθτά και ςυγκεκριμζνα, όλεσ τισ πθγζσ από τισ οποίεσ ζκανα χριςθ δεδομζνων, ιδεϊν, προτάςεων ι λζξεων, είτε αυτζσ μεταφζρονται επακριβϊσ (ςτο πρωτότυπο ι μεταφραςμζνεσ) είτε παραφραςμζνεσ. Επίςθσ βεβαιϊνω ότι αυτι θ εργαςία προετοιμάςτθκε από εμζνα προςωπικά ειδικά για το ςυγκεκριμζνο πρόγραμμα ςπουδϊν. Θμερομθνία Υπογραφι 07/05/2018 2 Πίνακασ περιεχομζνων Ειςαγωγι ................................................................................................................................... 4 Το freak show ............................................................................................................................ 8 Καταςκευάηοντασ ζνα freak .................................................................................................... 10 Θ ενδυματολογία των freak shows ......................................................................................... 13 Το ζνδυμα τθσ «αγριότθτασ» .............................................................................................. 13 William Henry Johnson, Zip the Pinhead ......................................................................... 14 Hiram και Barney Davis, Wild men of Borneo ................................................................. 19 Circassian Beauties .......................................................................................................... 22 Το ροφχο τθσ «μεγαλοπρζπειασ» ........................................................................................ 26 Charles Sherwood Stratton, General Tom Thumb .......................................................... 26 Annie Jones, The Bearded Lady ....................................................................................... 30 Chang and Eng Bunker, The Original Siamese Twins ....................................................... 32 Το ςϊμα ωσ κοςτοφμι ......................................................................................................... 33 Οι γυναίκεσ με τατουάη ................................................................................................... 35 Οι βαςίλιςςεσ των ερπετϊν ............................................................................................ 37 Συμπεράςματα ........................................................................................................................ 40 Κατάλογοσ οπτικοφ υλικοφ ..................................................................................................... 42 Βιβλιογραφία .......................................................................................................................... 43 3 Ειςαγωγι Θ παρουςίαςθ ανκρϊπων με ψυχικζσ ι ςωματικζσ αναπθρίεσ, με «εξωτικι» καταγωγι και με ιδιαίτερθ εμφάνιςθ ι ταλζντα με ςτόχο το κζρδοσ μπορεί να εντοπιςτεί ςτθν Ευρϊπθ και πιο ςυγκεκριμζνα ςτθν Αγγλία ιδθ από τον 16ο αιϊνα.1 Αυτι θ μορφι ψυχαγωγίασ παρουςίαςε μεγάλθ άνκιςθ και αποτζλεςε, ςφμφωνα με τουσ μελετθτζσ, τον μακρινό πρόγονο του freak show, όπωσ αυτό διαμορφϊκθκε ςε Αγγλία και Αμερικι τον 19ο και 20ό αιϊνα. Ο Robert Bogdan ορίηει το freak show ωσ τθν επίςθμθ και οργανωμζνθ ζκκεςθ ανκρϊπων με καταςκευαςμζνεσ ι πραγματικζσ ςωματικζσ, ψυχικζσ ι ςυμπεριφορικζσ διαταραχζσ με ςτόχο τθν ψυχαγωγία και το κζρδοσ.2 Ρζρα των κεςμοκετθμζνων παρουςιάςεων, freak shows μποροφν να εντοπιςτοφν ωσ μζροσ προγενζςτερων και μεταγενζςτερων κεαμάτων που περιλάμβαναν ανκρϊπινα εκκζματα και λάμβαναν χϊρα ςε τςίρκο, λοφνα παρκ, χϊρουσ κατανάλωςθσ ποτοφ και φαγθτοφ και διεκνείσ εκκζςεισ. Στισ ΘΡΑ από τισ τελευταίεσ δεκαετίεσ του 18ου αιϊνα και τισ πρϊτεσ του 19ου ζχουμε τθν ίδρυςθ μουςείων ςε όλεσ τισ μεγάλεσ πόλεισ, ςτα οποία περιλαμβάνονταν από τθν αρχι και ανκρϊπινα εκκζματα. Κατά τθν περίοδο αυτι το ενδιαφζρον εγγραφόταν ςε ζνα επιςτθμονικό πλαίςιο και «αξιοπερίεργοι άνκρωποι» παρουςιάηονταν ςτισ αίκουςεσ διαλζξεων αυτϊν των πρϊτων μουςείων. Τα εκκζματα ιταν δφο ειδϊν. Από τθ μια οι μθ-δυτικισ καταγωγισ άνκρωποι που μελετοφνταν με ςτόχο να δοκοφν απαντιςεισ ςε ηθτιματα καταγωγισ, προζλευςθσ και εξζλιξθσ. Από τθν άλλθ άτομα με ςωματικζσ δυςμορφίεσ παρουςίαηαν μεγάλο ενδιαφζρον για τον κλάδο τθσ τερατολογίασ.3 Μζχρι εκείνθ τθ χρονικι περίοδο άνκρωποι με ιδιαίτερα γνωρίςματα παρουςιάηονταν ατομικά ωσ αξιοκζατα και ταξίδευαν ςε εμπορικζσ αγορζσ και πανθγφρια.4 Επίςθσ αντίςτοιχα κεάματα γνωρίηουμε πωσ λάμβαναν χϊρα ςε ταβζρνεσ, ςυναυλίεσ ι βιτρίνεσ καταςτθμάτων.5 1 Andrea Stulman Dennett, Weird and Wonderful. The Dime Museum in America, New York University Press, Νζα Υόρκθ και Λονδίνο 1997, ς. 66. 2 Robert Bogdan, Freak Show. Presenting Human Oddities for Amusement and Profit, The University of Chicago Press, Σικάγο και Λονδίνο 1990, ς. 10. 3 Στο ίδιο, ς. 29. 4 Στο ίδιο, ς. 25. 5 Stulman Dennett, Weird and Wonderful. The Dime Museum in America, ς. 67. 4 Τα freak shows, όπωσ αυτά διαμορφϊκθκαν ςτισ Θνωμζνεσ Ρολιτείεσ τθσ Αμερικισ και ςτθν Αγγλία τον 19ο και τον 20ό αιϊνα αποτζλεςαν ζνα εξαιρετικά δθμοφιλζσ είδοσ ψυχαγωγίασ. Το κζαμα ζφερε γνωρίςματα κεατρικισ παράςταςθσ και οι άνκρωποι που ςυμμετείχαν ςε αυτό μεταμορφϊνονταν ςε ρόλουσ, μεταβάλλοντασ τθν ταυτότθτα τουσ ι χρθςιμοποιϊντασ μια νζα και απολφτωσ καταςκευαςμζνθ.6 Τα παραπάνω ςτοιχεία κα παρουςιαςτοφν εκτενζςτερα ςτθ ςυνζχεια. Το ζνδυμα ςτισ παρουςιάςεισ αυτζσ επιτελεί ςθμαντικό ρόλο ςτθ δθμιουργία τθσ ςκθνικισ υπόςταςθσ των freaks. Το ροφχο αξιοποιείται με ποικίλουσ τρόπουσ ϊςτε να προςδϊςει ςυγκεκριμζνα γνωρίςματα ςτο κάκε πρόςωπο, τα οποία να επιβεβαιϊνουν τθ «φρικτι» φφςθ των ςκθνικϊν παρουςιϊν. Θ χριςθ του ενδφματοσ λειτουργεί με ςφμβολα και ςυμβάςεισ που εφκολα μποροφν να αναγνωριςτοφν από το κοινό. Οι κϊδικεσ αυτοί ςε πολλζσ περιπτϊςεισ μζνουν αναλλοίωτοι ςτο πζραςμα του χρόνου και ςυνοδεφουν παρόμοια ανκρϊπινα εκκζματα για δεκαετίεσ. Ακριβϊσ αυτι θ δυναμικι παρουςία του ενδφματοσ κα μελετθκεί ςτθν παροφςα εργαςία. Θ ζρευνα εξετάηει τθ χριςθ και τθ λειτουργία του κοςτουμιοφ ςε ανκρϊπινα εκκζματα, τα οποία υπιρξαν ιδιαιτζρωσ δθμοφιλι και απζκτθςαν μεγάλθ αναγνωριςιμότθτα. Ριο ςυγκεκριμζνα κα παρουςιαςτεί θ ενδυματολογικι προςζγγιςθ γνωςτϊν freaks των δφο προθγοφμενων αιϊνων που εργάςτθκαν ςτισ ΘΡΑ και αποτζλεςαν το πρότυπο για τα υπόλοιπα του είδουσ τουσ. Ρρόκειται για ενδεικτικά παραδείγματα και ςε καμία περίπτωςθ δεν αφοροφν ςτθν ολότθτα των ανκρϊπων που εργάςτθκαν ςτα κεάματα αυτά. Ωςτόςο, υπιρξαν ιδιαιτζρωσ δθμοφιλι και διάςθμα τθν περίοδο δράςθσ τουσ και απαςχόλθςαν αρκετά τουσ ςφγχρονουσ μελετθτζσ, όπωσ διαπιςτϊνουμε από τισ βιβλιογραφικζσ αναφορζσ. Το ενδιαφζρον τθσ ζρευνασ επίςθσ εςτιάηεται ςε άτομα που ζδραςαν μζςα ςτα πλαίςια οργανωμζνων freak shows. Τζτοιεσ κεςμοκετθμζνεσ δομζσ εντοπίηουμε ςε μεγάλθ πλθκϊρα ςτισ Θνωμζνεσ Ρολιτείεσ από τα μζςα του 19ου αιϊνα με τθν ίδρυςθ και τθν άνκιςθ των μουςείων dime. Θ μελζτθ περιπλανϊμενων κιάςων ι 6 Ο όροσ «constructed» χρθςιμοποιείται από τον Robert Bogdan για να περιγράψει τθ δθμιουργία τθσ ςκθνικισ ταυτότθτασ και παρουςίασ των freaks. Στο: Bogdan, Freak Show. Presenting Human Oddities for Amusement and Profit. 5 ατομικϊν παρουςιάςεων παρουςιάηει δυςκολία, διότι οι πλθροφορίεσ που διακζτουμε είναι ελλιπείσ. Με τον περιοριςμό τθσ ζρευνασ ςτθν κατεφκυνςθ των κεςπιςμζνων κεαμάτων μποροφμε να προχωριςουμε ςε μια πιο ολοκλθρωμζνθ κεϊρθςθ του τρόπου παρουςίαςθσ των «αξιοπερίεργων» ανκρϊπων, διότι το υλικό που ςϊηεται από αυτά τα εμπορικά και οργανωμζνα κεάματα είναι πλοφςιο. Βαςικι πθγι τθσ παροφςασ μελζτθσ αποτελεί το ςωηόμενο οπτικό υλικό, δθλαδι οι cartes de visite που πωλοφνταν ςτα μουςεία ωσ αναμνθςτικό τθσ εκάςτοτε ζκκεςθσ και απεικόνιηαν τουσ αςυνικιςτουσ ανκρϊπουσ που φιλοξενοφςαν. Το φωτογραφικό υλικό που διαςϊηεται είναι πολφ μεγάλο, όπωσ μποροφμε να αντιλθφκοφμε από τουσ καταλόγουσ των ςυλλογϊν, όμωσ θ πρόςβαςθ ςε αυτό είναι περιοριςμζνθ. Το υλικό αυτό βρίςκεται ςε ιδιωτικζσ ι δθμόςιεσ ςυλλογζσ μουςείων που δεν παρζχουν ελεφκερθ ψθφιακι πρόςβαςθ. Σε κάποιεσ περιπτϊςεισ φωτογραφικό υλικό τθσ περιόδου αναπαράγεται διαδικτυακά χωρίσ να παρζχονται περεταίρω ςτοιχεία, κακιςτϊντασ αδφνατθ τθ χριςθ του. Το υλικό που αξιοποιείται ςτθν παροφςα εργαςία ζχει εντοπιςτεί αρχικά ςτθ βιβλιογραφία και ζπειτα ςτο διαδίκτυο για να δοκεί θ δυνατότθτα εφκολθσ πρόςβαςθσ. Από τισ φωτογραφίεσ αυτζσ μποροφμε να αντλιςουμε πολλζσ πλθροφορίεσ για τθν ενδυματολογικι προςζγγιςθ του κάκε προςϊπου. Σαφϊσ, πζρα από τισ περιπτϊςεισ που ζχουμε μαρτυρίεσ για τθ ςκθνικι τουσ παρουςία, δεν μπορεί να υπάρχει απόλυτθ βεβαιότθτα ότι οι φωτογραφίεσ αντανακλοφν απολφτωσ τθν παρουςίαςθ του εκκζματοσ. Αποτελοφν όμωσ μια πολφ ςθμαντικι ιςτορικι πθγι που μασ πλθροφορεί για τθν πρόκεςθ που υπιρχε ςτθν καταςκευι του ρόλου που ενςάρκωνε το κάκε πρόςωπο. Επίςθσ κα πρζπει να λθφκεί υπόψθ το ενδεχόμενο οι φωτογραφικζσ απεικονίςεισ να εμπεριζχουν ζνα ςτοιχείο υπερβολισ και μεγάλθ επιμζλεια ςτον τρόπο παρουςίαςθσ τθσ ανκρϊπινθσ παρουςίασ. Θ ςχετικι βιβλιογραφία μελετά το ηιτθμα των freak shows με δφο τρόπουσ. Από τθ μια μποροφμε να εντοπίςουμε προςεγγίςεισ που ζχουν ωσ βαςικό άξονα τθν ιςτορικι καταγραφι και καταλογογράφθςθ και από τθν άλλθ ζρευνεσ που
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