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Glutathione and Glutaredoxins, Major Regulators of Root System Architecture Jose Abraham Trujillo Hernandez

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Glutathione and Glutaredoxins, Major Regulators of Root System Architecture Jose Abraham Trujillo Hernandez Glutathione and glutaredoxins, major regulators of root system architecture Jose Abraham Trujillo Hernandez To cite this version: Jose Abraham Trujillo Hernandez. Glutathione and glutaredoxins, major regulators of root system architecture. Agricultural sciences. Université de Perpignan, 2019. English. NNT : 2019PERP0017. tel-02336714 HAL Id: tel-02336714 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02336714 Submitted on 29 Oct 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Délivré par UNIVERSITE DE PERPIGNAN VIA DOMITIA Préparée au sein de l’école doctorale Et de l’unité de recherche “ Énergie et Environment ” ED305 Spécialité : Biologie Présentée par José Abraham Trujillo-Hernández Le glutathion et les glutaredoxines, des régulateurs majeurs de l'architecture du système racinaire Soutenue le 18 Juin devant le jury composé de Mme Christine FOYER, Professeur, University of Rapporteur Leeds M. Benjamin PÉRET, Directeur de Recherche, Rapporteur CNRS M. Julio SAEZ, Directeur de Recherche, Examinateur Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Mme Sandra BENSMIHEN, Chargé de Recherche, Examinateur CNRS M. Pierre FRENDO , Professeur, Institut Sophia Examinateur Agrobiotech M. Jean-Philippe REICHHELD, Directeur de CoDirecteur Recherche, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia de these M. Christophe BELIN, Maître de Conférences, CoDirecteur Université de Perpignan Via Domitia de these This thesis is dedicated to my lovely wife Dulce, whose wisdom and kindness give me the energy of a thousand suns... Acknowledgements I would like to say thank you to my parents Jose and Luz Maria that even if they were not physically present during my Ph.D., their moral support was critical to reaching my goals. Studying a Ph.D. is a difficult task because it requires discipline, intelligence, and talent, but is easier when you have good professors to show you the way. For this reason, I want to say thanks to Jean-Philippe and Christophe Belin for not giving up on me and show me instead of how to do science. To all the people that I had the opportunity to meet in Perpignan, especially Myriam, Sandrine, Ben, Beren, Anaid, Meli, Aleix, Caro, el Grec, Victor, Alejandra, Jean-Baptiste, Annia, Hadjer, Saionara, Zac, and Rafa, for taking the time to know me better, and share with me so many moments. Eventhough some of them were not as happy ones as we could wish, it made stronger our friendship... I wish you all the best. To all my current and former colleagues from the LGDP which are very nice people and excellent scientists, I wish you success in their professional and personal projects to come. I would also like to say an especially thank you to my friends Salvatore, Alheli, Charlotte, Hernandez, Celso, Panpan, Ariadna, Moaine, and Olka that made my daily work more pleasant with their occurrences and good talks. I want to say also thank you to the all people of the University of Perpignan for allowing me to perform my studies in this institution, in which the people from the LGDP have an especially mention, particularly Claire, Veronique, and Laëtitia. Without their assistance, experience and knowledge, I could not have made the same advances in my work. I would like to say thanks as well to the members of the Ph.D. committee, Lucia STRADER, Cécile BOUSQUET-ANTONELLI, and Laurent LAPLAZE, who were actively involved in my formation through interesting discussion and advice during these three years of my Ph.D. I would like to say a special thanks to Lucia Strader and Jerry Cohen for hosting me in their laboratories in the United States for almost three weeks, they are incredible as people as well as scientists. Moreover, I want to say thanks for having been key elements of my formation. Finally I want to thank the Mexican government and CONACYT who gave me all the economic support that I needed to obtain a doctoral degree. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS GSH Reduced glutathione GSSG Oxidized glutathione IBA Indole-3-butyric acid IAA Indole-3-acetic acid ABA Abscisic acid GRXS17 Glutaredoxin S17 ROXY19 Glutaredoxin cc-type BSO Buthionine sulphoximine NPA 1-N-Naphthylphthalamic acid NOA 1-naphthoxyacetic acid cad2 Cadmium-sensitive 2, a weak allele of GSH1 pad2 Phytoalexin-deficient 2, a Weak Allele of GSH1 zir1 Zinc tolerance induced by iron 1 , a weak allele of GSH1 rml1 Root meristemless1, a weak allele of GSH1 rax1 Regulator of apx2 1-1, a weak allele of GSH1 cat2 Mutant of the catalase 2 gene LR Lateral root LRP Lateral root primordia ARFs Auxin response factors PHT1.4 Phosphate transporter 1;4 SPX1 SPX domain-containing protein 1 RNS1 Ribonuclease 1 PIN PIN-FORMED proteins ABC ATP Binding Cassette proteins AUX Auxin resistant LAX Auxin resistant like AUX1 PILS Pin like transporters TIR1/AFB Transport inhibitor response1/Auxin-related F-Box proteins PDR8 Pleiotropic drug resistance8/ABCG36 PDR9 Pleiotropic drug resistance9/ABCG37 IBR1 Indole-3-butyric acid response 1 IBR3 Indole-3-butyric acid response 3 IBR10 Indole-3-butyric acid response 10 ECH2 Enoyl-CoA hydratase 2 AIM1 Abnormal inflorescence meristem PED1 Peroxisomal 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase 3 UGT74D1 UDP-glucosyl transferase 74D1 UGT74E2 UDP-glucosyl transferase 74E2 NTRA NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase A NTRB NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase B DR5 Synthetic auxin response element AuxRE Auxin response element ROS Reactive oxygen species PTS1 Peroxisomal targeting signal 1 PTS2 Peroxisomal targeting signal 2 NADPH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate GST Glutathione s-transferase GUS β-glucuronidase gene GFP Green fluorescent protein PGPR Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria RH Root hair PR Primary root PXA1 Peroxisomal ABC-transporter1 GSH1 γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase GSH2 Glutathione synthase PEX5 Peroxin 5 PEX7 Peroxin XPP Xylem pools pericycle TRX Thioredoxin NTS NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase system NGS NADPH-dependent glutathione/glutaredoxin system EMS Ethyl methanesulfonate NGM Next Generation Mapping GATK Genome Analysis Toolkit NGS Next-Generation Sequencing technologies EIL-1 Ethylene-insensitive3-like 1 HAM1 Hairy meristem 1 CRK8 Cysteine-rich RECEPTOR-like kinase 8 Table of Contents I GENERAL INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................1 General Introduction...............................................................................................................3 I.1 ROOT SYSTEM........................................................................................................3 I.1.1 Origin of the root................................................................................................3 I.1.1.1 A brief history of land plants......................................................................3 I.1.1.2 Root evolution.............................................................................................5 I.1.1.3 Root system variation in Angiosperms.......................................................9 I.1.2 Root system architecture in Arabidopsis as a model of study..........................11 I.1.2.1 The primary root anatomy........................................................................11 I.1.2.2 Root hair development..............................................................................12 I.1.2.3 Lateral root formation...............................................................................15 I.1.3 Root system responses to environmental conditions........................................18 I.1.3.1 Effect of abiotic stress conditions in the root architecture........................18 I.1.3.2 Root architecture responses to biotic stress..............................................20 I.2 AUXIN CONTROL OF ROOT DEVELOPMENT.................................................21 I.2.1 General considerations.....................................................................................21 I.2.2 Auxin synthesis.................................................................................................23 I.2.3 Auxin transport.................................................................................................27 I.2.4 Auxin signaling pathways................................................................................31 I.2.5 Roles of auxin in root development and plasticity...........................................33 I.2.6 Tools for study auxin in Arabidopsis...............................................................35 I.3 INDOLE-3-BUTYRIC ACID..................................................................................37 I.3.1 Generalities.......................................................................................................37 I.3.2 Peroxisomal conversion of IBA to IAA...........................................................38 I.3.2.1 Peroxisome functions in plant development.............................................38 I.3.2.2 IBA derived IAA......................................................................................41 I.3.3 Indole butyric acid conjugation and transport..................................................43 I.3.4
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