679 Supplementary Information Appendix 1: Answers to End-of-Chapter Material – 680 Glossary – 696 Index – 717 The original version of this chapter was revised. The correction to this chapter can be found at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77315-5_20 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018 R. Crang et al., Plant Anatomy, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77315-5 680 Appendix 1: Answers to End-of-Chapter Material Appendix 1: Answers to End-of-Chapter Material Chapter 1: The Nature of Plants wide variety of types of foods would ensure a complete diet. One might zz Concept Connections include soybeans in the microcosm as vv1. Crossword puzzle answers: they contain all nine essential amino Across acids needed by humans. Many plants 3. Megaphylls in the legume (bean) family also help 8. Eudicot provide nitrogen in the soil with the 10. Autotroph help of microorganisms, Rhizobium, 11. Primary contained within root nodules. 12. Cenozoic Recycling of human wastes as fertilizer 14. Sporophyte will be necessary. 15. Gametophyte 16. Coevolution vv13. Spices are derived from plant Down secondary compounds, a broad class of 1. Meristems molecules produced by plants mostly 2. Fruits for defense. 4. Secondary 5. Pigment 6. Monocot Chapter 2: Microscopy and Imaging 7. Cellulose 9. Chlorophyll zz Concept Connections 13. Heterotroph vv1. Crossword puzzle answers: Across zz Concept Assessment 2. Resolution vv2. e 4. Scanning 6. Esau vv3. c 7. Grew 9. Confocal vv4. c 10. Hooke 11. Lens vv5. e Down 1. Brown vv6. c 3. Van Leeuwenhoek 5. Compound vv7. a 6. Electron 8. Transmission vv8. c zz Concept Assessment vv9. a vv2. a vv10. d vv3. d vv11. e vv4. c zz Concept Applications vv5. a vv12. Many scenarios apply here. One could include a variety of plants to ensure a vv6. a 681 Appendix 1: Answers to End-of-Chapter Material vv7. c etioplast: plant growth regulator synthesis vv8. c chloroplast: photosynthesis, starch synthesis, amino acid synthesis, vv9. e protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, pigment synthesis, photorespiration, vv10. d sulfur assimilation, nitrogen assimilation vv11. d gerontoplast: resource recovery chromoplast: seed dispersal zz Concept Applications vv12. Confocal laser scanning microscopy zz Concept Assessment (CLSM) would be the method of choice. vv2. d Start by isolating a tissue-specific promoter that is only expressed in vv3. a roots. Ligate to it the gene for the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Transform an vv4. b oak plant with the chimeric gene— stable transformation is a necessity. The vv5. c gene should be expressed in the roots only, and GFP should be produced. Use vv6. d CLSM to localize the GFP inside the root cells. CLSM is rarely used on leaf tissue vv7. e because fluorescence from the abundant chlorophyll would vv8. e overwhelm any signal from a fluorescent probe. vv9. e vv13. Scanning electron microscopy could be vv10. e used to visualize surface structures such as stomata, trichomes, and waxes. vv11. a Light microscopy could be used to visualize leaf internal structures such as zz Concept Applications cells, internal air spaces, and vascular vv12. Plastids are the primary anabolic strands. Transmission electron organelles in cells, and they are all microscopy could be used to visualize derived from germinal proplastids. They cellular detail such as chloroplasts, would need to be transplanted into the mitochondria, and membranes. animal cells and then develop into the proper type of mature plastid needed by that host tissue. Chapter 3: Plant Cell Structure and Ultrastructure vv13. A number of marine animals (mostly sea slugs) extract fully functional zz Concept Connections chloroplasts from algae and vv1. Answers: incorporate those chloroplasts into proplastid: source of all other plastids, their cells. These stolen plastids are nitrogen fixation called “kleptoplasts,” and the process is elaioplast: oil storage in the tapetum known as kleptoplasty. The amyloplast: starch storage, chloroplasts remain photosynthetically graviperception active for an extended period of time 682 Appendix 1: Answers to End-of-Chapter Material and contribute to the carbon needs of vv9. e their new host. However, they cannot enter the egg cells and are not passed vv10. b on to the next generation during sexual reproduction. Newly hatched vv11. e young must acquire their own set of kleptoplasts. zz Concept Applications vv12. Amyloplasts (also called statoliths) in the root cap settle in response to the Chapter 4: Mitosis and Meristems gravitational field, interact with the endoplasmic reticulum at the “bottom” zz Concept Connections of the cell, and indicate which direction vv1. Matching answers is down. The root cap cells then send c. Interphase signals to the adjacent root tip cells to e. Prophase induce cellular division and elongation d. Metaphase in a directional manner. a. Late anaphase f. Telophase/cytokinesis vv13. Shoot lateral organs originate b. Late cytokinesis exogenously, whereas lateral root organs must originate endogenously zz Concept Assessment because the shoot is growing through vv2. a air but the root is growing through soil. If a root produced a lateral root at the vv3. a tip of a developing primary root, that young lateral root would be torn off as vv4. e the primary root is pushed downward through the soil. Therefore, lateral roots vv5. a develop further back on the root, where forward expansion has stopped. The vv6. d only meristematic tissues available at that part of the root are the internal vv7. b pericycle. Developing leaves, on the other hand, face no resistance as the vv8. a shoot tip on which they are borne pushes through the air. 683 Appendix 1: Answers to End-of-Chapter Material Chapter 5: Cell Walls zz Concept Connections vv1. Concept map answers cell walls Plant Cell Walls Answer Key two types is primary secondary is non-living but active non-living and rigid cell wall cell wall composed has diffusible apoplast of space called multiple layers pits which pierced slit-shaped symplast plasmodesmata may be connect by made of can be round originate cell plate cellulose from simple microfibrils both have pit membrane glued to glued middle lamella together by each other by bordered made of lignin made of primary may have have cell wall made cellulose rosettes in plasma membrane by microfibrils torus chamber aperture pierced by a.k.a. with hemicellulose xyloglucans plasmodesmata margo are proteins extensins crosslink aperture lignin polysaccharides and stabilize serve to are apoplast margo primary cell wall polysaccharides pectins bordered middle lamella proteins cell plate multiple layers rosettes in plasma membrane crosslinkages can be broken and/or cell wall enzymes non-living but active round and reformed by changes in isodityrosinase cellulose microfibrils (x2) non-living and rigid secondary cell wall chamber pectin methylesterase simple cell wall pH crosslink and stabilize pectins slit-shaped enzymes such as extensins pH symplast pectin hemicellulose pits torus activates methylesterase isodityrosinase plasmodesmata (x2) xyloglucans zz Concept Assessment zz Concept Applications vv2. c vv12. Woody plants would be the plant of choice as they produce more biomass vv3. a per year. In addition, woody plants keep the carbon sequestered for multiple vv4. e years, whereas herbaceous plants typically have shorter life spans and their vv5. a carbon is quickly returned to the atmosphere as they die and decompose. vv6. b vv13. Pectins form the basis of the glue that vv7. d holds cells together. PMEs break down the pectin, cells detach from one vv8. e another, and the fruit “softens.” vv9. e vv10. d vv11. e 684 Appendix 1: Answers to End-of-Chapter Material Chapter 6: Parenchyma, zz Concept Applications Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma vv12. Animal body plans, and the names of the tissues, organs, and cells within zz Concept Connections those body plans, are arranged around vv1. Answers “systems.” Namely, there is a circulatory a. Angular collenchyma system, nervous system, digestive b. Annular collenchyma system, excretory system, etc. Each c. Astrosclereids system may have multiple organs such d. Brachysclereids as the esophagus, stomach, small e. Fibers intestine, and large intestine of the f. Lacunar collenchyma digestive system. Animal anatomy is g. Lamellar collenchyma taught from the system standpoint. h. Sclereid (xylem vessel element) Plant body plans, on the other hand, are arranged around organs—leaf, zz Concept Assessment stem, root, flower, and fruit—and each vv2. d organ is composed of a mixture of parenchyma, sclerenchyma, and vv3. b collenchyma cells. Therefore, understanding plant anatomy is best vv4. d approached by understanding the characteristics of those three cell types vv5. e and then integrating them into tissues (dermal, ground, vascular) and then vv6. a organ. vv7. c vv13. Totipotency is the ability of a cell to develop into multiple different cell vv8. b types. In humans and other animals, these are typically called “stem cells” vv9. d and are restricted, for the most part, to cells of the embryo. Once an embryonic vv10. b stem cell heads down a developmental pathway, it is very difficult or impossible vv11. e to revert to totipotency. The majority of plant cells are parenchyma, and many of those retain their totipotent ability into maturity. Meristematic cells, which are found in apical meristems, lateral meristems, and open vascular bundles, remain totipotent for the entire life of the plant. 685 Appendix 1: Answers to End-of-Chapter Material Chapter 7: Xylem zz Concept Connections vv1. Concept map answers Xylem tissue has multiple cell types have Gymnosperms have Angiosperms two main cell types parenchyma parenchyma three main cell types tracheid imperforate imperforate three tracheary tracheary tracheid-fiber types element elements type one libriform-fiber perforate also vessel tracheid tracheary known as elements elements connected end-to-end four perforation types simple to form a scalariform reticulate ephedroid vessel zz Concept Assessment zz Concept Applications vv2. e vv12.